What is an Acid?

5 general properties were observed

Aqueous solutions taste sour Change color of acid-base indicators Some react with active metals to release H2 gas React with bases to produce salts and water

ACIDS AND BASES

Chapters 14-15

Conduct electric current

REVIEW: Naming Acids

Common Acids
Sulfuric Acid Nitric Acid Phosphoric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Acetic Acid

What is a Base?
5 general properties were observed
Aqueous solutions taste bitter Change the color of acid-base indicators Dilute solutions feel slippery

Arrhenius Acids and Bases

Arrhenius acid Arrhenius base Aqueous solutions of acids

React with acids to produce salts and water Conduct electric current

Brnsted-Lowry Acid

Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

Conjugate Acids and Bases

A Brnsted-Lowry Acid gives up a proton, it creates _________________ If the reaction is reversible, that ________ acts like a ___________ HF + H2O F- + H3O+

Brnsted-Lowry Base Brnsted-Lowry Reactions Whats the difference? Why have 2 definitions?

Summary Lewis Acids and Bases

Another definition of acids and bases Lewis acid Lewis base Lewis acid-base reaction

Identify each type of acid and base

NaOH Na+ + OH HF + H2O F- + H3O+ H+ + NH3 NH4+

Strength of Acids
Strong acid Strength depends on polarity of bonds Acid strength increases with ____________ polarity and _____________ bond energy Weak Acids

Memorize Strong Acids!!!

Strength of Bases
Alkaline Strong bases Weak bases

Strengths of Conjugate Acids/Bases Memorize Strong Bases!!!

Amphoteric Compounds
Amphoteric Most common amphoteric compound

Monoprotic and Polyprotic Acids

Monoprotic
HCl + H2O

Diprotic
H2SO4 + H2O

Triprotic
H3PO4 + H2O

Predicting Directions of Reactions

HClO4 + H2O H3O+ + ClO4-

CH3COOH + H2O H3O+ + CH3COO-

Self Ionization of Water

Since water is amphoteric, we know that it can form H+ and OH- ions.

Ionization Constant of Water

Product of concentrations of H3O+ and OH- ions is a constant, kw Kw = 1.0 x 1014 M2 Because hydronium and hydroxide ions are equal in water, its neutral

This occurs all the time; water is a WEAK electrolyte So weak that the concentrations of ions are each 1.0 x 10-7 M

More hydronium = More hydroxide =

The pH Scale Calculating [H3O+] and [OH-]

NaOH (s) If 0.01mol of NaOH is added to 1L of water, how much OH- will be produced? Basic or acidic? What is the concentration of H3O+? Indicates concentration of H3O From French Pouvoir hydrogene

Calculating pH
pH is the negative of the log10 of the hydronium ion concentration pH = -log[H3O+] pOH = -log[OH-] pH + pOH = 14 Calculate the pH of a 1.0 x 10-3 M solution of HCl Calculate the pH of a 1.0 x 10-3 M solution of NaOH

Calculating Concentration FROM pH

Whats the concentration of a solution of HNO3 whose pH is 5.0? Whats the concentration of a solution of KOH whose pH is 12.4? Whats the concentration of a solution of HI whose pH is 3.67?

pH Indicators
Acid-base indicators HIn H+ + In In acidic solution, what will happen? (think of equilibrium principles) In basic solution, what will happen?

pH Indicators
Each indicator has a range of values it will change over - __________________ Universal indicators

Neutralization Reactions
Strong acid and strong base neutralization
What happens when we add HCl and NaOH?

Titrations Experimental Neutralization Reactions

Add 200mL of 0.1M HCl to 200mL 0.1M NaOH and what happens? What should the resulting pH be? Equivalence point End point

Neutralization reaction of hydronium and hydroxide ions to form water molecules

Also produces ___________ -

Titration Curve
Strong acid/strong base Neutralizes at equivalence point

Weak Acid/Strong Base

Basic at equivalence point

Which Indicator to Use?

Bromthymol blue range of 6.0 7.6; used for: Methyl orange range of 3.1 4.4; used for: Phenolphthalein range of 8.3 10.0; used for: Litmus??

Molarity and Titrations

To determine an unknown solutions concentration, a standard solution is used 20.0mL of 0.005M NaOH is required to reach the end point of 10.0mL of HCl. What is the concentration of HCl?

Steps to Problem Solving

Balanced equation for neutralization reaction; determine mole ratio Determine moles of acid or base from known solution used during titration Determine moles of solute of the unknown solution used during titration Determine molarity of the unknown from the volume given.

27.4 mL of 0.0154M NaOH is used to neutralize 20.0mL of HCl. What is the concentration of the HCl?

27.4 mL of 0.0154M Ba(OH)2 is used to neutralize 20.0mL of HCl. What is the concentration of HCl?

Salt Hydrolysis
Anions of dissociated salt accept hydrogen ions

What will the pH be of the following salts? (7, above, below)

Rubidium nitrite?

Cations of dissociated salt donate hydrogen ions

Copper(II) sulfate?
What happens when potassium fluoride is dissolved in water? What happens when ammonium chloride dissolves in water?

Ammonium perchlorate? Lithium carbonate? Potassium iodide?

Buffered Solutions
Buffers Mixture of a weak acid and conjugate base or a weak base and a conjugate acid

Buffer Calculations
If 200mL of 0.1M HF is added to 200mL of NaF, what is the pH? (Ka for HF = 6.3 x 10-4)

Blood buffers
CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq) H+(aq) + HCO3-

Buffer capacity