Who Brought the Slaves to America?

By Walter White Jr., 1968

The story of the slaves in America begins with Christo her Col!mb!s. "is voyage to America was not finance# by $!een %sabella, b!t by &!is #e 'antangelo, who a#vance# the s!m of 1(,))) #!cats *abo!t +,))) o!n#s, to#ay e-!al to +),))) o!n#s. to finance the voyage, which began on A!g!st /, 1091. Col!mb!s was accom anie# by five 2maranos2 *Jews who ha# foresworn their religion an# s! ose#ly became Catholics., &!is #e Torres, inter reter, 3arco, the s!rgeon, Bemal, the hysician, Alon4o #e la Calle an# 5abriel 'anche4 *1.. 5abriel 'anche4, abette# by the other fo!r Jews, sol# Col!mb!s on the i#ea of ca t!ring +)) %n#ians an# selling them as slaves in 'eville, ' ain, which was #one. Col!mb!s #i# not receive any of the money from the sale of the slaves, b!t he became the victim of a cons iracy fostere# by Bemal, the shi 2s #octor. "e, Col!mb!s, s!ffere# in6!stice an# im risonment as his rewar#. Betraye# by the five maranos *Jews. whom he ha# tr!ste# an# hel e#. This, ironically, was the beginning of slavery in the Americas *1.. The Jews were e7 elle# from ' ain on A!g!st 1, 1091, an# from 8ort!gal in 109(. 3any of these Jews emigrate# to "ollan#, where they set ! the 9!tch West %n#ies Com any to e7 loit the new worl#. %n 16+0, the first Jew, Jacob Barsimson, emigrate# from "ollan#

to :ew Amster#am *:ew ;or<. an# in the ne7t #eca#e many more followe# him, settling along the =ast Coast, rinci ally in :ew Amster#am an# :ew ort, >ho#e %slan#. They were revente# by or#inances iss!e# by 5overnor 8eter 't!yvesant from engaging in the #omestic economy, so they -!ic<ly #iscovere# that the territory inhabite# by the %n#ians wo!l# be a fertile fiel#. There were no laws reventing the Jews from tra#ing with the %n#ians. The first Jew to begin tra#ing with the %n#ians was "ayman &evy, who im orte# chea glass bea#s, te7tiles, earrings, armban#s an# other chea a#ornments from "ollan# which were tra#e# for val!able f!r elts. "ayman &evy was soon 6oine# by Jews :icholas &owe an# Jose h 'imon. &owe conceive# the i#ea of tra#ing r!m an# whis<ey to the %n#ians an# set ! a #istillery in :ew ort, where these two li-!ors were ro#!ce#. Within a short time there were 11 #istilleries in :ew ort, all of them owne# by Jews, man!fact!ring an# #istrib!ting 2firewater.2 The story of the #eba!ching of the %n#ians with its res!ltant massacres of the early settlers, is a #ramatic story in itself. %t is essential to com rehen# the sea ort of :ew ort. %t is im ortant in or#er to recogni4e the Jewish share in the 'lave commerce. There was a erio# when it was commonly referre# to as 2The Jewish :ew ort,Worl# center of 'lave Commerce.2 All together, at this time, there were in :orth America si7 Jewish comm!nities? :ew ort, Charleston, :ew ;or<, 8hila#el hia, >ichmon#, an# 'avan!ah. There were also many other Jews, scattere# over the entire =ast Coast. Altho!gh :ew ;or< hel# first lace in the settlers of Jews in :orth America, :ew ort hel# secon# lace. :ew ;or< was also the main so!rce of @osher meat, s! lying the :orth American settlements, then the West %n#ies an# also 'o!th America. :ow :ew ort too< overA :ew ort also became

the great tra#e harbo!r of the =ast Coast of :orth America. There, vessels from other orts met, to e7change commo#ities. :ew ort, as revio!sly mentione#, re resente# the foremost lace in the commerce of r!m, whis<ey, an# li-!or #ealings. An# to concl!#e, it finally became the 3ain Center of 'lave #ealings. %t was from this ort that the shi s left on their way across the ocean, to gather their blac< h!man cargo an# then #erive great s!ms of money in e7change for them. An a!thentic, contem orary re ort, base# on a!thority, in#icates that of 118 'lave shi s, for instance, !nloa#e# in Charleston, within one year, their BCargo,B 11) of these were !n#ersigne# by Jews from :ew ort an# Charleston by their own name. Abo!t the rest of them, one can s!rmise, altho!gh they were entere# as Boston *1., :orfol< *1., an# Baltimore *0., their real owners were similarly the Jewish slave #ealers from :ew ort an# Charleston. Cne is able to assess the Jewish share in the entire #ealings of the :ew ort, if one consi#ers the !n#erta<ing of a lone Jew, the 8ort!g!ese, Aaron &o e4, who lays an im ortant art in the over,all story of the Jews an# 'lavery. Concerning the entire commerce of the Colonies, an# the later 'tate of >ho#e %slan#, *which incl!#e# :ew ort. bills of la#ing, concessions, recei ts, an# ort clearances carrie# the signat!re name of the Jew Aaron &o e4 */.. This all too< lace #!ring the years 1(16 to 1((0. "e ha# therefore more than +)D of all #ealings !n#er his ersonal control for almost fifty years. Asi#e from that there were other shi s which he owne#, b!t saile# !n#er other names.

Aaron &o e4

%n the year 1(09, the first 3asonic &o#ge was establishe#.

:inety ercent of the members of this first lo#ge, fo!rteen all tol#, were Jews. An# one <nows that only so,calle# B rominentB in#ivi#!als were acce te#. Twenty years later, the secon# 3asonic &o#ge, B@ing 9avi#,B was establishe#. %t is a fact that all of these members were Jews. %n the meantime, the Jewish infl!ence in :ew ort ha# reache# s!ch ro ortions that 8resi#ent 5eorge Washington #eci#e# to ay them a visit. E on his a earance, both of the 3asonic &o#ges sent an emissaryFa Jew name# 3oses 'ei7as *0. Fto a roach the 8resi#ent with a etition, in which the Jews of :ew ort state#? B%f yo! will ermit the chil#ren of Abraham to a roach yo! with a re-!est, to tell yo! that we honor yo!, an# feel an alliance...... an# then? BEntil the resent time the val!able rights of a free citi4en have been withhel#. "owever, now we see a new government coming into being base# on the 3a6esty of the eo le, a government, not sanctioning any bigotry nor ersec!tion of the Jew, rather, to conce#e the free#om of tho!ght, which each shares, whatever :ation or &ang!age, as a art of the great 5overnment machine.B %t is necessary at this oint to consi#er the #isclos!res as to who in reality obtaine# this legen#ary free#om in America at the fo!n#ing of the Enion. To be s!re, the rovince became in#e en#ent an# severe# from the =nglish J!ris#iction. "owever, we can see from the etition *+. which 3oses 'ei7as offere# 8resi#ent Washington in the name of the Jews of :ew ort, that it was not in reality this ty e of free#om which they ha# in min#. They were merely concerne# abo!t themselves, an# their Bown civil rights,B which ha# been withhel#. Therefore, following the >evol!tionary War, the Jews were accor#e# e-!al rights, an# free# of all restrictionsA An# the :egroesG The >evol!tionary War not withstan#ing, they remaine# 'lavesA %n the year 1(+), one si7th of the o !lation in :ew ;or< was :egroi#, an# ro ortionately in the 'o!thern

arts of the Co!ntry, they o!tn!mbere# the others, b!t the roclamation of Hree#om #i# not to!ch them. 3ore of this later. &et !s scr!tini4e at close range this #ismal han#wor< of the Jews which gave them infl!ence an# ower, so we may com rehen# the 'lave Tra#eI for there has been so m!ch written since that time by the 4ealo!s Jewish writers, that at the resent, long since remove#, it might a ear nat!ral, for the time element has a ten#ency to ma<e things neb!lo!s. &et !s follow the 6o!rney of one shi , owne# by a slave #ealer, Aaron &o e4, which ha# ma#e many tri s to the African coast. Hor instance, in the month of 3ay, 1(+1, the shi BAbigailB was e-!i e# with abo!t 9,))) gallons of r!m, a great s! ly of iron foot an# han# restraints, istols, ow#er, sabres, an# a lot of worthless tin ornaments, an# !n#er the comman# of the Jewish Ca tain Hree#man, saile# off for Africa. There were b!t two 3ates an# si7 sailors com rising the crew. Three an# one half months later they lan#e# on the African Coast. 3eantime, there ha# been constr!cte# an African Agency, by the Jewish slave #ealers, who ha# corralle# them, an# re are# them for sale. This organi4ation reaching #ee into Africa, ha# many ramifications, incl!#ing the hea#s of gro! s, villages, etc. This metho# to win over these lea#ers for the Jewish slave tra#e, was similar to2 that which the Jews ha# em loye# with the %n#ians. At first, they resente# them with r!m, an# soon fo!n# themselves in an alcoholic #eliri!m. When the gol# #!st, an# ivory s! ly was e7ha!ste#, they were in#!ce# to sell their #escen#ants. At first their wives, an# then their yo!ths. Then they began warfare among each other, lotte# an# #evelo e# mostly by the Jews, an# if they ca t!re# risoners, these, too, were e7change# for r!m, amm!nitions an# wea ons to the Jews2, !sing them for f!rther cam aigns to ca t!re more :egroes. The ca t!re# Blac<s were lin<e# two by two an# #riven thro!gh the

me#ieval forests to the coast. These ainf!l tre<s re-!ire# wee<s, an# some of them fre-!ently became ill, an# felle# by e7ha!stion, an# many !nable to rise even tho!gh the b!ll whi was a lie# as an enco!rager. They were left to #ie an# were #evo!re# by wil# beasts. %t was not !n!s!al to see the bones of the #ea# laying in the tro ical s!n, a sa# an# gr!esome remin#er to those who wo!l# later on trea# this ath. %t has been calc!late# that for each :egro who withstoo# the rigors of this wan#ering, there still ha# to be the long voyage across the ocean, before they reache# American soil, nine o!t of ten #ie#A An# when one consi#ers that there was a yearly e7o#!s of C:= 3%&&%C: blac< slaves, then, an# only then, can one assess the tremen#o!s an# e7tensive e7o#!s of the African eo le. At resent Africa is thinly o !late#, not alone #!e to the 1,))),))) literally #ragge# o!t of h!ts, b!t #!e to the five to nine million who never reache# their #estination. Cnce they reache# the coast, the blac< slaves were #riven together, an# restraints were a lie# to hol# them !ntil the ne7t trans ort shi #oc<e#. The agentsFmany of them JewsFwho re resente# the Chief, then began the #eal with the Ca tain. =ach :egro was ersonally resente# to him. B!t the ca tains ha# learne# to become s!s icio!s. The Blac< one m!st move his fingers, arms, legs, an# the entire bo#y to ins!re that there were not any fract!res. =ven the teeth were e7amine#. %f a tooth was lac<ing, it lowere# the rice. 3ost of the Jew agents <new how to treat sic< :egroes with chemicals in or#er to sell them as so!n#. =ach :egro was val!e# at abo!t 1)) gallons of r!m, 1)) o!n#s of g!n ow#er, or in cash between 18 to 1) #ollars. The notations of a ca tain inform !s that on 'e tember +, 1(6/, one :egro bro!ght as m!ch as 1)) gallons of r!m, #!e to the bi##ing among the agents, raising the rice. Women !n#er 1+ years, regnant or not, res!lte# in the same meas!re, if they were well an# comely. Any over 1+ years lost

1+D. An# here it sho!l# be state# that those :egroes, !rchase# free at the African Coast for 1) to 0) #ollars, were then resol# by the same slave #ealers in America for two tho!san# #ollars. This gives one an i#ea how the Jews manage# to ac-!ire tremen#o!s fort!nes. Hollowing the bargaining, Ca tain Hree#man ai# the bill, either in merchan#ise or cash. "e also recalle# some a#vice which his Jewish em loyers gave him as he left :ew ort for Africa? B8o!r as m!ch water into the r!m as yo! ossibly can.B %n this manner the :egro chiefs were cheate# two times by the :ew ort JewsA The ne7t ste was to shave the hair from the hea# of the ac-!ire# slaves. Then they were bo!n# an# bran#e# with a hot iron, either on the bac<, or the hi , i#entifying them with their owners. :ow the :egro slave was in#ee# the ro erty of the Jewish !rchaser. %f he fle# he co!l# be i#entifie#. Hollowing this roce#!re, there was a farewell celebration. There were instances when entire families were bro!ght o!t of the interior, to the coast, an# then se arate# thro!gh the b!yerFthe father going with one shi , the sons an# #a!ghters into another. These BfarewellB celebrations were !s!ally ac<e# with emotion, tears, #rama an# sa#ness. There was little 6oy, if ever. The following #ay the trans ort began from lan# to shi . %t was manage# by ta<ing fo!r to si7 :egroes at one time in rowboats to the shi . Cf co!rse the slave #ealers were aware of how the :egro love# his homelan# above all else, an# co!l# only be in#!ce# by great force to leave it. 'o, some of the :egroes wo!l# lea into the water. B!t here the overseers were re are# with shar #ogs an# retrieve# the fleeing men. Cther :egroes referre# #rowning. What came aboar# alive was imme#iately !n#resse#. "ere was another o ort!nity to 6!m overboar# an# reach lan# an# free#om. B!t the slave #ealers were itiless an#

r!thlessI they were merely concerne# to get their Blac< cargo to America with the least loss. Therefore, an esca ee, reca t!re#, ha# both of his legs c!t off before the eyes of the remaining :egroes in or#er to restore BCr#er.B Cn boar# the shi the :egroes were se arate# into three gro! s. The men were lace# in one art of the shi . The women into another, whereby the l!sty Ca tain arrange# it so that the yo!ngest, mostly comely :egro women were accessible to him. The chil#ren remaine# on #ec<, covere# with a cloth in ba# weather. %n this fashion the slave shi rocee#e# on its 6o!rney to America. %n the main, the shi s were too small, an# not at all s!itable to trans ort eo le. They were barely e-!i e# to trans ort animals, which the :egroes were li<ene# to. %n one s ace, one meter high */9 inches. these !nfort!nate creat!res were lace# into a hori4ontal osition, resse# close together. 3ostly they were chaine# together. %n this osition they ha# to remain for three months, !ntil the en# of the voyage. >arely was there a ca tain who sym athi4e# with them or evi#ence# any feelings whatever for these itiable creat!res. Cccasionally they wo!l# be ta<en in gro! s to the #ec< for fresh air, shac<le# in irons. 'omehow, these :egroes were e7 en#able an# en#!re# m!ch. Cn occasion, one of them became insane, <illing the other one resse# closely to him. They also ha# their fingernails closely c!t so they co!l# not tear at each other2s flesh. The most horrible battles came abo!t among the men, to ac-!ire a centimeter or two for a comfortable osition. %t was then that the slave overseer ste e# in with his b!llwhi . The !nimaginable, horrible, h!man e7crement in which these slaves ha# to en#!re these tri s is im ossible to #escribe. %n the women2s -!arters the same con#itions revaile#. Women gave birth to chil#ren lying resse# closely together. The

yo!nger :egro women were constantly ra e# by the ca tain an# the crew res!lting, thereby, a new ty e of 3!latto as they came to America. %n Jirginia, or in any of the other 'o!thern ort cities, the slaves were transferre# to the lan# an# imme#iately sol#. A reg!lar a!ction wo!l# ta<e lace, following the metho# of !rchase in Africa. The highest bi##er obtaine# the BWare.B %n many casesF #!e to the in#escribable filthFsome of the Blac<s became ill #!ring the sea voyage from Africa to America. They became !nem loyable. %n s!ch cases the ca tain acce te# any rice. %t was rare to #is ose of them for no one wante# to !rchase a sic< :egro. Therefore, it is not s!r rising that the Jewish, !nethical #octor senses a new form of reven!e. They !rchase# the sic< :egro for a small s!m, then treate# him, an# sol# him for a large s!m. Cn occasion, the ca tain wo!l# be left with a few :egroes for whom he #i# not fin# a b!yer. %n that case he ret!rne# to :ew ort an# sol# them to the Jews for chea #omestic hel . %n other cases, the Jew owner of the shi s too< them over. This is why the city of :ew ort an# its s!rro!n#ings ha# 0,69( blac< slaves in the year 1(+6. 'lavery #i# not e7ten# to the :orth. 3oreover, in many of the :orth American Colonies, slavery was strictly forbi##en. 5eorgia came !n#er #isc!ssionI li<ewise also 8hila#el hia. An# again it was the Jews who manage# a loo hole, which ha# given them free#om following the >evol!tionary War, so, they scheme# to ma<e slave tra#ing legal. Cne ha# b!t to rea# the names of those ersons living in 8hila#el hia who were re-!esting the elimination of e7isting laws regar#ing the slavery #ealing. They were? the Jews 'an#ifor#, &ay, Woolman, 'olomon, an# Bene4et. That e7 laine# it allA B!t let !s t!rn bac< to the slave shi BAbigail.B %ts ca tainFan# we are rea#ing from his shi 2s boo<sF#i# a

rofitable b!siness. "e sol# all of his :egroes in Jirginia, investe# some of the money in tobacco, rice, s!gar, an# cotton, an# went on to :ew ort where he #e osite# his wares. We learn from Ca tain Hree#man2s boo<s that the BAbigailB was a small shi an# co!l# only accommo#ate +6 eo le. "e manage#, however, to clear from one tri 6,611 #ollars, which he in t!rn #elievere# to the owner of the shi ? one Aaron &o e4. The staggering amo!nts of money ac-!ire# by the Jew shi owners an# slavery #ealers is better ill!strate# when we em hasi4e the many years in which this sale an# !rchase of h!man flesh was ractice#. 8rior to 1661, all of the Colonies ha# laws rohibiting slavery. %t was in that year that the Jews ha# become owerf!l eno!gh to bring abo!t the re eal of these laws, an# slavery began in earnest. The Jews ha# #iscovere# that the Colonists nee#e# a##itional man ower to hel them clear their fiel#s for lanting, hel ing in the constr!ction of #wellings, an# in general to hel with harvesting their cro s. This was artic!larly tr!e of the 'o!thern states which we have referre# to earlier. The 'o!therners ha# vast tracts of rich soil s!itable for rice, cotton, tobacco an# cane s!gar. At first, im overishe# =!ro eans were recr!ite#. =nglish rison #oors were o ene# an# finally risoners ot war from =nglan# an# "ollan# were bro!ght to the Colonies, ma#e to wor< !ntil they ha# ai# the cost of trans orting them by shi an# then set free. %t #oesn2t ta<e a Jew long to #iscover what his brothers are #oing, so a gro! of Jews settle# in Charleston, 'o!th Carolina, where they set ! #istilleries for ma<ing r!m an# whis<ey. They, too, learne# that they co!l# tra#e with the natives on the West Coast of Africa for ivory, an# several shi s were !rchase# an# sent to Africa, tra#ing the !s!al glass bea#s an# other chea ornaments for ivory, which, however, too< ! b!t little s ace on

boar# shi . %t occ!rre# to these Jew tra#ers that they co!l# s! ly the lantations in the 'o!th with 2Blac< ivory2, nee#e# !n#er swam y an# malarial con#itions which =!ro ean labor co!l# not tolerate witho!t sic<ness, an# which wo!l# not only fill the hol#s of their shi s, b!t bring enormo!s rofits. *This same gro! ha# earlier trie# selling %n#ians as slaves b!t they fo!n# them com letely !nsatisfactory, as the %n#ians wo!l# not tolerate this ty e of wor<.. Th!s, another segment of the slave tra#ing ha# become active an# rofitable o!t of Charleston, 'o!th Carolina. 'everal shi loa#s of Blac< slaves were sent by the 9!tch West %n#ies Com any to 3anhattan. 9!ring this time there were a n!mber of lantation owners establishe# in the West %n#ies an# two Jews, =yrger an# 'ayEer, with strong >othschil# connections in ' ain, forme# an agency calle# A'%=:TC, which later o erate# in "ollan# an# =nglan#. %t was thro!gh these connections that Jews in "ollan# an# =nglan# e7erte# infl!ence an# both of these connections coo erate# in hel ing the Jews rovi#e Blac< 'laves for the Colonists. With the yearly ca t!re an# trans ort of one million Blac< slaves it is not #iffic!lt to fig!re that from 1661 to 1((0 *one h!n#re# thirteen years. a ro7imately one h!n#re# ten million slaves ha# been remove# from their native lan#. Abo!t ten ercent, or =&=J=: 3%&&%C:, Blac< slaves reache# the Colonies alive. We have tal<e# abo!t the small shi BAbigailB which co!l# accommo#ate only +6 eo le an# yet the rofits er tri were enormo!s, with little or no investment. There were many other shi s b!t we will concentrate here on only a few, s!ch as the B&a Hort!na,B B"annah,B B'allyB or the BJen!eB which ma#e very great rofits. The B&a Hort!na,B by the way, trans orte# a ro7imately 11( slaves on each tri . The owner cleare# not less than K01,0/8.)) from s!ch a tri . These were #ollars which

the slave #ealers 2co!l# <ee 2. An# these were #ollars of val!e which wo!l# b!y a great #eal in ret!rn. When one consi#ers that the Jews of :ew ort owne# abo!t /)) slave,trans orting shi s, active witho!t interr! tion, #oc<ing at :ew ort,Africa, Charleston, *or Jirginia., one can a ro7imate the tremen#o!s earnings which ma#e their way to Jewish shi owners. %n#ee#, the Jews a#mit, that of the 6)) shi s, leaving :ew ort harbor into all the worl#, Bat least half of themB went their way to Africa, an# we <now what these shi s going to Africa Bwere see<ing.B The fact that Aaron &o e4 ha# control of over more than half of the combine# #eals in the Colonies of >ho#e %slan#, with :ew ort, is well,<nown. The well,<nown >abbi 3orris A. 5!tstein, in his boo<, The 'tory of the Jews in :ew ort, attem ts to remove these facts, maintaining that there is not any evi#ence that the Jews were connecte# with the 'lave Tra#e. %t is therefore im erative to rove that the Jew was in#ee# connecte# with the slave tra#ing. =s ecially so since this rabbi insists they ha# ma#e great contrib!tions, an# how very Bblesse#B their resi#ence became for the city of :ew ort. '!rely 3orris A. 5!tstein will grant !s ermission to resent the facts which he was !nable to fin#. T!rning to one re ort of the Chamber of Commerce of the B>ho#e %slan# ColonyB in the year 1(60, we fin#, for instance, that in the year 1(1/ Ba few merchants in :ew ortB #evise# the i#ea to sen# their :ew ort r!m to the coast of Africa. %t #evelo e# into s!ch a great e7 ort that in the matter of a few years Bseveral tho!san# *hogshea#s.B of r!m went that way. To which !r ose #i# this r!m serveG The Carnegie %nstit!te in Washington, 9.C., resents an# ma<es !blic a!thentic #oc!ments entitle# B9oc!ments %ll!strative of the "istory of the 'lave Tra#e in AmericaB. We wish to resent a

few facts from this artic!lar collection of original #oc!ments an# scr!tini4e them at closer range, an# not at all to rove the heretofore >abbi 3orris A. 5!tstein in error. %n this collection of the first American instit!te of learning, we eval!ate the ca ital B>ho#e %slan#B which contrib!te# the main share of the !blic #oc!mentation regar#ing the 'lave tra#ing. "ere we fin# #oc!mente# the reci ients of the n!mero!s shi ing letters, also letters to the 'lave #ealers, an# corres on#ence to the shi 2s ca tains, who were abo!t 1+D Jews, living in :ew ort. Among these we fin#, for instance, the Jew %saac =li4ar. "e wrote a letter to Ca tain Christo her Cham lin on Hebr!ary 6, 1(6/, saying he wo!l# li<e to be an agent for a loa# of slaves. Then follows the Jew Abraham 8ereira 3en#e4, an# one of the main slave #ealers, Jacob >o# >ivera,the father,in,law of Aaron &o e4. An# then there is Aaron &o e4, himself, an# many, many more other Jews. Altho!gh we have consi#ere# Aaron &o e4 several times, the si4e of this #oc!mente# treatise limits !s, an# we cannot #escribe all of the writers concerne# in the 'lavery 9ealing corres on#ence, their names an# the s ecial #atesF rather, we wish to st!#y the #oc!mentation of the 2Carnegie %nstit!te2 itselfF<ee ing Aaron &o e4 in min#. We wish to see what in the main this Jew was !rs!ing an# what his b!siness was. This is #!e to the fact that >abbi 3orris A. 5!tstein resents him as a Blofty an# fine civilian of :ew ortB who was so genero!s an# even Bma#e contrib!tions to welfare.B %n a great n!mber of !blishe# original !n re6!#ice# writings in the Carnegie %nstit!te, we fin# that Aaron &o e4 !rs!e# a tremen#o!s commerce in r!m with the African coast in e7change for slaves. These irref!table facts are as follows? J!ne 11, 1(60, a letter by Ca tain William 'tea# to Aaron &o e4. J!ly 11, 1(6+, a letter by Aaron &o e4 to Ca tain :athaniel Briggs.

 J!ly 11, 1(6+, a letter to Ca tain Abraham All. Hebr!ary 0, 1(66, a letter to Ca tain William 'tea# by Aaron &o e4. 3arch (, 1(66, a letter by Ca tain William 'tea# to Aaron &o e4. Hebr!ary 1), 1(66, a letter by Aaron &o e4 to Ca tain William 'tea#. Cctober 8, 1(66, a letter by Ca tain William 'tea# to Aaron &o e4. Hebr!ary 9, 1(6(, a letter by Ca tain William 'tea# to Aaron &o e4. Asi#e from that, there are similar statements o!t of letters by Aaron &o e4 in the original, which he #irecte# to the Ca tains "enry Cr!ger, 9avi# 3ill, "enry White, Thomas 9olbeare, an# William 3oore. %n#ee#, one letter by Ca tain William 3oore to Aaron &o e4 L Com any, is artic!larly revealing, an# of s ecial mention at this oint. We wish to remar< on the main contents of this letter in which Ca tain 3oore writes? B% wish to a#vise yo! that yo!r shi 2Ann2 #oc<e# here night before last with 111 slaves, consisting of /+ men, 16 large yo!ths, 11 small boys, 19 women, 1 grown girls, 9 small girls, an# % ass!re yo! this is s!ch a one r!mcargo *r!m in e7change for slaves. which % have not yet enco!ntere#, among the entire gro! there may be five to which one co!l# ta<e e7ce tion.B The #ate of the above letter was :ovember 1(, 1((/. We have not yet concl!#e#, beca!se of lac< of s ace, the e7cer ts an# gratef!l com ilations ma#e available by the BCarnegie %nstit!te.B Cn :ovember 19, 1(6(, the Jew Abraham 8ereira 3en#e4F who ha# been cheate# by one of his <in#Ffrom Charleston, where he ha# 6o!rneye# to better control his Blac< cargo, wrote Aaron &o e4 at :ew ort?

BThese :egroes, which Ca tain Abraham All #elivere# to me, were in s!ch oor con#ition #!e to the oor trans ortation, that % was force# to sell 8 boys an# girls for a mere 1( * o!n#s., 1 other for 0+ * o!n#s. an# two women each for /+ * o!n#s..B *:o #o!bt, =nglish money. Abraham 8ereia 3en#e4 was very angry an# acc!se# Aaron &o e4 of BcheatingB him. This letter #elineates to !s that this genero!s an# fine citi4en of :ew ort was insatiable in his gree# for money. This is what ca!se# the >abbi 3orris A. 5!tstein to resent this nobleman, Aaron &o e4, to !rs!e his ob6ectionable metho#s. :egroes resente# to him b!t a commo#ity. %n all of the letters which the BCarnegie %nstit!teB !blishe#, it stresses the lac< of h!man sym athy for the oor :egro slaves. This lac< of feeling an# com assion for the ab!se# an# itif!l Blac<s at the han#s of their Jewish #ealers, can be rea# o!t of the #iary of a ca tain who manne# a shi owne# by Aaron &o e4. The entrees concern a tri from the African Coast to Charleston. 3oreover, they are a!thentic #oc!ments, !blishe# by the BCamegie %nstit!teB in Washington, 9.C., calling attention to an organi4ation which ha# heretofore <nown little or nothing abo!tI neither ha# they enco!ntere# f!rther !blicity in boo<s or news a ers. Therefore, it is not to be won#ere# at that the facts of the lea#ing share of American Jews in the slave tra#e co!l# be ointe# o!t as a mono oly, an# !n<nown to the non,Jewish Americans, incl!#ing the great masses of eo le all over the worl#. Cthers, however, ac-!ainte# with the facts, ha# goo# reason to remain ainf!lly -!iet. The ca tain of another shi , the BCthelloB among other things, ma<es the following entries in his #iary? Hebr!ary 6th? Cne man #rowne# in the rocess of loa#ing.

 3arch 18th? Two women went overboar# beca!se they ha# not been loc<e# ! . A ril 6th? Cne man #ea# with Hl!7. *:o #o!bt an illness.. A ril 1/th? Cne woman #ea# with Hl!7. 3ay (th? Cne man #ea# with Hl!7. J!ne 16th? Cne man #ea# by @a "enry. J!ne 11st? Cne man #ea# by James Hl!ss. J!ly +th? Cne woman #ea# with fever. J!ly 6th? Cne girl, sic< for two months, #ie#. This vessel was on its way for five months. What terrible an# !ns ea<able s!ffering was the lot of these millions of Blac<s, who were torn with br!tal force from their frien#ly African h!ts, 6amme# together, li<e animals below #ec<, an# then sol# with less concern than selling a hea# of cattle. 'mall won#er that ten of them #ie#, being !rchase# for 6!st a few #ollars, an# then sol# for the s!m of K1,))).)). 'ome :egroes manage#, thro!gh ins!rrection, to gain control of one or another shi an# t!rne# it aro!n#, with f!ll sails, towar# their African home. The crew of one slave shi , BThree Hrien#sB for instance, tort!re# their Blac< cargo in s!ch a manner that the :egroes reci rocate# in a bloo#y rebellion. They <ille# the ca tain an# the entire crew an# threw the #ea# overboar#. They then saile# bac< to Africa where they ha# barely esca e# their har#,won free#om. A similar fate str!c< the slave shi BAmista#B. Among the slaves was the son of an enemy tribal chief. Cnce the shi was !n#er way, he scheme# with his com atriots to attac< the shi 2s crew. Hollowing a bloo#y battle, they manage# to ca t!re the ca tain. The :egro rince force# him to t!rn bac< to Africa, then in the evening, !n#er cover of #ar<ness, he change# his co!rse, 4ig4agge# for months !ntfl he came close to the American coast, an# enco!ntere# a government shi . This too< lace in the year

18/9 when slave tra#ing was alrea#y forbi##en an# illegal. The :egro slaves were free# an# the ca tain !nishe#. These sea voyages were not witho!t #anger when they ha# Blac< cargo, which acco!nts for the fact that the Jews most always engage# non,Jewish ca tains. The slave #ealers referre# to remain in their offices an# co!nte# the fat winnings following each 6o!rney, s!ch as Aaron &o e4, who left his heirs one of the largest fort!nes in the :ew =nglan# era. When reviewing the #oc!mente# facts containe# herein, it is im ortant that one always remembers that it was a l!c<y ca tain who #i# not lose more than 9 o!t of 19 slaves on the ret!rn tri . %t is e-!ally im ortant to remember that these oor Blac< creat!res ha# to lie in h!man e7crement for the entire tri . Thin< of itA :o won#er sic<ness an# #isease too< s!ch a high toll. >emember the fig!res? a ro7imately one h!n#re# ten million Blac< eo le were ca t!re# an# remove# from their homelan# in Africa. Cnly =&=J=: 3%&&%C: of these Blac< slaves reache# the Colonies alive. An# the Jews still tal< abo!t the 5ermans an# "itler an# how si7 million Jews were e7terminate# #!ring Worl# War %%. This is the greatest &%= ever er etrate# ! on the eo le of the worl#, whereas the story of the oor Blac< slaves is #oc!mente#. 9oc!mente# with T>ET". The evi#ence is still available for the eo le of the worl# to see. The BCarnegie %nstit!te of TechnologyB is locate# in 8ittsb!rgh, 8ennsylvania. As this #oc!ment is #istrib!te#, event!ally reaching the han#s of the Jew, the evi#ence will robably be remove# an# #estroye#

!ntil finally all #oc!mentation is remove# which is #amaging to the Jew. The Jews have been engage# in this ractice for cent!ries. Tr!th, howeverFtr!th which bears fact cannot remain covere# or hi##en foreverFan# more tr!ths are being #isclose# by those of !s who inten# to free America of these sons of the #evilFthe Jews. The !blishe# #oc!mentation containe# herein was obtaine# from the Carnegie %nstit!te of &earning, resently <nown as BThe Carnegie %nstit!te of Technology.B The following is a artial of the slave shi s owne# by Jews? 2Abigail2 by Aaron &o e4. 3oses &evy an# Jacob Hran<s. 2Crown2 by %saac &evy an# :athan 'im son. 2:assa!2by 3oses &evy. 2Ho!r 'isters2 by 3oses &evy. 2Anne L =li4a2 by J!st!s Bosch an# John Abrams. 28r!#ent Betty2 by "enry Cr!ger an# Jacob 8hoeni7. 2"ester2 by 3or#ecai an# 9avi# 5ome4. 2=li4abeth2 by 9avi# an# 3or#ecai 5ome4. 2Antig!a2 by :athan 3arston an# Abram &yell. 2Betsy2by Wm. 9eWoolf. 28oEy2by James 9eWoolf. 2White "orse2 by Jan #e 'weevts. 2=7 e#ition2 by John an# Jacob >osevelt. 2Charlotte2 by 3oses an# 'am &evy an# Jacob Hran<s. 2Caracoa2 by 3oses an# 'am &evy.

'lave,r!nners, also owne# by Jews were the 2&a Hort!na2, the 2"annah2, the 2'ally2, an# the 2Jen!e2. 'ome of the Jews of :ew ort an# Charleston who were engage#

in the #istillery or slavery tra#e, or both, were? %saac 5ome4, "ayman &evy, Jacob 3alha#o, :a htaly 3yers, 9avi# "art, Jose h Jacobs, 3oses Ben Hran<s, 3oses 5ome4, %saac 9ias, Ben6amin &evy, 9avi# Jesh!v!m, Jacob 8into, Jacob T!r<, 9aniel 5ome4, James &!cana, Jan #e 'weevts, Heli7 *cha,cha. #e 'o!4a *<nown as the 28rince of 'lavers2 an# secon# only to Aaron &o e4., 'imeon 8otter, %saac =li4er, Jacob >o#, Jacol. %to#rig!es >ivera, "aym %saac Carregal, Abraham To!ro, 3oses "ays, 3oses &o e4, J!#ah To!ro, Abrtham 3en#es an# Abraham All. Cf some 6)) shi s leaving the ort of :ew ort, more than /)) were engage# in the slave tra#e. A ty ical cargo of one shi , 2&a Hort!na2, was 11( slaves which cost abo!t K0,/)) an# sol# for K01,0/8.)). Cnly abo!t 1)D of the slave shi ca tains were Jews, not wanting to s!b6ect themselves to the rigors of the 6,month 6o!rney. They referre# to stay at home an# contin!e their #istillery o erations which contin!e# to s! ly r!m an# whis<ey to the %n#ians for many years at a very great rofit. >=H=>=:C=' 9CCE3=:TAT%C: =li4abeth 9onnan, 0 Jols. 9oc!ments %ll!strative of the "istory of the 'lave Tra#e to America, Washington, 9.C., 19/),19/+. BCarnegie %nstit!te of Technology,B 8ittsb!rgh, 8ennsylvania. A#vent!res of an African 'laver, by 3alcolm Cowley, 1918. 8!blishe# by Albert an# Charles Bori, :ew ;or<. The 'tory of the Jews in :ew ort, by >abbi 3orris A. 5!tstein. The Jew 9iscovem America, by Cthmar @rain4. The %nternational Jew, by "enry Hor#.

The 8lot Against the Ch!rch, by 3a!rice 8inay. 8rotocol for Worl# Con-!est, 19+6, by The Central Conference of American >abbis. Behin# Comm!nism, by Hran< &. Britton We cannot !n#erta<e even this brief history of the mo#ern Jew witho!t ta<ing note of a henomenon which his confo!n#e# 5entile societies for twenty cent!ries. This is the ability of the Jewish eo le to collectively retain their i#entity #es ite cent!ries of e7 os!re to Christian civili4ation. To any st!#ent of J!#aism, or to the Jews themselves, this henomenon is artly e7 laine# by the fact that J!#aism is neither mainly a religion, nor mainly a raciai matter, nor yet is it sim ly a matter of nationality. >ather it is all three, it is a <in# of trinity. J!#aism is best #escribe# as a nationality b!ilt on the twin illars of race an# religion. All this is closely relate# to another as ect of J!#aism, namely the ersec!tion myth. 'ince first a earing in history, we fin# the Jews ro agating the i#ea that they are an ab!se# an# ersec!te# eo le, an# this i#ea is, an# has always been, central in Jewish thin<ing. The myth of ersec!tion is the a#hesive an# cement of J!#aism? witho!t it Jews wo!l# have long since cease# to e7ist, their racial,religio!s nationality notwithstan#ing. %t is a fact that the Jewish eo le have s!ffere# n!mero!s har#shi s in the co!rse of their history, b!t this is tr!e of other eo les too. The chief #ifference is that the Jews have <e t score. We 3!st re eatFthey have <e t scoreFthey have ma#e a tra#ition of ersec!tion. A cas!al sla!ghter of tho!san#s of Chriestians is remembere# by no one in +) years, b!t a #isability visite# ! on a few Jews is reserve# forever in Jewish histories. An# they tell their woes not only to themselves, b!t to a sym athetic worl# as well.

=n# of original essay

The following references are a##es by the e#itor to facilitate yo!r research. >ef. The %nternational Jew by "enry Hor# 1. A#vent!res of an African 'laver by 3alcolm Cowley, 1918, .11 /. Aaron &o e4 an# his family arrive# in :ew ort aro!n# 1(+) from :ew ;or< via &isbon, 8ort!gal. &o e4 arrive# in the new worl# as a member of a B3arranoB family with the Christian name of B9on 9!arte &o e4.B &o e4 imme#iately #ro e# his Christian name an# too< the "ebrew name of Aaron an# s!bmitte# to rit!al circ!mcision. Within twenty years, &o e4 owne# or ha# interests in over 8) sailing vessels. &o e4 was also one of the original fo!n#ers an# contrib!tors of To!ro 'ynagog!e an# by the en# of his life was recogni4e# as one of the B3erchant 8rincesB of early America. "is merchant tra#ing interests incl!#e# r!m, molasses, #ry goo#s an# African slaves. 0. 3oses &evy an# the 3oses 'ei7as families both live# in one of :ew ort2s large colonial mansions at 19 To!ro 'treet. 'ei7as was a fo!n#ing member of the nation2s ol#est Jewish 3asonic &o#ge *@ing 9avi# in :ew ort. an# 5ran# 3aster of the 3asonic Cr#er of >ho#e %slan#. 'ei7as was well <nown as the Cashier of the Ban< of >ho#e %slan#. 8resi#ent *8arnas. of To!ro 'ynagog!e at the time of the 5eorge Washington visit an# letter to the congregation, 'ei7as also erforme# the Covenant of Circ!mcision *BMrith 3ilah.. 8rominent merchant an# tra#er 3oses &evy of :ew ;or< an# :ew ort was one of several Ash<ena4i Jewish families in :ew ort at that time.
1.

&evy owne# the To!ro 'treet 3ansion an# wille# the ro erty to 3oses 'ei7as in 1(91. +. B'ir? 8ermit the chil#ren of the stoc< of Abraham to a roach yo! with the most cor#ial affection an# esteem for yo!r erson an# merit, an# to 6oin with o!r fellow, citi4ens in welcoming yo! to :ew ort. ... 9e rive# as we hitherto have been of the inval!able rights of free citi4ens, we now,with a #ee sense of gratit!#e to the Almighty 9is oser of all events F behol# a government erecte# by the ma6esty of the eo le, a government which to bigotry gives no sanction, to ersec!tion no assistance, b!t genero!sly affor#ing to all liberty of conscience an# imm!nities of citi4enshi , #eeming every one of whatever nation, tong!e, or lang!age, e-!al arts of the great governmental machine. This so am le an# e7tensive He#eral Enion, whose base is hilanthro y, m!t!al confi#ence an# !blic virt!e, we cannot b!t ac<nowle#ge to be the wor< of the great 5o#, who r!les in the armies of the heavens an# among the inhabitants of the earth, #oing whatever seemeth to "im goo#. Hor all the blessings of civil an# religio!s liberty which we

en6oy !n#er an e-!al an# benign a#ministration, we #esire to sen# ! o!r than<s to the Ancient of #ays, the great 8reserver of men, beseeching "im that the angels who con#!cte# o!r forefathers thro!gh the wil#erness into the romise# lan# may gracio!sly con#!ct yo! thro!gh all the #iffic!lties an# #angers of this mortal lifeI an# when, li<e Josh!a, f!ll of #ays an# f!ll of honors, yo! are gathere# to yo!r fathers, may yo! be a#mitte# into the heavenly ara#ise to arta<e of the water of life an# the tree of immortality. 9one an# signe# by or#er of the "ebrew Congregation in :ew ort, >ho#e %slan#, A!g!st 1(, 1(9). 3oses 'ei7as, War#enB