1

Official Transcripts (1980-1989)

British Broadcasting Corporation v Time Out Ltd; Independent Television Publications Ltd v Time Out Ltd and another
CHANCE ! "I#I$ION %ALCONE & (Transcript:Marten Walsh Cherer)

'( %EB )A ! *+(,

'( %ebruar- *+(, D Nicholls QC an C Morco! for the "laintiffs #ritish #roa castin$ Corporation% & Morritt QC an D #ro'ne for the "laintiffs (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications% , ,effs QC an , -o* ie for the Defen ants. Co'ar Chance% &llen / O)er0% 1i!ons M*irhea &llan / #*rton.

%ALCONE

&

(n the first of these actions2 the ##C2 'ho are p*+lishers of the 3a io Ti!es in 'hich the0 p*+lish inter alia their sche *les of pro$ra!!es2 s*e the efen ants for alle$e infrin$e!ent of cop0ri$ht +0 the repro *ction an p*+lication in the efen ants4 'ee5l0 !a$a6ine Time Out of sche *les or lists 'ith ates2 ti!es an titles of the ##C4s tele)ision pro$ra!!es. The secon action is a parallel action +0 the plaintiffs (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications 7i!ite 2 'ho are p*+lishers of the T8 Ti!es2 in 'hich the0 p*+lish inter alia their sche *les of pro$ra!!es. The0 s*e the efen ants Time Out 7i!ite an Ton0 9lliott2 'ho is a irector an co-p*+lisher of Time Out 7i!ite 2 for alle$e infrin$e!ent of cop0ri$ht also +0 'a0 of repro *ction an p*+lication in Time Out of 1che *les or lists2 'ith ates2 ti!es an titles of (n epen ent Tele)ision "ro$ra!!es on the (T8 channel an on Channel :. ( ha)e +efore !e no' t'o !otions2 one in each action2 see5in$ interloc*tor0 in;*nctions to restrain the efen ants pen in$ ;* $!ent in the actions fro! repro *cin$ an p*+lishin$ in their !a$a6ine Time Out an0 s*ch sche *les2 or lists of the respecti)e plaintiffs4 tele)ision pro$ra!!es.

< ( 'ill consi er first the ##C4s case on their !otion as to the infrin$e!ent of their cop0ri$ht. Co!pilations of the ##C pro$ra!!es2 'ith trans!ission ates an ti!es2 it see!s2 reach the p*+lic in three 'a0s: first2 +0 !eans of the 3a io Ti!es itself% secon l0 +0 !eans of pro$ra!!e s*!!aries 'hich are iss*e in circ*!stances 'hich ( 'ill etail in a !o!ent% an thir l0 +0 anno*nce!ents *s*all0 on the a0 in =*estion2 or possi+l0 the a0 +efore2 +0 the ##C itself on their tele)ision +roa casts an so!eti!es in their ra io +roa casts. &s to the 3a io Ti!es2 ( 'ill ta5e as a t0pical iss*e the one for the 'ee5 co!!encin$ 21st Octo+er 19822 'hich is 'ee5 :< of 19822 a cop0 of that e ition ha)in$ +een e>hi+ite as ,-?1 to Mr. ?ol!es4 affi a)it2 Mr. ?ol!es +ein$ the -eneral Mana$er of "*+lications for the ##C. The ##C p*+lish the 3a io Ti!es 'hich is a 'ee5l0 !a$a6ine ha)in$ a circ*lation of appro>i!atel0 < 1@: !illion copies. (t contains a co!plete listin$ of all the ##C tele)ision pro$ra!!es an the trans!ission ti!es for the 'ee5 in =*estion. (t is on sale $enerall0 on We nes a0 of each 'ee5 an lists the pro$ra!!es for the 'ee5 co!!encin$ the follo'in$ 1at*r a02 that is to sa02 the 1at*r a0 in the 'ee5 in 'hich it has +een p*+lishe on the We nes a0. (t is printe o)er a se)en a0 perio 2 the printin$ startin$ on the We nes a0 ten a0s +efore the startin$ 1at*r a0 of the pro$ra!!es. (n this partic*lar case2 if 0o* ta5e the iss*e of 2<r Octo+er 19822 printin$ 'o*l ha)e +een starte on We nes a02 1<th Octo+er2 an that contin*es *ntil the follo'in$ T*es a0 !ornin$2 epen in$ on 'hat part of the co*ntr0 to 'hich the partic*lar iss*e is irecte 2 +eca*se there are )ario*s e itions 'ith re$ional pro$ra!!es2 an of co*rse 'ith the istance of tra)el re$ional e itions are printe first2 in partic*lar ( thin5 the so*th'estern one is the first 9ach e ition of the 3a io Ti!es carries a cop0ri$ht notice. (n the partic*lar e ition 'hich is e>e!plifie of 2<r Octo+er 1982 it is to +e fo*n at pa$e A9 at the +otto! of the pa$e2 an ( +elie)e this is a stan ar for! 'hich al'a0s appears in all their e itions. (ncl* e in the t0pescript are these 'or s: BCop0ri$ht in all pro$ra!!e etails in this iss*e is strictl0 reser)e . Cna*thorise repro *ction in 'hole or part of an0 s*ch etails is prohi+ite B. &s to pro$ra!!e s*!!aries2 infor!ation is release to the press in the for! of pro$ra!!e s*!!aries t'ice 'ee5l02 the t'ice 'ee5l0 s*!!aries enco!passin$ in one case three a0s an in the other case fo*r a0s of pro$ra!!es. The0 are iss*e to the press on Mon a0s an Dri a0s. The istri+*tion of Dri a0 1Eth Octo+er for e>a!ple2 co)ere the pro$ra!!es for 1at*r a02 1*n a0 an Mon a0 the 2<r 2 2:th an 2Eth Octo+er2 an that istri+*te on Mon a0 18th Octo+er co)ere the pro$ra!!es fro! T*es a0 to Dri a02 the 2Fth2 2Ath2 28th an 29th Octo+er. The pro$ra!!e s*!!aries $o to so!ethin$ li5e 12000 ne'spapers. The0 carr0 a cop0ri$ht notice. Those 'ho are license to recei)e the! o so on the con ition that the cop0ri$ht 'ill +e o+ser)e . The for! of the cop0ri$ht notice2 an the for! 'hich it is re=*ire +0 the ne'spapers recei)in$ the list to si$n2 is to +e fo*n e>hi+ite in ,-?2. That $i)es the cop0ri$ht notices on the )er0 first pa$e of an e>a!ple of the s*!!aries. (t is hea e : B##C "ro$ra!!e 1*!!aires Cop0ri$ht Notice2 an it sa0s: B##C "ro$ra!!e 1*!!aries2 the the cop0ri$ht of the #ritish #roa castin$ Corporation2 an !a0 +e p*+lishe onl0 +0 the ne'spapers to 'hich the0 are iss*e +0 the ##CB. (t $oes on to e>plain ho' per!issions to p*+lish a s*!!ar0 are )arie an ho' per!ission !a0 +e o+taine . (n e>hi+it ,-?< there is e>hi+ite the partic*lar for! of application +0 a ne'spaper or so!e

: or$anisation of the press 'ho 'ishes to p*+lish it2 an it incl* es2 a!on$st other para$raphs 'hich ha)e to +e si$ne 2 these state!ents B( ha)e note the li!itations efine in the attache cop0ri$ht noticeB - that is the one in e>hi+it ,-?2 - an *n erta5e to sen a free !onthl0 )o*cher cop0B. 1o that e)er0one 'ho recei)es a s*!!ar0 oes so *pon con itions 'hich are set o*t in the cop0ri$ht notice e>hi+it ,-?2. ( sho*l also !ention in passin$ that the pro$ra!!es s*!!aries 'hich ( ha)e ;*st !entione are not to +e conf*se 'ith ite!s 'hich are calle Bthe press infor!ationB2 'hich is $i)en o*t once a 'ee5 an 'hich is referre to in the affi a)it on +ehalf of the plaintiffs2 the ##C2 +0 Mr. #*nce2 'ho is the ?ea of (nfor!ation 1er)ices of the ##C. ?e e>plains in his first affi a)it that at the Tele)ision Centre a selection of tapes an fil!s of pro$ra!!es shortl0 to +e +roa cast are isc*sse 'ith ;o*rnalists 'ho are in)ite 2 *s*all0 on a Dri a02 to the Tele)ision Centre2 an *s*all0 *rin$ that )isit copies of 3a io Ti!es to +e p*+lishe the follo'in$ 'ee5 are !a e a)aila+le to the in)ite ;o*rnalists in or er to assist the! in chec5in$ the acc*rac0 as to the etails of the pro$ra!!es 'hich are isc*sse . (n accor ance 'ith the arran$e!ents2 this is the 'a0 in 'hich these ;o*rnalists ha)e *se the a )ance copies of the 3a io Ti!es2 the a )ance copies +ein$ other'ise e!+ar$oe at that ti!e. The thir !etho +0 'hich the pro$ra!!e etails $et to the p*+lic is +0 'a0 of anno*nce!ents +0 the ##C itself on tele)ision an ra io2 an that oes not nee an0 f*rther co!!ent. (t is plain on the e)i ence that a $oo eal of 'or52 stretchin$ +ac5 so!e fi)e to si> !onths pre)io*sl02 $oes into the plannin$2 arran$in$ an co!pilation of the ##C sche *le of tele)ision pro$ra!!es for an0 partic*lar 'ee5. This is escri+e in etail in Mr. ?ill4s affi a)it2 he +ein$ c*rrentl0 the ?ea of "lannin$2 'hich ( thin5 !eans pro$ra!!e plannin$ +eca*se he has o)erall responsi+ilit0 for the "ro$ra!!e "lannin$ Depart!ent of the ##C. (f 'e ta5e the partic*lar 'ee5 2<r Octo+er 1982 to 'hich ( ha)e alrea 0 referre as the e>e!plifie iss*e of the 3a io Ti!es2 the e)i ence sho's that 'or5 starte on plannin$ for those pro$ra!!es so!e si> !onths earlier in March 1982. Mr. ?ill e>plains in his affi a)it ho' the first res*lt of the effort to pro *ce pro$ra!!es res*lts in 'hat are 5no'n as trans!ission charts. These are han 'ritten oc*!ents2 'her Mr. ?ill an his collea$*es p*t o'n their first tho*$hts an their first atte!pts to arran$e pro$ra!!es for the 'ee5 in =*estion. & n*!+er of copies of the trans!ission charts for this partic*lar 'ee5 are no' e>hi+ite in e>hi+it C&?1. (t 'ill +e seen that each chart co)ers the pro$ra!!e pattern for this partic*lar 'ee52 +*t onl0 in its earl0 sta$es in )er0 $eneral ter!s. The first of these raft trans!ission charts 'o*l +e the first for!al atte!pt to p*t on paper the pro$ra!!e for the partic*lar 'ee5 to 'hich the0 'ere 'or5in$. Those pro$ra!!e charts apparentl0 $o thro*$h a series of rafts. The0 are e)elope an +eco!e !ore specific. The0 e)ent*all0 reach the sta$e 'here a pro$ra!!e can +e pro *ce +0 fee in$ into the ##C4s co!p*ter the !aterials fro! the trans!ission charts. That res*lts in 'hat is calle insi e the ##C a trans!ission plan2 an for the partic*lar 'ee5 e>e!plie the first trans!ission plan 'as iss*e a+o*t 1Ath &*$*st 19822 'hich 'as still so!e ten 'ee5s a'a0 fro! the trans!ission 'ee52 that is2 the 'ee5 to 'hich the0 'ere 'or5in$2 2<r Octo+er 1982. The trans!ission plans $o thro*$h fo*r sta$es 'hich are 5no'n +0 the colo*rs of their +ac5in$s: first 'hite2 then $reen2 then 0ello' an then pin5. The 'hite2 $reen an 0ello' are s*+;ect to a!en !ent as the pro$ra!!es are e)elope an rearran$e to !eet )ario*s contin$encies an re=*ire!ents. #0 the ti!e the0 $et to the pin5 one that is reall0 the pro$ra!!es settle

E e>cept for )er0 last !in*te e!er$enc0 a!en !ents. The pin5 one has to +e rea 0 in ti!e for the press ate. The press ate is the ate 'hen it has to $o to the printers. The press ate for the 'ee5 in =*estion 'as 12th Octo+er 1982. The "ro$ra!!e "lannin$ Depart!ent ha)in$ e)ent*all0 $ot the pro$ra!!es planne o'n to the sta$e at 'hich the0 are in the pin5 trans!ission plan2 the !aterial then $oes fro! the "ro$ra!!e "lannin$ Depart!ent to the 3a io Ti!es Depart!ent. The !aterial 'hich $oes o'n there for a partic*lar iss*e is e>e!plifie in e>hi+it ,-?E2 'hich is in the separate +lac5 file. The !aterial 'hich $oes o'n to the 3a io Ti!es p*+lishin$ epart!ent fro! the "ro$ra!!e "lannin$ Depart!ent incl* es the trans!ission plan in 0ello' an e)ent*all0 in pin52 to$ether 'ith !aterials for the +illin$s an for!at2 all of 'hich can +e seen e>hi+ite in the copies in the e>hi+it 'hich ( ha)e ;*st !entione . ( o not propose to $o thro*$h those oc*!ents in etail. Clearl02 in !0 ;* $!ent2 the trans!ission plans an the other oc*!entation to +e seen e>e!plifie in ,-?E2 that is2 the oc*!entation sent to the 3a io Ti!es p*+lishin$ epart!ent for the! to pro *ce their pro$ra!!es in the 3a io Ti!es2 onl0 ha)e to +e seen for one to appreciate that the e>tration therefro! of the !aterial 'hich is asse!+le into the sche *le of pro$ra!!es +0 a0s2 'ith ti!es an titles2 in the for! one sees in the 3a io Ti!es !*st also in)ol)e a $reat eal of painsta5in$ 'or5 'hich e!an s co!plete acc*rac0. (t is the ##C4s case that their trans!ission charts an plans2 an the sche *les of their tele)ision pro$ra!!es incl* e therein an p*+lishe in the 3a io Ti!es2 are co!pilations 'hich are ori$inal literar0 'or5s an as s*ch the s*+;ect of cop0ri$ht. #0 section 2 of the Cop0ri$ht &ct 19EF2 an s*+;ect to s*+sections 1 an 2 thereof2 cop0ri$ht s*+sisits in e)er0 ori$inal literar0 'or52 an +0 the efinition of Bliterar0 'or5B2 'hich is to +e fo*n in the efinition section of the &ct2 section :8(1)2 B4literar0 'or54 incl* es an0 'ritten ta+le or co!pilationB. Mr. Nichols2 for the plaintiffs2 the ##C2 relie on t'o 'ell 5no'n a*thorities for his s*+!ission that the ##C sche *les of their tele)ision pro$ra!!es are co!pilations 'hich are the s*+;ect of cop0ri$ht. The first case 'as that of #ritish #roa castin$ Co!pan0 ) Wireless 7ea$*e -a6ette "*+lishin$ Co!pan0 G192FH Ch :<<. (n that case the efen ant ha selecte an copie n*!ero*s ite!s fro! the a )ance pro$ra!!es of 3a io #roa casts p*+lishe +0 the 3a io Ti!es. ( thin5 ( sho*l !ention that at that ate the stat*te in force 'as not the present 19EF &ct2 +*t the 1911 Cop0ri$ht &ct2 +*t *n er that act the ter! Bliterar0 'or5B incl* e co!pilations. ( 'ill refer +riefl0 to the facts of that partic*lar case. On 1at*r a02 &*$*st 1Eth2 192E2 the efen ants p*+lishe the first an onl0 n*!+er of the Wireless 7ea$*e -a6ette2 an in this the0 selecte an copie those ite!s fro! the plaintiffs4 a )ance pro$ra!!es p*+lishe on Dri a02 1:th &*$*st2 'hich the0 tho*$ht 'o*l +e !ost pop*lar2 'hich a!o*nte to a+o*t half the ite!s2 $i)in$ the a0s2 artists2 titles2 translations an hea in$s of those ite!s an the0 referre their rea ers to the 3a io Ti!es for the f*ll pro$ra!!es an act*al cloc5 ti!es of trans!issions. Mr. ,*stice &st+*r02 'ho $rante an in;*nction for infrin$e!ent of cop0ri$ht2 sai in his ;* $!ent at pa$e ::0: BDeli+erate cop0in$ +ein$ esta+lishe the onl0 =*estion is one of la'. The first =*estion is 'hether the plaintiffs can ha)e an0 cop0ri$ht in their co!pilation of a )ance pro$ra!!esB. ?e then consi ere a n*!+er of a*thorities2 an at pa$e ::2 his lor ship sai this: B(n the present case the plaintiffs4 co!pilation 'as a p*+lication in)ol)in$ consi era+le ti!e2 s5ill2

F la+o*r an e>pense2 an a p*+lication of !atter solel0 'ithin their 5no'le $e. The efen ants sa0 that their p*+lication 'ill not co!pete 'ith the plaintiffs4 3a io Ti!es. ( are sa0 it 'ill not co!pete serio*sl0. #*t that is no reason 'h0 the efen ants sho*l appropriate an0 part of the plaintiffs4 'or5 +0 cop0in$ it. BThe efen ants rel0 on three points. (n the first place the0 conten that there can +e no cop0ri$ht in the plaintiffs4 co!pilation. The0 sa0 that there can +e no cop0ri$ht in an in i)i *al concert pro$ra!!e. ( o not see 'h0 not2 if that pro$ra!!e in)ol)es literar0 a*thorship. The efen ants conten that if there 'ere an0 s*ch cop0ri$ht2 the a*thor co*l pre)ent the perfor!ance of the ite!s in the pro$ra!!e. ( cannot !0self *n erstan ho' an0 one can perfor! a irector0 or a pro$ra!!e. #*t e)en ass*!in$ that there is no cop0ri$ht in an in i)i *al ite! pro$ra!!e2 that 'o*l not pre)ent the plaintiffs +ein$ entitle to cop0ri$ht in a co!pilation of se)eral a )ance pro$ra!!es. The efen ants conten that a !ere co!pilation of non-cop0ri$ht pro$ra!!es2 in)ol)in$ no f*rther 'or5 than p*ttin$ the! to$ether2 cannot $i)e cop0ri$ht. The ans'er is that the co!pilation re=*ire )er0 consi era+le 'or52 an 'as not a !ere collection of 'hat ha alrea 0 +een prepare B. ( o not thin5 ( nee rea f*rther for present p*rposes. (n rel0in$ on that a*thorit02 'hat Mr. Nicholls2 for the plaintiffs the ##C2 sa0s in this partic*lar case is that2 e)en if one onl0 loo5s at the position after the oc*!entation has $one to the "*+lishin$ Depart!ent of the ##C there is s*fficient s5ill2 la+o*r an in$en*it0 in)ol)e to pro *ce the list of pro$ra!!es titles an ti!es 'hich is to +e fo*n in the 3a io Ti!es for it to +e the s*+;ect of cop0ri$ht. #*t in his ar$*!ent that there is cop0ri$ht in the ##C sche *le of pro$ra!!es2 ti!es an titles2 Mr. Nicholls $oes f*rther than that. ?e sa0s that he can rel0 on the totalit0 of all the la+o*r an s5ill o)er the pre)io*s fi)e or si> !onths to 'hich ( ha)e referre 'hich 'ent into the ra'in$ *p of the pro$ra!!es an the sche *les e!+o ie in the trans!ission charts an plans an the other oc*!entation 'hich is sent fro! the plannin$ epart!ent to the p*+lishin$ epart!ent of the 3a io Ti!es. ?e relies for that proposition on the case of Doot+all 7ea$*e 7i!ite ) 7ittle'oo s "ools 7i!ite G19E9H Ch F<A2 G19E9H 2 &ll 93 E:F. That case concerne the 'ee5l0 list of fi>t*res of foot+all cl*+s in the fo*r i)isions of the foot+all lea$*e2 lists 'hich 'ere referre to in that case as the chronolo$ical list of fi>t*res. The efen ants copie those 'ee5l0 fi>t*re lists in their 'ee5l0 foot+all pool co*pons. T*rnin$ to the facts of that case2 at the thir line in the hea note the0 are set o*t as follo's: BThe r*les of the 7ea$*e pro)i e for the arran$e!ent an s*+se=*ent confir!ation at ann*al !eetin$s of 7ea$*e cha!pionship fi>t*res2 cop0ri$ht in s*ch fi>t*res to +e )este in the 7ea$*e. (n the cha!pionship each cl*+ in each i)ision pla0e e)er0 other cl*+ in the i)ision t'ice in a season2 once at ho!e an once a'a0. When each cl*+ ha in icate its 'ishes as to the arran$e!ents for !atches in ans'ers to a =*estionnaire sent o*t +0 the 7ea$*e2 the cl*+s fi>t*re lists 'ere co!pile +0 (Mr. 1*tcliffe) 'ho recei)e a fee fro! the 7ea$*e for so oin$B. ?e pro *ce in chart fro! a co!pilation2 'hich re=*ire a $reat eal of 'or5 an re=*ire a hi$h e$ree of s5ill an in$en*it02 'hich he e)elope hi!self an in part inherite fro! his father 'ho ha perfor!e the sa!e tas5 +efore hi!. #*t e)ent*all0 as a res*lt of this chart cl*+ fi>t*re lists 'ere pro *ce . These 'ere circ*late to the cl*+s. &fter the cl*+s ha !a e an0 necessar0 a!en !ents at an ann*al fi>t*res !eetin$2 final iffic*lties 'ere inore o*t2 so that all the fi>t*re lists 'ere e)ent*all0 finalise . Then fro! all that !aterial containe in the cl*+ fi>t*re lists2 a chronolo$ical fi>t*re list 'as pro *ce . ( sho*l refer to certain passa$es in the ;* $!ent2 +eca*se it is i!portant to appreciate the efen ants4 ar$*!ent in the Doot+all 7ea$*e case +eca*se a si!ilar ar$*!ent has +een a )ance +0 Mr. ,effs for the efen ants on these !otions.

A &t pa$e FE2 in the ;* $!ent of Mr. ,*stice Cp;ohn (as he then 'as) the learne ;* $e sai this: B?eB - that is Mr. 1helle02 co*nsel for the efen ants - Bs*+!its that the s5ill2 la+o*r an in$en*it0 e>pen e +0 1*tcliffe are irecte to the pro *ction of infor!ation% the0 are not irecte to the preparation of a fi>t*re list at all2 +*t to the pro *ction of a pro$ra!!e of foot+all $a!es to +e carrie o*t +0 !e!+ers of the 7ea$*e% a pro$ra!!e esi$ne to $i)e the !ost satisfactor0 res*lts to lea$*e foot+all an to its follo'ers +0 re *cin$ clashin$ e)ents to a !ini!*! an +0 !eetin$2 so far as it is possi+le to o so the 'ishes of each cl*+. 1o he sa0s 1*tcliffe4s 'or5 ha reall0 nothin$ to o 'ith the pro *ction of a oc*!ent. ?e 'as preparin$ infor!ation 'hich of necessit0 ha to +e re *ce to 'ritten for!2 +*t2 +ein$ p*rel0 creati)e infor!ation2 the !ere re *ction into 'ritin$ of that infor!ation co*l not $i)e rise to an0 clai! for cop0ri$htB. &fter referrin$ to an a*thorit0 'hich Mr. 1helle0 ha cite 2 si> lines fro! the +otto! of pa$e FEo his lor ship sa0s: B?o'e)er2 'hether or not cop0ri$ht co*l ha)e +een clai!e for the cl*+s4 list2 Mr. 1helle0 s*+!its that there can +e no s*ch clai! for the chronolo$ical list for ins*fficient la+o*r is e>pen e thereon to ;*stif0 a clai! for cop0ri$ht. ?e s*+!its that the onl0 s5ill2 la+o*r an effort 'hich can +e calle in ai in s*pport of a clai! to cop0ri$ht is that in)ol)e in repro *cin$ the chronolo$ical list fro! the cl*+s4 list an that re=*ires no ele!ent of taste or selection2 ;* $!ent or in$en*it0 an nothin$ !ore than the $oo offices of a cler5 'hose onl0 =*alifications nee to +e painsta5in$ acc*rac0. To this point ( shall ret*rn laterB. &fter referrin$ to the cases cite +0 the plaintiffs2 incl* in$ a!on$st others #ritish #roa castin$ Co!pan0 ) Wireless 7ea$*e -a6ette "*+lishin$ Co!pan0 G192FH Ch :<<2 to 'hich ( ha)e pre)io*sl0 referre 2 Collis ) Cater2 1toffell / Dortt 7i!ite (1898) A8 7T F1< a case 'hich concerne a tra es!an4s catalo$*e2 an an &*stralian case concernin$ the cop0ri$ht or other'ise in a race pro$ra!!e2 Mr. ,*stice Cp;ohn contin*e in the last para$raph on pa$e FEE: B9)er0 case !*st epen on its o'n facts. (t is perfectl0 tr*e that 1*tcliffe 'as not e!plo0e to pro *ce a 'or5 of art per se nor e)en a 'or5 pri!aril0 as a +oo5 of reference2 s*ch as a irector0 or a rail'a0 $*i e2 +*t he 'as e!plo0e to pro *ce the +est possi+le pro$ra!!e for fi>t*res. Of necessit02 ho'e)er2 that pro$ra!!e ha to +e re *ce to 'ritin$. The 7ea$*e4s *t0 is to arran$e the +est possi+le pro$ra!!e of $a!es to please the foot+all p*+lic in $eneral an the cl*+s4 finances in partic*lar2 an the0 can onl0 o that +0 pro *cin$ a list or lists of those $a!es. (f2 as a res*lt of prolon$e co$itations2 1*tcliffe reaches the concl*sion that it 'ill +e +est if2 for e>a!ple2 &rsenal pla0s Manchester Cit0 at ?i$h+*r0 on 1epte!+er 202 19E82 as the pro$ra!!e pro)i e 2 he is oin$ so no o*+t pri!aril0 +eca*se that is +est fro! the point of )ie' of lea$*e foot+all2 +*t if2 as the res*lt of the 'hole of his prolon$e an s5ille co$itations2 he pro *ces in a partic*lar for! the season4s list consistin$ of 22028 !atches or thera+o*ts2 in !0 ;* $!ent he or the 7ea$*e ('ho ha)e2 +0 irect assi$n!ent2 an0 cop0ri$ht 'hich !i$ht other'ise )est in hi!) are entitle to clai! that the chronolo$ical list is pro *ce as a res*lt of the entire s5ill2 la+o*r2 ti!e2 ;* $!ent an in$en*it0 of the 7ea$*e2 their ser)ants an a$ents. (n !0 ;* $!ent2 on the facts of this case2 it is not open to the efen ants to tr0 an issect an +rea5 o'n the efforts of 1*tcliffe in the 'a0 s*$$este . &ccor in$l02 in !0 ;* $!ent2 the plaintiffs are entitle to cop0ri$ht of the chronolo$ical listB. That passa$e in !0 ;* $!ent is clear a*thorit0 for Mr. Nicholls4 proposition that he is entitle to rel0 on the totalit0 of all the la+o*r an s5ill 'hich 'ent into the ra'in$ *p of the pro$ra!!e charts2 trans!ission plans an other oc*!entation 'hich is sent fro! the "ro$ra!!e "lannin$ Depart!ent to the 3a io Ti!es epart!ent in s*pport of his proposition that cop0ri$ht s*+sists in the act*al co!pilation of the sche *le of pro$ra!!es an ti!es. #*t the rele)ance of this case in !0 ;* $!ent oes not en there2 +eca*se Mr. ,*stice Cp;ohn 'ent on to consi er the point as to 'hether the pro *ction of the chronolo$ical lists fro! the cl*+

8 lists in)ol)e a s*fficient ele!ent of s5ill an la+o*r as to confer cop0ri$ht on the chronolo$ical list the!sel)es2 in other 'or s2 the secon point a )ance +0 Mr. 1helle0 to 'hich the learne ;* $e sai he 'o*l refer later. On pa$e FEF his lor ship sa0s: B( ret*rn to Mr. 1helle04s point that if2 contrar0 to !0 )ie'2 he is ri$ht on his !a;or pre!ise an that the onl0 'or5 of co!pilation consists in the pro *ction of a chronolo$ical list fro! the cl*+s4 list then that2 he sa0s2 oes not in)ol)e a s*fficient ele!ent of s5ill an la+o*r to ;*stif0 a clai! for cop0ri$ht. ( sho*l re$ar this as a +or er line case. ( accepte at once that in s*ch a co!pilation there is no ele!ent of s5ill2 of selection2 of taste2 of ;* $!ent or of in$en*it0. &s the secretar0 of the 7ea$*e sai 2 there is no iffic*lt0 - it is a*to!atic. #*t2 ( 'o*l a 2 it in)ol)es a $reat eal of painsta5in$ har 'or5 'ith co!plete acc*rac0 as the 5e0note. That 'as all that 'as re=*ire for e>a!ple in ? #lac5loc5 an Co 7i!ite ) C &rth*r "earson 7i!ite G191EH 2 Ch <AF. ( thin5 that the !atter !a0 +e teste in this 'a0. 1*ppose the 7ea$*e i not !ore than iss*e the cl*+s list. 1*ppose an enterprisin$ p*+lisher concei)e the i ea of p*+lishin$ a co!plete chronolo$ical list2 'hich he tho*$ht !i$ht pro)e *sef*l to foot+all patrons2 an p*ts one on the !ar5et. That 'or5 pro)in$ s*ccessf*l2 s*pposin$ it is pirate 2 that is2 eli+eratel0 copie +0 another. (n !0 ;* $!ent the enterprisin$ p*+lisher (tho*$h perhaps +0 the narro'est of !ar$ins) 'o*l +e entitle to clai! that the 'or5 in)ol)e s*fficient 'or5 an la+o*r to ;*stif0 the e>istence of cop0ri$ht therein. Tr*e there 'o*l +e in that s*ppositio*s case the ar$*!ent that there 'as co!petition +et'een infrin$er an infrin$e 2 an there is none here2 +*t that is not ecisi)e: see Wather+0 / 1ons ) (nternational ?orse &$enc0 an 9>chan$e 7i!ite . ?a it +een necessar0 to o so2 ( sho*l ha)e +een prepare to fin in the 7ea$*e4s fa)o*r on this $ro*n alsoB. &s ( ha)e alrea 0 sai 2 it is clear in this case fro! an inspection of the trans!ission plans an oc*!entation 'hich $o to the 3a io Ti!es epart!ent fro! the "ro$ra!!e "lannin$ Depart!ent that the e>traction therefro! an asse!+l0 into the sche *les of pro$ra!!es +0 a0s 'ith ti!es an titles in the for! seen in the 3a io Ti!es !*st in)ol)e a $reat eal of painsta5in$ 'or5 that o+)io*sl0 e!an s also $reat acc*rac0. (n )ie' of those a*thorities an ha)in$ re$ar to the ##C4s e)i ence to 'hich ( ha)e referre 2 it see!s to !e that2 as 'ell as cop0ri$ht in trans!ission charts2 trans!ission plans an pro$ra!!e plannin$2 the ##C ha)e !a e a )er0 stron$ case that the0 ha)e a cop0ri$ht in the 3a io Ti!es2 strictl0 ( s*ppose in each iss*e thereof2 not onl0 in the totalit0 of the partic*lar iss*e2 +*t also in so far as it is a co!pilation of the ti!es an titles of the ##C4s tele)ision pro$ra!!es to +e +roa cast a0 +0 a0 in the 'ee5 in =*estion. ( t*rn no' to the efen ants Time Out 7i!ite an the !atters of 'hich the ##C co!plains an see5s interloc*tor0 relief. Time Out 7i!ite 2 'hich is a relati)el0 s!all co!pan02 p*+lishes its 'ee5l0 !a$a6ine Time Out. (t 'as fo*n e in 19F82 so that it has +een $oin$ for a consi era+le ti!e. &ccor in$ to the e)i ence it sells a+o*t F22000 copies 'ee5l0. (t is p*+lishe 'ee5l0 on We nes a02 pre o!inatel0 ( *n erstan for circ*lation in the 7on on area. (t reports on an a+o*t co!in$ e)ents in the 7on on area. Dor so!e ti!e - in ee ( thin5 at least fro! the +e$innin$ of 1981 - it has p*+lishe a selection of tele)ision pro$ra!!es in each of its iss*es for each of the forthco!in$ se)en a0s to 'hich it refers2 that is to sa02 fro! a Dri a0 *ntil the follo'in$ Th*rs a0 incl*si)e. & cop0 of the iss*e of Time Out of the 22n Octo+er2 1982 is e>hi+ite as ,-?F. (f one loo5s at that e>hi+it one sees on pa$e F9 that it lists an has co!!entar0 in respect of fil!s 'hich are to +e sho'n on tele)ision2 an it oes that a0 +0 a0 for the se)en a0s to 'hich the iss*e is irecte 2 that is to sa02 fro! the Dri a0 of that 'ee5 of p*+lication to the follo'in$ Th*rs a0. On pa$es A0 an A1 there are selections a0 +0 a0 of the ##C tele)ision pro$ra!!es (an in ee

9 of (T8 pro$ra!!es too) other than the fil!s2 'hich can also +e seen2 a0 +0 a0. There is a s*+stantial n*!+er of s*ch selections as 'ell as a co!!entar0 a+o*t the partic*lar ite! or the partic*lar pro$ra!!e in each case. The0 also $i)e *n er the a0 in =*estion the ti!e of the pro$ra!!e an its title. Time Out !a$a6ine ha)e +een oin$ that for so!e ti!e2 +*t on 28th Octo+er 19822 the ##C2 'hich ha not +een *na'are of those selections2 sa' a chan$e in the iss*e 'hich ha +een p*+lishe the pre)io*s a02 2Ath Octo+er2 19822 co)erin$ the pro$ra!!es for the a0s Octo+er 29th to No)e!+er :th incl*si)e. That 'as iss*e F<F of the !a$a6ine Time Out. ( thin5 at this sta$e ( o*$ht to e>plain ho' it ca!e a+o*t that Time Out ha a )ance 5no'le $e of ##C tele)ision pro$ra!!es so as to +e a+le to p*+lish the selections. ( ha)e alrea 0 !entione the pro$ra!!e infor!ation !eetin$s at 'hich pro$ra!!es are isc*sse 'ith ;o*rnalists 'ho are in)ite 2 an that a )ance copies of the 3a io Ti!es are then $i)en to s*ch ;o*rnalists. That is testifie to in Mr. #*nce4s first affi a)it2 para$raph 2. (t oes see! that that is the 'a0 in 'hich the efen ants2 Time Out 7i!ite 2 $ot their infor!ation a+o*t ##C tele)ision pro$ra!!es so that the0 co*l pro *ce their selections to 'hich ( ha)e ;*st referre . The0 o see! to ha)e o+taine copies of the 3a io Ti!es in a )ance in so!e other 'a0 not partic*larl0 specifie 2 'hich appears fro! Mr. #*nce4s secon affi a)it2 +*t ( nee not sa0 an0 !ore a+o*t that. With the ne>t iss*e for Octo+er 29th2 iss*e F<F2 there ca!e a chan$e. & cop0 of that iss*e is e>hi+ite in e>hi+it ,-?A. (f one loo5s at pa$es FA to A1 one sees 'hat has co!e a+o*t. &s 'ell as the pre)io*s t0pe of selections an co!!entaries2 there is no' an a itional feat*re for each a0 of the 'ee5 in respect of 'hich pro$ra!!es are referre to2 that is to sa02 fro! the Dri a0 of that 'ee5 to the follo'in$ Th*rs a0 incl*si)e. Dor each a0 of that 'ee5 there is a $ri or ta+le settin$ o*r chronolo$icall0 the ti!es an titles of the entire pro$ra!!es2 so far as 'ee5 a0s are concerne fro! F p.!. on'ar s for ##C1 an ##C22 an also for (T82 an for the 'ee5en a0s2 that is2 the 1at*r a0 an the 1*n a0 in that se)en a0s2 the entire pro$ra!!e fro! a+o*t !i a02 that is to sa02 a co!plete co!prehensi)e pro$ra!!e sche *le 'ith ti!es an titles for 'hat2 as the e)i ence testifies to an has not +een isp*te 2 a!o*nts to the pea5 )ie'in$ perio +oth on 'ee5 a0s an on 'ee5en s for the 1at*r a0 an 1*n a0. (n passin$ ( sho*l !ention that those ta+les an $ri s 'hich ha)e +een referre to in the e)i ence incl* e not onl0 co!prehensi)e lists of the ##C1 an ##C2 pro$ra!!es on 'ee5 a0s fro! F p.!. an fro! !i a0 on 1at*r a0s an 1*n a0s2 an si!ilar lists for (T8 pro$ra!!es2 +*t then as fro! the T*es a0 of that se)en a0s2 the T*es a0 in the secon 'ee5 after p*+lication2 that is to sa02 T*es a02 2n No)e!+er2 19822 there is also incl* e for the first ti!e a si!ilar co!plete sche *le of the pro$ra!!es 'ith ti!es an titles for Channel : 'hich ha starte to +roa cast on that a0. That is also co!plaine of in the secon action +ro*$ht +0 (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications 7i!ite as 'ell as sche *les for (T8. &s to 'here the !aterial for those pro$ra!!e sche *les ca!e fro!2 ( o not nee to p*rs*e thro*$h the e)i ence ho' that 'as arri)e at2 for it is conce e +0 Mr. ,effs in his a ress to !e that the efen ants ha)e o+taine the !aterial2 'hich he calle infor!ation2 +oth for their selections an for the $ri s or ta+les2 fro! the 3a io Ti!es an the T8 Ti!es respecti)el02 an in ee that is conce e in the letter 'hich is e>hi+it ,-?8 fro! the efen ants4 solicitors to the plainiffs4 solicitors in the ##C case2 so that cop0in$ reall0 has +een a !itte . The ##C4s case is that those ta+les or $ri s repro *ce a s*+stantial part of the ##C sche *les pro$ra!!es for the se)en a0s in =*estion2 na!el02 the co!plete list of pro$ra!!es as the0

10 appear a0 +0 a0 'ith ti!es an titles. Therefore the efen ants2 the plaintiffs sa02 infrin$e the ##C4s cop0ri$ht in those sche *les or pro$ra!!es +0 repro *cin$ an p*+lishin$ in their !a$a6ine Time Out a s*+stantial part of those sche *les. ( o not thin5 it can serio*sl0 +e ar$*e that those ta+les or $ri s $i)in$ the ti!es an titles in chronolo$ical or er of ##C1 an ##C2 pro$ra!!es for the pea5 )ie'in$ perio s of a se)en a0 perio o not repro *ce a s*+stantial part of the sche *le of pro$ra!!es 'hich appears in the ##C4s 3a io Ti!es2 fro! 'hich the0 'ere a !itte l0 copie . ( pa*se here to sa0 that Mr. Nicholls2 for the ##C2 !a e it clear that2 'hile the ##C are not conce in$ that the efen ants in their !a$a6ine Time Out ha)e an0 ri$ht to p*+lish the ti!es an titles of the ##C pro$ra!!es2 as the0 ha)e one for so!e ti!e in their tele)ision selections2 so far as the !otion is concerne the ##C is not see5in$ interloc*tor0 relief in respect of the selections% the0 see5 interloc*tor0 relief solel0 in respect of the $ri 2 +*t ( o e!phasise that Mr. Nicholls reser)es the position so far as the selections are concerne . The ##C first +eca!e a'are of that ne' feat*re in Time Out iss*e n*!+er F<F for the 29th Octo+er 19822 'hich 'as no o*+t p*+lishe on the *s*sal p*+lishin$ ate2 We nes a0 2Ath Octo+er2 the ##C +eco!in$ a'are of it on the follo'in$ a02 Th*rs a02 28th Octo+er. The0 too5 action at once. Their solicitor 'rote as5in$ for an *n erta5in$2 'hich 'as ref*se . &s a res*lt procee in$s 'ere co!!ence . There 'as an e> parte application on 1st No)e!+er +efore Mr. ,*stice Walton2 'ho !a e an e> parte or er +roa l0 in the ter!s of the notice of !otion. Then the !otion 'hich is no' +efore !e ha a first hearin$ on :th No)e!+er 1982. The notice of !otion see5s an in;*nction to restrain the efen ants fro! repro *cin$ or p*+lishin$ 'itho*t the a*thorit0 of the plaintiffs the 'hole or an0 s*+stantial part of an0 of the plaintiffs4 present or f*t*re sche *les2 s*!!aries2 or lists of tele)ision pro$ra!!es to +e +roa cast +0 the plaintiffs2 an secon l0 fro! a )ertisin$2 offerin$ or e>posin$ for sale2 sellin$2 istri+*tin$ or other'ise isposin$ of an0 copies of the first efen ants4 p*+lication entitle BTime OutB or an0 other p*+lication pro *ce +0 or on +ehalf of the efen ants containin$ an0 repro *ction of the 'hole or an0 s*+stantial part of the plaintiffs4 sche *les2 s*!!aries2 or lists of tele)ision pro$ra!!es to +e +roa cast +0 the plaintiffs. On that first hearin$ an *n erta5in$ 'as $i)en to the co*rt2 an that is e!+o ie in the or er of Mr. ,*stice "eter -i+son2 +efore 'ho! that first hearin$ ca!e. The or er 'hich e!+o ie the *n erta5in$ 'as in ter!s of the notice of !otion to$ether 'ith a pro)iso in these ter!s: B"ro)i e that nothin$ in this *n erta5in$ shall pre)ent the efen ants fro! contin*in$ to pro)i e etails of pro$ra!!es in the sa!e for!at or on the sa!e scale as that containe in pa$es FA to A1 of iss*e n*!+er F<A of the sai p*+licationB. ( rea that +eca*se that is sa)in$ for the efen ants *ntil the trial the position as re$ar s their selection +eca*se2 as ( ha)e ;*st in icate 2 Mr. Nicholls sa0s that he is onl0 see5in$ interloc*tor0 relief in respect of the $ri an not the selections. &part fro! that *n erta5in$2 'hich 'as an *n erta5in$ *ntil the hearin$ of the !otion2 that is2 *ntil the hearin$ +efore !e2 no *n erta5in$s of an0 sort ha)e +een offere +0 the efen ants. There 'as apparentl0 an application to the co*rt shortl0 +efore Christ!as on 1Eth Dece!+er 1982 to ease the *n erta5in$ so far as the Christ!as pro$ra!!es 'ere concerne 2 an o)er the Christ!as perio the *n erta5in$ in that or er 'as !o ifie to that e>tent. #0 letter ate 1Ath ,an*ar0 198<2 the ##C4s solicitors 'rote to the efen ants4 solicitors sa0in$: BWe 'rite to $i)e notice that at the hearin$ the plaintiffs o not inten to press for an interloc*tor0 or er in the +roa ter!s of their notice of !otion. 3ather the0 'ill +e see5in$ an interloc*tor0 or er *ntil trial s*+stantiall0 in the ter!s of the efen ants present te!porar0 *n erta5in$ as set

11 o*t in the or er of Mr. ,*stice "eter -i+son of :th No)e!+er2 1982B. That !erel0 confir!s in 'ritin$ 'hat ( ha)e ;*st e>plaine of the ##C4s position in re$ar to the selections. #efore consi erin$ the ##C !otion f*rther2 it is con)enient at this sta$e to t*rn to the !otion of (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications 7i!ite in the other action a$ainst Time Out 7i!ite an Mr. 9lliott +efore t*rnin$ to the efen ants4 ans'er on the !erits to the alle$ation of infrin$e!ent of cop0ri$ht as Mr. ,effs for the efen ants in each of the actions e)elope his ar$*!ent in ans'er to +oth !otions. ( ha)e alrea 0 pointe o*t that in Time Out iss*e n*!+er F<F the ta+le or $ri s of ail0 sche *les or lists of tele)ision pro$ra!!es for pea5 )ie'in$ perio s a0 +0 a0 incl* e (T8 pro$ra!!es as 'ell as ##C pro$ra!!es an fro! T*es a0 2n No)e!+er those of Channel : also. &s in the ##C case2 that iss*e of Time Out ca!e to the attention of (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications on Th*rs a0 28th Octo+er2 the a0 after p*+lication. (t 'as the first p*+lication of the ta+les or $ri s of ail0 sche *les of tele)ision pro$ra!!es2 +*t2 *nli5e the ##C2 'ho apparentl0 'ere a'are at least for so!e ti!e2 of the selections2 (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications4 e)i ence is that this iss*e n*!+er F<F2 'hich the0 sa' on 28th Octo+er 19822 'as the first the0 5ne' of the selections2 so the0 see5 interloc*tor0 relief on the !otion not onl0 in respect of the ta+les an the $ri s +*t also in respect of the selections 'hich the0 sa0 e=*all0 infrin$e their cop0ri$ht as o the ta+les an the $ri s. ( t*rn first to the (n epen ent Tele)ision pro *ctions4 clai! of cop0ri$ht in their sche *le of pro$ra!!es to +e pro *ce +0 the (T8 co!panies an Channel : as p*+lishe in the (n epen ent Tele)ision !a$a6ine 'hich is calle T8 Ti!es. (n epen ent Tele)ision pro *ctions is in a sli$htl0 ifferent position in relation to the (n epen ent Tele)ision co!panies fro! that 'hich o+taine +et'een the 3a io Ti!es an the ##C2 the 3a io Ti!es +ein$ one of the ##C4s o'n p*+lications. (n $rantin$ franchises to the tele)ision co!panies2 the (n epen ent #roa castin$ &*thorit0 re=*ire the 1< in epen ent tele)ision co!panies to $rant to the plaintiffs the cop0ri$ht in their 'ee5l0 pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets for the p*rposes of seein$ that (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications 7i!ite ha the e>cl*si)e ri$ht to p*+lish a 'ee5l0 !a$a6ine $i)in$ all the (n epen ent Tele)ision pro$ra!!es for the 'ee5. That the plaintiffs2 (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications2 o in their 'ee5l0 p*+lication of the T8 Ti!es. &s in the case of the 3a io Ti!es2 the circ*lation for that !a$a6ine is in e>cess of < !illion. The )ario*s (n epen ent Tele)ision co!panies eri)e profit +0 ta5in$ a percenta$e of an0 profits earne +0 the "*+lication co!panies. 1o far as Channel : is concerne 2 that appears to +e sli$htl0 ifferent in that it is a 'holl0 o'ne s*+si iar0 of the (n epen ent #roa castin$ &*thorit02 +*t it has !a e si!ilar arran$e!ents 'ith the "laintiffs (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications 7i!ite 'ith re$ar to s*ppl0in$ to an transferrin$ the cop0ri$ht in their pro$ra!!e sche *les to the plaintiffs. 1o far as the c*rrent a$ree!ents are concerne 2 to 'hich ( nee not refer in etail2 e>hi+it 7,T1 is a sa!ple assi$n!ent fro! one of the co!panies to (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications. 1i!ilarl0 'ith re$ar to Channel : oc*!ent < in e>hi+it 7,T1 is an assi$n!ent +0 the Channel : tele)ision co!pan0 to the plaintiffs (n epen ent Tele)ision "ro *ctions of the cop0ri$ht. That is all testifie to in the affi a)it of Mr. Tho!pson 'hich 'as !a e in a pre)io*s action +*t i!porte into this action +0 +ein$ e>hi+ite to an affi a)it in this action. There are three classes of oc*!ents 'hich are $enerate +0 the Tele)ision co!panies. These !a0 +e seen in e>hi+it 7,T: to the affi a)it of Mr. Tho!pson. The first are pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets2 'hich are reall0 ail0 pro$ra!!e sche *les. Dro! loo5in$ at the e)i ence an in ee fro! loo5in$ at the !aterial itself it is )er0 e)i ent that the0 are pro *cts of consi era+le s5ill an

12 la+o*r +0 the co!panies the!sel)es in selectin$ an arran$in$ the pro$ra!!es an re *cin$ the! to 'ritin$. The0 s*ppl0 those pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets2 'hich are reall0 ail0 pro$ra!!e sche *les2 to the plaintiff co!pan0 for the p*rposes of p*+lishin$ their 'ee5l0 pro$ra!!es in the !a$a6ine T8 Ti!es. (f one loo5s at those pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets ( o not thin5 there can +e an0 o*+t that cop0ri$ht s*+sists in the! ha)in$ re$ar to the 'or5 'hich o+)io*sl0 $oes into their preparation. The0 are sche *les of pro$ra!!es 'ith ti!es an titles in chronolo$ical or er an a $oo eal of other infor!ation as 'ell. (n ee ( *n erstan fro! Mr. ,effs that he conce e that cop0ri$ht i s*+sist in those ail0 pro$ra!!e sheets 'hich are calle pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets. Those pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets are han e to the plaintiffs2 'ho e it the! an finall0 p*t the! in the for! in 'hich one sees the sche *le of pro$ra!!es in the T8 Ti!es 'ee5 +0 'ee5. That is the onl0 p*+lication 'hich carries all the pro$ra!!es of the (n epen ent Tele)ision co!panies2 the (T8 co!panies an Channel :2 for the co!in$ se)en a0s. &$ain it is plain fro! the e)i ence that a $reat eal of painsta5in$ 'or5 re=*irin$ the e>ercise of s5ill an e>pertise $oes into preparin$ the pro$ra!!e sche *les as the0 appear in T8 Ti!es fro! the !aterial 'hich is s*pplie +0 the co!panies to the plaintiffs. That is escri+e in the affi a)it of Mr. 7in en2 'ho is the plaintiffs4 ?ea of Dor'ar "lannin$. (t 'as an affi a)it in a pre)io*s action +*t 'as e>hi+ite in the present action an referre to +0 Mr. Tho!pson in his affi a)it2 para$raph <2 in the present action. That affi a)it of Mr. 7in en2 'hich is e>hi+ite to an referre to +0 Mr. Tho!pson in his affi a)it in these procee in$s escri+es the 'or5 'hich is in)ol)e in t*rnin$ the !aterial 'hich is o+taine fro! the (n epen ent Tele)ision co!panies an the Channel : co!pan0 into sche *les of pro$ra!!es 'hich appear in the T8 Ti!es. (n papa$raph 2 of that affi a)it2 after etailin$ o)er se)eral pa$es the steps 'hich are ta5en +0 the plaintiffs to carr0 o*t that operation2 he concl* es +0 sa0in$: BThis 'hole operation is i!!ensel0 co!ple> as there 'ill al'a0s +e at one ti!e at least three iss*es +ein$ 'or5e on at pro$ra!!e pa$e le)el an !a0 +e si> to ei$ht iss*es of feat*re sections at T8 Ti!es Ma$a6ine (n epen ent Tele)ision at ifferent sta$es of pro *ction. &t an0 $i)en ti!e appro>i!atel0 12E00 to 22000 pro for!as are +ein$ chec5e 2 s*+-e ite or e>pan e .B ?e then sa0s in para$raph :: B(n pro *cin$ the T8 Ti!es Ma$a6ine (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications 7i!ite rel0 on the 'ee5l0 pro$ra!!e sche *les 'hich are iss*e +0 the (T8 co!panies onl0 to (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+licationsB. Mr. Morritt2 a optin$ the ar$*!ent of Mr. Nicholls2 s*+!its that (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications ha)e in )ie' of their e)i ence an of the a*thorities2 that is to sa0 the Wireless 7ea$*e case G192FH ch :<< an the Doot+all 7ea$*e case G19E9H Ch F<A2 G19E9H 2 &ll 93 E:F relie on +0 Mr. Nicholls2 cop0ri$ht not onl0 in their pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets2 that is2 the sheets 'hich the (T8 co!panies sen to the plaintiffs an 'hich are the s*+;ect of assi$n!ents of cop0ri$ht to the plaintiff co!pan02 +*t also in the sche *les of pro$ra!!es to +e +roa cast +0 (T8 an Channel : 'hich are p*+lishe 'ee5l0 in T8 Ti!es. (t see!s to !e on the e)i ence an on the a*thorities that (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications ha)e !a e o*t a )er0 stron$ case that the0 ha)e cop0ri$ht in their sche *les of pro$ra!!es as p*+lishe in the T8 Ti!es !a$a6ine as co!pilations as 'ell as in the three ori$inal 5in s of oc*!ents s*pplie to (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications +0 the (T8 an Channel : co!panies. 1o far as cop0ri$ht an the 5no'le $e that cop0ri$ht e>ists in their p*+lication is concerne 2 a partic*lar cop0 of the T8 Ti!es2 the iss*e for 10th 1epte!+er2 19822 is pro *ce as e>hi+it 7,TE to Mr. Tho!pson4s affi a)it. One fin s in that se)eral ti!es as one $oes thro*$h the iss*e cop0ri$ht notices. ( rea for e>a!ple the one at pa$e E1 in this partic*lar iss*e: BT8 Ti!es !a$a6ineB2 an then a cop0ri$ht si$n. B(n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications 7i!ite 1982.

1< 3epro *ction in 'hole or in part 'itho*t per!ission of an0 of the pro$ra!!e etails p*+lishe in this iss*e is strictl0 for+i enB. The onl0 infor!ation 'hich $oes to ne'spapers2 !a$a6ines an other for!s of !e ia +0 the (T8 co!panies2 is +0 'hat are calle press releases. These are s*!!aries of infor!ation reall0 copie fro! the pro$ra!!e sche *le sheets. The0 are release in a )ance. Dor e>a!ple2 accor in$ to the e)i ence2 for the iss*e of the T8 Ti!es of Fth to 12th No)e!+er 1982 the0 'ere release on Dri a02 29th. &$ain the0 contain pro!inent references to cop0ri$ht. (n e>hi+it 7,T: to Mr. Tho!pson4s affi a)it2 for e>a!ple2 there is a cop0 of the press infor!ation 'hich is one of the press releases to 'hich ( ha)e referre 2 fro! 7on on Wee5en Tele)ision for the 'ee5en <r to Eth 1epte!+er 1982. On the first pa$e of that there is 'hat is state +0 its hea in$ to +e a cop0ri$ht notice: BCop0ri$ht (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications 7i!ite 1982B2 an then it $oes on to sa0: BThis pro$ra!!e s*!!ar0 is cop0ri$ht an !a0 +e repro *ce onl0 as pro$ra!!e infor!ation in ta+*late for! +0 a ne'spaper to 'ho! it is iss*e . Dail0 !ornin$ ne'spapers !a0 repro *ce etails of pro$ra!!es for the a0 of p*+lication onl02 e>cept in the case of ail0 !ornin$ ne'spapers p*+lishe on 1at*r a0 'here the pro$ra!!es for the 1at*r a0 of p*+lication an the follo'in$ 1*n a0 !a0 +e incl* e B. (t then $oes on to eal 'ith pro)isions for e)enin$ ne'spapers an 'ee5l0 ne'spapers2 sa0in$ 'hat the0 !a0 p*+lish. &s to infrin$e!ent2 the iss*e of the efen ants4 Time Out !a$a6ine for 29th Octo+er2 n*!+er F<F2 to 'hich ( ha)e alrea 0 referre 2 ca!e to the attention of the plaintiffs on the follo'in$ a02 28th Octo+er. The plaintiffs2 (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications2 sa0 not onl0 'as that the first ti!e the0 ha +een the $ri - of co*rse that ha not appeare +efore then - +*t it 'as the first ti!e that the0 'ere a'are of the selections 'hich also $a)e the ti!es2 ates an titles of trans!ission. That latter state!ent is challen$e an isp*te +0 the efen ants2 +*t the plaintiffs4 eponent Mr. Tho!pson confir!s that to +e the position in his repl0 e)i ence. &s to 'hat appears in the $ri an in ee in the tele)ision pro$ra!!e selections2 so far as (T8 an Channel : pro$ra!!es are concerne there 'as an e> parte application +0 (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications 7i!ite . The Defen ants ha)in$ +een as5e +0 a solicitor4s letter to $i)e an *n erta5in$ not to repeat s*ch p*+lication an ha)in$ ref*se so to o2 there 'as an application e> parte to Mr. ,*stice Walton on Mon a02 1st No)e!+er2 1982. &ltho*$h it 'as an e> parte application as5in$ for an in;*nction in the ter!s of the raft notice of !otion2 notice ha +een $i)en to the efen ants4 solicitors an the0 appeare +0 lea in$ co*nsel2 Mr. 3o+in ,aco+2 an present ;*nior co*nsel. Mr. 3o+in ,aco+ then sai that the infor!ation a+o*t the pro$ra!!es is o+taine fro! the press releases or a )ance copies of the T8 Ti!es. (n ee no' that plea in$s ha)e +een ser)e in para$raph 10 of the state!ent of clai! it is specificall0 plea e : B"rior to isco)er0 the plaintiffs rel0 on the a !ission of the efen ants4 lea in$ co*nsel +efore Mr. ,*stice Walton on 1st No)e!+er 1982 that (i) the efen ants o+taine their infor!ation for Time Out/s tele)ision sche *les fro! cop0in$ press releases of the pro$ra!!e co!panies an a )ance copies of the T8 Ti!es !a$a6ine2 an (ii) 'itho*t s*ch cop0in$ the efen ants co*l not other'ise ha)e co!pile their in epen ent tele)ision sche *les in their !a$a6ineB. (n their efence that is a !itte in para$raph 10. Dro! the notices 'hich al'a0s appear in the T8 Ti!es2 to 'hich ( ha)e alrea 0 referre 2 as to the plaintiffs4 cop0ri$ht an the notices2 to 'hich ( ha)e alrea 0 referre 2 as to the plaintiffs4 cop0ri$ht in the press releases2 the efen ants cannot ha)e +een in an0 o*+t a+o*t the plaintiffs4 clai! to cop0ri$ht. The a !ission of cop0in$ to 'hich ( ha)e ;*st referre !*st !ean that the !aterial as to pro$ra!!es2 that is to sa02 the sche *les of ti!es an their titles 'hich appear in the $ri in that partic*lar iss*e n*!+er F<F of Time Out an also in the selections to +e fo*n in that iss*e2 an no o*+t in the earlier selections in pre)io*s iss*es2 !*st ha)e +een copie o*t either irectl0 fro! the pro$ra!!e sche *les an the a )ance copies s*pplie +0 T8 Ti!es or

1: in irectl0 fro! the pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets +0 +ein$ copie either fro! the T8 Ti!es pro$ra!!e sche *les or fro! the press releases2 +oth of 'hich the!sel)es are eri)e fro! the pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets. Therefore2 the plaintiffs sa02 the pro$ra!!e sche *les 'hich are to +e fo*n in the $ri an also the pro$ra!!e etails as to ti!e an titles 'hich are to +e fo*n in the selection2 are copie irectl0 fro! their cop0ri$ht !aterial in the T8 Ti!es or in irectl0 fro! cop0ri$ht !aterial 'hich the0 ha)e in the pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets +0 +ein$ copie fro! the T8 Ti!es irectl0 or fro! the press releases. The onl0 =*estion therefore is 'hether 'hat is ta5en a!o*nts to a s*+stantial part. (f one loo5s at the ta+les or $ri s in the iss*e n*!+er F<F of Time Out0 the0 o carr0 in the ta+les or $ri s a co!plete chronolo$ical sche *le of the (T8 pro$ra!!es2 as in ee the0 o for ##C1 an ##C2 pro$ra!!s% an that is o)er the pea5 )ie'in$ perio s. The0 o the sa!e fro! 2n No)e!+er for Channel : 'hich ca!e on strea! then. &s Mr. Morritt in !0 ;* $!ent ri$htl0 s*+!itte 2 in consi erin$ 'hether a s*+stantial part of a cop0ri$ht 'or5 has +een copie it is not onl0 a =*estion of =*antit0 ta5en +*t the =*alit0 of 'hat is ta5en is )er0 !aterial also. The rele)ant a*thorit0 is cite shortl0 an con)enientl0 in Copin$er2 12th e ition2 para$raph :F9: B(t see!s reasona+le to ass*!e that the &ct of 1911 in *sin$ the 'or s 4s*+stantial part42 'as *sin$ the! 'ith a )ie' to $i)in$ effect to the a+o)e !entione ecisions *n er the la' prior to 19112 an that this constr*ction 'ill +e follo'e 'ith re$ar to the &ct of 19EF. (t 'as hel that 4s*+stantial42 in this connection is relate to =*alit02 rather than =*antit02 so that e)en a fe' +ars of !*sic !a0 +e a s*+stantial part if the0 constit*te a reco$nisa+le repro *ction of an essential part of the !elo 0. &s 'as sai +0 7or 3ei 2 in 7an +roo5 (Doot+all) 7i!ite ) Willia! ?ill 7t - that is reporte in G19F:H 1 &ll 93 :FE2 G19F:H 1 W73 2A< an is a case *n er the 19EF &ct - B4an 2 if he oes cop02 the =*estion 'hether he has copie a s*+stantial part epen s !*ch !ore on the =*alit0 than on the =*antit0 of 'hat he has ta5en4. 7or 3ei 2 li5e 7or "earce2 appro)e in this connection the 'or s of Mr. ,*stice "etersen in Cni)ersit0 of 7on on "ress 7t ) Cni)ersit0 T*torial "ress 7i!ite 2 G191FH 2 Ch F01 na!el02 that 4'hat is 'orth cop0in$ is pri!a facie 'orth protectin$4B. &s 'as !0 )ie' 'ith re$ar to the ##C1 an ##C2 parts of those ta+les or $ri s in iss*e n*!+er F<F2 ( o not thin5 it can serio*sl0 +e ar$*e that the0 i not repro *ce a s*+stantial part of the pro$ra!!e sche *les fro! the T8 Ti!es or the pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets fro! 'hich the T8 Ti!es pro$ra!!es 'ere eri)e . #*t the !atter oes not en 'ith the $ri s so far as the action +0 (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications a$ainst the efen ants is concerne . &s ( ha)e alrea 0 state the plaintiffs4 e)i ence is - the0 !aintaine this in their repl0 e)i ence in the face of the challen$e in the efen ants4 e)i ence - that the0 i not 5no' of an0 *se of their pro$ra!!e sche *les in the Time Out selections *ntil the0 sa' the iss*e n*!+er F<F on 28th Octo+er 1982. (n the case in 'hich (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications 7i!ite are the plaintiffs2 the0 press for interloc*tor0 relief in respect of the selections also. (n that re$ar ( 'o*l point o*t that ( thin5 'itho*t o*+t the a !ission of Mr. ,aco+2 'hich is repeate in para$raph 10 of the state!ent of clai!2 $oes to the selections as 'ell as the act*al $ri . ( 'o*l f*rther point o*t that the secon part of that a !ission 'hich is plea e in para$raph 10 of the state!ent of clai!s an a !itte in para$raph 10 of the efence2 that the efen ants co*l not ha)e !a e their selections 'itho*t cop0in$ fro! those so*rces2 $oes to sho' the =*alit0 of 'hat the0 ha)e ta5en2 an o that e>tent it is in icati)e that 'hat the0 ha)e ta5en is a s*+stantial part. (t oes not en there. (f one loo5s at iss*e n*!+er F<F2 'hich is 'hat of co*rse starte off these

1E t'o actions2 each of the selections an the pro$ra!!es incl* e in the efen ants4 ta+les an $ri s co)er the pea5 )ie'in$ perio in the se)en a0s in =*estion. (f one ta5es that iss*e2 i$norin$ for the !o!ent the tele)ision fil!s 'hich the efen ants ha)e selecte 2 accor in$ to !0 co*ntin$ the tele)ision selections in Time Out a!o*nt to so!e 22 ite!s fro! the (n epen ent Tele)ision pro$ra!!es an 12 fro! Channel : pro$ra!!es an the 12 fro! the Channel : pro$ra!!es 'ere c*lle fro! ;*st three e)enin$s of pro$ra!!es on Channel :2 in fact co!prisin$ !ore than half the pro$ra!!es of Channel : for those three a0s. Whilst plainl0 these selections o not a!o*nt to as lar$e a =*antitati)e part of the plaintiffs co!pilations as o the $ri 2 loo5in$ at the !atter =*alitati)el0 as 'ell as =*antitati)el0 it see! to !e that the0 !*st a!o*nt to ta5in$ a s*+stantial part of the plaintiffs4 co!pilations2 'hich are their sche *les of pro$ra!!es in the T8 Ti!es an the pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets. Therefore it see!s to !e that on the e)i ence fro! the plaintiffs2 (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications2 an on the la' as ( *n erstan it on the Wireless 7ea$*e G192FH Ch :<< an Doot+all 7ea$*e G19E9H Ch F<A2 G19E9H 2 &ll 93 E:F cases2 the plaintiffs in this case2 (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications 7i!ite 2 o !a5e o*t a )er0 stron$ pri!a facie case on infrin$e!ent of their cop0ri$ht. ( ha)e alrea 0 in icate that 'hen the0 learne 'hat 'as happenin$ on 28th Octo+er 1982 in iss*e n*!+er F<F the plaintiffs +0 their solicitors as5e for an *n erta5in$ 'hich 'as ref*se an there 'as an e> parte application. &n in;*nction 'as $rante +0 Mr. ,*stice Walton. 7ater the sa!e a02 on 1st No)e!+er2 the efen ants appeale a$ainst that e> parte or er in the Co*rt of &ppeal. On that hearin$ - it has so!e i!portance - Mr. ,aco+ for the efen ants propose the iss*e of the 1<th De+r*ar0 1982 of Time Out as a control iss*e as to 'hat appeare in Time Out +0 'a0 of selections prior to that partic*lar application for an e> parte in;*nction. The or er of the Co*rt of &ppeal )arie the or er of Mr. ,*stice Walton !a e e> parte an or ere an in;*nction restrainin$ the efen ants fro! printin$2 p*+lishin$2 sellin$2 offerin$ for sale2 istri+*tin$ for the p*rposes of tra e or other'ise isposin$ of an0 copies of Time Out or an0 other p*+lication 'hich repro *ce 'itho*t the plaintiffs4 consent the plaintiffs4 sche *les of pro$ra!!es of pro$ra!!es to +e +roa cast +0 the (n epen ent #roa castin$ &*thorit0% an then follo'e a pro)iso: "ro)i e that (for the a)oi ance of o*+t) the fore$oin$ or er shall not pre)ent the efen ants fro! p*+lishin$ pro$ra!!e selections to no s*+stantiall0 $reater e$ree (+*t allo'in$ for the fo*rth tele)ision channel) than that one in the iss*e of Time Out for De+r*ar0 1<th 1981B - that is the control iss*e propose +0 Mr. ,aco+ for the efen ants - an the in;*nction 'ent on to a secon in;*nction restrainin$ the! fro! con)ertin$ to the *se of the efen ants or either of the! infrin$in$ copies of an0 of the plaintiffs4 cop0ri$ht !aterial. There 'as a !otion to se=*estrate the assets of the efen ant co!pan0 an for co!!ittal of Mr. 9lliott to prison for conte!pt +0 +reach of that or er an the *n erta5in$. That 'as ispose of +efore Mr. ,*stice Warner2 'ho 'as satisfie that the conte!pt 'as not s*ch that either of those e>tre!e penalties 'ere re=*ire an that the pa0!ent of costs 'as s*fficient. Conte!pt 'as esta+lishe +*t there 'as iffic*lt0 - this is 'h0 ( !ention the point - a+o*t the constr*ction of that partic*lar for! of pro)iso in the or er of the Co*rt of &ppeal. ( co!e no' to the efen ants ans'er to +oth !otions. &s ( ha)e state in !0 )ie' on these !otions +oth plaintiffs ha)e esta+lishe a )er0 stron$ pri!a facie case of infrin$e!ent of their cop0ri$ht. #*t is there a serio*s =*estion to +e trie I When ( as5 that ( a! appl0in$ !0self to the $*i elines lai o'n in &!erican C0ana!i ) 9thicon Co 7t 2 G19AEH &C <9F2 G19AEH 1 &ll 93 E0:. Mr. ,effs ar$*e stron$l0 that fro! the efen ants4 point of )ie' there is a serio*s =*estion to +e trie an he p*t for'ar t'o ans'ers to the plaintiffs4 clai! of infrin$e!ent of their cop0ri$ht.

1F Dirst2 Mr. ,effs accepte that the respecti)e plaintiffs ha cop0ri$ht2 the ##C in their oc*!ents s*ch as trans!ission sheets an plans an in partic*lar their pro$ra!!e s*!!aries2 an (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications in their pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets an press releases. #*t he sa0s that those oc*!ents ha)e not +een copie . ?e accepts that the efen ants o+taine the infor!ation or 'hat he 5ept reiteratin$ 'ere the facts2 +0 'hich ( *n erstoo hi! to !ean the ti!es an titles of the pro$ra!!es fro! the 3a io Ti!es2 the T8 Ti!es an the press releases2 +*t he s*+!its that that is no infrin$e!ent of cop0ri$ht !aterial. ?e s*+!its that the oc*!ents in =*estion2 the pro$ra!!e s*!!aries of the ##C an the pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets an press releases of (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications2 ha cop0ri$ht in the! - he conce es that - +*t the0 $a)e certain facts2 na!el02 the ti!es an titles of the pro$ra!!es2 an he sa0s that all the efen ants ha)e one is to ta5e an !a5e *se of that infor!ation2 the titles an ti!es 'hich he sa0s are facts eri)e fro! the plaintiffs4 oc*!ents. ?e s*+!its that there can +e no cop0ri$ht in 'hat he ter!s those +are +ones facts2 that is to sa02 the lists of ti!es an titles. &cceptin$ for the p*rposes of the !otions the e>istence of cop0ri$ht in the plaintiffs4 sche *les of pro$ra!!es2 the pro$ra!!e s*!!aries of the ##C an the pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets an press releases of (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications2 he sa0s that no literar0 s5ill 'as in)ol)e in ta5in$ those facts2 that is to sa02 the ti!es an titles2 fro! those oc*!ents% he s*+!itte that to o so is Ba !ere !inor !atterB. On the e)i ence of the plaintiffs ( o not accept that. #*t as Mr. Nicholls s*+!itte in his repl0 this ar$*!ent of Mr. ,effs is in s*+stance the )er0 sa!e ar$*!ent that 'as a )ance on +ehalf of the efen ants in the Doot+all 7ea$*e case G19E9H Ch F<A2 G19E9H 2 &ll 93 E:F an re;ecte in +oth of its li!+s (that is 'h0 ( rea +oth parts of the ar$*!ent set o*t in the ;* $!ent) +0 Mr. ,*stice Cp;ohn in the parts of the ;* $!ent to 'hich ( ha)e alrea 0 referre . 1o far as ( a! a'are the correctness of that ecision an Mr. ,*stice Cp;ohn4s reasonin$ has not +een criticise or o*+te . (n !0 ;* $!ent this line of efence is +a in la' in )ie' of that a*thorit0. Mr. ,effs referre !e to the case of Chilton ) "ro$ress "rintin$ an "*+lishin$ Co!pan0 G189EH 2 Ch 29. ( sho*l point o*t that that case 'as eci e *n er the Cop0ri$ht &ct of 18:2. The case t*rne on the !eanin$ of the e>pression Bliterar0 co!positionB in that &ct. Cn er the present stat*te2 as *n er the 1911 &ct2 Bliterar0 'or5B incl* es a co!pilation. That case therefore affor s !e no assistance in the present !atter. Mr. ,effs also referre !e to the 'ell 5no'n a*thorit0 of Drancis Da0 an ?*nter 7i!ite ) T'entieth Cent*r0 Do> Corporation 7i!ite G19:0H &C 1122 as a*thorit0 for the proposition that there is no cop0ri$ht in the !ere title of a 'or52 +eca*se in the or inar0 'a0 s*ch a title is so ins*+stantial. That2 of co*rse2 is trite la'2 +*t the present case concerns not a sin$le title% it concerns the co!pilation of chronolo$ical lists of titles 'ith the ti!es at 'hich the partic*lar 'or5s of 'hich the titles are $i)en are to +e +roa cast. Mr. ,effs4 secon ans'er 'as that the0 ha a efence of fair ealin$ *n er section F(<) of the Cop0ri$ht &ct 19EF2 'hich rea s as follo's: BNo fair ealin$ 'ith a literar02 ra!atic or !*sical 'or5 shall constit*te an infrin$e!ent of the cop0ri$ht in the 'or5 if it is for the p*rpose of reportin$ c*rrent e)ents - (a) in a ne'spaper2 !a$a6ine or si!ilar perio ical2 or (+) +0 !eans of +roa castin$ or in a cine!ato$raph fil!B - that has no application to the present case - Ban 2 in a case fallin$ 'ithin para$raph (a) of this s*+-section2 is acco!panie +0 s*fficient ac5no'le $e!entB. Mr. ,effs2 in e)elopin$ his s*+!ission *n er this hea of a efence of fair ealin$2 s*+!itte that

1A the efen ants4 !a$a6ine Time Out as a p*+lication is one in 'hich the efen ants refer in their !a$a6ine to 'hat is c*rrentl0 $oin$ on in 7on on2 not ;*st 'hat $oes on in tele)ision pro$ra!!es +*t 'hat $oes on in all sorts of places2 s*ch as the theatre2 the cine!a an )ario*s other 5in s of acti)it0. ?e sa0s that all these efen ants are oin$ in their $ri s2 an in ee in the selections2 is carr0in$ o*t ;*st that acti)it0 in respect of tele)ision pro$ra!!es2 that is to sa02 referrin$ to 'hat is c*rrentl0 a)aila+le an $oin$ on in 7on on. Mr. Nicholls2 ho'e)er2 s*+!its that the efence of fair ealin$ *n er that s*+-section ;*st oes not r*n. 3eferrin$ ( thin5 partic*larl0 in this respect to the $ri s2 he sa0s that the efen ants are not reportin$ c*rrent e)ents% the0 are cop0in$ a sche *le or propose pro$ra!!es so that people 'ill 5no' 'hen those pro$ra!!es are ta5in$ place2 an he s*+!its that 'hat the0 are oin$ is not a fair ealin$. (n the Time Out $ri s he points o*t that 'hat the0 ha)e one is to cop0 the !ost i!portant parts of the ##C an (n epen ent Tele)ision pro$ra!!es so that rea ers can 5no' the pro$ra!!es a)aila+le in the pea5 )ie'in$ ti!es for the sa!e p*rposes reall0 that the0 are p*+lishe in the 3a io Ti!es2 an of co*rse the sa!e ar$*!ent 'o*l $o for the T8 Ti!es. Mr. Nicholls referre !e to certain passa$es fro! the ;* $!ent of 7or Dennin$2 the Master of the 3olls2 in ?*++ar ) 8osper G19A2H 1 &ll 93 102<2 G19A2H 2 Q# 8:. ( thin5 it 'ill s*ffice if ( rea the first co!plete para$raph on pa$e 9: in the ;* $!ent of 7or Dennin$: B(t is i!possi+le to efine 'hat is 4fair ealin$4. (t !*st +e a =*estion of e$ree. Jo* !*st consi er first the n*!+er an e>tent of the =*otations an e>tracts. &re the0 alto$ether too !an0 an too lon$ to +e fairI Then 0o* !*st consi er the *se !a e of the!. (f the0 are *se as a +asis for co!!ent2 criticis! or re)ie'2 that !a0 +e fair ealin$. (f the0 are *se to con)e0 the sa!e infor!ation as the a*thor2 for a ri)al p*rpose2 that !a0 +e *nfair. Ne>t2 0o* !*st consi er the proportions. To ta5e lon$ e>tracts an attach short co!!ents !a0 +e *nfair. #*t2 short e>tracts an lon$ co!!ents !a0 +e fair. Other consi erations !a0 co!e to !in also. #*t2 after all is sai an one2 it !*st +e a !atter of i!pression. &s 'ith fair co!!ent in the la' of li+el2 so 'ith fair ealin$ in the la' of cop0ri$ht. The tri+*nal of fact !*st eci eB. Mr. Nicholls2 ha)in$ re$ar to that a*thorit02 s*+!itte that2 on the e)i ence +efore it2 the co*rt sho*l hol that the efence of fair ealin$ 'as plainl0 +a . ( !*st sa0 that on the !aterial +efore !e an ha)in$ in !in the $eneral state!ent as to the approach to fair ealin$ fro! 7or Dennin$ - ( sho*l e!phasise that ( thin5 ( ha)e all the !aterial facts2 facts 'hich are not in isp*te2 +efore !e - this see!s to !e to +e a efence 'ith )er0 little prospect of s*ccess2 to sa0 the least. ( sho*l also !ention that in the efen ants4 efences in +oth actions2 a efence of ac=*iescence is plea e in respect of the selections +*t not in respect of Channel :% +*t no ar$*!ent a resse to !e 'as irecte to this in either !otion2 so ( sa0 no !ore a+o*t it. On the !aterials +efore !e on each of the !otions - an the !aterial facts are +efore !e2 as ( ha)e e!phasise 2 an the0 are not isp*te - as ( see it on +oth !otions the respecti)e plaintiffs ha)e a stron$ pri!a facie case of infrin$e!ent of their cop0ri$ht2 a case 'hich appears to offer a hi$h prospect of s*ccess2 'hereas of the t'o lines of efence p*t for'ar +0 Mr. ,effs for the efen ants2 one in !0 ;* $!ent is +a in la' an the other of fair ealin$ on the e)i ence has )er0 little prospect of s*ccess. Mr. Morritt s*+!itte that this 'as a case 'here on the !otion the +alance of con)enience sho*l not co!e into consi eration as to 'hether or not interloc*tor0 relief sho*l +e $rante . (

18 *n erstoo that s*+!ission to +e !a e on the +asis that all the !aterial facts 'ere +efore the co*rt an not in isp*te on the respecti)e !erits of the plaintiffs4 an efen ants4 cases. (t is tr*e that since the ecision of the ?o*se of 7or s in &!erican C0ani!i ) 9thicon G19AEH &C <9F2 G19AEH 1 &ll 93 E0: there ha)e +een so!e cases in 'hich s*ch an approach has +een a opte on !otion. (f it sho*l +e proper to a opt that approach in the present !otions ( sho*l certainl0 concl* e that an interloc*tor0 in;*nction sho*l +e $rante on each !otion2 +*t ( thin5 that ( sho*l lo0all0 a here to the approach $i)en in the $*i elines in the &!erican C0ani!i case2 an in that re$ar ( +ear in !in the o+ser)ations of 7or ,*stice 3os5ill (as he then 'as) in the case of D*nfor / 9lliott 7i!ite ) ,ohnston / Dirth #ro'n 7i!ite G19AAH 1 7lo0 4s 3ep E0E2 G19A8H D13 1:< at pa$e 1:: an 1:E an repeate +0 hi! in &lfre D*nhill 7i!ite ) 1*noptic G19A9H D13 <<A at pa$e <F<. 1o ( procee no' to the consi erations 'hich are set o*t in the $*i elines in &!erican C0ani!i ) 9thicon2 G19AEH &C <9F2 G19AEH 1 &ll 93 E0:. Dirst of all2 there is the =*estion of a!a$e2 that is to sa02 the =*estion of the respecti)e positions of the plaintiffs an efen ants as re$ar s the li5el0 a!a$e in the interi! perio +et'een no' an ;* $!ent. #oth the ##C an (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications 7i!ite in their e)i ence sa0 that if the !a$a6ine Time Out is allo'e to contin*e p*+lishin$ ta+les or $ri s of the 5in 'hich 'ere in iss*e n*!+er F<F2 that is2 a co!prehensi)e chronolo$ical list 'ith the titles an ti!es of all pro$ra!!es in pea5 )ie'in$ perio s2 that is to sa02 fro! F p.!. on 'ee5 a0s on Mon a0s to Dri a0s an fro! noon on 1at*r a0s an 1*n a0s2 the circ*lations of +oth the 3a io Ti!es an the T8 Ti!es in the 7on on area 'o*l +e affecte 2 that is to sa02 there 'o*l +e a loss of circ*lation. Mr. ,effs for the efen ants ar$*e that an0 effect on the sale of the 3a io Ti!es an the T8 Ti!es 'o*l +e 'hat he calle a e !ini!is effect. ?e referre to circ*lation fi$*res to s*pport his ar$*!ent. &s to the ##C4s position2 the circ*lation of the 3a io Ti!es is so!e < 1@: !illion. ( thin5 the fi$*re is p*t a little hi$her in the e)i ence of Mr. Wilson2 a eponent for the efen ants2 at <.: !illion2 +*t the ifference oes not !atter for present p*rposes. Mr. Nicholls s*+!its that if the in;*nction is ref*se the ##C 'ill s*ffer an *nascertaina+le loss. &s re$ar s that loss2 ( sho*l refer +riefl0 to the e)i ence of Mr. ?ol!es in his first affi a)it. This =*estion of a!a$e or loss li5el0 to +e s*ffere +0 the ##C if there is no in;*nction is ealt 'ith in para$raphs 11 to 1A of his affi a)it2 'hich ( o not propose to rea in f*ll. Mr. ?ol!es points o*t in para$raph 11 his +elief that p*+lication of the Time Out tele)ision $*i e - he is referrin$ to the $ri - is li5el0 to ha)e a serio*s a )erse effect on the sales of the 3a io Ti!es an a relati)el0 s!all loss in the circ*lation of the 3a io Ti!es2 c*rrentl0 at < 1@: !illion2 'o*l res*lt in a s*+stantial re *ction in the profits for the 3a io Ti!es. ?e points o*t that a relati)el0 s!all loss of sales 'ill ha)e a isproportionate an serio*s effect on profits +eca*se of the relati)el0 hi$h le)el of fi>e costs. ?e $oes into that in so!e etail. ?e refers to their lon$ ter! printin$ contracts. ?e sa0s that *nless the 3a io Ti!es is p*+lishe at a profit he +elie)es the ##C 'o*l ha)e to $i)e serio*s consi eration to 'hether it co*l contin*e to p*+lish the 3a io Ti!es in its e>istin$ or in so!e !o ifie for!. ?e points o*t that it is 'ell 5no'n that the ##C ha)e +een !a5in$ s*+stantial c*ts an that it is partic*larl0 i!portant at this ti!e that the 3a io Ti!es sho*l re!ain at least as profita+le as it 'as in the 0ear to <1st March 19812 'hich is the 0ear for 'hich he $i)es a fi$*re. ?e states in para$raph 12 - this is of so!e i!portance that an0 re *ction in profita+ilit0 'o*l re=*ire the ##C to $i)e serio*s consi eration to re *cin$ co)era$e in the 3a io Ti!es of pro$ra!!es of !inorit0 interest an pro$ra!!es 'hich are +roa cast onl0 locall02 'ith the conse=*ent re *ction in the ser)ice to the p*+lic.

19 Then ( thin5 ( nee not refer to para$raphs 1<2 1: an 1E in etail. "ara$raph 1E eals 'ith possi+le effects of the rop in circ*lation on their a )ertisin$ re)en*e. Then in para$raph 1A he points o*t: BCirc*lation of an0 p*+lication2 once lost2 is not eas0 to re$ain. (f Time Out/s ne' T8 $*i e contin*es to +e p*+lishe it 'o*l in !0 opinion *n o*+te l0 a!a$e o*r sales 'ithin a fairl0 short ti!eB. ?e then $oes on to e>plain that it 'o*l +e necessar0 to !o*nt a s*+stantial an e>pensi)e pro!otion ca!pai$n to atte!pt to re$ain their loss of circ*lation. Then there is a )er0 i!portant consi eration2 for he contin*es: B(f this T8 $*i eB - he is referrin$ to the $ri - Bcontin*es to +e p*+lishe 2 e)en for a short perio 2 ( +elie)e that it 'ill enco*ra$e other p*+lishers to follo' s*it an 2 if not in;*ncte 2 this 'o*l lea to e)en $reater a!a$e to the sales of the 3a io Ti!es. 1o!e ne'spapers 'ill pro+a+l0 co!!ence p*+lication of se)en a0s of pro$ra!!e sche *les partic*larl0 in their 'ee5en iss*es. The c*!*lati)e effect of this co*l +e )er0 serio*s in ee for the 3a io Ti!esB. &s Mr. Nicholls2 referrin$ to that piece of e)i ence2 s*+!itte 2 that 'o*l +e a )er0 po'erf*l practical consi eration. ?e s*+!itte that an0 loss s*ffere 'o*l +e har to =*antif0 an ( 'ill ret*rn to that aspect of the !atter later. Mr. ,effs p*t his e !ini!is ar$*!ent +ase on circ*lation an rea ership fi$*res in this 'a0. ?e sai that2 ta5in$ the circ*lation fi$*res $i)en +0 Mr. Wilson2 the efen ants4 eponent2 the 3a io Ti!es of so!e <.: !illion an Time Out of so!e F220002 the e)i ence of Mr. Wilson is that <0K of Time Out rea ers rea the 3a io Ti!es2 that is to sa02 sa0s Mr. ,effs2 oin$ a little +it of arith!etic2 ;*st 0.FAK of the circ*lation of the 3a io Ti!es2 so that if the 3a io Ti!es lost the 'hole lot of the o)erlappin$ rea ership it 'o*l lose onl0 0.FAK of its circ*lation. Then loo5in$ at it fro! the other si e he sai that the e)i ence is that 1K of the 3a io Ti!es rea ership also rea Time Out. (f the0 all stoppe rea in$ the 3a io Ti!es the loss of rea ership 'o*l +e si!pl0 1.1K. That he sa0s sho's the e !ini!is effect. #*t that ar$*!ent oes not in !0 ;* $!ent !eet the plaintiffs4 ar$*!ent% it is too si!ple an approach. (t reall0 ta5es no acco*nt of the ##C4s e)i ence to 'hich ( ha)e ;*st referre 2 the e)i ence to the effect that e)en a relati)el0 s!all loss of sales of the 3a io Ti!es 'o*l ha)e a isproportionate an serio*s effect on the profit of the enterprise +eca*se of the relati)el0 hi$h le)el of fi>e costs an !oreo)er ( ta5e partic*lar acco*nt of 'hat ( !i$ht call a 5noc5-on effect 'ith re$ar to other p*+lications to 'hich Mr. ?ol!es in his e)i ence referre an to 'hich Mr. Nicholls referre 2 callin$ it a )er0 po'erf*l practical consi eration. &s to (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications4 position2 a$ain oin$ a si!ilar e>ercise Mr. ,effs see5s to ar$*e that an0 effect on the sales of T8 Ti!es2 if Time Out is allo'e to contin*e to p*+lish its ne' T8 $*i e2 'o*l ha)e a e !ini!is effect. ?e s*pporte that ar$*!ent in the sa!e 'a02 +*t 'hereas for the ##C an the 3a io Ti!es the fi$*res 'ere 0.FAK an 1K2 the correspon in$ fi$*res he 'or5e o*t *sin$ circ*lation fi$*res for the T8 Ti!es 'o*l +e a loss of 0.F:K of T8 Ti!es circ*lation an a loss of rea ership of 2.F1K. That a$ain in !0 ;* $!ent is an ar$*!ent 'hich oes not !eet the ar$*!ent of the plaintiffs (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications or their e)i ence as to the loss the0 'o*l +e li5el0 to s*ffer if Time Out is allo'e to contin*e p*+lishin$ the $ri pro$ra!!e. &s to that ( refer to the e)i ence of Mr. Tho!pson to 'hose e)i ence ( ha)e referre a n*!+er of

20 ti!es2 he +ein$ the finance irector an co!pan0 secretar0 of (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications 7i!ite . (n his repl0 affi a)it2 s'orn on 1<th De+r*ar0 198<2 in para$raph 2 he points o*t that if Time Out 'ere to p*+lish etaile s*!!aries of (T8 pro$ra!!es as part of a co!prehensi)e listin$ of the ti!es an titles of pro$ra!!es on all fo*r channels the sales of T8 Ti!es in the 7on on area 'o*l +e affecte % there 'o*l +e +oth a irect loss of sales re)en*e2 the precise a!o*nt of 'hich it 'o*l +e )er0 har to =*antif02 an a conse=*ent loss of a )ertisin$ re)en*e2 since the latter is epen ent on the rea ership fi$*res% a )ertise!ent re)en*e is a+o*t the half the plaintiffs4 total re)en*e fro! the T8 Ti!es. ?e then $oes on to e>plain a+o*t the 7on on area. ?e points o*t that the 7on on area in 'hich Time Out circ*lates is +0 far the +i$$est an !ost i!portant of T8 Ti!es4 1< re$ional areas2 each of 'hich has its o'n special e ition of the !a$a6ine. The c*rrent sales of T8 Ti!es nationall0 are <.<2 !illion2 of 'hich the 7on on e ition acco*nts for 2:K. The 7on on area is also the !ost i!portant as re$ar s a )ertisin$ re)en*e. Most of the plaintiffs4 a )ertisin$ is sol on a national +asis2 +*t the 7on on area re)en*e represents <<K of the a )ertisin$ sol +0 re$ions. ?e points o*t that the 7on on area has the +i$$est sale of ;*st o)er three =*arters of a !illion copies2 'hereas the #or er 3e$ion2 for e>a!ple2 has the s!allest of onl0 :12000. Nat*rall02 he sa0s2 the profits fro! the lar$er areas s*+si ise the s!aller areas an allo' the! to pro)i e a national ser)ice 'hich 'o*l not other'ise +e possi+le. ?e sa0s that if the efen ants are per!itte to p*+lish a co!prehensi)e listin$ of (T8 pro$ra!!es there !*st +e a real an$er that others 'ill p*+lish tele)ision !a$a6ines an li!ite to 7on on an other lar$e co!!erciall0 attracti)e re$ions% th*s the s!aller re$ions 'o*l +e i$nore an T8 Ti!es4 profit fro! the lar$er re$ions 'hich ena+les the! to s*+si ise the s!aller ones 'o*l +e !*ch re *ce . ?e $oes on then to e>plain the printin$ contracts2 'hich are lon$ ter! ones 'hich the plaintiffs ha)e for the printin$ of T8 Ti!es. The printin$ prices ne$otiate 2 he sa0s2 'ere $eare to the )ol*!e +ase on circ*lation fi$*res an the prices 'o*l +e )er0 *necono!ic2 he *n erstan s2 if there 'ere to +e a serio*s fall in the circ*lation fi$*re. Mr. Morritt s*!!arise the effect of that e)i ence as pro *cin$ an *n=*antifia+le loss of sale an an *n=*antifia+le loss of a )ertisin$ re)en*e2 the *nprofita+leness of the lon$ ter! printin$ contract an the 5noc5-on effect if the in;*nction 'ere not $rante an others so*$ht to follo' the path chosen +0 the efen ants if no in;*nction 'ere $rante . ?e s*+!its2 as i Mr. Nicholls for the ##C2 that there cannot +e an a e=*ate re!e 0 in a!a$es e)en if it co*l +e =*antifie 2 'hich it cannot. Then co!es the =*estion of 'hether the efen ants 'o*l +e $oo for an0 =*antifia+le loss2 ass*!in$ it co*l +e =*antifie . #oth plaintiffs e>presse concern in their e)i ence that the efen ants 'o*l not +e in a financial position to !eet an0 s*+stantial a!a$es a'ar e in respect of the interi! perio if an in;*nction sho*l +e ref*se no' +*t the plaintiffs 'ere to s*ccee at the trial. The latest acco*nts o+taina+le are those for the 0ears en in$ <1st ,an*ar0 1980. No atte!pt has +een !a e +0 the efen ants to *p- ate these fi$*res or to ans'er the o*+ts as to the efen ants4 tr*e financial position. &s to the acco*nts 'hich are e>hi+ite in the e)i ence on +oth !otions2 in the (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications action the acco*nts are e>hi+it 7,T : to Mr. Tho!pson4s affi a)it. The acco*nts2 as ( see it2 o not sho' a )er0 health0 position. The a*thorise share capital is L:22000 o represente lar$el0 +0 'hat are calle fi>e assets of L:02000 o an the re!ain er !a e *p of !otor cars an the li5e. The fi>e assets are si!pl0 e=*ip!ent2 f*rnit*re2 fi>t*res an fittin$s. (t is nota+le that the acco*nts o not list an0 real propert0. The acco*nts sho' that the +alance of c*rrent assets o)er c*rrent lia+ilities 'as so!e LE21<22 an on the )er0 ne>t pa$e it 'ill +e notice that there 'as Corporation Ta> pa0a+le2 'hich ha not then there +een pai 2 of

21 so!e L922992 so that on +alance the 'hole thin$ loo5s to +e in e+it. &ltho*$h the efen ants4 financial position 'as challen$e in e)i ence p*t in +0 the plaintiffs in +oth !otions2 there has +een no response fro! the efen ants an no atte!pt to *p- ate those fi$*res. What is the efen ants4 position as re$ar s a!a$esI (t is stri5in$ that there is no e)i ence fro! the efen ants on either !otion that the0 'o*l +e li5el0 to s*ffer an0 a!a$e +0 the $rant of an in;*nction *ntil ;* $!ent in the action. What is )er0 clear is that the efen ants are reall0 !a5in$ a eli+erate assa*lt on the cop0ri$hts of the ##C an (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications in their pro$ra!!e sche *les. That appears fro! so!e of the e>hi+its e>hi+itin$ !aterial 'hich e!anate fro! the efen ants an also in ee fro! so!e of the later e itions of their !a$a6ine Time Out0 'hich are also in e)i ence. #*t ho'e)er that !a0 +e2 if the efen ants sho*l s*ffer an0 a!a$e as a res*lt of in;*nctions +ein$ $rante no' +*t 'ere to s*ccee at the trial2 it is not s*$$este that either the ##C or (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications 'o*l not +e $oo for an0 a!a$es li5el0 to +e a'ar e 2 so that on the a!a$es aspect it see!s to !e that the +alance is )er0 !*ch in fa)o*r of the plaintiffs on +oth !otions. & point to 'hich ( sho*l refer on p*+lic interest 'as ta5en +0 Mr. ,effs in his a ress. ?e s*+!itte it 'as a !atter 'hich ha to +e )er0 !*ch +orne in !in on the consi eration of the +alance of con)enience. ?e sai that in the selections Time Out are p*+lishin$ critical !aterial an in the $ri in iss*e No. F<F the0 'ere isse!inatin$ infor!ation in as 'i e a 'a0 as possi+le2 infor!ation in the isse!ination of 'hich hitherto the plaintiffs in +oth actions ha ha a !onopol0 in their o'n p*+lications. ?e sai on the e)i ence that those !onopolies 'ere )er0 profita+le in ee . ?e ar$*e that the !onopol0 'as so*$ht to +e enforce +0 reliance on the plaintiffs4 cop0ri$ht2 a cop0ri$ht 'hich he ar$*e 'as a ten*o*s one. ( ha)e $i)en !0 )ie's as to that point alrea 0. #*t as re$ar s Mr. ,effs4 point a+o*t the plaintiffs ha)in$ a !onopol0 in their sche *les of pro$ra!!es2 it see!s to !e that if the plaintiffs are ri$ht that the0 ha)e cop0ri$ht in their pro$ra!!e sche *les2 that is a ri$ht of propert0 an the0 are entitle to ha)e it protecte fro! infrin$ers. ( re$ar this partic*lar point a+o*t !onopolies as +ein$ a co!plete re herrin$ as far as these actions are concerne . Mr. ,effs 'ent on to e)elop his point an he cite three cases 'hich he s*+!its s*pport the proposition that people2 !eanin$ the p*+lic $enerall02 ha)e the ri$ht to +e infor!e an the ri$ht to 5no' a+o*t facts s*ch as the titles an ti!es of the pro$ra!!es to +e +roa cast on +oth the ##C an (n epen ent Tele)ision. The first of the three cases to 'hich Mr. ,effs referre !e 'as the 'ell 5no'n a*thorit0 of #onnar ) "err0!an G1891H 2 Ch 2F9. That case is a*thorit0 for the proposition that an in;*nction 'ill not +e $rante in a li+el case 'here the efence of ;*stification is p*t for'ar . The partic*lar passa$e *pon 'hich he relie is at pa$e 28: in the ;* $!ent of 7or Coleri $e2 Chief ,*stice: B#*t it is o+)io*s that the s*+;ect !atter of an action for efa!ation is so special as to re=*ire e>ceptional ca*tion in e>ercisin$ the ;*ris iction to interfere +0 in;*nction +efore the trial of an action to pre)ent an anticipate 'ron$. The ri$ht of free speech is one 'hich it is for the p*+lic interest that in i)i *als sho*l possess2 an 2 in ee 2 that the0 sho*l e>ercise 'itho*t i!pe i!ent2 so lon$ as no 'ron$f*l act is one% an 2 *nless an alle$e li+el is *ntr*e2 there is no 'ron$ co!!itte % +*t2 on the contrar02 often a )er0 'holeso!e act is perfor!e in the p*+lication an repetition of an alle$e li+el. Cntil it is clear that an alle$e li+el is *ntr*e2 it is not clear that

22 an0 ri$ht at all has +een infrin$e % an the i!portance of lea)in$ free speech *nfettere is a stron$ reason in cases of li+el for ealin$ !ost ca*tio*sl0 an 'aril0 'ith the $rantin$ of interi! in;*nctionsB. The secon case to 'hich Mr. ,effs referre !e 'as Draser ) 9)ans G19F9H 1 Q# <:92 G19F9H 1 &ll 93 8. That 'as a !otion to pre)ent the p*+lication in the 1*n a0 Ti!es of a confi ential report 'hich ha e!anate fro! the plaintiff2 Mr. Draser. &s 'ell as the action +ein$ raise in confi ence2 it 'as also raise in cop0ri$ht. & point 'as raise on the efence of fair ealin$. (t 'as 'hen that 'as +ein$ ealt 'ith in the ;* $!ent of 7or Dennin$ that the passa$e occ*rre to 'hich Mr. ,effs attache so!e i!portance. The passa$e in =*estion is to'ar s the +otto! of pa$e <F2 an ( thin5 ( o*$ht to rea it: BThe final point is on cop0ri$ht. There is no o*+t that Mr. Draser 'as the a*thor of this report an is entitle to the literar0 cop0ri$ht in it. #*t cop0ri$ht oes not s*+sist in the infor!ation containe in the report. (t e>ists onl0 in the literar0 for! in 'hich the infor!ation is resse . (f 4The 1*n a0 Ti!es4 'ere $oin$ to print this report in f*ll2 th*s ta5in$ the entire literar0 for!2 it !i$ht 'ell +e a case for an in;*nction to restrain the infrin$e!ent of cop0ri$ht. #*t 4The 1*n a0 Ti!es4 sa0 that the0 are $oin$ to o no s*ch thin$. The0 sa0 that the0 are onl0 $oin$ to print short e>tracts fro! it2 follo'e *p 'ith so!e of the state!ents 'hich Mr. Draser !a e to the! an their co!!ents on it. The0 sa0 that 'o*l +e a 4fair ealin$4 s*ch as is per!itte +0 section F(<) of the Cop0ri$ht &ct 19EFB. &fter citin$ that s*+section 7or Dennin$ contin*es: BWe ha)e not seen 'hat is $oin$ to +e p*+lishe . We cannot pre;* $e the !atter. We cannot sa0 that there is $oin$ to +e an *nfair ealin$ 'hen 4The 1*n a0 Ti!es4 sa0 it is to +e a fair ealin$. 1o no in;*nction sho*l +e $rante to pre)ent the! p*+lishin$B. On the sa!e the!e2 if ( !a0 so e>press it2 Mr. ,effs relie on a passa$e in ?*++ar ) 8osper G19A2H 1 &ll 93 102<2 G19A2H 2 Q# 8:2 a case to 'hich ( ha)e referre earlier2 in the ;* $!ent of 7or Dennin$2 in the passa$e co!!encin$ +elo' D on pa$e 9:: BMr. "ain too5 0et another point. This 'as on the +*lletins an letters. These2 he sai 2 'ere not p*+lishe to the 'orl at lar$e2 +*t onl0 to a li!ite n*!+er of people an 2 in partic*lar2 to those 'ho too5 classes in 1cientolo$0. ?e sai that2 'hilst it !i$ht +e 4fair ealin$4 to criticise the +oo5s2 it 'as not 4fair ealin$4 to ta5e e>tracts fro! these +*lletins an letters an criticise the!. ?e =*ote fro! the 'or s of Mr. ,*stice 3o!er in #ritish O>0$en Co 7t ) 7i=*i &ir 7i!ite B2 an that citation is set o*t. 7or Dennin$ contin*es: B( a! afrai ( cannot $o all the 'a0 'ith those 'or s of Mr. ,*stice 3o!er. &ltho*$h a literar0 'or5 !a0 not +e p*+lishe to the 'orl at lar$e2 it !a02 ho'e)er2 +e circ*late to s*ch a 'i e circle that it is 4fair ealin$B to criticise it p*+licl0 in a ne'spaper or else'here. This happens so!eti!es 'hen a co!pan0 sen s a circ*lar to the 'hole +o 0 of sharehol ers. (t !a0 +e of s*ch $eneral interest that it is =*ite le$iti!ate for a ne'spaper to !a5e =*otations fro! it2 an to criticise the! - or re)ie' the! - 'itho*t there+0 +ein$ $*ilt0 of infrin$in$ cop0ri$ht. The ne'spaper !*st2 of co*rse2 +e caref*l not to fall fo*l of the la' of li+el. 1o also here2 these +*lletins an letters !a0 ha)e +een so 'i el0 circ*late that it 'as perfectl0 4fair ealin$4 for Mr. 8osper to ta5e e>tracts fro! the! an criticise the! in his +oo5s. (t see!s to !e2 therefore2 that Mr. 8osper !a0 ha)e a $oo efence of 4fair ealin$4 to raise at the trialB. Those three cases an the passa$es fro! the! *pon 'hich Mr. ,effs relies in s*pport of his p*+lic interest point it is to +e o+ser)e 'ere all cases concerne 2 as ( *n erstan it2 in so far as the0 eal 'ith this partic*lar p*+lic interest aspect2 'ith the p*+lic +ein$ infor!e of the !atters in =*estion. (n each of the cases it 'ill +e seen that2 apart fro! +ein$ infor!e in the 'a0 co!plaine of2 the p*+lic 'o*l not other'ise ha)e learne of the!. That position ;*st oes not an cannot arise here in respect of the ti!es an titles in the pro$ra!!e sche *les. The0 are p*+lishe each 'ee5 in the case of the ##C in the 3a io Ti!es an the0 are p*+lishe each 'ee5 in the case of (n epen ent Tele)ision an Channel : in the T8 Ti!es. The p*+lic therefore has f*ll access to the! an of co*rse2 s*+;ect to the li!itations *pon 'hich the0 are allo'e to

2< p*+lish the! in a )ance2 the0 are to +e fo*n in the )ario*s !ornin$ an e)enin$ ne'spapers an in the 'ee5en ne'spapers. (t oes not see! to !e that these cases2 on the point Mr. ,effs ( *n erstan 'as see5in$ to !a5e2 ha)e an0 application to the present case. (t is not a !atter in !0 ;* $!ent to +e ta5en into acco*nt on the +alance of con)enience in this case at all. (t 'ill +e re!e!+ere that in the &!erican C0na!i case2 if one loo5s at the report in G19AEH &C <9F at pa$e :082 or in G19AEH 3"C E1< at pa$e E:22 line <2 7or Diploc5 sai : BWhere other factors appear to +e e)enl0 +alance it is a co*nsel of pr* ence to ta5e s*ch !eas*res as are calc*late to preser)e the stat*s =*o. (f the efen ant is en;oine te!poraril0 fro! oin$ so!ethin$ that he has not one +efore2 the onl0 effect of the interloc*tor0 in;*nction in the e)ent of his s*ccee in$ at the trial is to postpone the ate at 'hich he is a+le to e!+ar5 *pon a co*rse of action 'hich he has not pre)io*sl0 fo*n necessar0 to *n erta5eB. One reall0 ne)er $ets to this sta$e in the present cases2 +eca*se in )ie' of the respecti)e positions of the plaintiffs an the efen ants as to li5el0 a!a$e in the interi! perio 2 the +alance of con)enience2 as ( ha)e alrea 0 in icate 2 is )er0 !*ch in fa)o*r of the plaintiffs in each case. #*t if the =*estion of the preser)ation of the stat*s =*o has to +e ta5en into acco*nt2 then it is plain that the efen ants 'ent into the p*+lication of their $ri s 'ith their e0es open an the0 cannot ha)e +een *na'are that their co*rse of con *ct 'o*l +e so!ethin$ to 'hich +oth plaintiffs 'o*l o+;ect. #oth plaintiffs ha)e +een at $reat pains in all their p*+lications to !a5e clear their clai! to cop0ri$ht in their )ario*s oc*!ents. &s to the $ri 2 it is so!ethin$ ne'. The0 ha ;*st e!+ar5e *pon it in iss*e No. F<F. There 'o*l +e no a!a$e if that )ent*re 'ere postpone *ntil the efen ants2 if s*ccessf*l at the trial2 'ere a+le to res*!e p*+lication thereafter. The0 ha)e not $i)en an0 e)i ence that the0 'o*l s*ffer an0 a!a$e2 as ( ha)e alrea 0 in icate . The sa!e point applies e>actl0 to the selections fro! Channel : 'hich starte for the first ti!e 'ith iss*e No. F<F. (n referrin$ to the selections in the case of Channel : ( a! referrin$ to the ti!es an titles of those selections. ( ha)e also pointe o*t that2 so far as the ##C is concerne on the !otion2 the0 are content to !aintain the stat*s =*o so far as selections are concerne 2 +*t (n epen ent Tele)ision "*+lications2 the plaintiffs in the other action2 are not so content +eca*se on the e)i ence the0 sa0 the0 i not 5no' of the selections fro! (T8 pro$ra!!es *ntil iss*e No. F<F. #*t2 on the other han 2 it has to +e conce e that the efen ants ha)e +een p*+lishin$ their (T8 selections since at least ,an*ar0 1981 on the e)i ence2 so that if the !aintenance of the stat*s =*o is calle for2 it 'o*l see! to call for that position to +e preser)e . On the 'hole ( concl* e that ( sho*l $rant interloc*tor0 in;*nctions on each of the !otions *ntil ;* $!ent or f*rther or er. &s to the for! of the in;*nctions2 ta5in$ first the ##C2 the in;*nction 'ill +e in the for! of the or er !a e +0 Mr. ,*stice "eter -i+son2 s*+;ect to 'hat ( 'ill sa0 in a !o!ent2 that is2 the or er of :th No)e!+er 1982 in the for! of para$raphs 1 an 2 of the notice of !otion2 the onl0 ifference +ein$ in respect of the pro)iso. (n that pro)iso reference is !a e to iss*e No. F<A. No. F<A is of co*rse after No. F<F 'hich ha the $ri co!plaine of. (n !0 ;* $!ent it 'o*l +e !ore appropriate to reser)e to the efen ants2 so far as the selections $o2 the position 'hich o+taine +efore iss*e No. F<F. &s to that2 Mr. Nicholls p*t for'ar 2 in a paper 'hich ( ha)e !ar5e Nicholls 12 an anal0sis of the perio s liste for ##C 1 an ##C 2 pro$ra!!e totals in respect of selections. (n e>hi+it 3CW 2 to Mr. Wilson4s affi a)it for the efen ants2 s*!!in$ *p the total of pro$ra!!es for +oth ##C 1 an ##C 2 channels an 'hich of those 'ere repro *ce o)er the sa!e perio co)ere in e>hi+it 3CW 22 20.:FK of the ##C 1 pro$ra!!es in the 3a io Ti!es 'ere referre to in

2: selections in Time Out0 an for ##C 2 so!e <1.AAK 'ere referre to. &)era$in$ that o*t on the s*! totals2 the a)era$e n*!+er of pro$ra!!es liste +0 Time Out per 'ee5 is for ##C 1 29.<8 an for ##C 2 2A.9F. Those are the pro$ra!!es liste in the selections o)er the perio co)ere +0 e>hi+it 3CW 2. Ta5in$ those fi$*res to the nearest 'hole n*!+ers in each case2 that is to sa02 29 an 282 ( thin5 the pro)iso sho*l +e in the for! propose +0 Mr. Nicholls in a paper 'hich ( ha)e !ar5e Nicholls 2 in these ter!s: B"ro)i e that nothin$ in this or er shall pre)ent the efen ants fro! contin*in$ to pro)i e etails of pro$ra!!es in the sa!e for!at an on the sa!e scale as that containe in iss*es prior to iss*e No. F<F2 s*ch scale +ein$ (ta5in$ one 'ee5 'ith another) not !ore than 29 ##C 1 pro$ra!!es an 28 ##C 2 pro$ra!!es in an0 perio of se)en a0s pl*s an0 fil!s +ein$ sho'n in that perio .B That 'o*l +e the for! of the in;*nction2 'ith its pro)iso2 in the ##C case. 1o far as (n epen ent Tele)ision "ro *ctions are concerne 2 altho*$h as ( thin5 ( ha)e in icate 2 accor in$ to their e)i ence the0 i not 5no' a+o*t the selections fro! the (T8 pro$ra!!es *ntil the0 sa' iss*e No. F<F on 28th Octo+er2 ( thin5 ( ha)e also in icate that it is clear that the efen ants ha)e +een p*+lishin$ selections of (T8 pro$ra!!es 'ith ti!es an titles fro! at least the +e$innin$ of 1981 an ( ha)e in icate !0 )ie' that that position sho*l +e preser)e *ntil ;* $!ent in the action for the efen ants. There sho*l therefore +e an in;*nction in the ter!s of the notice of !otion 'ith a pro)iso 'hich preser)es to the efen ants the position as re$ar s selections fro! those (T8 pro$ra!!es. (f2 as a +asis2 'e loo5 at the or er of the Co*rt of &ppeal !a e on appeal fro! the e> parte application for an in;*nction2 that is to sa02 the appeal fro! the or er of Mr. ,*stice Walton2 as ( ha)e pointe o*t2 there is a pro)iso to the first in;*nction 'hich2 apart fro! the pro)iso2 is in the ter!s of para$raph 1 of the in;*nction so*$ht in the notice of !otion. #*t the for! of that pro)iso has apparentl0 ca*se so!e iffic*lt0. ( o not 'ish to lea)e it in =*ite the sa!e for! in 'hich it is no'. The reference to the iss*e of 1<th De+r*ar0 1981 'as as a res*lt of a proposal +0 co*nsel for the efen ants on that application to the Co*rt of &ppeal an ( thin5 ( sho*l 5eep to the sa!e iss*e as the control iss*e. There ha +een 22 pro$ra!!es selecte fro! (T82 incl* in$ fil!s2 in that partic*lar iss*e. &ccor in$l02 +0 letter ate 10th De+r*ar0 198<2 the plaintiffs4 solicitors infor!e the efen ants that 'hat the plaintiffs 'o*l as5 for +0 'a0 of pro)iso at the hearin$ of this !otion2 if it 'ere s*ccessf*l2 instea of the pro)iso 'hich is in the Co*rt of &ppeal or er2 'o*l +e in these ter!s: "ro)i e that nothin$ in this *n erta5in$ - 'hich 'ill no' +e Bthis or erB - shall pre)ent the efen ants fro! p*+lishin$ not !ore than 22 pro$ra!!e selections incl* in$ fil!s fro! (T8. Channel : sho*l not +e !entione +eca*se there 'as no pre)io*s *se of that channel prior to 2n No)e!+er 1982 an there 'as not an co*l not +e an0 pre)io*s *se of Channel : pro$ra!!e !aterial +0 the efen ants. Therefore the in;*nction 'ill $o in the ter!s of para$raphs 1 an 2 of the notice of !otion 'ith the pro)iso to the first in;*nction in these ter!s: "ro)i e that nothin$ in this or er shall pre)ent the efen ants p*+lishin$ !ore than 22 pro$ra!!e selections incl* in$ fil!s fro! (T8 pro$ra!!es. Orders accordingly; Plaintiffs' costs in cause in both motions.