Cypovirus

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Cypovirus

Virus classification

Group:

Group III (dsRNA)

Order:

Unassigned

Family:

Reoviridae

Subfamily:

Spinareovirinae

Genus:

Cypovirus

Type species

Cypovirus 1

Species Cypovirus 1 Cypovirus 2 Cypovirus 3 Cypovirus 4 Cypovirus 5 Cypovirus 6 Cypovirus 7 Cypovirus 8 Cypovirus 9 Cypovirus 10 Cypovirus 11 Cypovirus 12 Cypovirus 13 Cypovirus 14

Cypovirus 15 Cypovirus 16

Cypovirus (CPV), short for cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, is a genus of viruses in the Reoviridae family. The virions have an icosahedral structure typical of other reoviruses and are 55-69 nm in diameter. The genome is composed of 10 segments of double-stranded RNA. The virions are embedded in a protein matrix to form the structures referred to as polyhedra or occlusion bodies. Cypoviruses have only been isolated from insects. Morphologically, these viruses have much in common with the much more widely studied nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPV), a genus of arthropod viruses in the Baculovirus family. However, CPV have an RNA genome and replicate in the cytoplasm of the infected cells while NPV have a DNA genome and replicate in the nucleus.
Contents
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1 Structure and proteins 2 Pathogenesis 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

Structure and proteins[edit]

Diagram of a cypovirus

CPVs are classified into 14 species based on the electrophoretic migration profiles of their genome segments. Cypovirus has only a single capsid shell, which is similar to the orthoreovirus inner core. CPV exhibits striking capsid stability and is fully capable of endogenous RNA transcription and processing. The overall folds of CPV proteins are similar to those of other reoviruses. However, CPV proteins have insertional domains and unique structures that contribute to their extensive intermolecular interactions. The

CPV turret protein contains two methylasedomains with a highly conserved helix-pair/-sheet/helix-pair sandwich fold but lacks the -barrel flap present in orthoreovirus 2. The stacking of turret protein functional domains and the presence of constrictions and A spikes along the mRNA release pathway indicate a mechanism that uses pores and channels to regulate the highly coordinated steps of RNA transcription, processing, and release.[1]

Pathogenesis[edit]
Infection occurs when a susceptible insect consumes the polyhedra, usually as a contaminant on the insects food (in most cases, foliage of a plant). The polyhedra dissolve in the digestive tract of the insect, releasing the virus particles that penetrate the gut epithelial cells. Replication of the virus is often confined to these cells and the progeny virus, in the form of new polyhedra are excreted in the insect feces, thus contaminating more foliage resulting in the spread of the disease to additional insects. The progression of the disease can be rather slow, but the virus infection is normally fatal.

See also[edit]

Double-stranded RNA viruses Baculovirus

References[edit]
1. ^ Zhou ZH (2008). "Cypovirus". Segmented Double-stranded RNA Viruses: Structure and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-21-9.

External links[edit]

dsRNA viruses NCBI Viralzone: Cypovirus

Categories: Reoviruses

Cypovirus

VIRION

Non enveloped, icosahedral virion with a T=2 icosahedral symmetry, about 65 nm in diameter. Pentameric turrets sit on the outside of the capsid. The capsid is composed of only a single shell of protein.
GENOME

Segmented dsRNA linear genome: 10 segments encode for 10-12 proteins. Segments size range from 1 to 4.2 kb. Genome total size is about 25 kb.
GENE EXPRESSION

The dsRNA genome is never completely uncoated, to prevent activation of antiviral state by the cell in response to dsRNA. The viral polymerase lambda3 synthesizes a capped and non-polyadenylated monocistronic mRNA from each dsRNA segment. These capped mRNAs are translocated to the cell cytoplasm where they are translated. NSP5 ORF produces two proteins by ribosomal skipping.
REPLICATION

CYTOPLASMIC

1. Attachement to host receptors probably mediates endocytosis of virus into host cell. 2. Particles are partially uncoated in endolysosomes, but not entirely, and penetrate in the cytoplasm. 3. Early transcription of the dsRNA genome by viral polymerase occurs inside this sub-viral particle (naked core), so that dsRNA is never exposed to the cytoplasm. 4. Full-length plus-strand transcripts from each of the dsRNA segments are synthesized. These plus-strand transcripts are used as templates for translation. 5. Viral proteins and genomic RNAs aggregates in cytoplasmic viral factories. 6. (+)RNAs are encapsidated in a sub-viral particle, in which they are transcribed to giveRNA (-) molecules with which they become basepaired to produce dsRNA genomes. 7. The capsid is assembled on the sub-viral particle. 8. Mature virions are released presumably following cell death and associated breakdown of host plasma membrane. 9.