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2. Nanostructured Materials
2.4 Zero /Three (small) Dimensions: Quantum dots
What means zero dimension? Can we define it?
In materials science: smallest 'zero' dimension: atom or even hydrogen ion = proton at most: cluster of atoms, crystalline or amorphous agreement: small enough in three dimensions to show quantum effects
How to produce? Island growth in epitaxy Precipitation from supersaturation in solid, liquid or gel state Chemical precipitation
Biological metabolism
2.4 Zero/Three Dimensions
2. Nanostructured Materials
2.4 Zero /Three (small) Dimensions: Quantum dots
How to produce?
Island growth in epitaxy by Stranski-Krastanov or Vollmer-Weber growth chance to ordered arrangements generally statistical distribution
hochaufgelste LPE-Insel
2. Nanostructured Materials
2.4 Zero /Three (small) Dimensions: Quantum dots
How to produce? Islands in multilayers, vertical alignment, FE calculation
2. Nanostructured Materials
2.4 Zero /Three (small) Dimensions: Quantum dots
How to produce?
precipitation / crystallization: from solid, liquid, gas/vapor, else... supersaturation
2. Nanostructured Materials
2.4 Zero /Three (small) Dimensions: Quantum dots
How to produce?
precipitation / crystallization: from solid, liquid, gas/vapor, else... supersaturation Composition of precipitated particle 1
- size is difficult to control (reaction-time dependent, Ostwald ripening - do we have the systems that permit to utilize quantum effects?.
2
2. Nanostructured Materials
2.4 Zero /Three (small) Dimensions: Quantum dots
How to produce?
precipitation / crystallization: from solid, liquid, gas/vapor, else... spinodal decomposition, binary systems necessary at least, here AlxIn1-xN:
13 nm
distance [nm]
Yang et al. 2012
2. Nanostructured Materials
2.4 Zero /Three (small) Dimensions: Quantum dots
How to produce?
precipitation / crystallization: from solid, liquid, gas/vapor, else... spinodal decomposition, binary systems necessary at least, here AlxIn1-xN: T [K] Calculated spinodal (based on Delta-Lattice-Parameter) Symbols: results from first TEM measurements (e.g. previous slide for blue example) full symbol: In-rich empty symbol: Al-rich
InN
average composition
room tem,perature
x (AlN concentration)
AlN
2. Nanostructured Materials
2.4 Zero /Three (small) Dimensions: Quantum dots
How to produce?
precipitation / crystallization: from solid, liquid, gas/vapor, else...
2. Nanostructured Materials
2.4 Zero /Three (small) Dimensions: Quantum dots
How to produce?
precipitation / crystallization: from solid, liquid, gas/vapor, else... Si-precipitation in amorphous Si rich SiO2, Si3N4, or SiC
Transmission electron microscopy by using the electrons that have suffered an energy loss corresponding to a plasmon excitation in crystalline silicon
EFTEM
2.4 Zero/Three Dimensions Fitting et al. phys. stat. sol. c 2011
Illustration of techniques
2. Nanostructured Materials
2.4 Zero /Three (small) Dimensions: Quantum dots
How to produce?
precipitation / crystallization: from solid, liquid, gas/vapor, else... Si-precipitation in amorphous Si rich SiO2, Si3N4, or SiC Si implantation in SiO2 plus anneal: Illustration of techniques
EFTEM
2.4 Zero/Three Dimensions Fitting et al. phys. stat. sol. c 2011
2. Nanostructured Materials
2.4 Zero /Three (small) Dimensions: Quantum dots
How to produce?
precipitation / crystallization: from solid, liquid, gas/vapor, else... from liquid state: chemical precipitation Colloids: small metal or metal salt aggregates in liquid ... ...also in glass
Powder production
2.4 Zero/Three Dimensions
Iron(Magnetite)
Spherical
5 to 200nm
CdSe
http://web.mit.edu/mitei/research/spotlights/nano-layers-popup2.html
2. Nanostructured Materials
2.4 Zero /Three (small) Dimensions: Quantum dots
How to produce?
precipitation / crystallization: from solid, liquid, gas/vapor, else... from gas/vapor, else... Spray pyrolysis electrodeposition chemical processes like cation exchange, precipitation from precursors
done already
0
Distance x
Energy states
k2 Ek = 2 m*
quasi continuously
ki = ni /L i = x, y, z
ki = ni / n generally non-integers discrete Energy generally lower than the equivalent states in infinite box
wire
quantum dot 3
island
Lattice-matched heterostructures (no built-in misfit stress/strain) GaAs AlxGa1-xAs InAs AlSb
InAs
GaSb
http://www.utdallas.edu/~frensley/technical/hetphys/node7.html
small particle
size? exciton Bohr radius a*b = dotab m/m* (range smaller 10 nm) basis of calculation: hydrogen atom ground state
State of particle plays practically no role anymore, crystalline, amorphous, material type, ... Small influence by shape via quantization conditions Plasmons Epl = p = (ne2/m*0)1/2
: dielectric constant ab: Bohr radius m: electron (hole) rest mass m*: effective mass
One important consideration: metals, better: metallic conduction Quasi-free electrons: collective oscillations
Energy
a. TEM cross-section b. Strain from atomic distances as signature for local In composion in atomic resolution c. In distribution, intensity of M-X-ray line
2.6 Optoelectronic properties Strunk et al. J. Microsc. 2006
end of chapter 2