Calculus II

Preface
Here are my online notes for my Calculus II course that I teach here at Lamar University. Despite the fact that these are my class notes, they should be accessible to anyone wanting to learn Calculus II or needing a refresher in some of the topics from the class. These notes do assume that the reader has a good working knowledge of Calculus I topics including limits, derivatives and basic integration and integration by substitution. Calculus II tends to be a very difficult course for many students. There are many reasons for this. The first reason is that this course does require that you have a very good working knowledge of Calculus I. The Calculus I portion of many of the problems tends to be skipped and left to the student to verify or fill in the details. If you dont have good Calculus I skills, and you are constantly getting stuck on the Calculus I portion of the problem, you will find this course very difficult to complete. The second, and probably larger, reason many students have difficulty with Calculus II is that you will be asked to truly think in this class. That is not meant to insult anyone; it is simply an acknowledgment that you cant just memorize a bunch of formulas and expect to pass the course as you can do in many math classes. There are formulas in this class that you will need to know, but they tend to be fairly general. You will need to understand them, how they work, and more importantly whether they can be used or not. As an example, the first topic we will look at is Integration by Parts. The integration by parts formula is very easy to remember. However, just because youve got it memorized doesnt mean that you can use it. Youll need to be able to look at an integral and realize that integration by parts can be used (which isnt always obvious) and then decide which portions of the integral correspond to the parts in the formula (again, not always obvious). Finally, many of the problems in this course will have multiple solution techniques and so youll need to be able to identify all the possible techniques and then decide which will be the easiest technique to use. So, with all that out of the way let me also get a couple of warnings out of the way to my students who may be here to get a copy of what happened on a day that you missed. 1. Because I wanted to make this a fairly complete set of notes for anyone wanting to learn calculus I have included some material that I do not usually have time to cover in class and because this changes from semester to semester it is not noted here. You will need to find one of your fellow class mates to see if there is something in these notes that wasnt covered in class. 2. In general I try to work problems in class that are different from my notes. However, with Calculus II many of the problems are difficult to make up on the spur of the moment and so in this class my class work will follow these notes fairly close as far as worked problems go. With that being said I will, on occasion, work problems off the top of my head when I can to provide more examples than just those in my notes. Also, I often
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Calculus II

dont have time in class to work all of the problems in the notes and so you will find that some sections contain problems that werent worked in class due to time restrictions. 3. Sometimes questions in class will lead down paths that are not covered here. I try to anticipate as many of the questions as possible in writing these up, but the reality is that I cant anticipate all the questions. Sometimes a very good question gets asked in class that leads to insights that Ive not included here. You should always talk to someone who was in class on the day you missed and compare these notes to their notes and see what the differences are. 4. This is somewhat related to the previous three items, but is important enough to merit its own item. THESE NOTES ARE NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR ATTENDING CLASS!! Using these notes as a substitute for class is liable to get you in trouble. As already noted not everything in these notes is covered in class and often material or insights not in these notes is covered in class.

2007 Paul Dawkins

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Calculus II

Area with Polar Coordinates

In this section we are going to look at areas enclosed by polar curves. Note as well that we said enclosed by instead of under as we typically have in these problems. These problems work a little differently in polar coordinates. Here is a sketch of what the area that well be finding in this section looks like.

Well be looking for the shaded area in the sketch above. The formula for finding this area is,
b 1 2 A= r dq a 2

Notice that we use r in the integral instead of f (q ) so make sure and substitute accordingly when doing the integral. Lets take a look at an example.

Example 1 Determine the area of the inner loop of r = 2 + 4 cos q .

Solution We graphed this function back when we first started looking at polar coordinates. For this problem well also need to know the values of q where the curve goes through the origin. We can get these by setting the equation equal to zero and solving.

0 = 2 + 4 cos q 1 cos q = 2

q=

2p 4p , 3 3

Here is the sketch of this curve with the inner loop shaded in.

2007 Paul Dawkins

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Calculus II

Can you see why we needed to know the values of q where the curve goes through the origin? These points define where the inner loop starts and ends and hence are also the limits of integration in the formula. So, the area is then,
3 1 2 A= 2p ( 2 + 4 cos q ) dq 2 3 4p

1 2 = 2p ( 4 + 16 cos q + 16 cos q ) dq 2
3

4p 3

4p 3 2p 3 4p

2 + 8cos q + 4 (1 + cos ( 2q ) ) dq

3 = 2p 6 + 8cos q + 4 cos ( 2q ) dq 3

= ( 6q + 8sin q + 2sin ( 2q ) ) = 4p - 6 3 = 2.174

4p 3 2p 3

You did follow the work done in this integral didnt you? Youll run into quite a few integrals of trig functions in this section so if you need to you should go back to the Integrals Involving Trig Functions sections and do a quick review. So, thats how we determine areas that are enclosed by a single curve, but what about situations like the following sketch were we want to find the area between two curves.

2007 Paul Dawkins

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Calculus II

In this case we can use the above formula to find the area enclosed by both and then the actual area is the difference between the two. The formula for this is,
b 1 2 2 A= ( r - r ) dq a 2 o i

Lets take a look at an example of this.

Example 2 Determine the area that lies inside r = 3 + 2sin q and outside r = 2 .
Solution Here is a sketch of the region that we are after.

To determine this area well need to know the values of q for which the two curves intersect. We can determine these points by setting the two equations and solving.

2007 Paul Dawkins

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Calculus II

3 + 2sin q = 2 sin q = 1 2

q=

7p 11p , 6 6

Here is a sketch of the figure with these angles added.

Note as well here that we also acknowledged that another representation for the angle

p to 11p we will not enclosed as we increase from the smaller to larger angle. So, if we use 76 6 enclose the shaded area, instead we will enclose the bottom most of the three regions. However if 7p we use the angles - p 6 to 6 we will enclose the area that were after.

-p 6 . This is important for this problem. In order to use the formula above the area must be

11p 6

is

So, the area is then,

6 1 2 2 A= ( 3 + 2sin q ) - ( 2 ) dq p - 2 6 6 1 2 = p ( 5 + 12sin q + 4sin q ) dq - 2 6 7p 7p

1 = p ( 7 + 12sin q - 2 cos ( 2q ) ) dq - 2
6 6 1 = ( 7q - 12 cos q - sin ( 2q ) ) p 2 7p

7p 6

11 3 14p + = 24.187 2 3

Lets work a slight modification of the previous example.

2007 Paul Dawkins

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Calculus II

Example 3 Determine the area of the region outside r = 3 + 2sin q and inside r = 2 .
Solution This time were looking for the following region.

p to So, this is the region that we get by using the limits 76

11p 6 6

11p 6

. The area for this region is,

1 2 2 A= ( 2 ) - ( 3 + 2sin q ) dq 7p 2
6 1 2 = 7p ( -5 - 12sin q - 4sin q ) dq 2 6 11p

1 = 7p ( -7 - 12sin q + 2 cos ( 2q ) ) dq 2
6 6 1 = ( -7q + 12 cos q + sin ( 2q ) ) 7p 2 6 11p

11p 6

11 3 7p = 2.196 2 3

Notice that for this area the outer and inner function were opposite! Lets do one final modification of this example.

Example 4 Determine the area that is inside both r = 3 + 2sin q and r = 2 .

Solution Here is the sketch for this example.

2007 Paul Dawkins

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Calculus II

We are not going to be able to do this problem in the same fashion that we did the previous two. There is no set of limits that will allow us to enclose this area as we increase from one to the other. Remember that as we increase q the area were after must be enclosed. However, the only two ranges for q that we can work with enclose the area from the previous two examples and not this region. In this case however, that is not a major problem. There are two ways to do get the area in this problem. Well take a look at both of them. Solution 1 In this case lets notice that the circle is divided up into two portions and were after the upper portion. Also notice that we found the area of the lower portion in Example 3. Therefore, the area is,

Area = Area of Circle - Area from Example 3 = p ( 2 ) - 2.196

2

= 10.370
Solution 2 In this case we do pretty much the same thing except this time well think of the area as the other portion of the limacon than the portion that we were dealing with in Example 2. Well also need to actually compute the area of the limacon in this case. So, the area using this approach is then,

2007 Paul Dawkins

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Calculus II

Area = Area of Limacon - Area from Example 2

2p 1 2 = ( 3 + 2sin q ) dq - 24.187 0 2 2p 1 = ( 9 + 12sin q + 4sin 2 q ) dq - 24.187 0 2 2p 1 = (11 + 12sin q - 2 cos ( 2q ) ) dq - 24.187 0 2

1 = (11q - 12 cos (q ) - sin ( 2q ) ) - 24.187 2 0 = 11p - 24.187 = 10.370

A slightly longer approach, but sometimes we are forced to take this longer approach. As this last example has shown we will not be able to get all areas in polar coordinates straight from an integral.

2p

2007 Paul Dawkins

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