PPT1 Air Standard Brayton Cycles, Thermodynamic Analysis of Brayton Cycle

Applied Thermodynamics (UME-501)
by
Dr. Gautam Setia 1
Applied Thermodynamics
(UME-501)
LTP: 3 1 2
Credit: 4.5
Dr. Gautam Setia
Disclaimer
The content of this presentation for the course “Applied
Thermodynamics (UME-501)” posted by Thapar Institute of
Engineering & Technology is only for the purpose of education
(class teaching) & its not being used for the sale or promotion of
production.
Module: Gas Power Cycles and Brayton cycle
 Introduction: Gas power cycles
 Air Standard Cycles, Ideal cycle
 Assumptions: Develop simplifying assumptions applicable to gas power cycles.
 Carnot cycle and its limitations
 Brayton Cycle: Open and Closed Cycles
 Thermodynamic Analysis of Brayton Cycle
 Effect of Pressure Ratio
 Applications of Brayton Cycle
 Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
 Brayton Cycle with Intercooling and Reheating
Monday, August 3, 2020 3

Recommended Books
 "Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Seventh Edition in SI Units" by Yunus
A. Cengel, and Michael A. Boles. McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt Ltd.
 “Internal Combustion Engines” by V. Ganesan, McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt
Ltd.
 “Power plant engineering” by P. K. Nag,. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
 “Engineering thermodynamics” by P. K. Nag,. Tata McGraw-Hill Education

Introduction: Gas power Cycle
 Most power-producing devices operate on cycles.
 We have explored vapor power cycles based on Rankine cycle
 It involved External Combustion and phase change of working fluid
 Let us now explore GAS POWER CYCLE (Mostly Internal Combustion and there is no phase
change of working fluid)
 Most of the gas power cycle are operated on an open cycle (thus called IC Engine).
 The operating cycle of an open gas power cycle can be broadly broken down into a sequence of
three separate processes Intake and Compression, Combustion, Expansion and Exhaust.
 However, the accurate analysis of actual processes in open cycle is very complicated.

Air-Standard cycle
 The complex analysis can be reduced to a manageable level by utilizing closed cycle.
 Hence, the real open cycle is changed into a closed cycle for initial understanding.
 In other words, we assume that the gases being exhausted are fed back into the intake system.
 Further, we can simplify the analysis by considering air as ideal working fluid following ideal
thermodynamic processes mimicking the actual processes.
 A cycle that resembles the actual cycle closely but is made up totally of internally reversible processes is
defined as ideal Cycle
 The closed idealized cycle realized this way is defined as “Air Standard Cycle”
 An “Air Standard Cycle” in which the working fluid is considered to be air with constant specific
heats at room temperature (25°C) is specified as Cold-air-standard cycle.
 Again to remind, actual gas power cycles does not operate on ideal thermodynamic cycle.

ASSUMPTIONS: Air-Standard cycle
Air-standard cycle: A cycle for which the air-standard assumptions are applicable.
1. The working fluid is air, which continuously circulates in a closed loop and always behaves as an
ideal gas.
2. Compression and expansion are approximated by isentropic processes.
3. All the processes that make up the cycle are internally reversible.
–The cycle does not involve any friction. Therefore, the working fluid does not experience any
pressure drop as it flows in pipes or devices such as heat exchangers.
4. The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition process of equal energy value

(denoted by Qin) from an external source.
–The combustion process is idealized by a constant-pressure process (Brayton cycle), constant-
volume process (SI cycle), a constant-pressure process (CI cycle), or a combination of both (CI
Dual cycle).
ASSUMPTIONS: Air-Standard cycle
4. The open exhaust process, which flushes out a large amount of enthalpy (denoted by Qout ) is
replaced by a heat-rejection process that restores the working fluid to its initial state.
–Exhaust in Brayton cycle approximated by a constant-pressure process whereas exhaust blow
down (SI and CI engines) is approximated by a constant-volume process
–Hence, The gas mixture in the cylinder is treated as air for the entire cycle, and property value
so fair are used in the analysis.
5. The pipes connecting the various components of a system are well insulated, and heat
transfer through them is negligible.

What after Air-Standard cycle?
The Three Thermodynamic Analysis of IC Engines are:
1. Ideal Gas Cycle (Air Standard Cycle)

 Idealized processes
 Idealize working Fluid
2. Fuel-Air Cycle
 Idealized Processes
 Accurate Working Fluid Model
3. Actual Engine Cycle

 Accurate Models of Processes
 Accurate Working Fluid Model
Monday, August 3, 2020 Adapted from "Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Seventh Edition in SI Units" by Yunus A. Cengel, 9
and Michael A. Boles. McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt Ltd.
Heat Engines: Basics (recall)
 Thermal efficiency of heat engines is given by:
 On a T-s diagram, the ratio of the area enclosed

by the cyclic curve to the area under the heat-
addition process curve represents the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
 Any modification that increases the ratio of
these two areas will also increase the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
 Thermal efficiency increases with an increase in the average temperature at which heat is supplied to
the system or with a decrease in the average temperature at which heat is rejected from the system.
Carnot Cycle (Recall)
The Carnot cycle is composed of four totally reversible P 1
qin
processes:
2
W Qout
 Isothermal heat addition E   1
Qin Qin
 Isentropic expansion
Wc
4 Wturbine
TL
 Isothermal heat rejection  max  1   Carnot qout 3
TH v
 and Isentropic compression P-v diagram
3 TH = const. 2
T 1 qin
Isentropic.
Isentropic.
qin
2
4 1
Wnet
Isothermal Isentropic Isentropic
Isothermal
Compressor Compressor Turbine Wc Wturbine
Turbine
3
qout 4 TL = const. qout
A steady Flow Carnot engine
s
Monday, August 3, 2020 T-s diagram 11
Carnot Cycle
 Carnot cycle is totally reversible, and unsuitable as a realistic model.
 The ideal cycles are internally reversible, but, unlike the Carnot cycle, they are not
necessarily externally reversible.
 Therefore, the thermal efficiency of an ideal cycle, in general, is less than that of a totally
reversible cycle operating between the same temperature limits.
 However, it is still considerably higher than the thermal efficiency of an actual cycle because
of the idealizations utilized.
 Reversible cycles such as Carnot cycle have the highest thermal efficiency of all heat engines
operating between the same temperature levels.

LIMITATIONS OF CARNOT CYCLE
 Isothermal process is possible if it is very slow and isentropic process is possible if it very
fast.
 This alternate combination of very fast, very slow, very fast and very slow is not possible to
achieve in actual practice and these are thus the limitations of this cycle.
 The Carnot cycle cannot be realised in practice, but it sets the upper limit to which cycle
efficiency of any thermal plant can be raised.

Brayton Cycle: The Ideal cycle for Gas Turbines
The Brayton cycle is also composed of four processes like qin
Carnot cycle.
However, the combustion process is replaced by a constant- Heat
pressure heat-addition process from an external source, and Exchanger
the exhaust process is replaced by a constant-pressure heat- 2 3

rejection process to the ambient air.
Wnet
Compressor Turbine
Hence, The Brayton cycle has four process:
1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
1 4
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition Heat
Exchanger
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection qout

qin
Fuel Combustion
Chamber Heat
Exchanger
2 3
2 3
Wnet
Wnet
Compressor Turbine
Compressor Turbine
1 Fresh Exhaust 4 1 4
air gases Heat
Exchanger
An open-cycle gas-turbine engine
qout
A closed-cycle gas-turbine engine

qin
T 3 Heat
P Exchanger
Wturbine 2 qin
3 2 3
Wnet
qin Compressor Turbine
4 Wturbine
2 Wc
Wc qout
1 4 1 4
1 qout Heat
Exchanger
s v qout
T-s diagram P-v diagram
A closed-cycle gas-turbine engine
Application of Gas Turbine
The two major application areas of gas turbine engines (Brayton Cycle) are
aircraft propulsion and electric power generation
Brayton Cycle: Efficiency
0.7
0.6
0.5
ɳ th, Brayton
0.4
0.3
Typical pressure
ratios for gas
The fraction of the turbine
0.2
turbine engines work used to drive the
0.1 compressor is called the
5 10 15 20 25 back work ratio
Pressure ratio, rp
Thermal Efficiency of
Brayton Cycle as the
Function of Pressure Ratio
T
• The highest temperature in the cycle is limited by 3
the maximum temperature that the turbine blades Tmax.
can withstand.
• This also limits the pressure ratios that can be used
in the cycle.
2
• The air in gas turbines supplies the necessary
oxidant for the combustion of the fuel, and it 4
serves as a coolant to keep the temperature of
various components within safe limits. Tmin.
1
• An air–fuel ratio of 50 or above is not uncommon s
T-s diagram
For fixed values of Tmax. and Tmin. the net work of the Brayton
cycle first increases with pressure ratio, then reaches a
maximum at rp = (Tmax. / Tmax. )n(2n-1) and finally decreases.
 The highest temperature in the cycle is limited by the maximum temperature that the turbine
blades can withstand.
 This also limits the pressure ratios that can be used in the cycle.
 The air in gas turbines supplies the necessary oxidant for the combustion of the fuel, and it
serves as a coolant to keep the temperature of various components within safe limits.
 An air-fuel ratio of 50 or above is not uncommon.
Development of Gas Turbines

1. Increasing the turbine inlet (or firing) temperatures
2. Increasing the efficiencies of turbo-machinery (turbines, compressors)
3. Adding modifications to the basic cycle (regeneration, reheating and intercooling)

Derivation of Actual gas-Turbine cycles
from Idealized one
T
3
2a 4a
2s 4s
s
T-s diagram
Adapted from "Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Seventh Edition in SI Units" by Yunus A. Cengel,
The Brayton Cycle With REGENERATION
• A gas-turbine engines, the temperature of the exhaust gas leaving the turbine is often
considerably higher than the temperature of the air leaving the compressor.
• Therefore, the high-pressure air leaving the compressor can be heated by the hot exhaust gases
in a counter-flow heat exchanger (a regenerator).
• The thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle increases as a result of regeneration since less fuel is
used for same work output.
T 3
3
Regenerator
6
Heat
Exchanger Heat 4
Exchanger T-s diagram of 5
5ˈ
4
5
2
3 Brayton cycle
2 6
with
Compressor Turbine
regeneration 1
1 A gas-turbine engine with regenerator s

T-s diagram
Can regeneration used at high pressure ratio?
• The thermal efficiency depends on the ratio of the minimum to maximum temperatures as well as the
pressure ratios.
• Regeneration is the most effective at lower pressure ratios and low minimum to maximum
temperature ratios
Adapted from "Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Seventh Edition in SI Units" by Yunus A. Cengel,
The Brayton Cycle With
REGENERATION, INTERCOOLING and REHEATING
Regenerator
10
Heat
Exchanger
Intercooler Combustion 9
Reheater
3 Chamber 7
5 8
6
2 4
Compressor Compressor Turbine I Turbine II

I II
A gas-turbine engine with

two-stage compression with intercooling,
two-stage expansion with reheating,
and regeneration
T-s diagram
Intercooling and Reheating
• Multistage compression with intercooling: The work required to compress a gas between two specified pressures can
be decreased by carrying out the compression process in stages and cooling the gas in between. This keeps the specific
volume as low as possible.
• Multistage expansion with reheating keeps the specific volume of the working fluid as high as possible during an
expansion process, the maximizing work output.
• Intercooling and reheating always decreases the thermal efficiency unless they are accompanied by regeneration. why?
Comparison of work inputs to a single- As the number of compression and expansion stages
stage compressor (1AC) and two stage increases, the gas-turbine cycle with intercooling,
compressor with intercooling (1ABD) reheating and regeneration approaches the Ericsson cycle

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Applied Thermodynamics (UME-501)

Monday, August 3, 2020 3

Monday, August 3, 2020 4

 We have explored vapor power cycles based on Rankine cycle

 It involved External Combustion and phase change of working fluid

Monday, August 3, 2020 5

Monday, August 3, 2020 6

2. Compression and expansion are approximated by isentropic processes.

4. The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition process of equal energy value

Monday, August 3, 2020 8

1. Ideal Gas Cycle (Air Standard Cycle)

3. Actual Engine Cycle

 On a T-s diagram, the ratio of the area enclosed

Monday, August 3, 2020 12

Monday, August 3, 2020 13

the exhaust process is replaced by a constant-pressure heat- 2 3

Monday, August 3, 2020 14

A closed-cycle gas-turbine engine

Development of Gas Turbines

2. Increasing the efficiencies of turbo-machinery (turbines, compressors)

3. Adding modifications to the basic cycle (regeneration, reheating and intercooling)

Monday, August 3, 2020 21

1 A gas-turbine engine with regenerator s

Compressor Compressor Turbine I Turbine II

A gas-turbine engine with

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