Capitolul V

PROCESE TEHNOLOGICE DIN INDUSTRIA

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c.;
OLDQ L: var, ipsos, ciment;
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 produse petroliereVPRDO ELWXP

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etc.
Procesele tehnologice IRORVLWH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD OLDQ LORU úL PDWHULDOHORU FHUDPLFH VXQW SURFHVH
FRQWLQXH IDEULFDUHD FLPHQWXOXL VWLFOHL úL SURFHVH GLVFRQWLQXH IDEULFDUHD YDUXOXL LSVRVXOXL

F U PL]LORU FDUH IRORVHVF FD PDWHULH SULP  URFLOH PHWDPRUILFH $FHVWH SURFHVH VXQW mari
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V  VH vQW UHDVF  v

ntr-XQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS UHODWLY VFXUW V  DLE  YDULD LL GH YROXP vQ VWDUH VROLG  IRDUWH

PLFL&HLPDLXWLOL]D LVXQWOLDQ LLFDUHvQVLVWHPXOGLVSHUVHWHURJHQVROLG -lichid, folosesc apa.

/LDQ LL VH SRW FODVLILFD GXS  RULJLQH úL GXS  PRGXO GH LQWHUDF LXQH DO FRPSRQHQ LORU 'XS 

RULJLQH OLDQ LL VXQW naturali úL artificiali 'XS  PRGXO GH LQWHUDF LXQH DO FRPSRQHQ LORU VXQW aerieni,
FkQG VLVWHPXO GLVSHUV VH vQW UHúWH vQ DHU úL hidraulici FkQG VLVWHPXO GLVSHUV VH vQW UHúWH vQ PHGLX
umed.
/LDQ LLDHULHQLVXQWSHED] GHsulfat de calciuLSVRVXOSHED] GHoxid de magneziu (cimentul
6RUHOSHED] GH oxid de calciu (var).
/LDQ LL KLGUDXOLFL VXQW unitari úL PLFúWL. Cei unitari sunt QHFOLQFKHUL]D L YDU KLGUDXOLF úL

FOLQFKHUL]D L (cimentul Portland, cimentXO DOXPLQRV HWF /LDQ LL KLGUDXOLFL PLFúWL VXQW SH ED]  GH

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3HQWUXIDEULFDUHDOLDQ LORUVHIRORVHVFvQSULQFLSDOURFLOHFDOFDURDVHFDUHFRQ LQFHOSX LQ 70%

CaCO3, argile cu procent mare de SiO2 úL $O2O3, marne cu (40÷70)% CaCO3 úL UHVWXO ]JXU  JLSV
(CaSO4 . 2H22EDX[LWHFHFRQ LQ$O2O3ÌQYHGHUHDFRQIHULULLDQXPLWRUSURSULHW LOLDQ LORUvQúDUM VH
LQWURGXF PDWHULDOH GH DGDRV FXP VXQW VLOLFD L DOXPLQD L QLVLS FXDU RV FHQXúL GH WHUPRFHQWUDO  úL

SLULW YDUVXOIDWGHFDOFLXFORUXU GHFDOFLX

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5.1.1. Fabricarea varului

Varul FRQ LQH ÷95)% CaO, (1÷5)% MgO, iar restul Al2O3, Fe2O3 HWF úL HVWH GH FXORDUH
alb-J OEXL 6H IRORVHúWH vQ FRQVWUXF LL SHQWUX RE LQHUHD PRUWDUHORU SHQWUX ]LG ULH úL WHQFXLHOL úL vQ

LQGXVWULH FkQG FRQ LQH  ÷ &D2 SHQWUX IDEULFDUHD FDUELGXOXL FORUXULL GH YDU úL FD IRQGDQW vQ
metalurgie.
9DUXOVHRE LQHSULQFDOFLQDUHDSLHWUHLGHYDUFDUHFRQ LQHPLQLP&D&23 , la temperatura
0
de1200 &vQFXSWRDUHYHUWLFDOHFXIXQF LRQDUHFRQWLQX 5HDF LDFHDUHORFHVWH

CaCO3 →
← CaO + CO2
Descompunerea CaCO3 este IDYRUL]DW  GH VF GHUHD SUHVLXQLL &22 în cuptor, sub valoarea
QRUPDO  FHHD FH VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ WLUDM SXWHUQLF & OGXUD QHFHVDU  VH RE LQH SULQ DUGHUHD

combustibilului -JD]PHWDQS FXU FRFV-vQSUH]HQ DDHUXOXLLQWURGXVvQFXSWRUSHODED]DVD

VarXO HOLPLQDW SH OD SDUWHD LQIHULRDU  D FXSWRUXOXL VH OLYUHD]  QHVWLQV VXE IRUP  GH EXOJ UL

VDXVWLQVVXEIRUP GHSUDISDVW úLODSWHGHYDU9DUXOVWLQVVHQXPHúWHvar gras.

5.1.2. Fabricarea ipsosului

Ipsosul (2CaSO4 • H22VHRE LQHSULQDUGHUHD gipsului natural (CaSO4 • 2H2O) la temperatura
de (140÷190)0&vQFXSWRDUHURWDWLYH(OVHOLYUHD] VXEIRUP GHSUDIDOERE LQXWSULQP FLQDUHDILQ D
SURGXVXOXLUH]XOWDWGLQDUGHUHÌQDPHVWHFFXDSDIRUPHD] RSDVW FDUHVHvQW UHúWHGXS -PLQúLVe

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ÌQDPHVWHFFXYDUúLQLVLSVHIRORVHúWHSHQWUXRE LQHUHDXQRUSURGXVHFHUDPLFH

ÌQFRQVWUXF LHLSVRVXOVHIRORVHúWHODRSHUD LLOHGHILQLVDUHDOHLQWHULRDUHORUFO GLULORU

5.1.3. Fabricarea cimentului Portland

Cimentul Portland HVWH OLDQWXO FHO PDL XWLOL]DW GDWRULW  SURSULHW LORU VDOH FH GHSLQG GH

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uUP WRDUHDFRPSR]L LH

- silicat tricalcic (3CaO. SiO2), simbolizat (C36vQSURSRU LHGH
- silicat dicalcic (2CaO . SiO2), simbolizat (C2S), într-un procent de 28%
- aluminat tricalcic (3CaO.Al2O3), cu simbolul (C3$vQSURSRU LHGH
- feritaluminat tetracalcic (4CaO . Al2O3 . Fe2O3), simbolizat (C4AF), într-un procent de 8%
- CaSO4 (3%); MgO(2%); CaO liber (0,5%); Na2O (0,5%)
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Prepararea materiei prime

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DUJLO FHFRQ LQH6L22, Al2O3úL)H2O3

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- ]JXULPHWDOXUJLFHFHLQWURGXFvQúDUM )H2 O3
- JLSVSHQWUXUHJODUHDWLPSXOXLGHSUL] 

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XUP WRDUHOHRSHUD LL

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SHQWUXDUJLO 

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È omogenizarea materiei prime, în strat fluidizat, prin suflare de aer.

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F UHLDVHSURGXFH granularea sa.

Prepararea materiei prime pentru pURFHGHXOXPHGFXSULQGHXUP WRDUHOHRSHUD LL
È concasare;
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.
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temperatura de (500÷600)0&& OGXUDQHFHVDU VHRE LQHSULQDUGHUHDXQXLFRPEXVWLELOVROLGF UEXQH

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(50÷150) m, diametrul de (2÷3,5) m, fiind montat înclinat cu 30ID GHRUL]RQWDO 3HQWUXDPHVWHFDUHD

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GHVFRPSXQHUHDFDUERQDWXOXLGHFDOFLXSRWULYLWUHDF LHL

CaCO3 →
← CaO + CO2
3H P VXU  FH vQF UF WXUD FRERDU  WHPSHUDWXUD VD FUHúWH úL GLR[LGXO GH FDOFLX UH]XOWDW

UHDF LRQHD]  vQ VWDUH VROLG  FX FHL GRL R[L]L DFWLYL IRUPkQG VLOLFDWXO GLFDOFLF úL WULDOXPLQDWXO

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0
(2CaO.Fe2O3 ÌQ XUPD UHDF LLORU FH DX ORF SkQ  OD  & UH]XOW  R PDV  SRURDV  GLQ SUHOXFUDUHD

F UHLDVHRE LQOLDQ LKLGUDXOLFLQHFOLQFKHUL]D L

Peste 13000& vQFHSH WRSLUHD FRPSXúLORU PHQ LRQD L úL IRUPDUHD DOWRU FRPSXúL FDOFLFL
0
DOXPLQDWXO WULFDOFLF úL IHULWDOXPLQDWXO WHWUDFDOFLF /D ED]D FXSWRUXOXLvQ]RQDWHPSHUDWXULL GH C,
silicatul dicalcic reaF LRQHD]  SDU LDO FX &D2 úL IRUPHD]  VLOLFDWXO WULFDOFLF $FHúWL FRPSXúL VXQW

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VROX LLVROLGH

5 FLUHD'LQFXSWRUWRSLWXUDWUHFHvQU FLWRUXQGHVHVROLGLILF VXELQIOXHQ DXQXLFXUHQWGHDHU

UHFHVXEIRUP GHEXF LYLWULILFDWHVWLFORDVHFXGLDPHWUXOGH·FPUH]XOWkQGFOLQFKHUXO

&OLQFKHUXOFLPHQWXOXL3RUWODQGVHFDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQWUHLSDUDPHWUL

- gradul de saturare în oxid de calciu (Sk) FDUH HVWH OLPLWDW SULQ VWDQGDUGH úL FDOFXODW FX
UHOD LD

% Ca O
Sk =
%(2,8 Si O 2 + 1,1 Al 2 O 3 + 0,7 Fe 2 O 3 )
- modulul de siliciu (MSi):
% Si O 2
M Si =
%Al 2 O 3 + %Fe 2 O 3
(OGHWHUPLQ QDWXUDFOLQFKHUXOXLúLSURSULHW LOHVDOH

- modulul de aluminiu (MAl):

%Al 2 O 3
M Al =
%Fe 2 O 3
El caracterizea] VLVWHPXOGHFULVWDOL]DUHúLSURSULHW LOHFLPHQWXOXL

2E LQHUHDFLPHQWXOXL

2[LGXO GH FDOFLX UH]XOWDW GLQ GLVRFLHUHD FDUERQDWXOXL GH FDOFLX QX UHDF LRQHD]  LQWHJUDO FX

FHLODO L R[L]L R SDUWH GLQ HO FD úL R SDUWH GLQ R[LGXO GH PDJQH]LX U PkQH OLEHU  GHWHUPLQkQG

H[SDQVLXQHD FLPHQWXOXL SUHOXFUDW úL GHJUDGkQG FRQVWUXF LLOH 'H DFHHD FOLQFKHUXO GLQ LQVWDOD LH HVWH

supus PDWXU ULL FH FRQVW  vQ GHSR]LWDUHD OXL vQ VLOR]XUL GHVFKLVH SkQ  FkQG R[LGXO GH FDOFLX U PDV

UHDF LRQHD] vQID] VROLG FXDSDG in aer, rezultând hidroxidul de calciu.

&OLQFKHUXO PDWXUDW HVWH FRQFDVDW úL P FLQDW vQ PRUL FX ELOH GRWDWH FX VLWH FDUH DX ILQH HD GH

RFKLXULSHFHQWLPHWUXOS WUDWÌQúDUMDGHP FLQDWVHDGDXJ ·JLSVSHQWUXDP ULWLPSXOGH

SUL] 

Cimentul rezultat este transportat pneumatic în silozuri. Din silozuri, cimentul este ambalat în
VDFLGLQKkUWLHLPSHUPHDELO VDXvQFRQWDLQHUHPRQWDWHSHYDJRDQHVDXDXWRFDPLRDQH

,QVWDOD LD IRORVLW  SHQWUX RE LQHUHD FLPHQWXOXL SULQ SURFHGHHOH XPHG úL VHPLXPHG QX SUH]LQW 

SUHvQF O]LWRU 3UHvQF O]LUHD PDWHULHL SULPH DUH ORF OD SDUWHD VXSHULRDU  D FXSWRUXOXL D F UXL OXQJLPH

FUHúWH 3H SHUH LL LQWHULRUL DL FXSWRUXOXL VXQW IL[DWH ODQ XUL SHQWUX DPHVWHFDUHD PDWHULHL SULPH úL
vPSLHGLFDUHD DGHU ULL HL OD VXSUDID D FXSWRUXOXL ÌQ WLPSXO SUHvQF O]LULL VH HOLPLQ  DSD GLQ PDWHULD

SULP  úLVHGHVFRPSXQFDUERQD LL&DXUPDUHODDFHVWHSURFHGHHFRQVXPXOGHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVHVWH

mai mare decât la precedentele, rezultând pe ansamblu un cost mai ridicat al cimentului.
AvantajeOH SURFHGHHORU XPHG úL VHPLXPHG VXQW PDWHULD SULP  HVWH P FLQDW  PDL ILQ

RPRJHQL]DUHDVDPDLEXQ FDOLWDWHDFLPHQWXOXLVXSHULRDU 

'LQ FRPSDUDUHD SURFHGHHORU UH]XOW  F  FHO PDL PLF FRQVXP GH F OGXU  VH UHDOL]HD]  OD

SURFHGHXO XVFDW FDUH DVLJXU  úL FHO PDL PLF FRVW DO FLPHQWXOXL FX UH]HUY  ID  GH SROXDUHD SH FDUH R

produce.
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PLQHUDORJLF &HOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHSURSULHW LVXQWSUL]DúLWLPSXOGHSUL] UH]LVWHQ DOD compresiune,

UH]LVWHQ D OD vQFRYRLHUH FRPSRUWDUHD OD DF LXQHD VXEVWDQ HORU FRUR]LYH FRPSRUWDUHD OD WUDWDPHQWHOH

termice.
PrizaUHSUH]LQW SURFHVXOGHWUDQVIRUPDUHDOLDQ LORUGLQWU -un material plastic într-unul rigid.
3URFHVXO GH SUL]  úL vQW ULUH D FLPHQWXOXL 3RUWODQG DUH ORF vQ SUH]HQ D DSHL FkQG FRPSRQHQ LL

PLQHUDORJLFL VH KLGUDWHD]  úL VH GHVFRPSXQ SULQ KLGUROL]  IRUPkQG vQ ILQDO KLGURVLOLFD L

KLGURDOXPLQD L KLGURIHUL L úL KLGUR[LG GH FDOFLX 8OWLPXO VH DIO  OLEHU vQ VWDUH FULVWDOLQ  VDX GH J el.
+LGURVLOLFD LLGHFDOFLXFXVWUXFWXU GHJHODXRFDSDFLWDWHOLDQW PDUHúLFRQGXFODFUHúWHUHDvQWLPSD

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LPSRUWDQ LFRPSRQHQ LvQSURFHVXOGHvQW ULUHVXQWVLOLFD LLGLúLWULFDOFLFL

&RQYHQ LRQDO VH GLVWLQJ GRX  PRPHQWH DOH SUL]HL vQFHSXWXO úL VIkUúLWXO 3HQWUX FLPHQWXO

Portland începutul prizei WUHEXLHV VHSURGXF GXS RRU LDUVIkUúLWXOGXS PD[LPRUH

7LPSXO QHFHVLWDW GH DFHVW SURFHV VH QXPHúWH WLPS GH SUL]  (O HVWH PLFúRUDW GH SUH]HQ D

DOXPLQDWXOXL GH FDOFLX GH R DUGHUH LQVXILFLHQW  GH P ULUHD WHPSHUDWXULL GH DUGHUH GH FUHúWHUHD

grDGXOXLGH P FLQDUHVF GHUHDUDSRUWXOXLDS FLPHQW7LPSXOGHSUL] SRDWHILUHJODWFXDMXWRUXOXQRU

VXEVWDQ H GHQXPLWH acceleratori (HCl, NaOH, CaCl2, Na2CO3 etc.) sau vQFHWLQLWRUL GH SUL]  (H2SO4,
=Q2VROX LLGH]DK UHWF
2
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&LPHQWXO VH IDEULF  VXE PDL PXOWH P UFL  FDUH VH VLPEROL]HD]  SULQ OLWHUH PDUL 3
, - ciment
Portland, A - ciment aluminos, Pz - FLPHQW 3RUWODQG FX DGDRV GH ]JXU  XUPDWH GH XQ QXP U FH
UHSUH]LQW UH]LVWHQ DODFRPSUHVLXQHDEHWRQXOXLP VXUDW vQ N/mm2.
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PDQXDOFXFRVWXULFHDMXQJSkQ OD·GLQPDQRSHUDWRWDO DFRQVWUXF LHL

5HGXFHUHDFRVWXULORUOXFU ULORUGHILQLVDMVHSRDWH realiza prin:

ÈXWLOL]DUHDXQRUPDWHULDOHHILFLHQWHúLDSUHIDEULFDWHORUGHILQLVDM

Èmecanizarea proceselor tehnologice folosite;

Èintroducerea de metode avansate de lucru;
ÈFUHúWHUHDFDOLILF ULLIRU HLGHPXQF 

Pardoselile VXQW HOHPHQWH DSOLFDWH SH ID D VXSHULRDU  VDX GLUHFW SH S PkQW FX UROXO GH D

DVLJXUD FLUFXOD LD GHSR]LWDUHD RELHFWHORU úL FRQIRUWXO vQF SHULORU (OH VXQW IRUPDWH GH UHJXO  GLQ

GRX  VWUDWXUL SULPXO

stratul-suport GLVSXV GLUHFW SH SODQúHX úL DO GRLOHD VWUDWXO GH X]XU sau
pardoseala propriu-]LV  8QHRUL vQ VWUXFWXUD SDUGRVHOLORU VXQW vQFRUSRUDWH úL VWUDWXUL GH L]RODUH
IRQLF WHUPLF úLKLGURIXJ 

Stratul-suport poate fi rigid RE LQXW GLQ EHWRQ VLPSOX úL elastic FkQG HVWH GLQ QLVLS SLHWULú
VDXSLDWU VSDUW *URVLPHDVDHVWHGHWHUPLQDW GHUH]LVWHQ DQHFHVDU úLGHFRVW
 6WUDWXOGHX]XU VHH[HFXW DVWIHOvQFkW

ÈV UH]LVWHODX]XUDSURGXV GHFLUFXOD LDRDPHQLORUDQLPDOHORUúLYHKLFXOHORU

ÈV QXVHGHIRUPH]HVDXGHWHULRUH]HVXEDF LXQHDvQF UF ULORU

ÈV SUH]LQW VLJXUDQ FRQWUDDOXQHF ULL

ÈV ILHIRQRL]RODQWHWHUPRL]RODQWHúLLPSHUPHDELOH

ÈV ILHXúRUGHH[HFXWDWvQWUH LQXWUHSDUDWúLvQORFXLW

ÈV -úLS VWUH]HWLPSvQGHOXQJDWFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHLQL LDOH

ÈV ILHHVWHWLFHúLUH]LVWHQWHODDFL]LXOHLXULJU VLPLVDXIRF

În funF LHGHPDWHULDOXOXWLOL]DWODUHDOL]DUHSDUGRVHOLOHVXQWGLQlemn, SLDWU QDWXUDO , SLDWU 

DUWLILFLDO, materiale bituminoaseúLpolimeri sintetici.
Pardoselile din lemn VH IRORVHVF vQ FDPHUH GH ORFXLW ELURXUL DWHOLHUH GH PHFDQLF ILQ V OL
de spectaFROH$FHVWHDVXQWHODVWLFHWHUPRL]RODQWHIRQRL]RODQWHDQWLGHUDSDQWHúLHVWHWLFH([HFX LD
UHSDUDUHD úL vQWUH LQHUHD ORU VXQW XúRDUH 'H]DYDQWDMHOH ORU VXQW QX UH]LVW  OD FLUFXOD LD LQWHQV  VH

GHIRUPHD] ODYDULD LLGHXPLGLWDWHVXQWSXWUHVFLELOHúL combustibile.

$YkQG vQ YHGHUH IRUPD úL GLPHQVLXQLOH HOHPHQWHORU GH OHPQ GLQ FDUH VH H[HFXW SDUGRVHOLOH

din lemn pot fi din GXúXPHOH, parchete, SO FLILEUROHPQRDVHúL panele de lemn.

3DUGRVHOLOHGLQSLDWU QDWXUDO VDXURF VHH[HFXW vQFO GLULVRFLDO-culturale, administrative

úL PDJD]LL 5RFLOH IRORVLWH WUHEXLH V  ILH UH]LVWHQWH OD X]XU  úL DF LXQHD DJHQ LORUDWPRVIHULFL(OHVH

WDLH PHFDQLF VXE IRUP  GH SO FL GDOH OHVSH]L FXEXUL VDX VS UWXUL GLQ SO FL 3O FLOH VXQW FX

dimensiuni de la 400 x 400 lD[FXJURVLPHDGH·PPDYkQGIH HQHWHGHúLSODQH

úOHIXLWH(OHVHPRQWHD] SHXQVWUDWGHPRUWDUSODVWLFFXJURVLPHDGH·PPSUH]HQWkQGvQWUH

ele rosturi filiforme (1÷2) mm sau groase (5÷10) mm care se umplu cu mortar de ciment alb sau
FRORUDW'LQDFHDVW FDWHJRULHIDFSDUWHPR]DLFXULOH

3DUGRVHOLOH GLQ SLDWU  DUWLILFLDO  DUV  VDX QHDUV  VH H[HFXW  vQ E L EXF W ULL VS O WRULL

FDQWLQHODERUDWRDUHUHVWDXUDQWH)LLQGUHFLHOHQXVHH[HFXW vQFDPHUHGHORFXLWELURXULHWF

ParGRVHOLOH GLQ SLDWU  DUWLILFLDO  QHDUV  VXQW GLQ beton, ciment, mortar de ciment, mozaic
turnat, SO FLGHEHWRQ/DDFHVWHSDUGRVHOLVWUDWXOGHX]XU vPEU F PLQWHVHUHFRPDQG V VHWRDUQH
vQDLQWHDvQW ULULLVWUDWXOXLVXSRUWSHQWUXDVHDVLJXUDREXQ OHJ WXU FXDFHVWD

3DUGRVHOLOH GLQ SLDWU  DUWLILFLDO  DUV  VXQW GLQ SO

FL GH JUHVLH FHUDPLF , SO FL FHUDPLFH GLQ

DUJLO DUV , F U PLG .

Stratul suport poate fi rigid (beton simplu sau beton armat) sau elastic QLVLS SLHWULú SLDWU 
VSDUW EDODVW

Pardoselile din materiale bituminoase VH IRORVHVF vQ DWHOLHUH PHFDQLFH úL PHWDOXUJLFH
6WUDWXOGHX]XU VHH[HFXW GLQmastic bituminos turnat la cald, dale de mastic bituminos, suspensie
de bitum filerizat. Stratul suport poate fi rigid (beton simplu sau armat) sau elastic SLHWULú SLDWU 
VSDUW  F U PLG  $YDQWDMHOH DFHVWRU SDUGRVHOL VXQW HODVWLFLWDWHD LPSHUPHDELOLWDWHD UH]LVWHQ D OD

X]XU  DQWLGHUDSDUHD WHUPRL]RODUHD UH]LVWHQ D OD DFL]L úL ED]H &D GH]DYDQWDMH VH SRW HQXPHUD 

UH]LVWHQ  UHGXV  OD WHPSHUDWXUL ULGLFDWH OLSV  GH  HVWHWLF  GHIRUPDULWDWH VXE DF LXQHD VDUFLQLORU

concentrate.
Pardoselile din polimeri sintetici sunt din poliacetat de vinil, xilolit (mortar de ciment cu
DJUHJDWHRUJDQLFHVDXDQRUJDQLFHúLFRORUDQ LGHVWLQDWHvQF SHULORUFDUHQXVXQWXPHGHúLvQFDUHQX

H[LVW FLUFXOD LHJUHDSUHFXPVSLWDOHOHODERUDWRDUHOHV OLOHGHVSRUWORFDOXULOHSXEOLFH din linoleum

FDUH VXQW FDOGH QX UH LQ SUDIXO H[HFXWDWH vQ ORFXLQ H ODERUDWRDUH ELURXUL LQVWLWX LL VRFLDO -
culturale, din mochete, H[HFXWDWHvQORFXLQ HV OLGHVSHFWDFROHFDPHUHGHKRWHOXULELURXULHWF

$FHVWH SDUGRVHOL DX UH]LVWHQ  OD X]XU  DVSHFW úL FRORULW SO FXWH VXQW WHUPR úL IRQRL]RODQWH

LJLHQLFH XúRU GH PRQWDW úL vQWUH LQXW 3HQWUX DVWIHO GH SDUGRVHOL VWUDWXO -supoUW WUHEXLH SUHJ WLW DWHQW

SHQWUXDILRVXSUDID SODQ QHWHG ULJLG úLXVFDW 

Tencuielile VXQW ILQLVDMH GLQ PRUWDU DSOLFDWH SH VXSUDID D EUXW  D XQRU HOHPHQWH GH

FRQVWUXF LH

Mortarul pentru tencuieli se compune din agregat, (nisip sau praful de piDWU  SUDIXO GH
F U PLG  VWLFOD SLVDW  PLFD D]EHVW HWF
liant FLPHQW VDX YDU LSVRV DUJLO  SODVWLILDQ L (var,
DUJLO  materiale auxiliare FXORUL QDWXUDOH VDX DUWLILFLDOH FkO L GH LQ VDX FkQHS  vQFHWLQLWRUL GH

SUL] 

Înaintea depunerii stratuOXLGHPRUWDUVWUDWXOVXSRUWVHSUHJ WHúWHIRORVLQGX VHSODVDGHUDEL 

-
SHQWUXVXSRUWGLQOHPQPHWDOEHWRQWDYDQHERO LIDOVHFRUQLúHSURILOHVDXúLSFLGHOHPQSHQWUX

suport din lemn).

7HQFXLDOD VH DSOLF  vQ WUHL VWUDWXUL SULPXO VWUDW GH DPRUV FP SHQWUX P ULUHD DGHUHQ HL

tencuielii la suport; al doilea grundul DSOLFDW SH SULPXO SURDVS W vQ VWUDW GH · PP SHQWUX
F U PLG VDX PPSHQWUXUDEL VDXúLSFLDOWUHLOHD stratul vizibil (de finisare), aplicat pe grundul

vQW ULWúLXPH]LWúLFDUHVHQHWH]HúWHGXS FHvQFHSHV VHvQW UHDVF 

7HQFXLHOLOHVHFODVLILF GXS 

QDWXUDVXSUDIH HLSHFDUHVHDSOLF F U PLG , beton, SLDWU , UDEL ;

PRGXOGHH[HFX LH umede, uscate;

liantul de preparare a mortarului: var, nisip, DUJLO , var lichid;

modul de prelucrare-ILQLVDUHDOIH HLY ]XWHVXSUDID DQHWH]LW H[HFXWDW FXPDWHULDOHúL

metode speciale;
GXS SR]L LDORUvQFRQVWUXF LHinterioare, exterioare sau GHID DGH.

Tencuielile sunt RELúQXLWHúLdecorative&HOHPDLXWLOL]DWHGLQFHOHRELúQXLWH sunt:

brute,FXID DY ]XW QHWH]LW JURVLHUIRORVLWHvQSLYQL HGHSR]LWHSRGXUL

netezite,FXID DY ]XW QHWH]LW ILQIRORVLWHSHQWUXID DGHSHUH LLQWHULRULWDYDQH

sclivisite, H[HFXWDWH vQ GRX  VWUDWXUL GH PRUWDU QHWH]LWH ILLQG XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX VSD LL FX

umiditate mare;
gletuite,H[HFXWDWHGLQGRX VWUDWXULXQXOGLQPRUWDUúLDOGRLOHDGLQLSVRVVDXYDUQHWH]LW

.
7HQFXLHOLOH GHFRUDWLYH vQWkOQLWH vQ FRQVWUXF LH VXQW SHQWUX ID DGH úL SHQWUX LQWHULRU 'LQWUH

primele se pot enumera:

tencuieli cu SUDIGHSLDWU QHWH]LWH;

tencuieli stropite manual sau mecanic;

tencuieli de terasit, granulit, dolomit - executate din mortar la care agregatul este din

JUDQXOHGHPDUPXU FHUDPLF PLF 

Tencuielile decorative pentru interior sunt în calcio-vechio.

Placajele VXQW HOHPHQWH DSOLFDWH SH VXSUDID D SHUH LORU LQWHULRUL VDX H[WHULRUL (OH VXQW
IRUPDWH GLQ SO FL VDX SDQRXUL GLQGLIHULWHPDWHULDOH 3ODFDMHOHVHH[HFXW GXS WHUPLQDUHDOXFU ULORU

GHFRQVWUXF LH

'XS  QDWXUD PDWHULDOHORU IRORVLWH SODFDMHOH VXQ t: GLQ IDLDQ , GLQ SO FL FHUDPLFH VP O XLWH

tip CESAROM, GLQ SO FX H GH VWLFO  FRORUDW , GLQ SO FL GH VWLFO  VSDUW (toate pentru placaje
interioare) din F U PLG DSDUHQW , GLQSO FLLPLWD LHGHSLDWU QDWXUDO sau beton mozaicat (ambele
pentru placaje exterioare), GLQ SLDWU  QDWXUDO  SODFDMH LQWHULRDUH úL H[WHULRDUH GLQ SO FL GH 39&,
din lemnDPEHOHSHQWUXSODFDMHLQWHULRDUH)L[DUHDSO FLORUSHVXSUDID DVXSRUWVHIDFHFXPRUWDUGH
FLPHQW IDLDQ  VWLFO  RSD[LW F U PLG  DSDUHQW  SDVW  GH FLPHQW SO FLOH &(6$520 VWLFOD

FRORUDW  SULQGHUH FX SLHVH PHWDOLFH SO FLOH LPLWD LH GH SLDWU  QDWXUDO  OLSLUH SO FLOH GLQ 39&

lemn).
=XJU YHOLOH úL YRSVLWRULLOH VXQW OXFU UL GH ILQLVDM H[HFXWDWH SHQWUX SURWHMDUHD KLGURIXJ 

LJQLIXJ  úL DQWLFRUR]LY  D HOHPHQWHORU GH FRQVWUXF LH úL SHQWUX FUHDUHD XQXL DVSHFW SO FXW úL D XQXL

mediu igienic.
=XJU YHOLOHVXQWOXFU ULGHILQLVDMSULQFDUHSHVXSUDID DHOHPHQWXOXLGHFRQVWUXF LHVHDSOLF 

XQ VWUDW VXE LUH GLQWU R VXVSHQVLH GH SLJPHQ L vQ DS  (OH VH H[HFXW  GXS  WHUPLQDUHD WXWXURU
-
OXFU ULORU GH FRQVWUXF LH úL LQVWDOD LL úL GXS  XVFDUHD FRPSOHW  D VXSUDIH HL ÌQ YHGHUHD ]XJU YLULL

VXSUDIH HOHVXSRUWVHSUHJ WHVFFXU LQGWHQFXLDODGHVWURSLVDXGH]XJU YHDODYHFKHúLVHúOHIXLHVF

6XSUDIH HOHPHWDOLFHVHFXU SULQVDEODUHVHJUXQGXLHVFFKLWXLHVFúLQHWH]HVF

&HOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH WLSXUL GH ]XJU YHOL VXQW Y UXLWXOSHQWUXLQWHULRUúLH[WHULRU]XJU YHOL

VLPSOHSHED] GHFOHL (pentru interior), ]XJU YHOLSHED] GHSROLDFHWDWGHYLQLO , VINAROM (pentru

interLRU úL H[WHULRU ]XJU YHOL GHFRUDWLYH DSOLFDWH SHVWH ]XJU YHOL VLPSOH vQ LQWHULRU ]XJU YHOL vQ
calcio-vechioSHQWUXLQWHULRUúLH[WHULRU
Vopsitoriile UHSUH]LQW  DSOLFDUHD SH VXSUDID D HOHPHQWXOXL GH FRQVWUXF LH D XQHL VXVSHQVLL GH
SLJPHQ LvQXOHLVDXHPXOVLLGHOLDQWvQDS 

3UHJ WLUHDVXSUDIH HLVXSRUWWHQFXLDO OHPQPHWDOvQYHGHUHDYRSVLULLFRQVW vQJUXQGXLUH

FKLWXLUHúLúOHIXLUH9RSVHDXDVHDSOLF PDQXDOVDXLQGXVWULDOvQGRX WUHLVWUDWXULXQLIRUPH

Tapetele VXQW IkúLL GHFRUDWLYH Gin hârtie, carton, stofe, P WDVH , PVC HWF /XFU ULOH GH

WDSHWDUH VH H[HFXW  OD LQWHULRU SH SHUH L úL XQHRUL SH WDYDQH ÌQ YHGHUHD DSOLF ULL WDSHWHORU

VXSUDIH HOH VXSRUW VH SUHJ WHVF SHQWUX D IL SODQH QHWHGH FXUDWH úL XVFDWH 3HQWUX WDSHWHOH GH KkUWLH
-
sDX 39& VXSUDID D-VXSRUW SUHJ WLW  VH DPRUVHD]  FX R VROX LH GH FOHL VDX DGH]LY VLQWHWLF 'XS 

XVFDUHD DFHVWXL VWUDW SH VXSUDID D VXSRUW VH  OLSHúWH FX FOHL KkUWLH GH ]LDU FDUH XVFDW  HVWH úOHIXLW 
-
'HDVXSUDVHOLSHúWHWDSHWXOFXDGH]LYVLQWHWLF

TapetHOH GH P WDVH VDX VWRIH GHFRUDWLYH VH vQWLQG SH UDPH GH OHPQ IL[H DSRL SH SHUH L SULQ

dibluri.
2GDW XVFDWHWDSHWHOHODSDUWHDLQIHULRDU DSHUHWHOXLVHPRQWHD]  plintaLDUODFHDVXSHULRDU 

bagheteGLQOHPQVDXIkúLLvQJXVWHGLQWDSHWFRORUDWúLGHVHnat.