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  • Diagnosis of Chickpea Diseases*Hari Chand, M. L. Chhabra, Ravinder Kumar, S. K. Pandey and M. R. Meena *Department of Plant Pathology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, India Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Regional Centre, Karnal-132011, India.

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    Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important grain legume crops in India. It is particularly important as a source of protein and an integral part of human diet. It also helps in sustainability of soil fertility. Occurrence of diseases and pests is the main cause for poor yields in this crop. Among diseases, Fusarium wilt, collar rot, black root rot, dry root rot, botrytis gray mold, Ascochyta blight is economically very important. Proper management of these diseases helps the farmers to obtain higher yields and economic returns. Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri) Chickpea wilt appears in 25 days after sowing in susceptible cultivars. Affected seedlings collapse and lie flat on the ground. These seedlings retain their dull green color. Adult plants show typical wilt symptoms of drooping of petioles, rachis and leaflets. The roots do not show any external rotting, but when split vertically brown discoloration of internal xylem is seen. The fungus survives in the soil for 6 years in the absence of host. Lentil, pea and pigeonpea were found as symptom-less carriers of the fungus. Control measures: Where land is not limiting, avoidance of planting in infested field can minimize the yield losses. Deep ploughing during hot summer months, removal and destroying of infected host debris reduce wilt incidence. Crop rotation with non-host crops (other than lentil, pea, and pigeon pea) for more than 6 years helps in eliminating the fungus from the soil. Seed treatment with Carbendazim 50% WP @ 2.5 g kg–1 seed eradicates the seed born fungus. Ascochyta blight (AB) Ascochyata blight is very destructive diseases of chickpea caused by fungus Ascochyta rabiei. AB usually occurs around flowering and podding stage of the crop and its initial symptoms appears as small water soaked lesions on leaves, stems, petioles and pods. Lesions coalesce and blighten the plants under cool, cloudy and wet weather. Spots are circular on leaves and pods later on elongated on stems are developed with pycnidia arranged in concentric rings. AB pathogen also penetrates the pod and infects the seed. Control measures: Removal and destroying of infested crop debris from the field reduces the disease incidence. Crop rotation and intercropping with wheat or mustard also reduce the disease incidence. Seed treatment with Calixin M (tridemorph) @ 3 g or Calixin + Thirum (1:1) @ 2.5 g or Carbendazim + Thirum (1:3) @ 3g / kg seed; and followed by foliar application of Captan, Deconil @ 3 g L water reduces the disease incidence. Collar rot (Sclerotium rolfssi) Collar rot is generally observed when soil moisture is high and temperature is warm (around 250 C) in the seedling stage. Un-decomposed organic matter of the previous cereal crop enhances the disease incidence. Incidence of the disease decreases with the increase in the age of the crop. Affected seedlings turn yellow and die. The seedlings generally collapse and show rotting at the collar region and down wards. The rotten portion is covered with whitish mycelial strands. Control measures: Removal of un-decomposed crop debris of the previous cereal crop reduces disease incidence. Deep ploughing during hot summer months reduce disease incidence. Seed treatment with Rizolex or Rizolex + Thiram or Captan @ 3 g kg-1 seed is effective against collar rot. Black root rot (Fusarium solani) Black root rot occurs at any stage of the crop. Excessive moisture and warm temperatures (around 25 0C) encourage the disease. Affected plants turn yellow and wilt. The root system of the affected plants become rotten and turned black. Control measures: Removal and destroying of infested crop debris helps in reducing the disease. Seed treatment with Thiram + Benlate or Thiram + Captan @ 2.5 g kg-1 seed is effective for the control of black root rot. Use of resistant lines is the economical way to control the disease. Dry root rot (Rhizoctinia bataticola)

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    Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important grain legume crops in India. It is particularly important as a source of protein and an integral part of human diet. It also helps in sustainability of soil fertility. Occurrence of diseases and pests is the main cause for poor yields in this crop. Among diseases, Fusarium wilt, collar rot, black root rot, dry root rot, botrytis gray mold, Ascochyta blight is economically very important. Proper management of these diseases helps the farmers to obtain higher yields and economic returns. Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri) Chickpea wilt appears in 25 days after sowing in susceptible cultivars. Affected seedlings collapse and lie flat on the ground. These seedlings retain their dull green color. Adult plants show typical wilt symptoms of drooping of petioles, rachis and leaflets. The roots do not show any external rotting, but when split vertically brown discoloration of internal xylem is seen. The fungus survives in the soil for 6 years in the absence of host. Lentil, pea and pigeonpea were found as symptom-less carriers of the fungus. Control measures: Where land is not limiting, avoidance of planting in infested field can minimize the yield losses. Deep ploughing during hot summer months, removal and destroying of infected host debris reduce wilt incidence. Crop rotation with non-host crops (other than lentil, pea, and pigeon pea) for more than 6 years helps in eliminating the fungus from the soil. Seed treatment with Carbendazim 50% WP @ 2.5 g kg–1 seed eradicates the seed born fungus. Ascochyta blight (AB) Ascochyata blight is very destructive diseases of chickpea caused by fungus Ascochyta rabiei. AB usually occurs around flowering and podding stage of the crop and its initial symptoms appears as small water soaked lesions on leaves, stems, petioles and pods. Lesions coalesce and blighten the plants under cool, cloudy and wet weather. Spots are circular on leaves and pods later on elongated on stems are developed with pycnidia arranged in concentric rings. AB pathogen also penetrates the pod and infects the seed. Control measures: Removal and destroying of infested crop debris from the field reduces the disease incidence. Crop rotation and intercropping with wheat or mustard also reduce the disease incidence. Seed treatment with Calixin M (tridemorph) @ 3 g or Calixin + Thirum (1:1) @ 2.5 g or Carbendazim + Thirum (1:3) @ 3g / kg seed; and followed by foliar application of Captan, Deconil @ 3 g L water reduces the disease incidence. Collar rot (Sclerotium rolfssi) Collar rot is generally observed when soil moisture is high and temperature is warm (around 250 C) in the seedling stage. Un-decomposed organic matter of the previous cereal crop enhances the disease incidence. Incidence of the disease decreases with the increase in the age of the crop. Affected seedlings turn yellow and die. The seedlings generally collapse and show rotting at the collar region and down wards. The rotten portion is covered with whitish mycelial strands. Control measures: Removal of un-decomposed crop debris of the previous cereal crop reduces disease incidence. Deep ploughing during hot summer months reduce disease incidence. Seed treatment with Rizolex or Rizolex + Thiram or Captan @ 3 g kg-1 seed is effective against collar rot. Black root rot (Fusarium solani) Black root rot occurs at any stage of the crop. Excessive moisture and warm temperatures (around 25 0C) encourage the disease. Affected plants turn yellow and wilt. The root system of the affected plants become rotten and turned black. Control measures: Removal and destroying of infested crop debris helps in reducing the disease. Seed treatment with Thiram + Benlate or Thiram + Captan @ 2.5 g kg-1 seed is effective for the control of black root rot. Use of resistant lines is the economical way to control the disease. Dry root rot (Rhizoctinia bataticola)

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    Diagnosis of Chickpea Diseases*Hari Chand, M. L. Chhabra, Ravinder Kumar, S. K. Pandey and M. R. Meena *Department of Plant Pathology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, India Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Regional Centre, Karnal-132011, India.

    Uploaded by

    parampathnem
    Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important grain legume crops in India. It is particularly important as a source of protein and an integral part of human diet. It also helps in sustainability of soil fertility. Occurrence of diseases and pests is the main cause for poor yields in this crop. Among diseases, Fusarium wilt, collar rot, black root rot, dry root rot, botrytis gray mold, Ascochyta blight is economically very important. Proper management of these diseases helps the farmers to obtain higher yields and economic returns. Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri) Chickpea wilt appears in 25 days after sowing in susceptible cultivars. Affected seedlings collapse and lie flat on the ground. These seedlings retain their dull green color. Adult plants show typical wilt symptoms of drooping of petioles, rachis and leaflets. The roots do not show any external rotting, but when split vertically brown discoloration of internal xylem is seen. The fungus survives in the soil for 6 years in the absence of host. Lentil, pea and pigeonpea were found as symptom-less carriers of the fungus. Control measures: Where land is not limiting, avoidance of planting in infested field can minimize the yield losses. Deep ploughing during hot summer months, removal and destroying of infected host debris reduce wilt incidence. Crop rotation with non-host crops (other than lentil, pea, and pigeon pea) for more than 6 years helps in eliminating the fungus from the soil. Seed treatment with Carbendazim 50% WP @ 2.5 g kg–1 seed eradicates the seed born fungus. Ascochyta blight (AB) Ascochyata blight is very destructive diseases of chickpea caused by fungus Ascochyta rabiei. AB usually occurs around flowering and podding stage of the crop and its initial symptoms appears as small water soaked lesions on leaves, stems, petioles and pods. Lesions coalesce and blighten the plants under cool, cloudy and wet weather. Spots are circular on leaves and pods later on elongated on stems are developed with pycnidia arranged in concentric rings. AB pathogen also penetrates the pod and infects the seed. Control measures: Removal and destroying of infested crop debris from the field reduces the disease incidence. Crop rotation and intercropping with wheat or mustard also reduce the disease incidence. Seed treatment with Calixin M (tridemorph) @ 3 g or Calixin + Thirum (1:1) @ 2.5 g or Carbendazim + Thirum (1:3) @ 3g / kg seed; and followed by foliar application of Captan, Deconil @ 3 g L water reduces the disease incidence. Collar rot (Sclerotium rolfssi) Collar rot is generally observed when soil moisture is high and temperature is warm (around 250 C) in the seedling stage. Un-decomposed organic matter of the previous cereal crop enhances the disease incidence. Incidence of the disease decreases with the increase in the age of the crop. Affected seedlings turn yellow and die. The seedlings generally collapse and show rotting at the collar region and down wards. The rotten portion is covered with whitish mycelial strands. Control measures: Removal of un-decomposed crop debris of the previous cereal crop reduces disease incidence. Deep ploughing during hot summer months reduce disease incidence. Seed treatment with Rizolex or Rizolex + Thiram or Captan @ 3 g kg-1 seed is effective against collar rot. Black root rot (Fusarium solani) Black root rot occurs at any stage of the crop. Excessive moisture and warm temperatures (around 25 0C) encourage the disease. Affected plants turn yellow and wilt. The root system of the affected plants become rotten and turned black. Control measures: Removal and destroying of infested crop debris helps in reducing the disease. Seed treatment with Thiram + Benlate or Thiram + Captan @ 2.5 g kg-1 seed is effective for the control of black root rot. Use of resistant lines is the economical way to control the disease. Dry root rot (Rhizoctinia bataticola)

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    Diagnosis and Management of Chickpea Diseases *Hari Chand, M. L. Chhabra, Ravinder Kumar, S. K. Pandey and M. R.

    Meena *Department of Plant Pathology, CCS Haryana gri!ultural "niver#ity, Hi#ar$%&'((), *ndia Sugar!ane +reeding *n#titute, Regional Centre, Karnal$%,&(%%, *ndia. Chi!-pea .Cicer arietinum L./ i# one of the mo#t important grain legume !rop# in *ndia. *t i# parti!ularly important a# a #our!e of protein and an integral part of human diet. *t al#o help# in #u#tainability of #oil fertility. 0!!urren!e of di#ea#e# and pe#t# i# the main !au#e for poor yield# in thi# !rop. mong di#ea#e#, 1u#arium 2ilt, !ollar rot, bla!- root rot, dry root rot , botryti# gray mold, #!o!hyta blight i# e!onomi!ally very important. Proper management of the#e di#ea#e# help# the farmer# to obtain higher yield# and e!onomi! return#. Wilt .Fusarium oxysporum f.#p. ciceri/ Chi!-pea 2ilt appear# in &' day# after #o2ing in #u#!eptible !ultivar#. ffe!ted #eedling# !ollap#e and lie flat on the ground. 3he#e #eedling# retain their dull green !olor. dult plant# #ho2 typi!al 2ilt #ymptom# of drooping of petiole#, ra!hi# and leaflet#. 3he root# do not #ho2 any e4ternal rotting, but 2hen #plit verti!ally bro2n di#!oloration of internal 4ylem i# #een. 3he fungu# #urvive# in the #oil for 5 year# in the ab#en!e of ho#t. Lentil, pea and pigeonpea 2ere found a# #ymptom$le## !arrier# of the fungu#. Control measures: 6here land i# not limiting, avoidan!e of planting in infe#ted field !an minimi7e the yield lo##e#. Deep ploughing during hot #ummer month#, removal and de#troying of infe!ted ho#t debri# redu!e 2ilt in!iden!e. Crop rotation 2ith non$ho#t !rop# .other than lentil, pea, and pigeon pea/ for more than 5 year# help# in eliminating the fungu# from the #oil. Seed treatment 2ith Carbendazim 50% WP 8 &.' g -g9% #eed eradi!ate# the #eed born fungu#. Ascochyta blight (AB) #!o!hyata blight i# very de#tru!tive di#ea#e# of !hi!-pea !au#ed by fungu# Ascochyta rabiei. + u#ually o!!ur# around flo2ering and podding #tage of the !rop and it# initial #ymptom# appear# a# #mall 2ater #oa-ed le#ion# on leave#, #tem#, petiole# and pod#. Le#ion# !oale#!e and blighten the plant# under !ool, !loudy and 2et 2eather. Spot# are !ir!ular on leave# and pod# later on elongated on #tem# are developed 2ith py!nidia arranged in !on!entri! ring#. + pathogen al#o penetrate# the pod and infe!t# the #eed. Control measures: Removal and de#troying of infe#ted !rop debri# from the field redu!e# the di#ea#e in!iden!e. Crop rotation and inter!ropping 2ith 2heat or mu#tard al#o redu!e the di#ea#e in!iden!e. Seed treatment 2ith Cali4in M .tridemorph/ 8 , g or Cali4in ; 3hirum .%:%/ 8 &.' g or Carbenda7im ; 3hirum .%:,/ 8 ,g < -g #eed= and follo2ed by foliar appli!ation of Captan, De!onil 8 , g L 2ater redu!e# the di#ea#e in!iden!e. Collar rot .Sclerotium rolfssi)

    Collar rot i# generally ob#erved 2hen #oil moi#ture i# high and temperature i# 2arm .around &'( C/ in the #eedling #tage. "n$de!ompo#ed organi! matter of the previou# !ereal !rop enhan!e# the di#ea#e in!iden!e. *n!iden!e of the di#ea#e de!rea#e# 2ith the in!rea#e in the age of the !rop. ffe!ted #eedling# turn yello2 and die. 3he #eedling# generally !ollap#e and #ho2 rotting at the !ollar region and do2n 2ard#. 3he rotten portion i# !overed 2ith 2hiti#h my!elial #trand#. Control measures: Removal of un$de!ompo#ed !rop debri# of the previou# !ereal !rop redu!e# di#ea#e in!iden!e. Deep ploughing during hot #ummer month# redu!e di#ea#e in!iden!e. Seed treatment 2ith Ri7ole4 or Ri7ole4 ; 3hiram or Captan 8 , g -g$% #eed i# effe!tive again#t !ollar rot. Black root rot .Fusarium solani) +la!- root rot o!!ur# at any #tage of the !rop. >4!e##ive moi#ture and 2arm temperature# .around &' (C/ en!ourage the di#ea#e. ffe!ted plant# turn yello2 and 2ilt. 3he root #y#tem of the affe!ted plant# be!ome rotten and turned bla!-. Control measures: Removal and de#troying of infe#ted !rop debri# help# in redu!ing the di#ea#e. Seed treatment 2ith 3hiram ; +enlate or 3hiram ; Captan 8 &.' g -g$% #eed i# effe!tive for the !ontrol of bla!- root rot. "#e of re#i#tant line# i# the e!onomi!al 2ay to !ontrol the di#ea#e. Dry root rot .Rhizoctinia bataticola) Moi#ture #tre## and relatively high temperature# are favorable for the di#ea#e. 3he di#ea#e generally appear# around flo2ering and podding #tage of the !rop. 1ir#t #ymptom of the di#ea#e i# yello2ing and #udden drying of the plant#. 3ap root of the di#ea#ed plant# be!ome dar- bro2n, ?uite brittle in dry #oil and devoid of lateral root#. 1ungu# produ!e# dar- bro2n < bla!- #!lerotia on infe!ted dead ti##ue. Control measures: Removal of infe!ted ho#t debri# from the #oil and deep ploughing during hot #ummer redu!e the di#ea#e. >arly #o2ing u#ing early maturing !ultivar# are re!ommended to e#!ape the di#ea#e during hot 2eather. Seed treatment 2ith Captan or 3hiram 8 &.' g -g 9% eradi!ate# the #eed born fungu#. tunt *t i# viral di#ea#e and i# tran#mitted by phid ve!tor, Aphis craccivora. ffe!ted plant# !an be ea#ily #potted in the field by their yello2, orange, or bro2n !olored foliage and #tunted gro2th. Leaflet# of the affe!ted plant# are #mall, yello2 and orange or bro2n in !olor. Stem# and leave# of the di#ea#ed plant# are #tiffer and thi!-er than normal. Di#ea#ed plant# #ho2 a typi!al phloem bro2ning. Control measures: Clo#ed #pa!ing# bet2een plant# redu!e #tunt in!iden!e. So2ing i# to be done 2hen population and a!tivity of aphid ve!tor i# lo2. Botrytis gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)

    &

    +otryti# gray mold .+@M/ i# very de#tru!tive di#ea#e. *t i# #eed borne a# 2ell a# air borne in nature. 3he fungu# ha# very 2ide ho#t range. >4!e##ive vegetative gro2th !lo#ed #pa!ing and 2inter rain# favor the di#ea#e. +@M i# u#ually #een at flo2ering and pod filling #tage of the !rop. 1lo2er drop and la!- of pod #etting are the primary #ymptom# of the di#ea#e. "nder high humid !ondition#, gray or dar- bro2n le#ion# appear on #tem#, leave#, flo2er# and pod#, -illing the plant. Control measures: Colle!tion and burning of the di#ea#ed !rop debri# immediately after the harve#t help# in redu!ing the di#ea#e. dopting 2ider inter$ and intra$ro2 #pa!ing redu!e# the di#ea#e #everity. 3all and !ompa!t varietie# allo2 free air movement and thu# redu!e the !han!e# of di#ea#e development. Seed treatment 2ith Carbenda7im ; 3hiram .%:%/ or Carbenda7im or Dithane$M )' 8 , g -g #eed redu!e# the #eed borne ino!ulum. Seed treatment follo2ed by t2o to three foliar appli!ation of Ain!lo7oloin or Carbenda7im 8 (.&B al#o inhibit# the di#ea#e development.

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