Professional Documents
Culture Documents
/s
Note that the numerical value of C increases for smoother surfaces, which is
opposite to the behavior of Mannings n
The relationship between C and Mannings n is (for m and m
3
/s):
1/ 6
R
C
n
= (5)
The relationship between C and the Darcy-Weisbach f is:
8g
C
f
(6)
Thus, C can be defined as a function of relative roughness (/R) and Reynolds
number, and the resulting graph looks much like the Moody diagram, vertically
inverted
Reynolds number can be defined like this:
R
4RV
N =
(7)
where R is the hydraulic radius (m), A/W
p
; V is the mean flow velocity in a cross
section (m/s); and is the kinematic viscosity of water (m
2
/s)
For a full circle:
= = =
2
p
A r r
R
W 2 r 2
(8)
whereby 4R = D (diameter), so use 4R in general for non-circular sections
Kinematic viscosity is a function of water temperature
Water Temperature (C) Kinematic Viscosity (m
2
/s)
0 0.000001785
5 0.000001519
10 0.000001306
15 0.000001139
20 0.000001003
25 0.000000893
30 0.000000800
40 0.000000658
50 0.000000553
60 0.000000474
Gary P. Merkley 166 BIE 5300/6300 Lectures
BIE 5300/6300 Lectures 167 Gary P. Merkley
For laminar flow (N
R
< 2000) and units of m and m
3
/s:
R
C 1.107 N = (9)
which is analogous to the Blasius equation (Darcy-Weisbach f)
For turbulent smooth flow (N
R
> 2000 & 0) and units of m and m
3
/s:
10
R
0.28C
C 17.7 log
N
=
(10)
For turbulent transitional flow (N
R
> 2000 & > 0) and units of m and m
3
/s:
10
R
/ R 0.28C
C 17.7 log
12 N
= +
(11)
For turbulent rough flow (N
R
> 20,000 & > 0), where C is no longer a function of
N
R
, and units of m and m
3
/s:
10
12
C 17.7 log
/ R
=
(12)
which gives the flat (horizontal) lines for fully turbulent flow
To determine the threshold between turbulent transition and turbulent rough flow
for a given /R ratio, first determine C from Eq. 11, then calculate N
R
as:
R
75C
N
/ R
=
(13)
Other equations exist to define the C value as a function of N
R
and relative
roughness, and these can be found in hydraulics textbooks & handbooks
For R in ft, A in ft
2
, and Q in cfs, multiply C by:
0.3048
2.006
0.3048
= (14)
That is, in English units:
o
Q 2.006CA RS = (15)
Gary P. Merkley 168 BIE 5300/6300 Lectures
where Q is in cfs; A is in ft
2
; and R is in ft
Note that for all but laminar flow, you must iterate to solve for C
This can be done quickly and easily in a computer program, and the results can
be presented as in the graph above
VIII. Chezy Epsilon Values
Epsilon (roughness height) values depend on channel lining material type &
condition:
Material & Condition
(m)
Very smooth and essentially seamless concrete 0.0003
Smooth concrete with joints between panels 0.0005
Rough concrete surfaces 0.0012
Very rough concrete surfaces 0.004 to 0.005
Gunite with a smooth finish 0.0005 to 0.0015
Untreated gunite 0.003 to 0.010
References & Bibliography
Davis, C.V. and K.E. Sorensen (eds.). 1969. Handbook of applied hydraulics. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, N.Y.
Labye, Y., M.A, Olsen, A. Galand, and N. Tsiourtis. 1988. Design and optimization of irrigation
distribution networks. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 44, Rome, Italy. 247 pp.
USBR. 1974. Design of small canal structures. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
435 pp.
BIE 5300/6300 Lectures 169 Gary P. Merkley
Gary P. Merkley 170 BIE 5300/6300 Lectures