Finite Element Method: One-Dimensional Heat Conduction I

Engineering 471 Heat Transfer

Computational Methods in Heat Transfer

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Computational Methods in Heat Transfer

Computational Methods in Heat Transfer

The most frequently used computational method used to solve multi-dimensional heat conduction problems is known as the Finite Element Method. During the next two lectures, we will develop the finite element equations for one-dimensional heat conduction.

Governing Differential Equation

(Derivation)

 conv = hP(T T )dx q

(Rate at which heat is convected from the surface)

 cond dq  cond + q dx A dx
(Rate at which heat is conducted out of the cross section)

 gen Adx q

 cond A q
(Rate at which heat is conducted into the cross section)

(Rate at which heat is internally generated within the differential volume) P => perimeter h=> convection coefficient A=> cross sectional area

dx

Governing Differential Equation

 conv = hP(T T )dx q

(Derivation Continued) 1st Law of Thermodynamics

 cond dq  cond + q dx A dx

The governing differential equation is obtained by applying the 1st Law of Thermodynamics

 gen Adx q
 cond A q

 =E  E  E cv in out

dx

 cond T q  cond A + q  gen Adx - q  cond A CA dx = q dxA hP(T T )dx t x

Governing Differential Equation

(Derivation Continued)

 cond T q  cond A + q  gen Adx - q  cond A CA dx = q dxA hP(T T )dx t x  cond T q  gen Adx CA dx = q dxA hP(T T )dx t x
Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction
 cond q T = k x

T 2T  gen + kA 2 hP(T T ) CA = Aq t x

Governing Differential Equation

Boundary Conditions

n
x=L

n
T(0 ) = TL

i
x=0

T(L ) = TR

or
k T + h (T T ) = 0 in x

or
T + h (T T ) = 0 k in x

Each end can have either a specified temperature or convection boundary condition.

Galerkin Finite Element Process

(Assumed Solution)

Assume an approximate solution for the temperature distribution

T(x, t ) !(x, t )
When the approximate solution is substituted into the governing differential equation, there will be an error

! 2!  gen kA 2 + hP(! T ) E(x, t ) = CA Aq t x

Galerkin Finite Element Process

(Assumed Solution)

There will also be an error in satisfying the boundary conditions.

!(0, t ) !(L, t ) e(t ) = kA + h (!(0 ) T ) + kA + h (!(L ) T ) x x

Left End Convection Right End Convection

We are going to restrict our choice of approximate solutions to those that uniquely satisfy any specified temperature boundary conditions.

Galerkin Finite Element Process

(Error Minimization) Error from Differential Equation

! 2!  gen kA 2 + hP(! T ) E(x, t ) = CA Aq t x

Error from Boundary Conditions

!(0, t ) !(L, t ) e(t ) = kA + h (!(0 ) T ) + kA + h (!(L ) T ) x x

In the Galerkin Process, the approximate solution is restricted to those functions that are normal to the error.

Galerkin Finite Element Process

(Integral Equation)
L

!Edx + !(0 )e(0 ) + !(L )e(L ) = 0

After making the substitutions for the error equations, this integral equation becomes
L

! (0 ) ! (0 )kA + ! (0 )hA (! (0 ) T ) x ! (L ) + ! (L )kA ! (L )hA (! (L ) T ) = 0 x

! !  !CA dx q gen A! dx !KA 2 dx + !hP (! T )dx t x 0 0 0 0

2

Governing Integral Equation

Galerkin Finite Element Process

(Similification of Integral Eq.)

Consider the third term in the governing integral equation

L

! !KA 2 dx x 0
2 L L

Integration by parts
vdu = d(uv) - udv ! 2! u = ; du = 2 dx x x ! v = !KA; dv = kA dx x

! (L ) ! (0 ) = ! (L )kA ! (0 )kA x x L ! ! kA dx x x 0

! ! ! kA dx = d !kA x x x 0 0

Galerkin Finite Element Process

(Similification Integral Eq.)
L

!CA
0

! (0 ) + ! (0 )hA (! (0 ) T ) x ! (L ) + ! (L )kA ! (L )hA (! (L ) T ) = 0 x ! (0 )kA

L

! !  gen A! dx !KA 2 dx + !hP (! T )dx dx q t x 0 0 0

2

Governing Integral Equation

2! !KA 2 dx x 0
L

! (L ) ! (0 ) ! ! kA dx = ! (L )kA ! (0 )kA x x x x 0

Galerkin Finite Element Process

(Simplified Integral Equation) Governing Integral Equation
L

+ ! (0 )hA (! (0 ) T ) ! (L )hA (! (L ) T ) = 0

! ! !  !CA dx q gen A! dx KA dx + !hP (! T )dx t x x 0 0 0 0

We seek a solution (x,t) to this integral equation. (x,t) will be an approximation to the solution of the governing differential equation and boundary conditions. Governing 2 T T  CA = Aq gen + kA 2 hP(T T ) Differential t x Equation
k T + h (T T ) = 0 in x

Convection Boundary Condition