Introduction to the Plant Kingdom

How Are Plants All Alike?

Plant Characteristics

Multicellular Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Chlorophylls a and b in membranes Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose Store reserve food as (starch)

Plants are different

Plant body

Shoot: stem (nodes, internodes), leaves, reproductive structures (flowers, cones, etc.);usually above ground Root: usually below ground, in soil

Plant Body

Shoot system

Stem & branches Leaves Nodes & internodes Reproductive structures Primary roots Branch roots

Root system

What are the parts of a plant?

Node: swollen part of stem where buds form (leaves or stems grow here) Cotyledons: leaves formed at first node (cotyledonary node)

What are the parts of a plant? Internode: stem tissue between nodes

What are the types of stems? 1) Woody Stem: trees, shrubs, woody perennials 2) Grass Stem: hollow or filled 3) Herbaceous Stem: like woody but softer (clover, alfalfa) 4) Modified Stem:

Types of Modified Stems

Bulbs: (onion) Tubers: (potato) Stolons: above ground runner (strawberry) Rhizomes: below ground runners (field bindweed or creeping jenny)

What are the functions of stems? 1) transport water, nutrients, sugars 2) support leaves 3) store food

What are buds?

special tissue on stems that can grow into new plant parts buds are described according to:

1) structures into which they grow

-Vegetative: leaves or stems -Floral: flowers -Mixed: both

2) where buds appear on stem 3) How buds are arranged

Bud Arrangements

Alternate (alfalfa) Opposite (beans) Whorled (not common)

What are leaves?

undergo photosynthesis, exchange gases

What is the difference between a simple leaf and a compound leaf?

simple leaf = 2 parts (leaf blade and petiole)

Leaf Blade

Petiole

What is the difference between a simple leaf and a compound leaf?

Compound leaf: leaf blade divided into leaflets

What are the different types of compound leaves?

Palmate compound

What are the different types of compound leaves?

Pinnate compound

What are the different types of compound leaves?

Trifoliate (alfalfa)

What are the types of root systems? -Taproot: one main root, has no nodes central main root that descends vertically; larger than any branching root

(carrot, evergreen, kochia)

Fibrous root: many nodes, branching root system (grasses) thin thread-like roots arising from a taproot or from stem tissue

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ADVENTITIOUS roots

that originate from any part of the plant other than the root system
roots

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What is inside a flower?

Petals attract insects.
A flower is basically made up of four concentric rings of structures. There is an outer ring of modified leaves called sepals. These provide protection to the flower before it opens and are usually green. This outer ring is known as the calyx. Inside the sepals is another ring of modified leaves called petals which are often brightly coloured. This layer is known as the corolla. Within the corolla are one or more stamens containing pollen, which are the male reproductive structures. In the very centre of the flower are the female reproductive organs.
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Sexual reproduction in plant

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Define sexual reproduction and the terms associated with it.

Sexual Reproduction:

The union of the female and male sex cells to produce a seed (embryo).

Ovule: female sex cell. Pollen: male sex cell. Embryo (seed-germ): an immature plant.

*Sexual reproduction involves the creation of a genetically new individual.

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Plants are different

Life Cycle = Alternation of generations.

Plants reproduce with spores and sex cells

there are two stages in a plants life:

Sporophyte generation (diploid, 2n Gametophyte generation

(haploid, 1n)

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What is a Saprophyte?

A plant in the spore producing stage of life. Spores can grow directly into an adult plant
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What is a Gametophyte?

The stage in a plants life where it produces male and female sex cells.
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Male Reproductive Structure

The stamen consists of two parts: Anther and Filament The anther is where meiosis occurs to produce haploid pollen The filament is a stalk that supports the anther

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Female Reproductive Structure

The pistil consists of the stigma, style and ovary The sticky stigma receives the pollen from the anther The pollen grows a tube down through the style Meiosis occurs in the ovary to produce haploid ovules
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Plant life cycle

Alternation of generations:
Diploid sporophyte Haploid gametophyte

multicellular specialized cells become sperm or egg

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Plant Reproduction

Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage produces haploid spores by meiosis Haploid spores undergo mitosis to produce gametophyte stage Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis Zygote (2n) produces the new sporophyte
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Plant life cycle

Example: fern

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Plant life cycle

Example: flowering plant

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Pollination

Wind, insects or other animals transfer pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another Flowers vary depending on pollination mechanism
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Wind pollination

Some flowers, such as grasses, do not have brightly coloured petals and nectar to attract insects. They do have stamens and carpels. These flowers are pollinated by the wind.

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Pollination Vectors
Wind Pollination: Dull, scentless flowers with reduced petals Bees/Butterfly Pollination: Bright color, nectarines, scent. They sip nectar, get pollen on coats, transfer pollen from flower to39 copyright cmassengale

Fertilization

After pollen lands on stigma, a pollen tube grows down through the style to ovary Tube contains two sperm nuclei In ovary, there is one egg or ovule nucleus and two polar nuclei Double fertilization occurs: one sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg, the other the two polar nuclei
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Define asexual reproduction

Asexual Reproduction:

The reproduction of a plant without the uniting of a pollen and ovule. Asexual reproduction is often referred to as vegetative propagation since no seed is involved in the formation of the new plant. It is known as a clone. Leaves, stems or roots may be used to grow a new plant. *Produces a genetically identical plant. 41

Asexual propagation

Plants often reproduce asexually

runners, rhizomes, tubers roots form new shoots fragmentation (willow, privet, Forsythia)

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Plant Tissues
TISSUES- a group of cells functioning together in some specialized activity

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PERMANENT TISSUESPERMANENT TISSUESthese are meristems which cannot divide further and have attained a definite form and size. They are divided into two two major kinds-

Simple Tissues. Complex Tissues.

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Simple Tissues These are composed of one type of cells which form a uniform mass. These are further divided into three types of tissuesParenchyma. Collenchyma. Sclerenchyma.
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PARENCHYMA
-these cells are with a nucleus and thin cell walls. Also the cytoplasm within is usually dense with a single large vacuole. - They are found in the ground tissues of stems, cortex of roots and mysophyll of leaves. They store and assimilate food and even prepare food in the presence of chlorophyll. -They provide mechanical strength by maintaining turgidity and also store waste products like gum and crystals.
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COLLENCHYMA
-These have cells with unevenly thickened cell walls and with cellulose at its corners. -They have nucle and the vacuoles are small. The inter-cellular spaces are least and they are found beneath the skin i.e. below the epidermis in the dicot stems. -They provide mechanical support to the stem and being extendable, adapt themselves to the rapid elongation of the stem.
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SCLERENCHYMA
lignified and usually pointed at both ends. The nucleus is absent and hence the tissues are made up of dead cells. They have simple pits in the walls and the wall between adjacent cells is prominent. It is found abundantly in cells like coconut, jute and hemp. They provide elasticity, flexibility and rigidity to the plant body forming a mechanical support 51
- The cell walls are evenly thickened and

COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES-These are made of more than one type of cells which combine together to work as a unit. -They transport water and food material to various parts of the plant body. -They are of two types- xylem and phloem.

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XYLEM
complex tissue helps in the transport of water and soluble mineral nutrients from the roots to all the parts of the plant body. It also helps in replacing the water lost during transpiration and photosynthesis. There are different kinds of cells found in the xylem, like the tracheids, trachea, xylem parenchyma and xylem sclerenchyma
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PHLOEM
PHLOEM tissue is found in the vascular plants. Its function is to transport sugars and other food materials from the leaves to the rest of the parts of the plant body. Phloem too is composed of different kinds of cells like the sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and blast fibres. It is found mostly in all the parts of the plant.
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Plant Divisions

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Taxonomy

Plants are divided into two groups Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials Called Vascular System

Vascular Bundles

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Vascular System

Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem
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There are more than 260,000 species of plants. They can be divided into two groups:

Nonvascular Vascular

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Nonvascular Plants

Do not have vascular tissue Sporophyte stage (pipes )for support or conduction of materials Called Bryophytes Gametophyte Require a Stage constantly moist Moss Gametophytes & environment
Sporophytes
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Nonvascular Plants
Plants cant grow as tall Cells must be in direct contact with moisture

depend on diffusion and osmosis to move material from one part of the plant to another

Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets

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Nonvascular Plants

Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta)

Liverworts

Hornworts

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Vascular Plants

Also called Tracheophytes Subdivided into two groups -Seedless vascular plants and Seed-bearing vascular plants
Club Moss
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Seedless Vascular Plants

Includes clubmoss (Lycopodiophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta)

Whisk ferns

Horsetails

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Seed-Producing Vascular Plants

Includes two groups Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds
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Gymnosperms

Coniferophyta are known as conifers Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Cycadophyta cycads Ginkgophyta ginkgo
Ginkgo

Cycad

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Gymnosperms

Contains the oldest living plant Bristle cone pine Contains the tallest living plant Sequoia or redwood
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Angiosperms

Flowering plants Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary Ovary is within a flower Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds)
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Angiosperms

Division Anthophyta Subdivided into two groups Monocots and Dicots Monocots have a single seed cotyledon Dicots have two seed cotyledons
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Monocots

Parallel venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 3 Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem
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Dicots

Net venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem
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Monocot Seed Germination

Monocots grow straight up with coleoptiles sheath covering shoot One embryonic leaf Seed remains underground

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Dicot Seed Germination

Curved stem comes up out of soil Two embryonic leaves Seed goes above soil

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Parts of the Embryo

Epicotyl - Grows into the leaves of the plant Hypocotyl - Becomes the stem Radicle - Becomes the root
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Why We Cant do Without Plants!

Produce oxygen for the atmosphere Produce lumber for building Provide homes and food for many organisms Prevent erosion Used for food
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More Reasons We Cant do Without Plants!

Produce wood pulp for paper products Source of many medicines Ornamental and shade for yards Fibers such as cotton for fabric Dyes
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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water

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What is Photosynthesis? Plants capture light energy and make their own food using it. Photosynthesis allows the chlorophyll inside each leaf to capture energy.

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The captured energy is used to build carbohydrates from simple raw materials. (water, carbon dioxide and minerals) These carbohydrates, also known as sugar, are the plants food. The plant uses some of the sugar, but also stores some. Photosynthesis also needs the following raw materials to function: carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Animals breath out carbon dioxide, so this gives the plants oxygen and carbon. Plants receive the hydrogen through water. The materials enter the plant either at the roots or the leaves.
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