Surname 1

Jinny Dr. Logan Lit 2616 22 November 2013 Performing Print: The Femini e!" Footnote!" an! Fi#e! Jemima $o%e &u'h of the ('ho)ar(hi* 'on'erning 'a*tivity narrative( fo'u(e( on the ro)e of ma)e mini(ter( me!iating the voi'e( of fema)e *rotagoni(t( an! %hat thi( me!iation !oe( to the *rotagoni(t+( (en(e of agen'y. ,( Tara Fit *atri'-" author of .The Figure of /a*tivity0 *ut( it" 'a*tivity narrative( 'ontain t%o voi'e(1the voi'e( of the fema)e *rotagoni(t an! of the ma)e" *ro*agating mini(ter(. .2y e#*)i'ating the re)ation( bet%een the !ua)" (ometime( !ue)ing te#tua) voi'e( of the 'a*tive( an! their mini(teria) (*on(or("0 Fit *atri'- (ay(" .%e fin! that Puritan %omen+( 'a*tivity (aga( genera))y re)ie! on t%o narrator(: the re!eeme! 'a*tive( them(e)ve( an! the mini(ter( %ho *ro*agate! the 'a*tive(+ hi(torie( for !i!a'ti' *ur*o(e( of their o%n0 3Fit gera)! 24. The(e t%o voi'e( are 'on(tant)y engaging one another" vying for !ominan'e %ithin the (*a'e of the te#t. 5a'h voi'e 'arrie( %ith it a (*e'ifi' agen!a an! ea'h voi'e attem*t( to *ro*agate that agen!a. 6et" there e#i(t( te#t(" (u'h a( the one( that 'on'ern Jemima $o%e" that engage mu)ti*)e voi'e( an! *ro*agate mu)ti*)e agen!a(. Jemima $o%e %a( ta-en 'a*tive on Ju)y 27" 1788 3Derounian9Sto!a)a :34. $er hu(ban!" /a)eb $o%e" %a( -i))e! !uring the initia) atta'- an! $o%e be'ame (e*arate! from her (even 'hi)!ren an! 'om*anion(. $o%e;( (tory" )i-e the (tory of many %hite fema)e 'a*tive(" 'on(i(te! of her 'a*ture" tria)(" an! eventua) re)ea(e. 2ut $o%e;( (tory i( uni<ue in it( *ub)i'ation hi(tory. =n)i-e mo(t 'a*tivity narrative( %hereby the fema)e 'a*tive to)! her ta)e through a ma)e authority figure" $o%e;( ta)e i( first to)! in /o)one) $um*hrey(; An Essay on the Life of the Honorable Major-General Israel Putnam an! then in Jeremy 2e)-na*;(

Surname 2 The History of New Hampshire before fina))y being re)ate! >by> $o%e through ?everen! 2un-er @ay in A Genuine and orre t a ount of the apti!ity" sufferin#s $ deli!eran e of Mrs% &emima Howe" of Hinsdale" in New-Hampshire . The unu(ua) !i((emination of $o%e;( (tory99%hereby $o%e;( >ver(ion> of the te#t i( the )a(t to be *ub)i(he!99!e(erve( 'on(i!eration. Thi( *a*er %i)) e#amine ho% *ub)i'ation metho!o)ogie( an! authoria) agen!a 'hange an! mani*u)ate Jemima $o%e;( narrative through mu)ti*)e reinter*retation( an! *ro!u'tion(. Su'h *ro!u'tion( in!i'ate not on)y the *erformativity of the te#t" but the *erformativity of the (ubAe't" Jemima $o%e. $um*hrey(" 2e)-na*" an! @ay" through their !iffering a''ount( of Jemima $o%e;( 'a*tivity narrative" e#*o(e the *erformative nature of the te#t( an! of $o%e. Bt i( im*ortant to note that the nature of the 'a*tivity narrative evo)ve! over the 'our(e of 'enturie(. ,( &inter" author of .2y Den( of Lion(: Note( of Sty)i ation in 5ar)y Puritan /a*tivity Narrative(0 *ut( it" .the CBn!ian 'a*tivitie(+ of the Ne% 5ng)an! %ere" !uring the fir(t (evera) year( of their e#i(ten'e" !ee*)y !evout0 before .they be'ame in(trument( of *ro*agan!a again(t Bn!ian C!evi)(+ an! Fren'h CPa*i(t(+0 an! )ater government *ro*agan!a for .frontier (ett)ement(0 an! )ater (ti))" .*u)* thri))er(0 3&inter 3384. Derounian9Sto!a)a" %riting )ater than &inter" ob(erve( that %hi)e ('ho)ar( !i! tra!itiona))y *)a'e 'a*tivity narrative( .into three !i(tin't *ha(e(: authenti' re)igiou( a''ount( in the (eventeenth 'entury" *ro*agan!i(t an! (ty)i(ti'a))y embe))i(he! te#t( in the eighteenth 'entury" an! outright %or-( of fi'tion in the )ate eighteen an! into the nineteenth 'enturie("0 the(e tra!ition( .!o not a!e<uate)y a''ount for the *re(en'e of both fa't an! fi'tion throughout the form+( hi(tory0 3Derounian9Sto!a)a #ii4. Derounian9Sto!a)a" then" (ee-( a more f)ui! !efinition of the 'ategori ation of the 'a*tivity narrative" one that ma-e( room for %hat (he !ub( the fa'tive an! fi'tive e)ement( of the te#t" fa'tive being tho(e e)ement( 3an! narrative(4 that )ean more to%ar! fa't an! fi'tive being tho(e e)ement( 3an! narrative(4 that )ean more to%ar! fi'tion 3Derounian9Sto!a)a #ii4. Dhere *reviou( ('ho)ar( %ere 'ontent to arrange the narrative into three 'ategorie(1re)igiou("

Surname 3

*ro*agan!a" an! (en(ationa)1Derounian9Sto!a)a argue( that the(e 'ategorie(" %hi)e not inherent)y in'orre't" !o not a''ount for the b)en!ing of mu)ti*)e form( of the narrative. The very nature of the genre of the 'a*tivity narrative then" i( one of f)u# an! ama)gamation" an! thi( f)u# *oint( to the genre;( *erfomative nature. Bt i( thi( *erformative a(*e't99of genre" te#t" an! in!ivi!ua)99that thi( *a*er (ee-( to e#amine. ,''or!ing to ?i'har! S'he'hner" author of Performan e 'tudies" even a'tivitie( that (eem to be onetime event(99'onver(ation(" for in(tan'e99are a'tua))y ma!e u* of 'o!ifie!" re*etitive a'tion( that o*erate a( re(tore! behavior( 32:4. ?e(tore! behavior i( !efine! a( >*hy(i'a)" verba)" or virtua) a'tion( that are not9for9the9fir(t timeE that are *re*are! or rehear(e!> 3S'he'hner 2:4. Bn the 'a(e of the 'a*tivity narrative" the te#t it(e)f i( an e#am*)e of a re(tore! behavior. Survivor(" (*e'ifi'a))y fema)e 'a*tive (urvivor(" un!ergo genera))y the (ame *ro'e((E they are atta'-e!" 'a*ture!" in!o'trinate! into the Bn!ian 'ommunity" attem*t to a!Au(t to Bn!ian (o'iety" an! are eventua))y re('ue!" re)ea(e!" or remaine! 3Sto!a)a9Derounian ##i4. Dith Jemima $o%e;( 'a*tivity" the re(tore! behavior i( am*)ifie! be'au(e the 'a*tivity (tory i( reto)! at )ea(t three time( by three !ifferent men. Dith ea'h ne% te))ing" the !etai)( of the (tory 'hange an! 'ertain 'hara'teri(ti'( of the ta)e1embe))i(he! or not1are em*ha(i e! over other !etai)(. 2ut even the(e rete))ing( fa)) un!er the 'ategory of re(tore! behavior a( ea'h fit( into the mo)! of one of the three 'ategorie( of the 'a*tivity narrative99re)igiou(" *romotiona) *ro*agan!a" an! (entimenta). $um*hrey(; te#t rea!( a( (entimenta)" 2e)-na*;( te#t rea!( a( *ro*agan!a 3a( it attem*t( to *romote Ne% $am*(hire4" an! @ay;( te#t 'ombine( the re)igiou(" *ro*agan!a" an! the (entimenta). 2ut %hi)e @ay;( te#t in!ee! 'ontain( e)ement( of the three 'ategorie( of the 'a*tivity narrative" it a)(o (trive( to *erform in %ay( *reviou( 'a*tivity narrative( !i! not. The (tory of Jemima $o%e" fir(t *ub)i(he! a( a (e'tion in $um*hrey(; An Essay on% % %Major-General Israel Putnam" %a( not re)ate! to $um*hrey by $o%e but by B(rae) Putnam" the e((ay;( hero9 *rotagoni(t. The (e'on! ver(ion of the ta)e12e)-na*;( The History of New Hampshire( origina))y a**eare! a( a one *aragra*h (e'tion an! a one *aragra*h footnote. The fina) ver(ion"

Surname F

%ritten by 2un-er @ay" %a( ta-en >from the mouth of thi( %oman"> Jemima $o%e" an! therefore i( the on)y a''ount ta-en1at )ea(t in *art1from the a'tua) 'a*tive 3@ay 84. Neverthe)e((" @ay;( te#t i( the thir! ver(ion in a )ine of te#t( 'on'erning the (ame 'a*tivity narrative. Tra!itiona))y" ,meri'an 'a*tivity narrative( %ere %ritten a( a 'o))aboration bet%een the %hite ma)e authority an! %hite fema)e 'a*tivity. That $o%e;( (tory (ubvert( the ty*i'a) or!er i( no mi(ta-e. @ay %rite( hi( ver(ion of the ta)e at the re<ue(t of 2e)-na*" %ho *ut( out a 'a)) for *a*er(. @ay a!!re((e( thi( 'a)) in the te#t %hen he (ay( that $o%e gave him >a true" though to be (ure" a very brief an! im*erfe't hi(tory of her 'a*tivity" %hi'h B here in(ert for your *eru(a)"> your meaning 2e)-na* 3@ay 84. $e goe( on to (ay that the a''ount >may *erha*( affor! you (ome amu(ement" an! 'an !o no harmE if after it ha( un!ergone your 'riti'a) in(*e'tion" you (hou)! not thin- it 3or an abbreviation of it4 %orthy to be *re(erve! among the re'or!( you are about to *ub)i(h> 3@ay 84. Bn thi( %ay" @ay;( te#t (erve( a( a !ire't re(*on(e to 2e)-na*;( 'a)). 2ut further rea!ing of the te#t (ho%( that 2e)-na*;( The History of New Hampshire %a( not the on)y rea(on @ay %rote hi( ver(ion of Jemima $o%e;( 'a*tivity. Gn *age t%enty of @ay;( te#t he re'ommen!( the rea!er rea! $um*hrey(; ver(ion of the te#t >. . .for a more am*)e" an! brilliant a''ount of the 'a*tive heroine"> one that" a''or!ing to @ay" ren!er( $o%e >. . .in the mo(t )ive)y an! engaging 'o)our(" *erha*( a )itt)e too high)y" an! in a (ty)e" that may a**ear to tho(e %ho are a'<uainte! %ith her at thi( !ay" romanti- an! e#travagant> 3@ay 204. @ay a!!re((e( $um*hrey(; embe))i(hment of the ta)e %hen he ')aim( that >the /o)one) mu(t nee!( have been mi(informe! %ith the re(*e't to (ome *arti'u)ar( that he ha( mentione! in her (tory> 3@ay 204 Thi( !ire't a!!re(( to $um*hrey( four year( after the initia) *ub)i'ation of An Essay on% % %Major General Israel Putnam (eem( to in!i'ate that @ay %ante! to 'orre't or ')arify $um*hrey(; ta)e. Bn other %or!(" @ay (ought to 'reate an a)ternate" genuine ver(ion 3.A Genuine and orre t a ount% % %)* of an a)rea!y re'or!e! (tory an! in !oing (o rea'he! beyon! the 'ategorie( of the re)igiou(" *ro*agan!a" an! (entimenta) 3@ay n.*.4. $e e(tab)i(he! another *o((ib)e 'ategory" the 'orre'tive 'a*tivity narrative" one that (ought to ')arify an! 'orre't a

Surname 8

*reviou( ver(ion of a ta)e. Bn many %ay(" @ay;( ver(ion of Jemima $o%e;( 'a*tivity re(emb)e( the Aourna)i(ti' *ra'ti'e of 'orre'ting an! ')arifying a mi(ta-e in *rint. Bn Aourna)i(m" 'orre'tion( are a'-no%)e!ge! by the *a*er an! *rinte! in a (ub(e<uent i((ue. Bn the 'a(e of @ay;( te#t" the 'orre'tion( an! ')arifi'ation( are a!!re((e! in a ne%" *ur*orte!)y more genuine a''ount. Bf *erforman'e 'an be 'ategori e! a( >being" !oing" (ho%ing !oing" an! e#*)aining ;(ho%ing !oing";> then @ay;( ver(ion of the te#t hit( on the being an! !oing a(*e't( of *erforman'e a( it( e#i(ten'e <ua)ifie( a( >being> an! it( >!oing> <ua)ifie( a( an >a'tion"> in thi( 'a(e 'orre'ting $um*hrey( 3S'he'hner 2H4. That @ay (ee-( to 'orre't $um*hrey(1an! thi( i( ma!e -no%n in the frontmatter" %hi'h rea!( that .in this a ount the mista+es of ,ol. $um*hrey(" relatin# to Mrs% Howe% % % are re tified01*rove( im*ortant be'au(e it (ugge(t( that $um*hrey( a''ount i( in'orre't 3@ay n*4. That $um*hrey(; a''ount 'an be in'orre't (ugge(t( that it ha( mani*u)ate! the truth" an! thi( mani*u)ation i( a ty*e of a *erforman'e. Bn thi( %ay" @ay;( 'orre'tion( *oint out the *erformative nature of not on)y $um*hrey(; te#t but of the 'a*tivity narrative genre. ,fter a))" if $um*hrey( te#t 'an be embe))i(he!" %hat *revent( other author( from embe))i(hing their te#t(I ,''or!ing to S'he'hner" >*erforman'e( mar- i!entitie(" ben! time" re(ha*e an! a!orn the bo!y" an! te)) (torie(> 32H4. 5very!ay )ife" then" %ith it( mu)titu!e of a'tion( an! rea'tion( that (ha*e our i!entitie(" 'on(titute( a *erforman'eE )ife >invo)ve( year( of training an! *ra'ti'e" or )earning a**ro*riate 'u)tura))y (*e'ifi' bit( of behavior" of a!Au(ting an! *erforming one;( )ife ro)e( in re)ation to (o'ia) an! *er(ona) 'ir'um(tan'e(> 3S'he'hner 2H92:4. The i!ea of *erforming the )ife of the (e)f rea!( e(*e'ia))y true in the variou( ver(ion( of Jemima $o%e;( 'a*tivity. Bn the fir(t ver(ion of the ta)e" %ritten by $um*hrey(" $o%e;( (tory inter(e't( %ith the (tory of B(rae) Putnam" the te#t;( *rotagoni(t. Bn thi( ver(ion of the narrative" $um*hrey( *re(ent( a !o'i)e" !e)i'ate ver(ion of $o%e. $e !e('ribe( $o%e a( a >fair 'a*tive> %ho %a( >(ti)) young an! han!(ome> 3$um*hrey( 784. $er >natura) (%eetne(( %a( not. . .(oure! by !e(*on!en'y an! *etu)an'e> in )ight of her 'a*tivity but in(tea! >'ha(tene! by humi)ity an! re(ignation> 3$um*hrey( 784.6et !e(*ite her %i!o%hoo!" $o%e .nee!e! not the 'u(tomary %ee!( of

Surname 6

mourning or the fa))a'iou( *ageantry of %oe to *rove her %i!o%e! (tate> 3$um*hrey( 784. The $o%e in $um*hrey(; narrative uti)i e( tear( to be (ave!" *o((e((e( .feeb)e an! tremb)ing (te*("0 %ou)! rather have a !agger *)unge! into her brea(t than )o(e her virtue" an! faint( on her %ay ba'- from 'a*tivity 3$um*hrey( 7897:4. $um*hrey(; $o%e" then" i( the *erfe't a((emb)age of fairne((" fragi)ity" an! femininity. 2ut %hy !oe( $um*hrey(" %riting a narrative about an e(teeme! mi)itary genera)" in')u!e $o%e;( (tory" (*e'ifi'a))y" a heavi)y (entimenta)i e! an! (en(ationa)i(t ver(ionI ,e(theti'(. Dhi)e $um*hrey(; narrative *re!ate( the /u)t of Dome(ti'ityJTrue Domanhoo!" it 'ertain)y anti'i*ate( (ome of it( (entiment(. $um*hrey( (eem( to 'enter hi( ver(ion of $o%e on forth'oming i!ea( of femininity %hereby the %oman i( !efine! by her *iety" *urity" (ubmi((ivene((" an! !ome(ti'ity 3De)ter 1824. Bn many %ay(" $o%e;( in')u(ion in Putnam;( hi(tory (erve( to e)evate the man)yJmi)itari(ti' <ua)itie( of Putnam. Ju(t a( a genera) i( e#*e'te! to )ea! hi( troo*( to vi'tory" (o !oe( Putnam )ea! $o%e to (afety. $e re('ue( her from her )a('iviou( Fren'h o%ner( an! (avage Bn!ian( one( an! in !oing (o be'ome( the hero of the ta)e that" %ithout $o%e" %ou)! )a'- a heroine. The narrative1%ritten at the en! of the nineteenth 'entury1!ovetai)( into the fi'tiona) 'a*tivity narrative( that emerge! at thi( time. Bt rea!( a( fi'tive" an! )i-e the nineteenth an! t%entieth 'entury /u)t of Dome(ti'ity nove)(" $um*hrey( *o(ition( $o%e ba(e! on her ro)e( a( %oman99>mother" !aughter" (i(ter" %ife>99an!" in thi( 'a(e" heroine in !i(tre(( 3De)ter 824. Bn !oing (o" he high)ight( the *erformativity of tho(e ro)e(. ,( a mother" $o%e i( unab)e to )ooafter her 'hi)!ren %ho have (e*arate! from her. ,( a %ife" $o%e ha( fai)e! t%i'e" on'e %ith the !eath of her fir(t hu(ban!" Di))iam" an! no% %ith the !eath of her (e'on! hu(ban!" /a)eb. $um*hrey(; te#t 'hoo(e( to ignore the fai)ure of the(e *erforman'e( of mother an! %ife by embe))i(hing the ta)e %ith the %ay( in %hi'h $o%e (u''ee!(1through beauty" !o'i)ity" an! *urity1%hi)e (imu)taneou()y *ainting a *ortrait of her materna) grieving. $e *i'-( an! 'hoo(e( tho(e <ua)itie( that matter to him an! hi( narrative an! in !oing (o high)ight( the te#t;( *erformativity. The te#t" in other %or!(" *erform( (entimenta)ity.

Surname 7

Dhere $um*hrey(+ te#t *erform( the (entimenta) %ith it( (en(ationa)" evo'ative image( of a beautifu)" mourning $o%e" 2e)-na*;( re*re(entation of $o%e rea!( a bit !ifferent)y. $um*hrey( %rote a heroine" a $o%e %ho 'ou)! *)um* u* the a)rea!y *)um* hi(tory of @enera) Putnam. $i( intention" then" %a( to 'reate an i!ea) ver(ion of Putnam u(ing $o%e. 2ut 2e)-na* %rote for a !ifferent rea(on. ?ather than !rafting a narrative that (ought to (ho%'a(e the *um* of an offi'ia)" 2e)-na* i( intere(te! in *ro*agating the %on!er( of the (tate of Ne% $am*(hire. ,( a hi(torian" 2e)-na* i( 'on'erne! %ith the truth1he %a(" a''or!ing to Lorrayne /arro))" author of -hetori al .ra#" .the foremo(t *ra'ti'ing hi(torian in the ear)y ?e*ub)i'0 an! *o((e((e! a .famou( *en'hant for a''ura'y01an! in thi( )ight it ma-e( (en(e that hi( narrative ta-e( the form of a hi(tori'a) !o'ument 317H4. Bn 2e)-na*;( te#t" $o%e;( narrative (erve( a( one of many e#am*)e( of Ne% $am*(hire;( hi(tory. Bf $um*hrey(; te#t *re(ent( a heavi)y *ainte! $o%e" then 2e)-na*;( te#t *re(ent( a bare)y re*re(ente! one. The bo!y of the te#t1over three hun!re! *age( in vo)ume t%o" %here the $o%e (tory fir(t a**ear(1!oe( not a'tua))y 'ontain Jemima $o%e;( name. Bn(tea!" *age ninety9five of the te#t !i('u((e( /a)eb $o%e;(1Jemima;( hu(ban!1mur!er. Bt name( the other men -i))e! %ith /a)eb $o%e an! then brief)y mention(1%ithout name1the %ive( an! 'hi)!ren of the ()ain men. Jemima $o%e i( on)y mentione! a( a footnote to the (e'tion that !i('u((e( the %omen an! 'hi)!ren in bu)-. 2e)-na* %rite(: Gne of the(e" the %ife of /a)eb $o%e" %a( the fair 'a*tivf" of %hom (u'h a bri))iant a''ount i( given in the )ife of @enera) Putnam" *ub)i(he! by /o). $um*hrey(. She i( (ti)) )iving at $in(!a)e" an! ha( ob)ige! the author %ith a *arti'u)ar narrative of her (uffering(" !ra%n u* by the ?ev. &r. @ay" it too )ong to be here in(erte!" an! to enterra+ying to be abri!ge!E but %i)) *robab)y be *ub)i(he! at (ome future time. 32:84 Jemima $o%e i( never mentione! by name. She i( referre! to a( >the %ife of /a)eb $o%e"> >the fair 'a*tif"> an! a( *art of >the fami)ie( of the(e unfortunate men> 32e)-na* 2:84. Bn 2e)-na*;( te#t" then" $o%e be'ome( )itt)e more than a footnote of her hu(ban! an! of Ne%

Surname H

$am*(hire;( hi(tory.1 $er (tory i( un!e(erving of a 'om*)ete re*ro!u'tion an! i( mentione! on)y brief)y. 5ven more a(toni(hing)y" 2e)-na*1a hi(torian -no%n for hi( a''ura'y1(ugge(t( that rea!er( refer to $um*hrey(; ')ear)y e#aggerate! te#t for more information. Bf $um*hrey(; te#t i( (entimenta) in it( eva)uation of $o%e then 2e)-na*;( te#t i( mere *ro*agan!a that (ee-( to high)ight the hi(tory of Ne% $am*(hire %ith )itt)e regar! for the minute hi(tory of the in!ivi!ua). The in!ivi!ua) be'ome( *art of the %ho)e" one *ie'e in the 'o))e'tive *erforman'e. So %hi)e S'he'hner argue( that >*erforman'e( are ma!e from bit( of re(tore! behavior" but every *erforman'e i( !ifferent from every other> 2e)-na*;( te#t %or-( to 'ombine an! re'ombine >fi#e! bit( of behavior>1in thi( 'a(e the ta)e( of in!ivi!ua)(1an! re%or- them into >en!)e(( variation(>1in thi( 'a(e" the hi(tory of Ne% $am*(hire 3S'he'hner 304. Bt;( a( S'he'hner (ay(E >the (*e'ifi' o''a(ion an! 'onte#t> of ea'h *erforman'e >ma-e ea'h in(tan'e uni<ue> 3S'he'hner 304. Bn $um*hrey(; narrative" $o%e *erform( a heroineE in 2e)-na*;( ta)e" $o%e *erform( a footnote. /onte#t 'reate( *erforman'e. The fina) ver(ion of $o%e;( ta)e %a( *ub)i(he! by the ?everen! 2un-er @ay in 17:2. Pub)i(he! four year( after $um*hrey(; a''ount" the te#t i( 'om*arative)y )e(( (entimenta) than $um*hrey(; narrative" a)though mu'h of the ('ho)ar(hi* 'on'erning the @ay narrative ha( been ba(e! on it( (entimenta) <ua)itie(. Bn her .,ffe'ting $i(tory0 'ha*ter of -hetori al .ra#" Lorryane /arro))" (*ea-ing of the *rogre((ion of the 'a*tivity narrative" 'omment( on the .(hift from 3mu'h9me!iate!4 hi(tori'a) (ubAe't to imaginative obAe't0 %hi)e noting that .$o%e+( e!itor(Jgho(t%riter(Jrevi(er( . . . rever(e thi( or!er of re*re(entation0 31724. She argue( that .the re(u)t i( that" %hen it fina))y a**ear(01it being the $o%e in @ay;( ver(ion of the te#t1.$o%e+( CB+ (te*( into a (ha*e a)rea!y fa(hione! for it" a rhetori'a) 'on(tru't un!ermine! by *reviou( ren!ition( of her figure"0 an! that .in )arge *art thi( i( !ue to $um*hrey(" be'au(e hi( a(toun!ing)y (entimenta)i e! an! eroti'i e! thir!9*er(on ver(ion a!umbrate! the (ub(e<uent 1
2e)-na* *ub)i(he( the entire ver(ion of @ay;( A Genuine and ,orre t % % % in vo)ume three of hi( hi(tory 'o))e'tion. 2ut even thi( ver(ion i( regu)ate! to the a**en!i# (e'tion of 2e)-na*;( hi(tory.

Surname :

ren!ition( of $o%e even a( 2e)-na* an! @ay attem*te! to re')aim her voi'e for their ;'orre't; hi(toriogra*hi'a) en!(0 31724. 2ut @ay;( te#t (eem( to !o more than (im*)y fit into the mo)! )eft by $um*hrey(E @ay;( te#t (eem( to !i(*ute it.2 Dhere the $o%e in $um*hrey(+ te#t i( .young an! han!(ome0 an! re(ort( to .(trugg)e( an! tear(" tho(e *reva)ent fema)e %ea*on(0 to get her %ay 3$um*hrey( 78" 774" the $o%e in @ay+( te#t ()ee*( on .a hea* of (an! an! grave) for a *i))o%0 an! a'tive)y (ear'he( for her 'hi)!ren %henever *o((ib)e 3@ay 7" 124 . Bf %e e#amine the !efinition of (entimenta)999'hara'teri e! or (%aye! by (entimentE affe'te!)y or e#travagant)y emotiona)E re(u)ting from or 'o)ore! by emotion rather than rea(on or rea)i(mE a**ea)ing to the (entiment(" e(*e'ia))y to romanti' fee)ing(1then @ay+( te#t 'ertain)y 'ontain( moment( of (entimenta)ity in that it" at time(" a**ea)( to one+( (entiment( 3emotion(E fee)ing(4 e(*e'ia))y !uring ('ene( %here $o%e mother( her 'hi)!ren or %hen (he i( (*irite! a%ay to a to%er for *rote'tion from the vengefu) hu(ban! of her former Bn!ian (i(ter 3thefree!i'tionary4. 2ut if %e e#amine the te#t a( a %ho)e" %e fin! that it 'ontain( far more rea(on than (entiment an! !oe( not a)%ay( evo-e the 'hara'teri(ti'( of the (entimenta) nove)" %hereby the nove) .e#*)oit( the rea!er;( 'a*a'ity for ten!erne((" 'om*a((ion" or (ym*athy to a !i(*ro*ortionate !egree by *re(enting a be')ou!e! or unrea)i(ti' vie% of the (ubAe't0 3britanni'a4. $o%e u(e( her (-i))( a( a negotiator to (et u* a tra!e %ith the Fren'h 3@ay H4E (he (u''e((fu))y mimi'( Bn!ian mo!e( of ho(*ita)ity %hen (he (hare( the brea! %ith the Bn!ian 'hi)!ren 3@ay 124E (he manage( to avoi! the )u(tfu) eye( of the Sa''a*ee men 3@ay 184. ,)) of the(e moment( (ugge(t a !e(ire to )ive" a motivation to be *ragmati' in her !ea)ing( %ith the Native ,meri'an( (o that (he might (urvive. There i( nothing (entimenta) about any of the(e a'tion(E they a)) (tem from rea(on an! ne'e((ity" be it the ne'e((ity to e('a*e from the Bn!ian( an! (urvive the har(h %inter month(" the ne'e((ity to not offen! the Bn!ian( for fear of 2
Bn ('ho)ar(hi* 'on'erning another ear)y ,meri'an %or-1The /emale Ameri an(2etty John(on %rite( that .re%riting of 'anoni'a) nove)(. . .not on)y !emon(trate the *o%er of the origina) to 'omman! the !e(ire for imitation but a)(o e#*o(e it (i)en'e(0 33174. Dhi)e John(on (*o-e of re%riting from the *er(*e'tive of margina) *eo*)e(" the i!ea remain( true for the rete))ing(Jrevi(ioning( of $o%e;( 'a*tivity. @ay;( te#t (ee-( to a!!re(( %hat $um*hrey( .'anoni'a)0 te#t !i! not even a( it (ee-( to u(ur* it.

Surname 10

reta)iation" or the ne'e((ity of *rote'ting her 'ha(tity an! virtue from the Fren'hmen. /arro)) 'orre't)y note( that .the femini e!" emotiona))y 'harge! *a((age(0 in @ay+( te#t .'ertain)y never a**roa'h $um*hrey+( over9the9to* eroti'i(m an! (entimenta)ity0 3/arro)) 1H14. She goe( on to (ay that .thi( !iminution in tone 'an be attribute! both to @ay+( re'ognition of 2e)-na*+( !i('ur(ive *referen'e( an!" *erha*(" to @ay+( mini(teria) re(erve"0 but (he never (*e'u)ate( that the te#t+( overa)) rationa)ity might be a *ro!u't of the information $o%e 'ho(e to !i(')o(e or %ithho)! from @ay. There i( no <ue(tion that the te#t i( me!iate! through @ay1he i( the author" an! he i( the one %ho (ee-( out $o%e1but /arro))+( rea!ing of the te#t remove( a)mo(t any notion of free%i)) on $o%e+( *art. Dhi)e her voi'e ha( 'ertain)y been re(tri'te! it (eem( har! to be)ieve that none of her %i)) ma-e( it( %ay into the te#t. Pa((age( of an a)mo(t anima)i(ti' %i)) to (urvive1ta-ing 'rumb( from the (%i))9*ai)1an! her" at time(" unf)attering *ortrait( of her 'hi)!ren1.B too- it in my arm(" *ut( it( fa'e to mine" an! it in(tant)y bit me %ith (u'h vio)en'e" that i( (eeme! a( if B mu(t have *arte! %ith a *ie'e of my 'hee-01(eem to in!i'ate that $o%e ha! an! e#*re((e! moment( of hone(ty an! free%i)) in her re'ounting of her ta)e to @ay 3@ay 6"74. ,fter a))" there !oe( not (eem to be anything inherent)y (entimenta) in either of the above e#am*)e(. The !e)i'ate heroine *re(ente! in $um*hrey(; te#t %ou)! har!)y bring her(e)f to !ine from a (%i))9*ai) an! .a mother !e(o)ate! by the )o(( of her 'hi)!ren0 %ou)! *robab)y )eave out the vio)ent image $o%e mention( in @ay;( te#t 3$um*hrey( 764. Bf the Jemima in An Essay on% % %Major-General Israel Putnam i( a .young an! han!(ome mother0 %ho *o((e((e( a .natura) (%eetne(("0 then @ay;( ver(ion of $o%e i( a *ragmati' in!ivi!ua) %ho *o((e((e( a (trong tena'ity 3$um*hrey( 784. The (ame %oman" then" i( *ainte! remar-ab)y !ifferent in a (hort *erio! of time. Dhi)e the(e !ifferen'e( *oint to the intention of the author(1to (entimenta)i e an! *ro*agateJ'orre't1they a)(o *oint to the *erformative nature of the te#t an! $o%e;( unru)y nature. That $o%e i( reinvente! again an! again (ugge(t( the 'on(tru'tive nature of the narrative an! that $o%e an! her ta)e e#i(t a( obAe't( to be mo)!e! an! (ha*e! at the author;( 'onvenien'e. She *erform( the 'hara'ter( ne'e((ary to the narrative. 2ut the mo)!ing( are not a)%ay( (u''e((fu) an! the rea(on( %hy the mo)!ing( fai) or

Surname 11

(u''ee! have mu'h to !o %ith gen!er 'on(tru'tion. De;ve !i('u((e! notion( of re(torative behavior" %hereby the in!ivi!ua) i( 'om*ri(e! of mu)ti*)e ver(ion( of the (e)f" of *reviou()y behave! behavior(" but gen!er 'on(tru'tion !ea)( (*e'ifi'a))y %ith i!ea( of gen!er an! the variou( ver(ion( of the (e)f a( they 'om*)y %ith i!ea( of ma)ene(( or fema)ene(( 3S'he'hner 384. 2e'au(e the 'a*tivity narrative i( a 'o))aboration bet%een ma)e author( an! fema)e 'a*tivitie(" it i( near)y im*o((ib)e to !i('u(( the 'a*tivity te#t( %ithout e#*)oring notion( of gen!er. Bn her e((ay".Performative ,'t( an! @en!er /on(titution"0 Ju!ith 2ut)er !efine( gen!er 'on(tru'tion a( the bo!y 'onforming to a -ey (et of i!ea( that 'on(titute gen!er. She (tate(: to be a %oman i( to have be'ome a %oman" to 'om*e) the bo!y to 'onform to an hi(tori'a) i!ea of .%oman"0 to in!u'e the bo!y to be'ome a 'u)tura) (ign" to materia)i e one(e)f in obe!ien'e to an hi(tori'a))y !e)imite! *o((ibi)ity" an! to !o thi( a( a (u(taine! an! re*eate! 'or*orea) *roAe't. 38224 Dhat ma-e( $o%e;( narrative (o 'om*e))ing1an! in!ee!" %hat ma-e( $o%e her(e)f (o unru)y1i( that $o%e;( 'a*tivity ta-e( *)a'e %ithin the 'onte#t of (evera) *o)iti'a) an! (o'ia) event(. $o%e %a( 'a*ture! in 1788 but the fir(t ver(ion of her ta)e %a( not *ub)i(he! unti) 17HH" thirty9three year( after her 'a*tivity" five year( after the en! of the ,meri'an ?evo)ution" an! t%enty9five year( after the en! of the Fren'h an! Bn!ian Dar. 2e'au(e of the )a*(e of time bet%een the event an! the event;( *ub)i'ation" $o%e;( (tory (eem( to en'om*a(( a (*an of near)y forty year(. $er narrative" then" (erve( a( a hi(tori'a) !o'umentation of the ,meri'an ?evo)ution an! the Fren'h an! Bn!ian Dar. For the )ater" e(*e'ia))y" enough time %ou)! have *a((e! that rea!er( %ou)! have been ab)e to re'over i!ea( of ye(teryear from $o%e;( (tory. &ore im*ortant)y" if gen!er i( !efine! a( a .hi(tori'a) i!ea0 of a 'ertain (e#" then $o%e;( (tory1one that tran(gre((e( !e'a!e( of hi(tory1*re(ent( an unu(ua) t%i(t. Dhere !oe( $o%e fit into the hi(tori'a) time)ineI $o% (hou)! (he be fa(hione!1a( a %oman )iving in 1788 or a( a %oman )iving in 17HHI The(e %ere the <ue(tion( that %ou)! have" at )ea(t *eri*hera))y" *)ague! her ma)e author( an! the(e are the <ue(tion( that he)* the rea!er a''ount for the !ivi(ive te#t(. The ma)e author( !o not -no% %here to *)a'e $o%e" a %oman of many !e'a!e(" in the hi(tori'a)

Surname 12

time)ine. The hi(tori'a) i!ea( 'on'erning gen!er in 1788 %ou)! not have been the (ame hi(tori'a) i!ea( 'on'erning gen!er in 17HH. $um*hrey(; (entimenta)i(m i( a bu!!ing thing of the )ater eighteenth 'entury %hi)e @ay;( in!u(try i( a thing of the mi!9eighteenth 'entury. That $o%e;( narrative %a( to)! in both (ty)e(1that of the mi! an! )ate eighteenth 'entury1*oint( to the very *erformative" 'on(tru'tive nature of gen!er an! of the te#t. $o%e (im*)y 'annot be the overt)y (entimenta) %oman of $um*hrey(; te#t an! the *ragmati' %oman of @ay;(" an! it i( thi( fai)ure to a!e<uate)y be either that *o(ition( $o%e a( an unru)y %oman" one %ho 'annot be 'om*)ete)y" (u''e((fu))y 'ategori e! by ma)e authority figure(. The ma)e narrator(1$um*hrey(" 2e)-na*" an! @ay1are unab)e to (u''e((fu))y 'a*ture the .true0 Jemima $o%e. $um*hrey(+ heavi)y embe))i(he! ta)e fai)( to 'reate a 're!ib)e" rea)i(ti' ver(ion of $o%e an! i( e#*o(e! a( fa)(e in @ay;( a''ount. 2e)-na*" *erha*( the )ea(t ab)e to re)ate $o%e;( 'a*tivity" fai)( before he even begin(E he bare)y mention( $o%e in the te#t" never refer( to her by name" an! refer( rea!er( to a ')ear)y (entimenta) ver(ion of $o%e;( narrative. 5ven @ay" the in!ivi!ua) %ho 'ome( ')o(e(t to 'a*turing $o%e" i( (ti)) u)timate)y (tum*e!. $e 'onfe((e( ear)y on in the te#t that %hi)e hi( a''ount i( ta-en .from the mouth0 (he mo(t 'ertain)y .. . .gave me" B !oubt not" a true" though to be (ure" a very brief an! im*erfe't hi(tory of her 'a*tivity0 3@ay 84. That $o%e;( te#t i( .brief an! im*erfe't0 may (ugge(t that $o%e %ithhe)! information from @ay an! in !oing (o 'reate!" to the be(t of her abi)ity" a ver(ion of her(e)f that %a( mo(t befitting to her o%n agen!a 3@ay 84. Dhi)e there 'an be no !oubt that @ay;( ver(ion of $o%e;( (tory i( heavi)y me!iate!" the in')u(ion of the *hra(e .brief an! im*erfe't0 give( the rea!er rea(on to be)ieve that there i( more to the ta)e than ha( been to)! 3@ay 84. The in')u(ion of !ifferent trait( by !ifferent author( *oint( to the 'on(tru'tivene(( of gen!er an! gen!er ro)e( fi)tere! through the eye( of men an! men+( agen!a(. Dhen $o%e i( meant to e)evate a %ar hero" (he i( beautifu) an! youngE %hen $o%e i( meant to te)) a hi(tory" (he i( *ra'ti'a) an! a)mo(t (tern. That (o many ver(ion( of $o%e e#i(t( *oint( to her unru)ine((E unab)e to be *inne! !o%n to one grou* of 'hara'teri(ti'(" (he i( reborn again an! again in mu)ti*)e ta)e(" a (ymbo) of %hat %oman 'an be" *erform as. The mu)ti9narrative( 'reate a uni<ue

Surname 13

te#tua) inter*)ay %hereby the voi'e( of the three ma)e author( (trugg)e to un!er(tan! an! in'or*orate the voi'e of one fema)e 'a*tive" an! thi( ma-e( her an unru)y" rebe))iou( %oman. Dor-( /ite! 2e)-na*" Jeremy. The history of New-Hampshire% 0olume II% Phi)a!e)*hia: 17:1. Deb. 2ut)er" Ju!ith. .Performative ,'t( an! @en!er /on(titution: ,n 5((ay in Phenomeno)ogy an! Femini(t Theory.0 Theater &ournal F0.F 31:HH4: 81:9831. JSTG?. Deb. 8 G'tober 2013. /arro))" Lorrayne. -hetori al .ra#1 Gender Impersonation" ,apti!ity" and the 2ritin# of History% Ghio: Kent State =niver(ity Pre((" 2007. Print. .erounian-'todala" 3athryn 4abelle% 2omen5s Indian ,apti!ity Narrati!es% Ne% 6or-: Penguin 2oo-(" 1::H. Print. --% Introdu tion% 2omen5s Indian ,apti!ity Narrati!es% 2y Derounian9Sto!a)a. Ne% 6or-: Penguin 2oo-(" 1::H. #i9##viii. Print. Fit *atri'-" Tara. >The Figure Gf /a*tivity: The /u)tura) Dor- Gf The Puritan /a*tivity Narrative.> Ameri an Literary History 3.1 31::14: 1926. MLA International 6iblio#raphy. Deb. 2F G't. 2013. @ay" 2un-er. A Genuine and orre t a ount of the apti!ity" sufferin#s $ deli!eran e of Mrs% &emima Howe" of Hinsdale" in New-Hampshire% 2o(ton: 2e)-na* an! 6oung" 17:2. Print. $um*hrey(" Davi!. ,n 5((ay on the Life of the $onorab)e &aAor9@enera) B(rae) Putnam: ,!!re((e! to the State So'iety of the /in'innati in /onne'ti'ut. $artfor!: $u!(on an! @oo!%in" 17HH. ,r'hive(. Deb. 2 G'tober 2013. Jo(e*h" 2etty. .?e3*)aying4 /ru(oeJPo'ahonta(: /ir'um9,t)anti' Staging( in ;The Fema)e ,meri'an.;0 /riti'i(m F2.3 320134: 3179338. JSTG?. Deb. 18 G'tober 2013.

Surname 1F &inter" Davi! L. >2y Den( Gf Lion(: Note( Gn Sty)i ation Bn 5ar)y Puritan /a*tivity Narrative(.> Ameri an Literature1 A &ournal 7f Literary History" ,riti ism" And 6iblio#raphy F8.3 31:734: 33893F7. MLA International 6iblio#raphy. Deb. 6 G't. 2013. .Sentimenta).0 The ,meri'an $eritage Di'tionary of the 5ng)i(h Language. 2o(ton: $oughton &iff)in /om*any" 200:. Thefree!i'tionary.'om. Deb. 2F November 2013. .Sentimenta) Nove).0 5n'y')o*e!ia 2ritanni'a Gn)ine. 5n'y')o*e!ia 2ritanni'a Bn'" n.!. Deb. 2F November 2013. S'he'hner" ?i'har!. Performan'e Stu!ie(: ,n Bntro!u'tion. Ne% 6or-: ?out)e!ge" 2002.Print. De)ter" 2arbara. .The /u)t of True Domanhoo!: 1H2091H60.0 ,meri'an Luarter)y 1H.2 31:664: 181917F. JSTG?. Deb. 20 November 2013.