METADATA

Expanding the learning opportunities of text for the iPad

Tevin Byrd | GD 400

The objectives of this project are to explore the affordances of the iPad for expanding the learning opportunities of text beyond the duplication of print in pdfs.

content that changes how you view the original content

Strategy: ELABORATION +The expsnsion of content through greater detail, examples, or juxtaposition with different

Source: NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC Topic: KRILL and its coinciding food chain that exists in Antarctica. The articles display the interdependcy and survival techniques needed

Behavior: Defense Mechanisms

The main text (highlighted part) functions and behaves like the organism it is based upon. The main text discusses how that specific species co-exists with the other organisms and its situated role within the food chain in Antarctica. Once interacted with, the text behaves like one of the defense mechanisms and reveals the secondary text, which details the survival techniques that species utilizes.

Survival in ANTARTICA: Dependency on KRILL In the brutally cold trenches of Antartica, beyond the icy glaciers and mysterious skies, a foundational and vital being maintains order, KRILL. Krill are small crustaceans of the order Euphausiacea, and are found in the worlds oceans. Krill averages only about 2 inches in length, but it represents a grand-sized link the global food chain. The diagram below provides a snapshot of the dependency upon Krill in Antartica. Krill feed on phytoplankton, bacteria, and other small organisms, but are also the diet for tons of animals, particularly fish, birds, and whales.

Carn. Zoo Plan. Penguins Baleen Whale Leopard Seal Squid * Birds Fish

Small tooth W.

Sperm Whale

KRILL

Herb. Zoo Plan. Humans Elephant Seal

Phytoplankton Cil. Flag. Bacteria Direct linkage to Krill Secondary linkage to Krill (Prey) Secondary linkage to Krill (Predator) Secondary linkage to Krill (Prey + Predator) Terciary+ linkage to Krill (multiple)

FOOD CHAIN DIAGRAM

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid

Leopard Seal Birds

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

Title Sub-title
The King of the Ocean
Despite their size, Krill largely impact the functioning of life underwater
Leopard Seal

Diagram that shows the user where they are in the food chain and species article in the site.
The King of the Ocean
Elephant Seal Squid
Leopard Seal

Functions

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale

Despite their size, Krill largely impact the functioning of life underwater

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic, single-celled plants that drift near the oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide and the suns rays. They in turn are the main staple in the diets of literally hundreds of different animals, from fish, to birds, to baleen whales. Simply put, without krill, most of the life forms in the Antarctic would disappear. Alarmingly, there are recent studies that show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped by 80 percent since the 1970s. Scientists attribute these declines in part to ice cover loss caused by global warming. This ice loss removes a primary source of food for krill: ice-algae. Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted creature. They spend their days avoiding predators in the cold depths of the Antarctic Ocean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the surface. During the night, they drift up the water column toward the surface in search of phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill are sometimes called "light shrimp" for their bioluminescence. From photophores at the base of their legs and eye-stalks, they emit pulses of yellow-green light. The krill do not themselves manufacture the luciferin that fuels this luminescence; they sequester it

Birds

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic, single-celled plants that drift near the oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide and the suns rays. They in turn are the main staple in the diets of literally hundreds of different animals, from fish, to birds, to baleen whales. Simply put, without krill, most of the life forms in the Antarctic would disappear. Alarmingly, there are recent studies that show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped by 80 percent since the 1970s. Scientists attribute these declines in part to ice cover loss caused by global warming. This ice loss removes a primary source of food for krill: ice-algae. Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted creature. They spend their days avoiding predators in the cold depths of the Antarctic Ocean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the surface. During the night, they drift up the water column toward the surface in search of phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill are sometimes called "light shrimp" for their bioluminescence. From photophores at the base of their legs and eye-stalks, they emit pulses of yellow-green light. The krill do not themselves manufacture the luciferin that fuels this luminescence; they sequester it

Birds

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

>

Main text

Once clicked, it allows the user to view the next article.

In a species so small and expendablejust fodder for a whole ecosystem of sea mammals, seabirds, cephalopods, and fishit is remarkable that the individuals should live as long as they do, from five to ten years. To escape all the hungry mouths in the sea and live out that full span, krill resort to a bagful of survival tricks, detailed below. Lobstering. As a rule, euphausiid krill proceed headfirst, rowing forward with coordinated strokes of their swimming legs, like little oars in Roman galleys, but in emergencies the tail-fan of the telson provides a powerful reverse gear. In a fright response that short-circuits the brain (such as it is) and is mediated entirely by giant neurons in the tail, the krill snaps its telson violently to send itself "lobstering" backward at two feet per second, in a nearly instantaneous escape reaction.

>

Imagery Panels that display the topic of each article. The panels then begin to document your path through the food chain by showing all the organisms youve viewed.

Highlighted text that directs the user to click and hold down. It reveals the secondary text through the defense mechanism behavior.

The King of the Ocean

Despite their size, Krill largely impact the functioning of life underwater
Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid Birds

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic, single-celled plants that drift near the oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide and the suns rays. They in turn are the main staple in the diets of literally hundreds of different animals, from fish, to birds, to baleen whales. Simply put, without krill, most of the life forms in the Antarctic would disappear. Alarmingly, there are recent studies that show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped by 80 percent since the 1970s. Scientists attribute these declines in part to ice cover loss caused by global warming. This ice loss removes a primary source of food for krill: ice-algae. Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted creature. They spend their days avoiding predators in the cold depths of the Antarctic Ocean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the surface. During the night, they drift up the water column toward the surface in search of phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill are sometimes called "light shrimp" for their bioluminescence. From photophores at the base of their legs and eye-stalks, they emit pulses of yellow-green light. The krill do not themselves manufacture the luciferin that fuels this luminescence; they sequester it

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

In a species so small and expendablejust fodder for a whole ecosystem of sea mammals, seabirds, cephalopods, and fishit is remarkable that the individuals should live as long as they do, from five to ten years. To escape all the hungry mouths in the sea and live out that full span, krill resort to a bagful of survival tricks, detailed below. Lobstering. As a rule, euphausiid krill proceed headfirst, rowing forward with coordinated strokes of their swimming legs, like little oars in Roman galleys, but in emergencies the tail-fan of the telson provides a powerful reverse gear. In a fright response that short-circuits the brain (such as it is) and is mediated entirely by giant neurons in the tail, the krill snaps its telson violently to send itself "lobstering" backward at two feet per second, in a nearly instantaneous escape reaction.

>

As the user continues to hold down the call-out text, the behavior takes over and starts to reveal the secondary text about survival methods.

Final Screens

Survival in ANTARCTICA: The dependency on KRILL

In the brutally cold trenches of Antarctica, beyond the icy glaciers and mysterious skies, a foundational and vital being maintains order, KRILL. Although they are small crustaceans of the order Euphausiacea, Krill are found in the worlds oceans and represent a grand-sized link in the global food chain. Specifically in Antarctica, an intertwined swarm of species co-habitat with one each other, thriving by feeding on one another yet protecting itself all at once. Dive into the corresponding articles to learn more about this imperative chain of survival.

>

The King of the Ocean

Despite their size, Krill largely impact the functioning of life underwater
Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid Birds

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic, single-celled plants that drift near the oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide and the suns rays. They in turn are the main staple in the diets of literally hundreds of different animals, from fish, to birds, to baleen whales. Simply put, without krill, most of the life forms in the Antarctic would disappear. Alarmingly, there are recent studies that show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped by 80 percent since the 1970s. Scientists attribute these declines in part to ice cover loss caused by global warming. This ice loss removes a primary source of food for krill: ice-algae. Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted creature. They spend their days avoiding predators in the cold depths of the Antarctic Ocean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the surface. During the night, they drift up the water column toward the surface in search of phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill are sometimes called "light shrimp" for their bioluminescence. From photophores at the base of their legs and eye-stalks, they emit pulses of yellow-green light. The krill do not themselves manufacture the luciferin that fuels this luminescence; they sequester it instead

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

In a species so small and expendablejust fodder for a whole ecosystem of sea mammals, seabirds, cephalopods, and fishit is remarkable that the individuals should live as long as they do, from five to ten years. To escape all the hungry mouths in the sea and live out that full span, krill resort to a bagful of survival tricks, detailed below. Lobstering. As a rule, euphausiid krill proceed headfirst, rowing forward with coordinated strokes of their swimming legs, like little oars in Roman galleys, but in emergencies the tail-fan of the telson provides a powerful reverse gear. In a fright response that short-circuits the brain (such as it is) and is mediated entirely by giant neurons in the tail, the krill snaps its telson violently to send itself "lobstering" backward at two feet per second, in a nearly instantaneous escape reaction.

>

The King of the Ocean

Despite their size, Krill largely impact the functioning of life underwater
Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid Birds

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic, single-celled plants that drift near the oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide and the suns rays. They in turn are the main staple in the diets of literally hundreds of different animals, from fish, to birds, to baleen whales. Simply put, without krill, most of the life forms in the Antarctic would disappear. Alarmingly, there are recent studies that show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped by 80 percent since the 1970s. Scientists attribute these declines in part to ice cover loss caused by global warming. This ice loss removes a primary source of food for krill: ice-algae. Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted creature. They spend their days avoiding predators in the cold depths of the Antarctic Ocean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the surface. During the night, they drift up the water column toward the surface in search of phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill are sometimes called "light shrimp" for their bioluminescence. From photophores at the base of their legs and eye-stalks, they emit pulses of yellow-green light. The krill do not themselves manufacture the luciferin that fuels this luminescence; they sequester it instead

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

In a species so small and expendablejust fodder for a whole ecosystem of sea mammals, seabirds, cephalopods, and fishit is remarkable that the individuals should live as long as they do, from five to ten years. To escape all the hungry mouths in the sea and live out that full span, krill resort to a bagful of survival tricks, detailed below. Lobstering. As a rule, euphausiid krill proceed headfirst, rowing forward with coordinated strokes of their swimming legs, like little oars in Roman galleys, but in emergencies the tail-fan of the telson provides a powerful reverse gear. In a fright response that short-circuits the brain (such as it is) and is mediated entirely by giant neurons in the tail, the krill snaps its telson violently to send itself "lobstering" backward at two feet per second, in a nearly instantaneous escape reaction.

>

The King of the Ocean

Despite their size, Krill largely impact the functioning of life underwater
Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid Birds

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic, single-celled plants that drift near the oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide and the suns rays. They in turn are the main staple in the diets of literally hundreds of different animals, from fish, to birds, to baleen whales. Simply put, without krill, most of the life forms in the Antarctic would disappear. Alarmingly, there are recent studies that show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped by 80 percent since the 1970s. Scientists attribute these declines in part to ice cover loss caused by global warming. This ice loss removes a primary source of food for krill: ice-algae. Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted creature. They spend their days avoiding predators in the cold depths of the Antarctic Ocean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the surface. During the night, they drift up the water column toward the surface in search of phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill are sometimes called "light shrimp" for their bioluminescence. From photophores at the base of their legs and eye-stalks, they emit pulses of yellow-green light. The krill do not themselves manufacture the luciferin that fuels this luminescence; they sequester it instead

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

In a species so small and expendablejust fodder for a whole ecosystem of sea mammals, seabirds, cephalopods, and fishit is remarkable that the individuals should live as long as they do, from five to ten years. To escape all the hungry mouths in the sea and live out that full span, krill resort to a bagful of survival tricks, detailed below. Lobstering. As a rule, euphausiid krill proceed headfirst, rowing forward with coordinated strokes of their swimming legs, like little oars in Roman galleys, but in emergencies the tail-fan of the telson provides a powerful reverse gear. In a fright response that short-circuits the brain (such as it is) and is mediated entirely by giant neurons in the tail, the krill snaps its telson violently to send itself "lobstering" backward at two feet per second, in a nearly instantaneous escape reaction.

>

The King of the Ocean

Despite their size, Krill largely impact the functioning of life underwater
Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid Birds

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic, single-celled plants that drift near the oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide and the suns rays. They in turn are the main staple in the diets of literally hundreds of different animals, from fish, to birds, to baleen whales. Simply put, without krill, most of the life forms in the Antarctic would disappear. Alarmingly, there are recent studies that show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped by 80 percent since the 1970s. Scientists attribute these declines in part to ice cover loss caused by global warming. This ice loss removes a primary source of food for krill: ice-algae. Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted creature. They spend their days avoiding predators in the cold depths of the Antarctic Ocean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the surface. During the night, they drift up the water column toward the surface in search of phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill are sometimes called "light shrimp" for their bioluminescence. From photophores at the base of their legs and eye-stalks, they emit pulses of yellow-green light. The krill do not themselves manufacture the luciferin that fuels this luminescence; they sequester it instead

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

In a species so small and expendablejust fodder for a whole ecosystem of sea mammals, seabirds, cephalopods, and fishit is remarkable that the individuals should live as long as they do, from five to ten years. To escape all the hungry mouths in the sea and live out that full span, krill resort to a bagful of survival tricks, detailed below. Lobstering. As a rule, euphausiid krill proceed headfirst, rowing forward with coordinated strokes of their swimming legs, like little oars in Roman galleys, but in emergencies the tail-fan of the telson provides a powerful reverse gear. In a fright response that short-circuits the brain (such as it is) and is mediated entirely by giant neurons in the tail, the krill snaps its telson violently to send itself "lobstering" backward at two feet per second, in a nearly instantaneous escape reaction.

>

The King of the Ocean

Despite their size, Krill largely impact the functioning of life underwater
Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid Birds

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic, single-celled plants that drift near the oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide and the suns rays. They in turn are the main staple in the diets of literally hundreds of different animals, from fish, to birds, to baleen whales. Simply put, without krill, most of the life forms in the Antarctic would disappear. Alarmingly, there are recent studies that show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped by 80 percent since the 1970s. Scientists attribute these declines in part to ice cover loss caused by global warming. This ice loss removes a primary source of food for krill: ice-algae. Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted creature. They spend their days avoiding predators in the cold depths of the Antarctic Ocean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the surface. During the night, they drift up the water column toward the surface in search of phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill are sometimes called "light shrimp" for their bioluminescence. From photophores at the base of their legs and eye-stalks, they emit pulses of yellow-green light. The krill do not themselves manufacture the luciferin that fuels this luminescence; they sequester it instead

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

In a species so small and expendablejust fodder for a whole ecosystem of sea mammals, seabirds, cephalopods, and fishit is remarkable that the individuals should live as long as they do, from five to ten years. To escape all the hungry mouths in the sea and live out that full span, krill resort to a bagful of survival tricks, detailed below. Lobstering. As a rule, euphausiid krill proceed headfirst, rowing forward with coordinated strokes of their swimming legs, like little oars in Roman galleys, but in emergencies the tail-fan of the telson provides a powerful reverse gear. In a fright response that short-circuits the brain (such as it is) and is mediated entirely by giant neurons in the tail, the krill snaps its telson violently to send itself "lobstering" backward at two feet per second, in a nearly instantaneous escape reaction.

>

Sticking Together: Unity of the Penguins

As a major center point of the food chain, how do Penguins maintain their group?
Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid Birds

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of krill and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily rely on their vision while hunting. It is not known how penguins locate prey in the darkness, at night, or at great depths, Some scientists hypothesize that penguins are helped by the bioluminescence (light producing) capabilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, and fishes. Penguins catch prey with their bills and swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily feed on krill and squids. Species found farther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. To survive from predators, Penguins use many defenses such as sticking together in a pact to seem larger in scales.

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

Sharks and orcas are a threat to some kinds, or species, of penguins that live in warmer waters. Zig-zagging through the water, penguins try to make it to land, where they quickly hop onto their feet. They know that killer whales cannot reach them once on land. Therefore, to avoid leopard seals, penguins stick together and remain alert. If one penguin notices a seal, it makes a commotion to alert the other penguins. They huddle closely together and hope that the leopard seal won't find a straggler.

>

Sticking Together: Unity of the Penguins

As a major center point of the food chain, how do Penguins maintain their group?
Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid Birds

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of krill and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily rely on their vision while hunting. It is not known how penguins locate prey in the darkness, at night, or at great depths, Some scientists hypothesize that penguins are helped by the bioluminescence (light producing) capabilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, and fishes. Penguins catch prey with their bills and swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily feed on krill and squids. Species found farther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. To survive from predators, Penguins use many defenses such as sticking together in a pact to seem larger in scales.

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

Sharks and orcas are a threat to some kinds, or species, of penguins that live in warmer waters. Zig-zagging through the water, penguins try to make it to land, where they quickly hop onto their feet. They know that killer whales cannot reach them once on land. Therefore, to avoid leopard seals, penguins stick together and remain alert. If one penguin notices a seal, it makes a commotion to alert the other penguins. They huddle closely together and hope that the leopard seal won't find a straggler.

>

Sticking Together: Unity of the Penguins

As a major center point of the food chain, how do Penguins maintain their group?

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of krill eat nearly krill eat nearly 8 8 million million kg kg (17.6 (17.6 million million lb.) lb.) of of krill krill and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily krill and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily krill and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily rely on their vision while hunting. It is not and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily rely on their vision while hunting. It is not and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily rely on their vision while hunting. It is not rely on their vision while hunting. It is not known how penguins locate prey in the darkrely on their vision while hunting. It is not known how penguins locate prey in the darkrely on their vision while hunting. It is not known how penguins locate prey in the darkknown how penguins locate prey in the darkness, at night, or at great depths, Some scienknown how penguins locate prey in the darkness, at night, or at great depths, Some scienknown how penguins locate prey Some in thesciendarkness, at night, or at great depths, ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scientists hypothesize that penguins are helped by ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scientists hypothesize that penguins are helped by ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scientists hypothesize that penguins are helped by tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by the bioluminescence (light producing) capatists hypothesize penguins are by the producing) capatists hypothesize that that(light penguins are helped helped by the bioluminescence bioluminescence (light producing) capathe bioluminescence (light producing) capabilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, the bioluminescence (light producing) capabilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, the bioluminescence (light producing) capabilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, and fishes. bilities of and fishes. bilities of many many oceanic oceanic squids, squids, crustaceans, crustaceans, and fishes. and fishes. and and fishes. fishes. Penguins catch prey with their bills and Penguins catch prey with their bills and Penguins catch prey with their bills and Sharks and orcas are a threat to some kinds, Penguins catch prey with their bills and swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin Penguins catch prey with their bills and swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin Penguins catch prey with their bills and swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin or species, of penguins that live in warmer swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip waters. swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily Zig-zagging through the water, penguins try slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily slippery prey. and he smaller penguin species of the Antarctic the subantarctic primarily the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily to make it and toand land, where they quickly hop feed on krill squids. Species found farthe Antarctic the subantarctic primarily feed on krill and squids. Species found farthe Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily feed on krill and squids. Species found faronto their feet. They know that killer whales feed on krill and squids. Species found farther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and feed on krill and squids. Species found farther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and feed on krill and squids. Species found farther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and cannot reach them once on land. ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. Therefore, to avoid leopard seals, penguins ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. To survive from predators, Penguins use stick together and remaineat alert. If one penking penguins mainly fishes and To survive from predators, Penguins use king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. squids. To survive from predators, Penguins use To survive from predators, Penguins guin notices a seal, it makes a commotion to use many defenses such as sticking together in a To survive from predators, Penguins use many defenses such as sticking together in a To survive from predators, Penguins use many defenses such as sticking together in a many defenses such as sticking together in a alert the other penguins. They huddle closely pact to seem larger in scales. many defenses such as sticking together in a pact to seem larger in scales. many defenses such as sticking together in a pact to seem larger in scales. together and hope that the leopard seal won't pact to seem larger in scales. pact seem larger pact to to seem larger in in scales. scales. find a straggler.

Leopard Seal Birds

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

>

Sticking Together: Unity of the Penguins

As a major center point of the food chain, how do Penguins maintain their group?

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid

A A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may A colony colony of of 5 5 million million Adlie Adlie penguins penguins may may A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of eat nearly 85 million kg (17.6penguins million lb.) lb.) of A colony of million Adlie may A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million of eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of krill A colony of8 5million millionkg Adlie penguins may krill A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may eat nearly (17.6 million lb.) of krill A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of krill krill A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of krill A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of krill and small fishes fishes daily. Penguins primarily eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of krill and small daily. Penguins primarily eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of krill and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of rely on their vision while hunting. It is not krill A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may rely on their vision while hunting. It is not A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may rely on their vision while hunting. It is not krill and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may rely on their vision while hunting. It is not krill and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily rely on their vision while hunting. It is not A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may krill and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily rely on their vision while hunting. It is not krill known how penguins locate prey in the darkand small fishes daily. Penguins primarily eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of known how penguins locate prey in the darkeat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of known how penguins locate prey in the darkand small fishes daily. Penguins primarily rely on their vision while hunting. It is not eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of known how penguins locate prey in the darkand small fishes daily. Penguins primarily rely on their vision while hunting. It is not known how penguins locate prey in the darkeat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily known how penguins locate prey in the darkrely on their vision while hunting. It is not ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scienrely on their vision while hunting. It is not krill and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scienkrill ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scienrely on their vision while hunting. It is not krill known how penguins locate prey in the darkness, at night, or at great depths, Some scienrely on their vision while hunting. It is not ness, at night, or at depths, Some scienknown how penguins locate prey in the darkkrill rely on their vision while hunting. It is not ness, at night, ordaily. atgreat great depths, Some scienknown how penguins locate prey in the darktists hypothesize that penguins are helped by known how penguins locate prey in the darkand small fishes Penguins primarily rely on their vision while hunting. It is not tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily known how penguins locate prey in the darktists hypothesize that penguins are helped by known how penguins locate prey in the darkand small fishes daily. Penguins primarily ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scientists hypothesize that penguins are helped by tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scienand small fishes daily. Penguins primarily known how penguins locate prey in the darktists hypothesize that penguins are helped by ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scienknown how penguins locate prey in the darkthe bioluminescence (light producing) capaness, at night, or at great depths, Some scienrely on their vision while hunting. It is not the bioluminescence (light producing) caparely on their vision while hunting. It is not the bioluminescence (light producing) capaness, at night, or at great depths, Some scienness, at night, or at great depths, Some scienrely on their vision while hunting. It is not tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by the bioluminescence (light producing) the bioluminescence (light producing) capatists hypothesize that penguins are helped by rely on their vision while hunting. It is capanot ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scientists hypothesize that penguins are helped by the bioluminescence (light producing) capaness, at night, or at great depths, Some scienbilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by known how penguins locate prey in the darkbilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, known how penguins locate prey in the darkbilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by the bioluminescence (light producing) capatists hypothesize that penguins are helped by known how penguins locate prey in the darkthe bioluminescence (light producing) capabilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, known how penguins locate prey in helped thecapadarktists hypothesize that penguins are by the bioluminescence (light producing) bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by and fishes. the bioluminescence (light producing) capaness, at night, or at great depths, Some scienand fishes. the bioluminescence (light producing) capaness, at night, or at great depths, Some scienand fishes. bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, the bioluminescence (light producing) capaness, at night, or at great depths, Some scienbilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, and fishes. and fishes. ness, atof night, or at great depths, Some scienthe bioluminescence (light producing) capabilities many oceanic squids, crustaceans, and fishes. the bioluminescence (light producing) capabilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by and fishes. bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by and fishes. tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, and fishes. bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, the bioluminescence (light producing) capaPenguins catch prey with their bills and and fishes. Penguins catch prey with their bills and the bioluminescence (light producing) capaSharks and orcas are a threat to some kinds, Penguins catch prey with their bills and and fishes. the bioluminescence (light producing) capaand fishes. Penguins catch prey with their bills and Penguins catch prey with their bills and the bioluminescence (light producing) capaand fishes. Penguins catch prey with their bills and and fishes. bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin or species, of penguins that live in warmer bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, Penguins catch prey with their bills and swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, Penguins catch prey with their bills and swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans, Sharks and orcas are a threat to some kinds, or species, Penguins catch prey with their bills and waters. swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip Penguins catch prey with their bills and and fishes. has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip and fishes. has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip Penguins catch prey with their bills and swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin and fishes. has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip grip Penguins catch prey with their bills and swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to of penguins that live in warmer waters. and fishes. Penguins catch prey with their bills and swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip Penguins catch prey with their bills and slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip Zig-zagging through the water, penguins try slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip Penguins catch prey with their bills and swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily Penguins catch prey with their bills and the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip Zig-zagging through the water, penguins try to make it to make it to land, where they quickly hop Penguins catch prey with their bills and slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of Penguins catch prey with their bills and has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip theto Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of feed on krill and squids. Species found farslippery prey. he smaller penguin species of swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip feed on krill and squids. Species found farland, where they quickly hop onto their feet. They swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin onto their feet. They know that killer whales slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of feed on krill and squids. Species found farslippery prey. he smaller penguin species of swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily feed on krill and squids. Species found farfeed on krill and squids. Species found farthe Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of feed on krill and squids. Species found farthe Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of know that killer whales cannot reach them once on ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip cannot reach them once on land. ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip feed on krill and squids. Species found farther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and feed on krill and squids. Species found farhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily land. Therefore, to avoid leopard seals, penguins stick Therefore, to avoid leopard seals, penguins feed on krill and squids. Species found farther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. feed on krill and squids. Species found farslippery prey. he smaller penguin species of king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. feed on krill and squids. Species found farther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and feed on krill and squids. Species found farslippery prey. he smaller penguin species of ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. together and remain alert. If one penguin notices a seal, stick together and remain alert. If one penslippery prey. he smaller penguin species of feed on krill and squids. Species found farther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. feed on krill and squids. Species found farTo survive from predators, Penguins use ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily To survive from predators, Penguins use ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily To survive from predators, Penguins use king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. it makes a commotion to the penguins. They the Antarctic and the subantarctic ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and guin notices a mainly seal, it alert makes a other commotion toprimarily king penguins eat fishes and squids. To survive from predators, Penguins use To survive from predators, Penguins use the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. To survive from predators, Penguins use ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and many defenses such as sticking together in a king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. feed on krill and squids. Species found farmany defenses such as sticking together in a king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. feed on krill and squids. Species found farhuddle closely together and hope that the leopard seal many defenses such as sticking together in a To survive from predators, Penguins use alert the other penguins. They huddle closely feed on krill and squids. Species found farking penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. To survive from predators, Penguins use many defenses such as sticking together in a many defenses such as sticking together in a feed on krill and squids. Species found farking penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. To survive from predators, Penguins use many defenses such as sticking together in a king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and pact to seem larger in scales. To survive from predators, Penguins use won't find afrom straggler. pact to seem larger in scales. together and hope that the leopard seal together won't use ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and pact to seem larger in scales. To survive predators, Penguins many defenses such as sticking in a ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and To survive from predators, Penguins use many defenses such as sticking together in a pact to seem larger in scales. pact to seem larger in scales. ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and To survive from predators, Penguins use many defenses such as sticking together in a pact to seem larger in scales. To survive from predators, Penguins use king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. find a straggler. many defenses such as sticking together in a king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. many defenses such as sticking together in a pact to seem larger in scales. king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. many defenses such as sticking together in a pact to seem larger in scales. king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. many defenses such as sticking together in a pact to seem larger in scales. many defenses such as sticking together in a pact to seem larger in scales. To survive from predators, Penguins use To survive from predators, Penguins use pact to seem larger in scales. To survive from predators, Penguins use pact to seem larger in scales. To survive from predators, Penguins use in a pact to seem larger in scales. pact to seem larger in scales. many defenses such as sticking together many defenses such as sticking together in a many defenses such as sticking together in a many defenses such as sticking together in a pact to seem larger in scales. pact to seem larger in scales. pact pact to to seem seem larger larger in in scales. scales.

Leopard Seal Birds

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

>

The Elephant Seal Triumps

Despite a severly decling population, the Elephant Seal finds a way to thrive
Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid

Southern elephant seals live in sub-Antarctic and Antarctic waters that feature brutally cold conditions but are rich in the fish, squid, and other marine foods these seals enjoy. When foraging their averages dives are between 300 and 800 m (984 - 2,624 ft) and they stay underwater for up to 20 minutes, but they can dive to depths of over 1,500 m (4,920 ft) and stay submerged for up to 2 hours. Southern elephant seals feed exclusively at sea. The main sources of food are fish and squid. Prey is captured both near the surface and very deep underwater. Southern elephant seals locate prey with their vision; their large eyes are an adaptation allowing them to take advantage of the bioluminescence of some prey. The species was hunted almost to extinction in the 19th and 20th centuries and, on South Georgia, their blubber was rendered into oil as late as 1964. Since that time, the southern elephant seal population has recovered to about 700,000 individuals, and sightings by travelers on TravelWild Expeditions voyages in the Southern Ocean are common. To survive, the Elephant Seal also uses its sharp teeth as a major asset.

Birds

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

>

Second only to its size, the biggest weapon in the elephant seal's defense arsenal is its teeth. Each elephant seal has an impressive set of 30 sharp teeth designed for grasping and holding prey. Thin-skinned, easily insulted animals would never cut it in the world of elephant seals. As they grow, the males develop thick "chest shields" that they use to bash up against one another during fights.

The Elephant Seal Triumps

Despite a severly decling population, the Elephant Seal finds a way to thrive
Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid

Southern elephant seals live in sub-Antarctic and Antarctic waters that feature brutally cold conditions but are rich in the fish, squid, and other marine foods these seals enjoy. When foraging their averages dives are between 300 and 800 m (984 - 2,624 ft) and they stay underwater for up to 20 minutes, but they can dive to depths of over 1,500 m (4,920 ft) and stay submerged for up to 2 hours. Southern elephant seals feed exclusively at sea. The main sources of food are fish and squid. Prey is captured both near the surface and very deep underwater. Southern elephant seals locate prey with their vision; their large eyes are an adaptation allowing them to take advantage of the bioluminescence of some prey. The species was hunted almost to extinction in the 19th and 20th centuries and, on South Georgia, their blubber was rendered into oil as late as 1964. Since that time, the southern elephant seal population has recovered to about 700,000 individuals, and sightings by travelers on TravelWild Expeditions voyages in the Southern Ocean are common. To survive, the Elephant Seal also uses its sharp teeth as a major asset.

Birds

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

>

Second only to its size, the biggest weapon in the elephant seal's defense arsenal is its teeth. Each elephant seal has an impressive set of 30 sharp teeth designed for grasping and holding prey. Thin-skinned, easily insulted animals would never cut it in the world of elephant seals. As they grow, the males develop thick "chest shields" that they use to bash up against one another during fights.

The Elephant Seal Triumps

Despite a severly decling population, the Elephant Seal finds a way to thrive
Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid

Southern elephant seals live in sub-Antarctic and Antarctic waters that feature brutally cold conditions but are rich in the fish, squid, and other marine foods these seals enjoy. When foraging their averages dives are between 300 and 800 m (984 - 2,624 ft) and they stay underwater for up to 20 minutes, but they can dive to depths of over 1,500 m (4,920 ft) and stay submerged for up to 2 hours. Southern elephant seals feed exclusively at sea. The main sources of food are fish and squid. Prey is captured both near the surface and very deep underwater. Southern elephant seals locate prey with their vision; their large eyes are an adaptation allowing them to take advantage of the bioluminescence of some prey. The species was hunted almost to extinction in the 19th and 20th centuries and, on South Georgia, their blubber was rendered into oil as late as 1964. Since that time, the southern elephant seal population has recovered to about 700,000 individuals, and sightings by travelers on TravelWild Expeditions voyages in the Southern Ocean are common. To survive, the Elephant Seal also uses its sharp teeth as a major asset.

Birds

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

>

Second only to its size, the biggest weapon in the elephant seal's defense arsenal is its teeth. Each elephant seal has an impressive set of 30 sharp teeth designed for grasping and holding prey. Thin-skinned, easily insulted animals would never cut it in the world of elephant seals. As they grow, the males develop thick "chest shields" that they use to bash up against one another during fights.

The Elephant Seal Triumps

Despite a severly decling population, the Elephant Seal finds a way to thrive
Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid

Southern elephant seals live in sub-Antarctic and Antarctic waters that feature brutally cold conditions but are rich in the fish, squid, and other marine foods these seals enjoy. When foraging their averages dives are between 300 and 800 m (984 - 2,624 ft) and they stay underwater for up to 20 minutes, but they can dive to depths of over 1,500 m (4,920 ft) and stay submerged for up to 2 hours. Southern elephant seals feed exclusively at sea. The main sources of food are fish and squid. Prey is captured both near the surface and very deep underwater. Southern elephant seals locate prey with their vision; their large eyes are an adaptation allowing them to take advantage of the bioluminescence of some prey. The species was hunted almost to extinction in the 19th and 20th centuries and, on South Georgia, their blubber was rendered into oil as late as 1964. Since that time, the southern elephant seal population has recovered to about 700,000 individuals, and sightings by travelers on TravelWild Expeditions voyages in the Southern Ocean are common. To survive, the Elephant Seal also uses its sharp teeth as a major asset.

Birds

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

>

Second only to its size, the biggest weapon in the elephant seal's defense arsenal is its teeth. Each elephant seal has an impressive set of 30 sharp teeth designed for grasping and holding prey. Thin-skinned, easily insulted animals would never cut it in the world of elephant seals. As they grow, the males develop thick "chest shields" that they use to bash up against one another during fights.

The Elephant Seal Triumps

Despite a severly decling population, the Elephant Seal finds a way to thrive
Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale

Sperm Whale Elephant Seal Squid

Southern elephant seals live in sub-Antarctic and Antarctic waters that feature brutally cold conditions but are rich in the fish, squid, and other marine foods these seals enjoy. When foraging their averages dives are between 300 and 800 m (984 - 2,624 ft) and they stay underwater for up to 20 minutes, but they can dive to depths of over 1,500 m (4,920 ft) and stay submerged for up to 2 hours. Southern elephant seals feed exclusively at sea. The main sources of food are fish and squid. Prey is captured both near the surface and very deep underwater. Southern elephant seals locate prey with their vision; their large eyes are an adaptation allowing them to take advantage of the bioluminescence of some prey. The species was hunted almost to extinction in the 19th and 20th centuries and, on South Georgia, their blubber was rendered into oil as late as 1964. Since that time, the southern elephant seal population has recovered to about 700,000 individuals, and sightings by travelers on TravelWild Expeditions voyages in the Southern Ocean are common. To survive, the Elephant Seal also uses its sharp teeth as a major asset.

Birds

Baleen Whale

KRILL
Penguins

Fish

Herbivorous Zooplankton Carnivorous Zooplankton

Humans Phytoplankton

Ciliates

Flagellates

Bacteria

>

Second only to its size, the biggest weapon in the elephant seal's defense arsenal is its teeth. Each elephant seal has an impressive set of 30 sharp teeth designed for grasping and holding prey. Thin-skinned, easily insulted animals would never cut it in the world of elephant seals. As they grow, the males develop thick "chest shields" that they use to bash up against one another during fights.