Ministerul Educaiei al Republicii Moldova Universitatea Tehnic a Moldovei Facultatea Inginerie i Management n Electronic CICLUL II Masterat n cercetare

Raport
DSP of Analog Devices. Applications of Blackfin Processors in Audio

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Table o $ontents
aport..................................................................................................................................................! !.! DSP of analog devices..................................................................................................................." !.# Signal sa$pling ............................................................................................................................% !." DSP do$ains ................................................................................................................................% !.".! &i$e and space do$ains............................................................................................................% !.".# 're(uenc) do$ain......................................................................................................................* !."." +,plane anal)sis..........................................................................................................................!.".% .avelet.......................................................................................................................................!.".* Applications ............................................................................................................................../ !.% Blackfin processors......................................................................................................................./ !.%.! Me$or) and DMA.............................................................................................................0 !.%.# Microcontroller features.....................................................................................................1 Media,processing features. &2e Blackfin instruction set contains $edia,processing e3tensions to 2elp accelerate pi3el,processing operations co$$onl) used in video co$pression and i$age co$pression and deco$pression algorit2$s4 also used in audio processing..................................................................................................................................!5 #. Applications of Blackfin Processors in Audio ............................................................................!5 #.! Application of ADAU !/0! Lo6 7oise Stereo Codec 6it2 Sig$aDSP Processing Core.......!5 #.# Application of AD!0*# audio pla)8ack s)ste$........................................................................!# #." Application of SSM#05% Audio Su8s)ste$ 6it2 Class,D Speaker and Capless 9eadp2one Driver................................................................................................................................................!% #.% Application of Sig$aDSP Stereo Audio Codec ADAU !%-! processor...................................!/ Conclusion:........................................................................................................................................!1

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DSP of analog devices. Applications of Blackfin Processors in Audio
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1.1 DSP of analog devices

.igital signal processing ;."(< is t2e $at2e$atical $anipulation of an infor$ation signal to $odif) or i$prove it in so$e 6a). It is c2aracteri=ed 8) t2e representation of discrete ti$e4 discrete fre(uenc)4 or ot2er discrete do$ain signals 8) a se(uence of nu$8ers or s)$8ols and t2e processing of t2ese signals. &2e goal of DSP is usuall) to $easure4 filter and>or co$press continuous real,6orld analog signals. &2e first step is usuall) to convert t2e signal fro$ an analog to a digital for$4 8) sa$pling and t2en digiti=ing it using an analog,to,digital converter;ADC<4 62ic2 turns t2e analog signal into a strea$ of nu$8ers. 9o6ever4 often4 t2e re(uired output signal is anot2er analog output signal4 62ic2 re(uires a digital,to,analog converter ;DAC<. ?ven if t2is process is $ore co$ple3 t2an analog processing and 2as a discrete value range4 t2e application of co$putational po6er to digital signal processing allo6s for $an) advantages over analog processing in $an) applications4 suc2 as error detection and correction in trans$ission as 6ell as data co$pression. Digital signal processing and analog signal processing are su8fields of signal processing. DSP applications include: audio and speec2 signal processing4 sonar and radar signal processing4 sensor arra) processing4 spectral esti$ation4 statistical signal processing4 digital i$age processing4 signal processing for co$$unications4 control of s)ste$s4 8io$edical signal processing4 seis$ic data processing4 etc. DSP algorit2$s 2ave long 8een run on standard co$puters4 as 6ell as on speciali=ed processors called digital signal processor and on purpose,8uilt 2ard6are suc2 as application,specific integrated circuit ;ASICs<. &oda) t2ere are additional tec2nologies used for digital signal processing including $ore po6erful general purpose $icroprocessors4 field, progra$$a8le gate arra)s ;'P@As<4 digital signal controllers ;$ostl) for industrial apps suc2 as $otor control<4 and strea$ processors4 a$ong ot2ers. Digital signal processing can involve linear or nonlinear operations. 7onlinear signal processing is closel) related to nonlinear s)ste$ identification and can 8e i$ple$ented in t2e ti$e4 fre(uenc)4 and spatio,te$poral do$ains.

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1.2 Signal sampling

.it2 t2e increasing use of co$puters t2e usage of and need for digital signal processing 2as increased. &o use an analog signal on a co$puter4 it $ust 8e digiti=ed 6it2 an analog,to,digital converter. Sa$pling is usuall) carried out in t6o stages4discreti=ation and (uanti=ation. In t2e discreti=ation stage4 t2e space of signals is partitioned into e(uivalence classes and (uanti=ation is carried out 8) replacing t2e signal 6it2 representative signal of t2e corresponding e(uivalence class. In t2e (uanti=ation stage t2e representative signal values are appro3i$ated 8) values fro$ a finite set. &2e 7)(uistS2annon sa$pling t2eore$ states t2at a signal can 8e e3actl) reconstructed fro$ its sa$ples if t2e sa$pling fre(uenc) is greater t2an t6ice t2e 2ig2est fre(uenc) of t2e signalA 8ut re(uires an infinite nu$8er of sa$ples. In practice4 t2e sa$pling fre(uenc) is often significantl) $ore t2an t6ice t2at re(uired 8) t2e signalBs li$ited 8and6idt2. So$e ;continuous,ti$e< periodic signals 8eco$e non,periodic after sa$pling4 and so$e non, periodic signals 8eco$e periodic after sa$pling. In general4 for a periodic signal 6it2 period T to 8e periodic ;6it2 period N< after sa$pling 6it2 sa$pling interval Ts4 t2e follo6ing $ust 8e satisfied: ;!.!< 62ere k is an integer. ;!.!<

1.3 DSP domains

In DSP4 engineers usuall) stud) digital signals in one of t2e follo6ing do$ains: ti$e do$ain ;one, di$ensional signals<4 spatial do$ain ;$ultidi$ensional signals<4 fre(uenc) do$ain4 and 6avelet do$ains. &2e) c2oose t2e do$ain in 62ic2 to process a signal 8) $aking an infor$ed guess ;or 8) tr)ing different possi8ilities< as to 62ic2 do$ain 8est represents t2e essential c2aracteristics of t2e signal. A se(uence of sa$ples fro$ a $easuring device produces a ti$e or spatial do$ain representation4 62ereas a discrete 'ourier transfor$ produces t2e fre(uenc) do$ain infor$ation4 t2at is t2e fre(uenc) spectru$. Autocorrelation is defined as t2e cross,correlation of t2e signal 6it2 itself over var)ing intervals of ti$e or space.

1.3.1 Time and space domains

&2e $ost co$$on processing approac2 in t2e ti$e or space do$ain is en2ance$ent of t2e input signal t2roug2 a $et2od called filtering. Digital filtering generall) consists of so$e linear

transfor$ation of a nu$8er of surrounding sa$ples around t2e current sa$ple of t2e input or output signal. &2ere are various 6a)s to c2aracteri=e filtersA for e3a$ple:

A ClinearC filter is a linear transfor$ation of input sa$plesA ot2er filters are Cnon,linearC. Linear filters satisf) t2e superposition condition4 i.e. if an input is a 6eig2ted linear co$8ination of different signals4 t2e output is an e(uall) 6eig2ted linear co$8ination of t2e corresponding output signals.

A CcausalC filter uses onl) previous sa$ples of t2e input or output signalsA 62ile a Cnon, causalC filter uses future input sa$ples. A non,causal filter can usuall) 8e c2anged into a causal filter 8) adding a dela) to it.

A Cti$e,invariantC filter 2as constant properties over ti$eA ot2er filters suc2 as adaptive filters c2ange in ti$e.

A Csta8leC filter produces an output t2at converges to a constant value 6it2 ti$e4 or re$ains 8ounded 6it2in a finite interval. An Cunsta8leC filter can produce an output t2at gro6s 6it2out 8ounds4 6it2 8ounded or even =ero input.

A Cfinite i$pulse responseC ;'I < filter uses onl) t2e input signals4 62ile an Cinfinite i$pulse responseC filter ;II < uses 8ot2 t2e input signal and previous sa$ples of t2e output signal. 'I filters are al6a)s sta8le4 62ile II filters $a) 8e unsta8le.

A filter can 8e represented 8) a 8lock diagra$4 62ic2 can t2en 8e used to derive a sa$ple processing algorit2$ to i$ple$ent t2e filter 6it2 2ard6are instructions. A filter $a) also 8e descri8ed as a difference e(uation4 a collection of =eroes andpoles or4 if it is an 'I an i$pulse response or step response. &2e output of a linear digital filter to an) given input $a) 8e calculated 8) convolving t2e input signal 6it2 t2e i$pulse response. filter4

1.3.2 Frequency domain

Signals are converted fro$ ti$e or space do$ain to t2e fre(uenc) do$ain usuall) t2roug2 t2e 'ourier transfor$. &2e 'ourier transfor$ converts t2e signal infor$ation to a $agnitude and p2ase co$ponent of eac2 fre(uenc). Dften t2e 'ourier transfor$ is converted to t2e po6er spectru$4 62ic2 is t2e $agnitude of eac2 fre(uenc) co$ponent s(uared.

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&2e $ost co$$on purpose for anal)sis of signals in t2e fre(uenc) do$ain is anal)sis of signal properties. &2e engineer can stud) t2e spectru$ to deter$ine 62ic2 fre(uencies are present in t2e input signal and 62ic2 are $issing. In addition to fre(uenc) infor$ation4 p2ase infor$ation is often needed. &2is can 8e o8tained fro$ t2e 'ourier transfor$. .it2 so$e applications4 2o6 t2e p2ase varies 6it2 fre(uenc) can 8e a significant consideration. 'iltering4 particularl) in non,realti$e 6ork can also 8e ac2ieved 8) converting to t2e fre(uenc) do$ain4 appl)ing t2e filter and t2en converting 8ack to t2e ti$e do$ain. &2is is a fast4 D;n log n< operation4 and can give essentiall) an) filter s2ape including e3cellent appro3i$ations to 8rick6all filters. &2ere are so$e co$$onl) used fre(uenc) do$ain transfor$ations. 'or e3a$ple4

t2e cepstru$ converts a signal to t2e fre(uenc) do$ain t2roug2 'ourier transfor$4 takes t2e logarit2$4 t2en applies anot2er 'ourier transfor$. &2is e$p2asi=es t2e 2ar$onic structure of t2e original spectru$. 're(uenc) do$ain anal)sis is also called spectrum- or spectral a al!s"s.

&#'#' /%plane anal0sis

.2ereas analog filters are usuall) anal)=ed in ter$s of transfer functions in t2e s plane using Laplace transfor$s4 digital filters are anal)=ed in t2e = plane in ter$s of +,transfor$s. A digital filter $a) 8e descri8ed in t2e = plane 8) its c2aracteristic collection of =eroes and poles. &2e = plane provides a $eans for $apping digital fre(uenc) ;sa$ples>second< to real and i$aginar) = co$ponents4 62ere digital s)ste$ or signal. for continuous periodic signals and ; is

t2e digital fre(uenc)<. &2is is useful for providing a visuali=ation of t2e fre(uenc) response of a

&#'#1 2avelet
In nu$erical anal)sis and functional anal)sis4 a discrete 3avelet trans orm ;D.&< is an) 6avelet transfor$ for 62ic2 t2e 6avelets are discretel) sa$pled. As 6it2 ot2er 6avelet transfor$s4 a ke) advantage it 2as over 'ourier transfor$s is te$poral resolution: it captures 8ot2 fre(uenc) a # location infor$ation ;location in ti$e<.

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1.3.5 pplications
&2e $ain applications of DSP are audio signal processing4 audio co$pression4 digital i$age processing4 video co$pression4 speec2 processing4 speec2 recognition4 digital co$$unications4 ADA 4 SD7A 4 seis$olog) and 8io$edicine. Specific e3a$ples are speec2 co$pression and trans$ission in digital $o8ile p2ones4 roo$ correction of sound in 2i,fi and sound reinforce$ent applications4 6eat2er forecasting4 econo$ic forecasting4 seis$ic data processing4 anal)sis and control of co$pression4 industrial processes4 co$puter grap2ics4 $edical i$aging suc2 as CA& scans and M I4 MP" and i$age $anipulation4 2i,fi loudspeaker crossovers

e(uali=ation4 and audio effects for use 6it2 electric guitar a$plifiers. .e 6ill speak later a8out t2e audio applications of Blackfin processors.

1.! "lac#fin processors

&2e 4lac5 in is a fa$il) of !-, or "#,8it $icroprocessors developed4 $anufactured and $arketed 8) Analog Devices. &2e fa$il) is c2aracteri=ed 8) t2eir 8uilt,in4 fi3ed,point digital signal processor ;DSP< functionalit) supplied 8) !-,8it Multipl)accu$ulates ;MACs<4 acco$panied on, c2ip 8) a s$all and po6er,efficient $icrocontroller. &2e result is a lo6,po6er4 unified processor arc2itecture t2at can run operating s)ste$s 62ile si$ultaneousl) 2andling co$ple3 nu$eric tasks suc2 as real,ti$e 9.#-% video encoding. &2ere are several 2ard6are develop$ent kits for t2e Blackfin. Dpen,sourceoperating s)ste$s for t2e Blackfin include uClinu3. Architecture details.Blackfin processors use a "#,8it ISC $icrocontroller progra$$ing $odel on a SIMD arc2itecture4 62ic2 6as co,developed 8) Intel and Analog Devices4 as MSA ;Micro Signal Arc2itecture<. &2e Blackfin processor arc2itecture 6as announced in Dece$8er4 #555 and first de$onstrated at t2e ?$8edded S)ste$s Conference in Eune4 #55!. &2e Blackfin arc2itecture incorporates aspects of ADIBs older S9A C arc2itecture and IntelBs FScale arc2itecture into a single core4 co$8ining digital signal processing ;DSP< and $icrocontroller functionalit). &2ere are $an) differences in t2e core arc2itecture 8et6een Blackfin>MSA and FScale>A M or S9A C4 8ut t2e co$8ination provides i$prove$ents in perfor$ance4 progra$$a8ilit) and po6er consu$ption over traditional DSP or ISC arc2itecture designs. &2e Blackfin arc2itecture enco$passes various CPU $odels4 eac2 targeting particular applications. Analog Devices keeps a co$pre2ensive list of products. &2e Blackfin fa$il) is su$$ari=ed in t2e follo6ing ta8le.

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Architecture eatures# $ore eatures

'ig.! Blackfin B'*"* processor .2at is regarded as t2e Blackfin CcoreC is conte3tuall) dependent.

'or so$e applications4 t2e DSP is central. It co$8ines t6o !-,8it 2ard6are MACs4 t6o %5, 8it ALUs4 and a %5,8it 8arrel s2ifter. &2is allo6s t2e processor to e3ecute up to t2ree instructions per clock c)cle4 depending on t2e level of opti$i=ation perfor$ed 8) t2e co$piler and>or progra$$er.

Dt2er applications e$p2asi=e t2e ISC core. It includes $e$or) protection4 different operating $odes ;user4 kernel<4 single,c)cle opcodes4 data and instruction cac2es4 and instructions for 8it test4 8)te4 6ord4 or integer accesses and a variet) of on,c2ip perip2erals.

&2e ISA also features a 2ig2 level of e3pressiveness4 allo6ing t2e asse$8l) progra$$er ;or co$piler< to 2ig2l) opti$i=e an algorit2$ to t2e 2ard6are features present. &#1#& Memor0 and .MA &2e Blackfin uses a 8)te,addressa8le4 flat $e$or) $ap. Internal L! $e$or)4 internal L# $e$or)4 e3ternal $e$or) and all $e$or),$apped control registers reside in t2is "#,8it address space4 so t2at fro$ a progra$$ing point,of,vie64 t2e Blackfin 2as a Gon 7eu$ann arc2itecture. &2e L! internal S AM $e$or)4 62ic2 runs at t2e core,clock speed of t2e device4 is 8ased on a 9arvard Arc2itecture. Instruction $e$or) and data $e$or) are independent and connect to t2e core via dedicated $e$or) 8uses 62ic2 allo6s for 2ig2 sustained data rates 8et6een t2e core and L! $e$or). Portions of instruction and data L! S AM can 8e optionall) configured as cac2e ;independentl)<.
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Certain Blackfin processors also 2ave 8et6een -%HB and #*-HB of L# $e$or). &2is $e$or) runs slo6er t2an t2e core clock speed. Code and data can 8e $i3ed in L#. Blackfin processors support a variet) of e3ternal $e$ories including SD AM4 DD ,SD AM4 7D 'LAS94 7A7D 'LAS9 and S AM. So$e Blackfin also include $ass,storage interfaces suc2 as A&API4 and SD>SDID. &2e) can support 2undreds of $ega8)tes of $e$or) in t2e e3ternal $e$or) space. Coupled 6it2 t2e significant core and $e$or) s)ste$ is a DMA engine t2at can operate 8et6een an) of its perip2erals and $ain ;or e3ternal< $e$or). &2e processors t)picall) 2ave a dedicated DMA c2annel for eac2 perip2eral4 62ic2 ena8les $er!2ig2 t2roug2put for applications t2at can take advantage of it suc2 as real,ti$e standard,definition ;D!< video encoding and decoding. &#1#, Microcontroller eatures &2e arc2itecture contains t2e usual CPU4 $e$or)4 and I>D found

on $icroprocessors or $icrocontrollers. &2ese features of ena8le operating s)ste$s.

Me$or) Protection Unit: All Blackfin processors contain a Me$or) Protection Unit;MPU<. &2e MPU provides protection and cac2ing strategies across t2e entire $e$or) space. &2e MPU allo6s Blackfin to support $an) full,featured operating s)ste$s4 &DSs and kernels like &2readF4 IC>DS,II4 or ;noMMU< Linu3. &2e Blackfin MPU does not provide address translation like a traditional Me$or) Manage$ent Unit ;MMU< t2us it does not support virtual $e$or) or separate $e$or) addresses per process. &2is is 62) Blackfin currentl) can not support operating s)ste$s re(uiring virtual $e$or) suc2 as .inC? or J7F. Confusingl)4 in $ost of t2e Blackfin docu$entation4 t2e MPU is referred to as a MMU.

User>Supervisor Modes: Blackfin supports t2ree run,ti$e $odes: supervisor4 user and e$ulation. In supervisor $ode4 all processor resources are accessi8le fro$ t2e running process. 9o6ever4 62en in user $ode4 s)ste$ resources and regions of $e$or) can 8e protected ;6it2 t2e 2elp of t2e MPU<. In a $odern operating s)ste$ or &DS4 t2e kernel t)picall) runs in supervisor $ode and t2reads>processes 6ill run in user $ode. If a t2read cras2es or atte$pts to access a protected resource ;$e$or)4 perip2eral4 etc.< an e3ception 6ill 8e t2ro6n and t2e kernel 6ill t2en 8e a8le to s2ut do6n t2e offending t2read>process. &2e official guidance fro$ ADI on 2o6 to use t2e Blackfin in non,DS environ$ents is to reserve t2e lo6est,priorit) interrupt for general,purpose code so t2at all soft6are is run in supervisor space. &2is 6ould

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not 8e as serious a deficienc) if t2e Blackfin 2ad $ore t2an 1 general,purpose interrupt vectors.

Garia8le,Lengt24 ISC,Like Instruction Set: Blackfin supports !-4 "# and -%,8it instructions. Co$$onl) used control instructions are encoded as !-,8it opcodes 62ile co$ple3 DSP and $at2e$aticall) intensive functions are encoded as "# and -%,8it opcodes. &2is varia8le lengt2 opcode encoding allo6s Blackfin to ac2ieve good code densit) e(uivalent to $odern $icroprocessor arc2itectures.

Media%processing eatures# &2e Blackfin instruction set contains $edia,processing e3tensions to 2elp accelerate pi3el,processing operations co$$onl) used in video compression and image compression and deco$pression algorit2$s4 also used in audio processing.

2. pplications of "lac#fin Processors in

udio

2.1 pplication of D $ 1%&1 'o( )oise Stereo *odec (it+ SigmaDSP Processing *ore
FEATURE"! ,1%bit stereo audio A.$ and .A$6 1-- m2 spea5er ampli ier 7into 8 9 load:6 (rogrammable "igma."( audio processing core6 2ind noise detection and iltering6 Enhanced stereo capture 7E"$:6 .0namics processing6 E;uali<ation and iltering6 +olume control and mute6 "ampling rates rom 8 5=< to >? 5=<6 "tereo pseudo di erential microphone input6 @ptional stereo digital microphone input pulse%densit0 modulation 7(.M:6 "tereo line output6

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(AA supporting a range o input cloc5 rates6 Analog and digital IB@ &#8 + to '#' +6 "o t3are control via "igma"tudio graphical user inter ace6 "o t3are%controllableC clic5less mute6 "o t3are register and hard3are pin standb0 mode6 ',%leadC D mm E D mm AF$"(6

A((AI$ATI@F"6 .igital still cameras6 .igital video cameras# GEFERAA .E"$RI(TI@F &2e ADAU!/0! is a lo6 po6er4 #%,8it stereo audio codec. &2e lo6 noise DAC and ADC support sa$ple rates fro$ 0 k9= to 1- k9=. Lo6 current dra6 and po6er saving $odes $ake t2e ADAU!/0! ideal for 8atter),po6ered audio applications. A progra$$a8le Sig$aDSPK core provides en2anced record and pla)8ack processing to i$prove overall audio (ualit). &2e record pat2 includes t6o digital stereo $icrop2one inputs and an analog stereo input pat2. &2e analog inputs can 8e configured for eit2er a pseudo differential or a single,ended stereo source. A dedicated analog 8eep input signal can 8e $i3ed into an) output pat2. &2e ADAU!/0! includes a stereo line output and speaker driver4 62ic2 $akes t2e device capa8le of supporting d)na$ic speakers. &2e serial control 8us supports t2e I#CK or SPI protocols4 and t2e serial audio 8us is progra$$a8le for I#S4 left,Lustified4 rig2t,Lustified4 or &DM $ode. A progra$$a8le PLL supports fle3i8le clock generation for all standard rates and availa8le $aster clocks fro$ !! M9= to #5 M9=.

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'ig.#.! 'unctional Block Diagra$ of ADAU !/0! Processor

2.2 pplication of
'?A&U ?S: * G stereo audioA DAC s)ste$A

D1&52 audio play,ac# system

accepts !-,8it>!0,8it>#5,8it>#%,8itA data Supports #% 8its4 !1# k9= sa$ple rateA accepts a 6ide range of sa$ple rates including "# k9=4 %%.! k9=4 %0 k9=4 00.# k9=4 1- k9=4 and !1# k9= Multi8itA

M,N $odulator 6it2 perfect differential linearit) restoration for reduced idle tones and noise floorA

Data,directed scra$8ling DACOleast sensitive to Litter Differential output for opti$u$ perfor$anceA
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!!/ dB signal,to,noise ;not $uted< at %0 k9= sa$ple rate ;A,6eig2ted $ono<A !!% dB signal,to,noise ;not $uted< at %0 k9= sa$ple rate ;A,6eig2ted stereo< !!/ dB d)na$ic range ;not $uted< at %0 k9= sa$ple rate ;A,6eig2ted $ono<A

!!% dB d)na$ic range ;not $uted< at %0 k9= sa$ple rate ;A,6eig2ted stereo< P!5* dB &9DQ7 ;$ono application circuit<A

P!5# dB &9DQ7 ;stereo<.

Dt2er features include a !!* dB stop,8and attenuation4 on,c2ip clickless volu$e control4 2ard6are and soft6are controlla8le4 clickless $ute Serial ;SPI< control for: serial $ode4 nu$8er of 8its4 sa$ple rate4 volu$e4 $ute4 de,e$p Digital de,e$p2asis processing for "# k9=4 %%.! k9=4 %0 k9= sa$ple rates4 clock autodivide circuit supports five $aster,clock fre(uencies4 fle3i8le serial data port 6it2 rig2t,Lustified4 left,Lustified4 I#S,co$pati8le and DSP serial port $odes #0,Lead SSDP plastic package. APPLICA&ID7S 9ig2 end DGDs4 CDs4 2o$e t2eater s)ste$s4 auto$otive4 audio s)ste$s4 sa$pling $usical ke)8oards4 digital $i3ing consoles4 and digital audio effects processors @?7? AL D?SC IP&ID7 &2e AD!0*# is a co$plete4 2ig2 perfor$ance4 single,c2ip4 stereo digital4 audio pla)8ack s)ste$. It is co$prised of a $ulti8it4 M,N $odulator4 digital interpolation filters4 and analog output drive circuitr). Dt2er features include an on,c2ip4 stereo attenuator and $ute4 progra$$ed t2roug2 an SPI,co$pati8le serial control port. &2e AD!0*# is full) co$pati8le 6it2 all kno6n DGD for$ats4 including !1# k9=4 as 6ell as 1- k9= sa$ple fre(uencies and #% 8its. It is also 8ack6ards co$pati8le 8) supporting *5 Rs>!* Rs digital de, e$p2asis intended for ed Book co$pact discs4 as 6ell as de,e$p2asis at "# k9= and %0 k9= sa$ple rate. &2e AD!0*# 2as a ver) si$ple4 8ut ver) fle3i8le4 serial data input port t2at allo6s for glueless interconnection to a variet) of ADCs4 DSP c2ips4 A?S>?BU receivers4 and sa$ple rate converters. &2e AD!0*# can 8e configured in left,Lustified4 I#S4 rig2t,Lustified4 or DSP serial port co$pati8le $odes. It can support !-4 !04 #54 and #% 8its in all $odes. &2e AD!0*# accepts serial audio data in MSB first4 t6os,co$ple$ent for$at. &2e AD!0*# operates fro$ a single * G po6er suppl). It is fa8ricated on a single4 $onolit2ic integrated circuit and is 2oused in a #0,lead SSDP for operation over t2e 5SC to /5SC te$perature range

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'ig.#.# 'unctional 8lock diagra$ of AD !0*# controller

2.3 pplication of SS-2&.! udio Su,system (it+ *lass/D Spea#er and *apless 0eadp+one Driver
FEATURE"! ' single%ended stereo audio inputs 3ith optional di erential mode6 "tereoC &#1 2C ilterless $lass%. ampli iers 3ith H%I modulation6 Integrated receiver path b0pass s3itch6 $on igurableC high per ormance capless headphone output 3ith true ground $lass%G technolog06 @ptional hard3are%based headphone level limiter6 I,$ control inter ace6 +olume control6 FleJible inputBoutput miJing6 @utput mode control6 EMI emissions control6 Automatic level control 7AA$:6 Ad*ustable headphone level limiter6

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Ao3 shutdo3n current6 "hort%circuit and thermal protection6 (op%and%clic5 suppression6 Available in a '-%ballC ,#D mm E '#- mm 2A$"(6 A((AI$ATI@F"6 Mobile phones6 (ortable multimedia devices6 GEFERAA .E"$RI(TI@F#

&2e SSM#05% is an audio su8s)ste$ designed specificall) for $o8ile p2ones and porta8le $ulti$edia devices. &2is 2ig2l) fle3i8le su8s)ste$ includes t2ree input c2annels t2at can 8e configured as single,ended stereo or $onaural differential for $ulti$edia audio sources. ?ac2 set of inputs is independentl) adLusta8le 6it2 t2e #,6ire I#C interface and features an adLusta8le gain over a "5 dB range in steps of ! dB. ?ac2 set of input c2annels also offers t2e c2oice of varia8le input i$pedance P@A $ode or fi3ed input i$pedance 8oost $ode. &2e input signals are t2en $i3ed and routed to t2e desired set of outputs. &2is configuration is set using t2e #,6ire I#C control interface. &2e SSM#05% includes t2ree selecta8le output $odes. &2e first output $ode is a stereo Class,D speaker driver capa8le of delivering # T !.% . of continuous po6er to an 0 U 8ridge,tied load ;B&L< 6it2 !V &9D Q 7 62en using a * G suppl). &2is Class,D a$plifier incorporates t2ree,level M,N output $odulation designed to increase 8atter) life and i$prove ?MI perfor$ance. &2e Class,D a$plifier offers an I#C,adLusta8le volu$e control 6it2 a gain range fro$ Q!# dB to P-" dB in "! steps. &2e second output $ode is a pair of 2ig2 perfor$ance 2ead,p2one drivers capa8le of delivering #5 $. per c2annel into stereo "# U single,ended loads 6it2 !V &9D Q 7. &2e stereo 2eadp2one drivers use a 2ig2l) efficient4 true ground centered Class,@ arc2itecture. &2e 2eadp2one outputs incorporate I#C,adLusta8le volu$e control 6it2 a gain range fro$ 5 dB to P/* dB in "# steps.

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&2e t2ird output $ode is an integrated receiver pat2 8)pass s6itc2 for passing voice signals fro$ t2e audio 8ase8and. &2e SSM#05% is specified over t2e industrial te$perature range of P%5SC to Q0*SC. It 2as 8uilt,in t2er$al s2utdo6n and output s2ort,circuit protection. &2e SSM#05% is availa8le in a "5, 8all4 #.* $$ T ".5 $$ 6afer level c2ip scale package ;.LCSP<.

Fig# ,#' Functional bloc5 diagram o ""M,8-1 processor

2.! pplication of SigmaDSP Stereo udio *odec D $ 1!11 processor

FEATURE"! Sig$aDSP #0,>*-,8it4 *5 MIPS digital audio processorA 'ull) progra$$a8le 6it2 Sig$aStudio grap2ical toolA #%,8it stereo audio ADC and DAC: W10 dB S7 A Sa$pling rates fro$ 0 k9= to 1- k9=A Lo6 po6er: !/ $. record4 !0 $. pla)8ack4 %0 k9=A - analog input pins4 configura8le for single,ended or differential inputsA 'le3i8le analog input>output $i3ersA Stereo digital $icrop2one inputA Analog outputs: # differential stereo4 # single,ended stereoA ! $ono 2eadp2one output driverA PLL supporting input clocks fro$ 0 M9= to 5" M9=A Analog auto$atic level control ;ALC<A Microp2one 8ias reference voltageA Analog and digital I>D: "." GA I#C and SPI control interfacesA Digital audio serial data I>D: stereo and ti$e,divisionA $ultiple3ing ;&DM< $odesA Soft6are,controlla8le clickless $uteA @PID pins for digital controls and outputsA "#,lead4 * $$ T * $$ L'CSPA P%5SC to Q!5*SC operating te$perature rangeA Jualified for auto$otive applications.

A((AI$ATI@F" Auto$otive 2ead unitsA Auto$otive a$plifiersA

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7avigation s)ste$sA ear,seat entertain$ent s)ste$s. GEFERAA .E"$RI(TI@F

&2e ADAU!%-! is a lo6 po6er4 stereo audio codec 6it2 integrated digital audio processing t2at supports stereo %0 k9= record and pla)8ack at "* $. fro$ a "." G analog suppl). &2e stereo audio ADCs and DACs support sa$ple rates fro$ 0 k9= to 1- k9= as 6ell as a digital volu$e control. &2e Sig$aDSPK core features #0,8it processing ;*-,8it dou8le precision<. &2e processor allo6s s)ste$ designers to co$pensate for t2e real,6orld li$itations of $icrop2ones4 speakers4 a$plifiers4 and listening environ$ents4 resulting in a dra$atic i$prove$ent in t2e perceived audio (ualit) t2roug2 e(uali=ation4 $ulti8and co$pression4 li$iting4 and t2ird,part) 8randed algorit2$s. &2e Sig$aStudioX grap2ical develop$ent tool is used to progra$ t2e ADAU!%-!. &2is soft6are includes audio processing 8locks suc2 as filters4 d)na$ics processors4 $i3ers4 and lo6 level DSP functions for fast develop$ent of custo$ signal flo6s. &2e record pat2 includes an integrated $icrop2one 8ias circuit and si3 inputs. &2e inputs can 8e $i3ed and $u3ed 8efore t2e ADC4 or t2e) can 8e configured to 8)pass t2e ADC. &2e ADAU!%-! includes a stereo digital $icrop2one input. &2e ADAU!%-! includes five 2ig2 po6er output drivers ;t6o differential and t2ree single, ended<4 supporting stereo 2ead,p2ones4 an earpiece4 or ot2er output transducer. AC,coupled or capless configurations are supported. Individual fine level controls are supported on all analog outputs. &2e output $i3er stage allo6s for fle3i8le routing of audio.

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'ig. #.% 'unctional 8lock diagra$ of ADAU !%-! processor

*onclusion2
In t2is proLect I got ac(uainted 6it2 t2e DSP. A DSP is t2e $at2e$atical $anipulation of an infor$ation signal to $odif) or i$prove it 6it2 t2e 2elp of $at2e$atical algorit2$s 8) t2e representation of discrete ti$e4 discrete fre(uenc)4 or ot2er discrete do$ain signals 8) a se(uence of nu$8ers or s)$8ols and t2e processing of t2ese signals. &2e goal of DSP is usuall) to $easure4 filter and>or co$press continuous real,6orld analog signals. &2e first step is usuall) to convert t2e signal fro$ an analog to a digital for$4 8) sa$pling and t2en digiti=ing it using an analog,to, digital converter;ADC<4 62ic2 turns t2e analog signal into a strea$ of nu$8ers. 9o6ever4 often4 t2e re(uired output signal is anot2er analog output signal4 62ic2 re(uires a digital, to,analog converter ;DAC<.

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&2e fa$il) of Blackfin Processors are used in a 6ide area: auto$otive4 video4 securit)4 en2ance$ent and audio. In audio area4 Blackfin processors are used to a$plif) signals4 in Audio Su8s)ste$s 6it2 Class,D Speaker and Capless 9eadp2one Driver4 Stereo Audio Codecs and ot2ers. I t2ink t2at 6it2 t2e 2elp of t2e $at2e$atical operations signals can 8e opti$i=ed4 correct for$ and appl) filters to select parts of signal 62ic2 6e need.