Professional Documents
Culture Documents
<
October 5, 2010
#merican families spend almost twice as much on health care ! through premiums, paycheck deductions and out2of2pocket e penses ! as families in any other country. (n e change, we <0receive top-notch specialty care in many areas. 3et on the whole, we do not get much better care than countries that spend far less. *e don"t live as long as people in Canada, +apan, most of *estern Europe or even relatively poor <<+ordan. &isdiagnosis is common. &edical errors occur more often than in some other countries. 4ni1ue to the developed world, millions of people have no health insurance, and millions more, like many fast2food workers, are underinsured.
>< Vocabulary .uess the meaning of the following words and indicate in the ? why @ column the elements you used either D0in the conte t or in the word itself to help you. Word to guess capped run afoul disruption overhaul top-notch eschewed flawed 3our guess A English synonym if you canB *hy% Correction
:00Medicare # social insurance program administered by the 4nited $tates government, providing health insurance coverage to people who are aged ;< and over, or who meet other special criteria. )he medicare program also funds residency training programs for the vast maCority of physicians in the 4nited $tates. &edicare operates as a single2payer health care system. )he $ocial $ecurity #ct of :D;< was passed by Congress in :0<late2spring of :D;< and signed into law on +uly 90, :D;<, by -resident Eyndon /. +ohnson as amendments to $ocial $ecurity legislation. #t the bill2signing ceremony -resident +ohnson enrolled former -resident Farry $. )ruman as the first &edicare beneficiary and presented him with the first &edicare card.
Medicaid ::0 is the 4nited $tates health program for eligible individuals and families with low incomes and resources. (t is a means2tested program that is Cointly funded by the states and federal government, and is managed by the states. #mong the groups of people served by &edicaid are certain eligible 4.$. citi5ens and resident aliens, including low2income adults and their children, and people with certain disabilities. -overty alone does not necessarily 1ualify an individual for &edicaid. (t is estimated that appro imately ;0 percent of ::<poor #mericans are not covered by &edicaid. &edicaid is the largest source of funding for medical and health2related services for people with limited income in the 4nited $tates. /ecause of the aging /aby /oomer population, the fastest growing aspect of &edicaid is nursing home coverage.
:20Scheduled health insurance plans are an e panded form of Fospital (ndemnity plans. (n recent years, these plans have taken the name mini2 med plans or association plans. )hese plans may provide benefits for hospitali5ation, surgical, and physician services. Fowever, they are not meant to replace a traditional comprehensive health insurance plan. $cheduled health insurance plans are more of a basic policy providing access to day2to2day health :2<care such as going to the doctor or getting a prescription drug, but these benefits will be limited and are not meant to be effective for catastrophic events. -ayments are based upon the planGs Hschedule of benefitsH and are usually paid directly to the service provider. . )hese plans cost much less than comprehensive health insurance. #nnual benefit ma imums for a typical scheduled health insurance plan may range from $:,000 to $2<,000. :90Medical care ratio A&CIB, also known as medical cost ratio, medical loss ratio, and medical benefit ratio, is a metric used in managed health care and health insurance to measure medical costs as a percentage of premium revenues. (t is calculated by dividing those premiums allocated for fully insured or self2funded health care coverage into the total e penses for inpatient, professional Aphysicians and other licensed providersB, outpatient, and :9<pharmacy. A/riefly, &CI J CostsK-remiums.B #s a general rule, a medical cost ratio of ><L or less is desirable. $ome insurers now call &CI Hbenefit cost ratioH A/CIB. (n the 4nited $tates, the term is &edical Eoss Iatio.
2011 health reform requirement re1uires insurers to spend at least >0L to ><L of its premium revenues :=0on medical care # premium is a sum of money that you pay regularly to an insurance company for an insurance policy. EM0 It is too early to say whether insurance premiums will be affected. :=<Without Covera e $ome options for low2wage workers if they donGt get health insurance on the Cob !nder current system Startin in 201" under health overhaul# &ay be eligible for &edicaid, the federal2 state program for the poor, especially families with children Can purchase private insurance on individual market, but premiums are likely to be too costly n Fospital emergency rooms must treat all comers without regard to ability to pay. $ome :,200 federally funded community health centers offer low2cost basic care. Everyone with income up to :99L of federal poverty level will be eligible for &edicaid. A-overty level for individual is $:0,>90 in 20:0.B -eople with income between :99L and =00L of poverty level will be eligible for subsidi5ed health insurance. -remiums are capped at 2L of income for those at the lowest end of that scale and D.<L of income at the highest end. #dditional $:: billion spent on community health centers
:<0
Version :<< )ranslate the following passages into French0 E <2:: :;0NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN :;<NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN E :;229 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN :80NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN :8< E =;2<0 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN :>0NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN :>< E <<2;0 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN :D0NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN :D<E ;8289 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 200NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
20<
2:0
Modal be able to
Exemples (formes + et -) I was(not) able to prevent the theft. I was unable to arrest the thief. Birds can fly; monkeys cannot. Can I watch TV !o, yo" can't. Could there be a vir"s in this file !o, there couldn't; I ran the anti#vir"s. &e could have taken a different road% &e could have called me ' Could I open the window !o, yo" can not. (o" had better )et movin), if yo" don*t want to be late. (o" had better not be late. You needn't hurry; there's plenty of time I have to pay my ta,es before the end of -arch. Origine externe. les lois de l*tat. / is bi))er than B which is bi))er than 0, so / must be bi))er than 0. 0 cannot be bi))er than /. It must be late as it is already dark. &e must have washed the car, it+s )leamin) ' &e cant/couldnt(ils sont ici synonymes) have for)otten ' It must be free1in) o"tside, look at the frost on the window ' It cant be rainin) ' Teacher to p"pil. 2(o" must come to school on time; yo" must not be late2. Origine interne. le professe"r 3"i parle dcide. It may (not) rain tomorrow. &e may (not) have )ot the messa)e, I+m not s"re. May I speak to -rs 8, please !o, yo" may/can not, she*s not in. I might come to yo"r party if I can )et off work on time. &e might have missed the b"s. (o" might have told me '
can permission possibilit, capacti could $ossibilit (pass)% reproche permission had better neednt have to, have got to conseil absence d+obli)ation obli)ation (ori)ine e,terne)
forte probabilit must obli)ation (ori)ine interne) $robabilit 456 may permission, re3"7te possibilit (faible) $ossibilit faible pass reproche
might
permission devoir, conseil ought to dd"ction lo)i3"e conseil should dd"ction lo)i3"e
Might I borrow yo"r laptop !o yo" may/can not. (o" ought to apolo)i1e to yo"r sister for havin) h"rt her feelin)s. (o" ought not to tell her. That ought to be eno")h petrol to last "s "ntil we )et to 9yons. (o" should spend more time on yo"r homework. &e shouldnt spend his money so carelessly ' :4 should be eno")h to leave as a tip.
2:<
'&tails
Ee tableau ci2dessus nGest 1uGun rOsumO des au iliaires modau . En voici les dOtails des diffOrents modau 0
29<
2=<
2;0
2;<
You mustn't be late( Vo"s ne devre1 pas 7tre en retard. (Obligation ngative. 0el"i 3"i parle est l*ori)ine de l*obli)ation.) You don't have to wor" on *undays( Vo"s n*7tes pas obli) de travailler le dimanche. (Absence d'obligation . 0el"i 3"i parle n*est pas l*ori)ine de l*obli)ation, il en parle simplement. >n pe"t a"ssi employer needn't.) t can't be +, o'cloc" because the sun is still shining( Il ne pe"t pas 7tre CCh55 p"is3"e le soleil brille to";o"rs. ( mpossibilit ou improbabilit . D*aprAs cel"i 3"i parle, il n*est pas possible 3"*il soit CCh55; o" c*est trAs pe" probable.)
(l ne faut pas confondre mustn't et don't have to0 le premier concerne une obligation nOgative A1uel1ue 280chose 1uGon ne devrait pas faireB, tandis 1ue le dernier parle de lGabsence dGune obligation A1uel1ue chose 1uGon nGest pas obligO de faire.B
2><Had better & Needn't -our donner un conseil, on peut employer had better. Eors1uGon veut signaler 1ue 1uel1ue action nGest pas obligatoire, on peut employer needn't.
You had better hurry, or you'll be late( Vo"s ferie1 mie", de vo"s presser, sinon vo"s sere1 en retard. (!onseil. >n pe"t a"ssi employer should et ought to.) You needn't hurry; there's plenty of time( 0e n*est pas la peine de vo"s prcipiter; il reste bea"co"p de temps. (Absence d'obligation. >n pe"t a"ssi dire don't have to.)
2D0
2D< (h)me rammatical :. '"ici 20:= les partisans de la rOforme de la santO devront avoir trouvO des stratOgies viables pour mettre en place efficacement un nouveau systTme plus O1uitable pour tout le monde. 2. Ea directive de 20:: stipule 1ue les assureurs devraient dOpenser au moins ><L de leurs revenus pour prodiguer des soins mOdicau 9. (l est impossible 1ue tant de gens dans un pays aussi riche 1ue les Etats24nis n"aient pas touCours pas de couverture sociale satisfaisante. =. Ce n"Otait vraiment pas la peine 1ue &. ,bama fasse autant de promesses avant les Olections pour aprTs laisser traVner une rOforme pourtant indispensable pour un pays 1ui se targue d"Rtre un e emple pour le monde. <. En fait, les personnes les plus dOmunies ont touCours dW se dObrouiller toutes seules sans attendre la moindre chose d"un gouvernement 1ui les a souvent laisseOs pour compte. ;. ,n ne devrait pas dOpendre de son emploi pour Rtre convenablement assurO 2 comme cela est souvent le cas au Etats24nis2 car cela engendre bien des inCustices
900
90<
9:0
9:<