Chemistry Form 4

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{\phpg\posx6264\pvpg\posy3727\absw4313\absh239 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 M
INISTRY OF EDUCATION MALAYSIA \par
}
{\phpg\posx4891\pvpg\posy4844\absw7705\absh2181 \b \f20 \fs32 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs32
\cf0 Integrated Curriculum for Secondary Schools
\par}{\phpg\posx4891\pvpg\posy4844\absw7705\absh2181 \sl-463 \par\b \f20 \fs32 \
cf0 \fi1723 {\fs29 Curriculum}{\fs29 Specifications }
cf0 \fi2414 CHEMISTRY
\par}{\phpg\posx4891\pvpg\posy4844\absw7705\absh2181 \sl-412 \b \f20 \fs32 \cf0
\fi2961 Form 4 \par
}
{\phpg\posx6835\pvpg\posy8849\absw3352\absh735 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 C
urriculum Development Centre
\par}{\phpg\posx6835\pvpg\posy8849\absw3352\absh735 \sl-278 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 \fi5
2 Ministry of Education Malaysia
339 2005 \par
}
\sect\sectd\pard\plain
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00ffd9
}}\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy2902\absw3238\absh485 \f20 \fs22 \cf0 \f20 \fs22
\cf0 Copyright 2005
\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy2902\absw3238\absh485 \sl-273 \f20 \fs22 \cf0 Mini
stry of Education Malaysia \par
}
{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy4006\absw2123\absh239 \f20 \fs22 \cf0 \f20 \fs22 \cf0 F
irst published 2005 \par
}
{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy4831\absw14787\absh735 \f20 \fs22 \cf0 \f20 \fs22 \cf0
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or trans
mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includi
ng
\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy4831\absw14787\absh735 \sl-278 \f20 \fs22 \cf0 pho
tocopying, and recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, wit
hout permission in writing from the Director of Curriculum
\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy4831\absw14787\absh735 \sl-273 \f20 \fs22 \cf0 Dev
elopment Centre, Level 4-8, Block E9, Government Complex Parcel E, 62604 Putraja
ya, Malaysia. \par
}
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00ffd9
}}\par}{\phpg\posx7228\pvpg\posy2074\absw2494\absh219 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 \b \f20
\fs19 \cf0 TABLE OF CONTENTS \par
}
{\phpg\posx3868\pvpg\posy2872\absw4762\absh6128 \i \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \i \f10 \fs19
\cf0 The National Philosophy
\par}{\phpg\posx3868\pvpg\posy2872\absw4762\absh6128 \sl-266 \par\i \f10 \fs19 \
cf0 National Philosophy of Education
cf0 National Science Education Philosophy
cf0 Preface
cf0 Introduction
cf0 Aims
cf0 Objectives
\par}{\phpg\posx3868\pvpg\posy2872\absw4762\absh6128 \sl-355 \i \f10 \fs19 \cf0
Scientific Skills
cf0 Thinking Skills
cf0 Scientific Attitudes and Noble Values
cf0 Teaching and Learning Strategies
cf0 Content Organisation
cf0 {\b \f20 THEME:}{\b \f20
INTRODUCING}{\b \f20 CHEMISTRY }
cf0 {\f20 Learning}{\f20 Area:}{\f20 1.}{\f20
Introduction}{\f20 to
}{\f20 Chemistry }\par
}
Page
\par}{\phpg\posx13051\pvpg\posy2565\absw639\absh5401 \sl-312 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \fi
249 v
\par}{\phpg\posx13051\pvpg\posy2565\absw639\absh5401 \sl-266 \par\f10 \fs19 \cf0
\fi201 vii
\fi225 ix
\fi225 xi
\fi240 1
\fi240 1
\fi240 2
240 2
\fi240 4
\fi240 8
\fi177 10
\fi177 13 \par
}
{\phpg\posx13228\pvpg\posy9439\absw316\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 1
7 \par
}
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01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
0011080253034a03012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
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0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}}\par}{\phpg\posx3868\pvpg\posy1800\absw1016\absh219 \b\i \f20 \fs19 \cf0 \b\i
\f20 \fs19 \cf0 THEME: \par
}
{\phpg\posx5308\pvpg\posy1800\absw2464\absh219 \b\i \f20 \fs19 \cf0 \b\i \f20 \f
s19 \cf0 MATTER AROUND US \par
}
\cf0 Learning Area:
cf0 {\f20 Learning}{\f20 Area: }
cf0 Learning Area:
cf0 {\f20 Learning}{\f20 Area: }\par
}
\cf0 1. The Structure Of The Atom
cf0 {\f20 2.}{\f20
Chemical}{\f20 Formulae}{\f20 And}{\f20 Equations }
cf0 3.{\f20
Periodic}{\f20 Tables}{\f20 Of}{\f20 Elements }
cf0 {\f20 4.}{\f20
Chemical}{\f20 Bonds }\par
}
18
22
27
34 \par
}
s19 \cf0 THEME: \par
}
s19 \cf0 INTERACTION BETWEEN CHEMICALS \par
}
\cf0 Learning Area:
cf0 Learning Area:
cf0 Learning Area: \par
}
\cf0 1.
Electrochemistry \par
}
{\phpg\posx7017\pvpg\posy5501\absw263\absh664 \i \f20 \fs19 \cf0 \fi52 \i \f20 \
fs19 \cf0 2.
\par}{\phpg\posx7017\pvpg\posy5501\absw263\absh664 \sl-247 \par\i \f20 \fs19 \cf
0 3. \par
}
\cf0 Acids and Bases
\par}{\phpg\posx7468\pvpg\posy5501\absw1539\absh664 \sl-247 \par\i \f20 \fs19 \c
f0 Salts \par
}
37
43
47 \par
}
s19 \cf0 THEME: \par
}
s19 \cf0 PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF MANUFACTURED CHEMICALS \par
}
{\phpg\posx3868\pvpg\posy7354\absw3051\absh1117 \i \f20 \fs19 \cf0 \fi1440 \i \f
20 \fs19 \cf0 Learning Area :
cf0 {\f10 Acknowledgements }
{\f10 Panel}{\f10 of}{\f10 Writers }\par
}
\cf0 1.
Manufactured Substances in Industry \par
}
51
56
57 \par
}
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0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
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5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\fs21 \cf0 THE NATIONAL PHILOSOPHY \par
}
Our nation, Malaysia, is dedicated to achieving a greater unity of a
ll her people; maintaining a democratic way of life;
\par}{\phpg\posx2159\pvpg\posy3498\absw13457\absh1571 \sl-369 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 cr
eating a just society in which the wealth of the nation shall be equitably share
d; ensuring a liberal approach to her rich and
\par}{\phpg\posx2159\pvpg\posy3498\absw13457\absh1571 \sl-369 \f10 \fs21 \cf0 di
verse cultural traditions; building a progressive society which shall be oriente
d towards modern science and technology.
\par}{\phpg\posx2159\pvpg\posy3498\absw13457\absh1571 \sl-369 \par\f10 \fs21 \cf
0 We, the people of Malaysia, pledge our united efforts to attain these ends gui
ded by the following principles: \par
}
{\phpg\posx6119\pvpg\posy5687\absw128\absh1599 \f40 \fs21 \cf0 \f40 \fs21 \cf0 ?
\par}{\phpg\posx6119\pvpg\posy5687\absw128\absh1599 \sl-369 \f40 \fs21 \cf0 ?
\par}{\phpg\posx6119\pvpg\posy5687\absw128\absh1599 \sl-374 \f40 \fs21 \cf0 ? \p
ar
}
\cf0 BELIEF IN GOD
LOYALTY TO KING AND COUNTRY
SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION
RULE OF LAW
GOOD BEHAVIOUR AND MORALITY \par
}
{\phpg\posx8361\pvpg\posy10932\absw128\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 v
\par
}
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5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
}}\par}{\phpg\posx2159\pvpg\posy4214\absw13429\absh2561 \b \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \fi38
68 \b \f10 \fs21 \cf0 NATIONAL PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
\par}{\phpg\posx2159\pvpg\posy4214\absw13429\absh2561 \sl-364 \par\b \f10 \fs21
\cf0 {\b0 Education}{\b0 in}{\b0 Malaysia}{\b0 is}{\b0 an}{\b0 on-goin
g}{\b0 effort}{\b0 towards}{\b0 developing}{\b0 the}{\b0 potential}{\b
0 of}{\b0 individuals}{\b0 in}{\b0 a}{\b0 holistic}{\b0 and}{\b0 i
ntegrated }
{\b0 manner,}{\b0 so}{\b0 as}{\b0 to}{\b0 produce}{\b0 individuals}{\b0 w
ho}{\b0 are}{\b0 intellectually,}{\b0 spiritually,}{\b0 emotionally}{\b0 an
d}{\b0 physically}{\b0 balanced}{\b0 and}{\b0 harmonious }
{\b0 based}{\b0 on}{\b0 a}{\b0 firm}{\b0 belief}{\b0 in}{\b0 and}{\

b0 devotion}{\b0 to}{\b0 God.}{\b0 Such}{\b0 an}{\b0 effort}{\b0 i
s}{\b0 designed}{\b0 to}{\b0 produce}{\b0 Malaysian}{\b0 citizens}{\b0
who}{\b0 are }
{\b0 knowledgeable}{\b0 and}{\b0 competent,}{\b0 who}{\b0 possess}{\b0 hig
h}{\b0 moral}{\b0 standards}{\b0 and}{\b0 who}{\b0 are}{\b0 responsible}{\
b0 and}{\b0 capable}{\b0 of}{\b0 achieving}{\b0 a}{\b0 high }
{\b0 level}{\b0 of}{\b0 personal}{\b0 well}{\b0 being}{\b0 as}{\b0 well}{
\b0 as}{\b0 being}{\b0 able}{\b0 to}{\b0 contribute}{\b0 to}{\b0 the}{\b0
harmony}{\b0 and}{\b0 betterment}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 family,}{\b0 soci
ety}{\b0 and}{\b0 the }
{\b0 nation}{\b0 at}{\b0 large. }\par
}
{\phpg\posx8313\pvpg\posy10932\absw256\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 v
ii \par
}
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00ffd9
\fs21 \cf0 NATIONAL SCIENCE EDUCATION PHILOSOPHY \par
}
{\phpg\posx5131\pvpg\posy5111\absw6682\absh1481 \f10 \fs21 \cf1 \fi360 \f10 \fs2
1 \cf1 In consonance with the National Education Philosophy,
1214 science education in Malaysia nurtures
844 a Science and Technology Culture by focusing
369 on the development of individuals who are competitive,
1262 dynamic, robust and resilient and able
\par}{\phpg\posx5131\pvpg\posy5111\absw6682\absh1481 \sl-273 \f10 \fs21 \cf1 to
master scientific knowledge and technological competency. \par
}
{\phpg\posx8337\pvpg\posy10932\absw193\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 i
x \par
}
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01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
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00ffd9
0 \fs32 \cf0 PREFACE
\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy1451\absw6994\absh6568 \sl-286 \par\par\b \f20 \fs
32 \cf0 {\b0 \f10 \fs19 The}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 aspiration}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 of}{\
b0 \f10 \fs19 the}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 nation}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 to}{\b0 \f10 \fs1
9 become}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 an}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 industrialised}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
society }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 depends}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 on}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 science}{\b0 \f10 \
fs19 and}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 technology.}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 It}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 is}
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 envisaged}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 that}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 success}{\b0 \
f10 \fs19 in }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 providing}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 quality}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 science}{\b0
\f10 \fs19 education}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 to}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 Malaysians}{\b0 \f10
\fs19 from}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 an}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 early}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 age }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 will}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 serve}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 to}{\b0 \f10 \fs1
9 spearhead}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 the}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 nation}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 i
nto}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 becoming}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 a}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 knowledge }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 society}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 and}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 a}{\b0 \f10 \fs1
9 competitive}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 player}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 in}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
the}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 global}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 arena.}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 Towards}
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 this }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 end,}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 the}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 Malaysian}{\b0 \f10 \
fs19 education}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 system}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 is}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 giv
ing}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 greater}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 emphasis}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 to }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 science}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 and}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 mathematics}{\b0 \
f10 \fs19 education. }
cf0 {\b0 \f10 \fs19 The}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 Chemistry}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 curriculum
}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 has}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 been}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 designed}{\b0 \f
10 \fs19 not}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 only}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 to}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 pro
vide }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 opportunities}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 for}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 students}{\b
0 \f10 \fs19 to}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 acquire}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 science}{\b0 \f10 \fs
19 knowledge}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 and}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 skills, }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 develop}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 thinking}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 skills}{\b0
\f10 \fs19 and}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 thinking}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 strategies,}{\b0
\f10 \fs19 and}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 to}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 apply}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
this }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 knowledge}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 and}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 skills}{\b0 \f10
\fs19 in}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 everyday}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 life,}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 but
}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 also}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 to}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 inculcate}{\b0 \f10
\fs19 in}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 them }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 noble}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
values}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
and}{\b0 \f10
\fs19
the}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
spirit}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
of}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
patriotism.}{\b0 \f10 \fs19

It}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
is}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
hope
d}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
that}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
the }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 educational}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
process}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
en}{\b
0 \f10 \fs19
route}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
to}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
achieving}{\b0 \f
10 \fs19
these}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
aims}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
would }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 produce}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
well-balanced}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
citi
zens}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
capable}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
of}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
contrib
uting}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
to}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
the }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 harmony}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 and}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 prosperity}{\b0 \f
10 \fs19 of}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 the}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 nation}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 and}{
\b0 \f10 \fs19 its}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 people. }
cf0 {\b0 \f10 \fs19 The}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 Chemistry}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 curriculum}{
\b0 \f10 \fs19 aims}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 at}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 producing}{\b0 \f10 \f
s19 active}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 learners.}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 To}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 this
}
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 end,}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 students}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 are}{\b0 \f10 \f
s19 given}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 ample}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 opportunities}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
to}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 engage}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 in}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 scientific }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 investigations}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 through}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 hands
-on}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 activities}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 and}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 experim
entations. }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 The}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
inquiry}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
approach,}{\
b0 \f10 \fs19
incorporating}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
thinking}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
skills,}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
thinking }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 strategies}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
and}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
thoughtfu
l}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
learning,}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
should}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
b
e}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
emphasised }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 throughout}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 the}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 teaching-learni
ng}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 process.}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 The}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 content}{\b0
\f10 \fs19 and}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 contexts }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 suggested}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 are}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 chosen}{\b0 \f
10 \fs19 based}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 on}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 their}{\b0 \f10 \fs19
relevance}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 and}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 appeal}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 to }
{\b0 \f10 \fs19 students}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 so}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 that}{\b0 \f10 \fs
19 their}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 interest}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 in}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 the}{\b
0 \f10 \fs19 subject}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 is}{\b0 \f10 \fs19 enhanced. }\par
}
In a recent development, the Government has made a decision to
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy1941\absw6982\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 int
roduce English as the medium of instruction in the teaching and
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy1941\absw6982\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 lea
rning of science and mathematics. This measure will enable
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy1941\absw6982\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 stu
dents
to
keep
abreast
of
developments
in
science
and
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy1941\absw6982\absh4321 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 tec
hnology in contemporary society by enhancing their capability
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy1941\absw6982\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 and
know-how to tap the diverse sources of information on science
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy1941\absw6982\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 wri

tten in the English language. At the same time, this move would
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy1941\absw6982\absh4321 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 als
o provide opportunities for students to use the English language
hence, increase their proficiency in the language. Thus, in
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy1941\absw6982\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 imp
lementing
the
science
curriculum,
attention
is
given
to
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy1941\absw6982\absh4321 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 dev
eloping
students' ability
to
use
English
for
study
and
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy1941\absw6982\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 com
munication, especially in the early years of learning.
The development of this curriculum and the preparation of the
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy1941\absw6982\absh4321 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cor
responding Curriculum Specifications have been the work of
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy1941\absw6982\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 man
y individuals over a period of time. To all those who have
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy1941\absw6982\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 con
tributed in one way or another to this effort, may I, on behalf of
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy1941\absw6982\absh4321 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 the
Ministry of Education, express my sincere gratitude and thanks
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy1941\absw6982\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 for
the time and labour expended. \par
}
{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy7764\absw3491\absh904 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 (
MAHZAN BIN BAKAR{\i \fs16
SMP,}{\i \fs16 AMP})
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy7764\absw3491\absh904 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Dire
ctor
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy7764\absw3491\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Curr
iculum Development Centre
\par}{\phpg\posx8779\pvpg\posy7764\absw3491\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Mini
stry of Education Malaysia \par
}
{\phpg\posx8337\pvpg\posy10932\absw193\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 x
i \par
}
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0 \fs32 \cf0 INTRODUCTION
\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy1436\absw6951\absh7808 \sl-323 \par\par\b \f10 \fs
32 \cf0 \fi720 {\b0 \fs19 As}{\b0 \fs19 articulated}{\b0 \fs19 in}{\b0 \fs19
the}{\b0 \fs19 National}{\b0 \fs19 Education}{\b0 \fs19 Policy,}{\b0 \fs19 e
ducation}{\b0 \fs19 in }
{\b0 \fs19 Malaysia}{\b0 \fs19 is}{\b0 \fs19 an}{\b0 \fs19 on-going}{\b0 \
fs19 effort}{\b0 \fs19 towards}{\b0 \fs19 developing}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0
\fs19 potential}{\b0 \fs19 of }
{\b0 \fs19 individuals}{\b0 \fs19
in}{\b0 \fs19
a}{\b0 \fs19
holistic}{
\b0 \fs19
and}{\b0 \fs19
integrated}{\b0 \fs19
manner}{\b0 \fs19
to}
{\b0 \fs19
produce }
{\b0 \fs19 individuals}{\b0 \fs19
who}{\b0 \fs19
are}{\b0 \fs19
intelle
ctually,}{\b0 \fs19
spiritually,}{\b0 \fs19
emotionally}{\b0 \fs19
and
}
{\b0 \fs19 physically}{\b0 \fs19 balanced}{\b0 \fs19 and}{\b0 \fs19 harmon
ious.}{\b0 \fs19 The}{\b0 \fs19 primary}{\b0 \fs19 and}{\b0 \fs19 second
ary }
{\b0 \fs19 school}{\b0 \fs19 science}{\b0 \fs19 curriculum}{\b0 \fs19 is}{
\b0 \fs19 developed}{\b0 \fs19 with}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 aim}{\b0 \
fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 producing }
{\b0 \fs19 such}{\b0 \fs19 individuals. }
cf0 \fi720 {\b0 \fs19 As}{\b0 \fs19 a}{\b0 \fs19 nation}{\b0 \fs19 that}{\b0
\fs19 is}{\b0 \fs19 progressing}{\b0 \fs19 towards}{\b0 \fs19 a}{\b0 \fs19
developed}{\b0 \fs19 nation }
{\b0 \fs19 status,}{\b0 \fs19 Malaysia}{\b0 \fs19 needs}{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0
\fs19 create}{\b0 \fs19 a}{\b0 \fs19 society}{\b0 \fs19 that}{\b0 \fs19
is}{\b0 \fs19 scientifically }
{\b0 \fs19 oriented,}{\b0 \fs19 progressive,}{\b0 \fs19 knowledgeable,}{\b0
\fs19 having}{\b0 \fs19 a}{\b0 \fs19 high}{\b0 \fs19 capacity}{\b0 \fs19
for }
{\b0 \fs19 change,}{\b0 \fs19 forward-looking,}{\b0 \fs19 innovative}{\b0 \f
s19 and}{\b0 \fs19 a}{\b0 \fs19 contributor}{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 s
cientific }
{\b0 \fs19 and}{\b0 \fs19 technological}{\b0 \fs19 developments}{\b0 \fs19 in
}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 future.}{\b0 \fs19 In}{\b0 \fs19 line}{\b0 \fs19
with}{\b0 \fs19 this,}{\b0 \fs19 there }
{\b0 \fs19 is}{\b0 \fs19 a}{\b0 \fs19 need}{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 produce}
{\b0 \fs19 citizens}{\b0 \fs19 who}{\b0 \fs19 are}{\b0 \fs19 creative,}{\b0
\fs19 critical,}{\b0 \fs19 inquisitive, }
{\b0 \fs19 open-minded}{\b0 \fs19 and}{\b0 \fs19 competent}{\b0 \fs19 in}{\b0
\fs19 science}{\b0 \fs19 and}{\b0 \fs19 technology. }
cf0 \fi720 {\b0 \fs19 The}{\b0 \fs19 Malaysian}{\b0 \fs19 science}{\b0 \fs19
curriculum}{\b0 \fs19 comprises}{\b0 \fs19 three}{\b0 \fs19 core }
{\b0 \fs19 science}{\b0 \fs19
subjects}{\b0 \fs19
and}{\b0 \fs19
four}{
\b0 \fs19
elective}{\b0 \fs19
science}{\b0 \fs19
subjects.}{\b0 \fs19
The}{\b0 \fs19
core }
{\b0 \fs19 subjects}{\b0 \fs19 are}{\b0 \fs19 Science}{\b0 \fs19 at}{\b0 \
fs19 primary}{\b0 \fs19 school}{\b0 \fs19 level,}{\b0 \fs19 Science}{\b0
\fs19 at}{\b0 \fs19 lower }
{\b0 \fs19 secondary}{\b0 \fs19 level}{\b0 \fs19 and}{\b0 \fs19 Science}{\
b0 \fs19 at}{\b0 \fs19 upper}{\b0 \fs19 secondary}{\b0 \fs19 level.}{\b0
\fs19
Elective }
{\b0 \fs19 science}{\b0 \fs19 subjects}{\b0 \fs19 are}{\b0 \fs19 offered}{
\b0 \fs19 at}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 upper}{\b0 \fs19 secondary}{\b0 \
fs19 level}{\b0 \fs19 and }

{\b0 \fs19 consist}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 Biology,}{\b0 \fs19 Chemistry,}{\
b0 \fs19 Physics,}{\b0 \fs19 and}{\b0 \fs19 Additional}{\b0 \fs19 Science. }
cf0 \fi720 {\b0 \fs19 The}{\b0 \fs19
core}{\b0 \fs19
science}{\b0 \fs19
subjects}{\b0 \fs19
for}{\b0 \fs19
the}{\b0 \fs19
primary}{\b0 \fs19
and}{\b0 \fs19
lower }
{\b0 \fs19 secondary}{\b0 \fs19
levels}{\b0 \fs19
are}{\b0 \fs19
design
ed}{\b0 \fs19
to}{\b0 \fs19
provide}{\b0 \fs19
students}{\b0 \fs19
w
ith}{\b0 \fs19
basic }
{\b0 \fs19 science}{\b0 \fs19 knowledge,}{\b0 \fs19 prepare}{\b0 \fs19 stu
dents}{\b0 \fs19
to}{\b0 \fs19 be}{\b0 \fs19 literate}{\b0 \fs19
in}
{\b0 \fs19 science, }
{\b0 \fs19 and }
{\b0 \fs19 enable}{\b0 \fs19 students}{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 continue}{\
b0 \fs19 their}{\b0 \fs19 science}{\b0 \fs19 education}{\b0 \fs19 at}{\b
0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 upper }
{\b0 \fs19 secondary}{\b0 \fs19 level.}{\b0 \fs19 Core}{\b0 \fs19 Science}
{\b0 \fs19 at}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 upper}{\b0 \fs19 secondary}{\b0
\fs19 level}{\b0 \fs19 is }
{\b0 \fs19 designed}{\b0 \fs19
to}{\b0 \fs19
produce}{\b0 \fs19
student
s}{\b0 \fs19
who}{\b0 \fs19
are}{\b0 \fs19
literate}{\b0 \fs19
in}{\
b0 \fs19
science, }\par
}
innovative, and able to apply scientific knowledge in decision\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1692\absw6590\absh4999 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 mak
ing and problem solving in everyday life.
The elective science subjects prepare students who are more
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1692\absw6590\absh4999 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sci
entifically inclined to pursue the study of science at post\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1692\absw6590\absh4999 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sec
ondary level. This group of students would take up careers
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1692\absw6590\absh4999 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 in
the field of science and technology and play a leading role in
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1692\absw6590\absh4999 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 thi
s field for national development.
\fi720 For every science subject, the curriculum for the year is
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1692\absw6590\absh4999 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 art
iculated in two documents: the syllabus and the curriculum
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1692\absw6590\absh4999 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 spe
cifications. The syllabus presents the aims, objectives and
outline of the curriculum content for a period of 2 years for
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1692\absw6590\absh4999 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ele
ctive science subjects and 5 years for core science subjects.
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1692\absw6590\absh4999 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 The
curriculum specifications provide the details of the
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1692\absw6590\absh4999 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cur
riculum which includes the aims and objectives of the
riculum, brief descriptions on thinking skills and thinking

\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1692\absw6590\absh4999 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 str
ategies, scientific skills, scientific attitudes and noble values,
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1692\absw6590\absh4999 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 tea
ching and learning strategies, and curriculum content. The
riculum content provides the learning objectives, suggested
rning
activities,
the
intended
learning
outcomes,
and
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1692\absw6590\absh4999 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 voc
abulary. \par
}
{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy7804\absw655\absh241 \b \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \b \f10 \fs21 \
cf0 AIMS \par
}
The aims of the chemistry curriculum for secondary school are
provide students with the knowledge and skills in chemistry
technology and enable them to solve problems and make
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy8618\absw6569\absh1133 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 dec
isions in everyday life based on scientific attitudes and
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy8618\absw6569\absh1133 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 nob
le values. \par
}
\par
}
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14005145140051451401ffd9
9 \cf0 Students who have followed the secondary science curriculum will
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1437\absw6883\absh1816 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 hav
e the foundation in science to enable them to pursue formal and
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1437\absw6883\absh1816 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 inf
ormal further education in chemistry and technology.
The curriculum also aims to develop a concerned, dynamic and
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1437\absw6883\absh1816 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 pro
gressive society with a science and technology culture that
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1437\absw6883\absh1816 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 val
ues nature and works towards the preservation and
servation of the environment. \par
}
{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1437\absw228\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 7.
\par
}

\par
}
\par
}
\cf0 OBJECTIVES \par
}
. \par
}
{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy4778\absw6867\absh450 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 T
he chemistry curriculum for secondary school enables students
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy4778\absw6867\absh450 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 to:
\par
}
\par
}
\par
}
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy7058\absw228\absh675 \sl-251 \par\f10 \fs19 \cf0 4
. \par
}
\par
}
\par
}
Acquire knowledge in science and technology in the context
\par}{\phpg\posx2160\pvpg\posy5536\absw6176\absh3868 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 of
natural phenomena and everyday life experiences.
Understand developments in the field of science and
hnology.
Acquire scientific and thinking skills.
Apply knowledge and skills in a creative and critical manner
problem solving and decision-making.
Face challenges in the scientific and technological world
be willing to contribute towards the development of
ence and technology.
Evaluate science- and technology-related information wisely
effectively. \par
}
. \par
}
9 \cf0 Practise and internalise scientific attitudes and good
136 moral values.
\fi136 Realise the importance of inter-dependence among
136 living things and the management of nature for survival
136 of mankind.
\fi136 Appreciate the contributions of science and technology
136 towards national development and the well-being of
136 mankind.
Realise that scientific discoveries are the result of human
136 endeavour to the best of his or her intellectual and
136 mental capabilities to understand natural phenomena for
136 the betterment of mankind.
\fi136 Create awareness on the need to love and care for the
136 environment and play an active role in its preservation
136 and conservation. \par
}
\cf0 SCIENTIFIC SKILLS \par
}
Science emphasises inquiry and problem solving. In inquiry and
blem solving processes, scientific and thinking skills are
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy7773\absw6599\absh1816 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 uti
lised.
Scientific
skills
are
important
in
any
scientific
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy7773\absw6599\absh1816 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 inv
estigation such as conducting experiments and carrying out
jects.
Scientific
skills
encompass
science
process
skills
and
ipulative skills. \par
}
\par
}
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00ffd9
0 \fs19 \cf0 Science Process Skills
cf0 {\b0 Science}{\b0 process}{\b0 skills}{\b0 enable}{\b0 students}{\b0 to
}{\b0 formulate}{\b0 their}{\b0 questions }
{\b0 and}{\b0 find}{\b0 out}{\b0 the}{\b0 answers}{\b0 systematically. }
cf0 {\b0 Descriptions}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 science}{\b0 process}{\b0 skill
s}{\b0 are}{\b0 as}{\b0 follows: }\par
}
\cf0 Observing \par
}
\cf0 Defining
Operationally
cf0 Controlling
Variables \par
}
\cf0 Classifying \par
}
Using the sense of hearing, touch, smell,
\par}{\phpg\posx3422\pvpg\posy3256\absw4616\absh5142 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 tas
te and sight to collect information about
\par}{\phpg\posx3422\pvpg\posy3256\absw4616\absh5142 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 an
object or a phenomenon.
Using observations to group objects or
\par}{\phpg\posx3422\pvpg\posy3256\absw4616\absh5142 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 eve
nts
according
to
similarities
or
\par}{\phpg\posx3422\pvpg\posy3256\absw4616\absh5142 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 dif
ferences.
\par}{\phpg\posx3422\pvpg\posy3256\absw4616\absh5142 \sl-393 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Mak
ing quantitative observations using
\par}{\phpg\posx3422\pvpg\posy3256\absw4616\absh5142 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 num
bers
and
tools
with
standardised
\par}{\phpg\posx3422\pvpg\posy3256\absw4616\absh5142 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 uni
ts. Measuring makes observation more
\par}{\phpg\posx3422\pvpg\posy3256\absw4616\absh5142 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 acc
urate.
\fi120 Using
past
experiences
or
previously
120 collected data to draw conclusions and
120 make explanations of events.
\fi120 Stating the outcome of a future event based
120 on
prior
knowledge
gained
through
120 experiences or collected data.
\fi105 Using words or graphic symbols such as
105 tables,
graphs,
figures
or
models
to \par
}
\cf0 Hypothesising \par
}
Defining concepts by describing what must
\par}{\phpg\posx11279\pvpg\posy1437\absw4515\absh4546 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 be
done and what should be observed.
0 Identifying the fixed variable, manipulated
\par}{\phpg\posx11279\pvpg\posy1437\absw4515\absh4546 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 va
riable, and responding variable in an
vestigation. The manipulated variable is
\par}{\phpg\posx11279\pvpg\posy1437\absw4515\absh4546 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ch
anged to observe its relationship with the
\par}{\phpg\posx11279\pvpg\posy1437\absw4515\absh4546 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 re
sponding variable. At the same time, the
\par}{\phpg\posx11279\pvpg\posy1437\absw4515\absh4546 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 fi
xed variable is kept constant.

0 Making a general statement about the
lationship
between
a
manipulated
riable and a responding variable in order
explain an event or observation.
This
\par}{\phpg\posx11279\pvpg\posy1437\absw4515\absh4546 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 st
atement can be tested to determine its
lidity.
\par}{\phpg\posx11279\pvpg\posy1437\absw4515\absh4546 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f
i76 Planning and conducting activities to test a
i76 certain hypothesis. These activities include
i76 collecting, analysing and interpreting data
i76 and making conclusions. \par
}
\cf0 Measuring and
\par}{\phpg\posx1444\pvpg\posy5248\absw1697\absh675 \sl-249 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 U
sing
\par}{\phpg\posx1444\pvpg\posy5248\absw1697\absh675 \sl-254 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 N
umbers \par
}
\cf0 Experimenting \par
}
\cf0 Inferring \par
}
\cf0 Predicting \par
}
\cf0 Manipulative Skills
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy6996\absw6572\absh913 \sl-256 \par\b \f10 \fs19 \c
f0 {\b0 Manipulative}{\b0 skills}{\b0 in}{\b0 scientific}{\b0 investigat
ion}{\b0 are}{\b0 psychomotor }
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy6996\absw6572\absh913 \sl-254 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {
\b0 skills}{\b0 that}{\b0 enable}{\b0 students}{\b0 to: }\par
}
?
?
ar
}
{\phpg\posx9542\pvpg\posy8282\absw428\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 us
e \par
}
{\phpg\posx10128\pvpg\posy8282\absw445\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 a
nd \par
}
{\phpg\posx10728\pvpg\posy8282\absw754\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 h
andle \par
}
{\phpg\posx11625\pvpg\posy8282\absw877\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 s
cience \par
}
apparatus \par
}
nd \par
}
laboratory \par
}
\cf0 Communicating \par
}
{\phpg\posx1550\pvpg\posy8978\absw6590\absh1133 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \fi1977 \f10 \fs
19 \cf0 describe an action, object or event.
{\b Interpreting}{\b Data}
Giving
rational
explanations
about
a
n
1991 object,
event
or
pattern
derived
from
1991 collected data. \par
}
substances correctly.
\par}{\phpg\posx9542\pvpg\posy8536\absw6182\absh1638 \sl-268 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 han
dle specimens correctly and carefully.
\par}{\phpg\posx9542\pvpg\posy8536\absw6182\absh1638 \sl-264 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 dra
w specimens, apparatus and laboratory substances
\par}{\phpg\posx9542\pvpg\posy8536\absw6182\absh1638 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 acc
urately.
\par}{\phpg\posx9542\pvpg\posy8536\absw6182\absh1638 \sl-268 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cle
an science apparatus correctly, and
\par}{\phpg\posx9542\pvpg\posy8536\absw6182\absh1638 \sl-268 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sto
re
science
apparatus
and
laboratory
substances
\par}{\phpg\posx9542\pvpg\posy8536\absw6182\absh1638 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cor
rectly and safely. \par
}
\par
}
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01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
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0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
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5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\fs25 \cf0 THINKING SKILLS \par
}
\cf0 Critical Thinking Skills
f0 {\b0 \fs19 A}{\b0 \fs19 brief}{\b0 \fs19 description}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \f
s19 each}{\b0 \fs19 critical}{\b0 \fs19 thinking}{\b0 \fs19 skill}{\b0 \fs19
is}{\b0 \fs19 as}{\b0 \fs19 follows: }\par
}
\cf0 Attributing \par
}
Thinking is a mental process that requires an individual to integrate
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2354\absw6953\absh6161 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 kno
wledge, skills and attitude in an effort to understand the
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2354\absw6953\absh6161 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 env
ironment.
One of the objectives of the national education system is t
o
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2354\absw6953\absh6161 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 enh
ance the thinking ability of students. This objective can be
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2354\absw6953\absh6161 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ach
ieved through a curriculum that emphasises thoughtful learning.
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2354\absw6953\absh6161 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Tea
ching and learning that emphasises thinking skills is a
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2354\absw6953\absh6161 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 fou
ndation for thoughtful learning.

Thoughtful learning is achieved if students are actively involved in
teaching and learning process. Activities should be organised
provide opportunities for students to apply thinking skills in
ceptualisation, problem solving and decision-making.
Thinking skills can be categorised into critical thinking skills and
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2354\absw6953\absh6161 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cre
ative thinking skills. A person who thinks critically always
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2354\absw6953\absh6161 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 eva
luates an idea in a systematic manner before accepting it. A
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2354\absw6953\absh6161 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 per
son who thinks creatively has a high level of imagination, is able
generate original and innovative ideas, and modify ideas and
ducts.
Thinking strategies are higher order thinking processes that involve
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2354\absw6953\absh6161 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 var
ious steps. Each step involves various critical and creative
nking skills. The ability to formulate thinking strategies is the
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2354\absw6953\absh6161 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ult
imate aim of introducing thinking activities in the teaching and
rning process. \par
}
\cf0 Comparing and
\par}{\phpg\posx9292\pvpg\posy3501\absw1772\absh450 \sl-254 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 C
ontrasting \par
}
Identifying criteria such as characteristics,
\par}{\phpg\posx11452\pvpg\posy2493\absw4589\absh6684 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 fe
atures,
qualities
and
elements
of
a
\par}{\phpg\posx11452\pvpg\posy2493\absw4589\absh6684 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 co
ncept or an object.
0 Finding similarities and differences based
\par}{\phpg\posx11452\pvpg\posy2493\absw4589\absh6684 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 on
criteria such as characteristics, features,
\par}{\phpg\posx11452\pvpg\posy2493\absw4589\absh6684 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 qu
alities and elements of a concept or
\par}{\phpg\posx11452\pvpg\posy2493\absw4589\absh6684 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ev
ent.
0 Separating
and
grouping
objects
or
\par}{\phpg\posx11452\pvpg\posy2493\absw4589\absh6684 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ph
enomena
into
categories
based
on
\par}{\phpg\posx11452\pvpg\posy2493\absw4589\absh6684 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ce
rtain
criteria
such
as
common
aracteristics or features.
0 Arranging objects and information in order

\par}{\phpg\posx11452\pvpg\posy2493\absw4589\absh6684 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ba
sed on the quality or quantity of common
aracteristics or features such as size,
\par}{\phpg\posx11452\pvpg\posy2493\absw4589\absh6684 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ti
me, shape or number.
0 Arranging objects and information in order
sed on their importance or priority.
0 Examining information in detail by breaking
\par}{\phpg\posx11452\pvpg\posy2493\absw4589\absh6684 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 it
down into smaller parts to find implicit
\par}{\phpg\posx11452\pvpg\posy2493\absw4589\absh6684 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 me
aning and relationships.
0 Identifying views or opinions that have the
\par}{\phpg\posx11452\pvpg\posy2493\absw4589\absh6684 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 te
ndency to support or oppose something in
unfair or misleading way. \par
}
\cf0 Grouping and
lassifying \par
}
\cf0 Sequencing \par
}
\cf0 Prioritising \par
}
\cf0 Analysing \par
}
\cf0 Detecting Bias \par
}
\par
}
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0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
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05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\fs19 \cf0 Evaluating \par
}
\cf0 Making
onclusions \par
}
Making judgements on the quality or value
something based on valid reasons or
\par}{\phpg\posx3724\pvpg\posy1437\absw4513\absh1587 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 evi
dence.
Making a statement about the outcome of
investigation
that
is
based
on
a
\par}{\phpg\posx3724\pvpg\posy1437\absw4513\absh1587 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 hyp
othesis. \par
}
\cf0 Synthesising \par
}
Combining separate elements or parts to
\par}{\phpg\posx11467\pvpg\posy1437\absw4527\absh3863 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 fo
rm a general picture in various forms
\par}{\phpg\posx11467\pvpg\posy1437\absw4527\absh3863 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 su
ch as writing, drawing or artefact.
0 Making
a
general
statement
on
the

lationship between manipulated variables
d responding variables in order to explain
\par}{\phpg\posx11467\pvpg\posy1437\absw4527\absh3863 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 a
certain
thing
or
happening.
This
atement is thought to be true and can be
sted to determine its validity.
0 Understanding
a
certain
abstract
or
mplex concept by relating it to a simpler
\par}{\phpg\posx11467\pvpg\posy1437\absw4527\absh3863 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 or
concrete
concept
with
similar
aracteristics.
0 Producing
something
new
or
adapting \par
}
something
\par}{\phpg\posx11467\pvpg\posy5738\absw1151\absh675 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ove
rcome
ner. \par
}
\cf0 already
blems \par
}
n
0 in \par
}
existence \par
}
\par
}
{\phpg\posx15550\pvpg\posy5738\absw228\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 t
o \par
}
systematic \par
}
\cf0 Making
\par}{\phpg\posx9292\pvpg\posy2445\absw1380\absh450 \sl-254 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 H
ypotheses \par
}
\cf0 Creative Thinking Skills
f0 {\b0 \fs19 A}{\b0 \fs19 brief}{\b0 \fs19 description}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \f
s19 each}{\b0 \fs19 creative}{\b0 \fs19 thinking}{\b0 \fs19 skill}{\b0 \fs19
is}{\b0 \fs19 as}{\b0 \fs19 follows: }\par

}
\cf0 Generating Ideas
f0 Relating \par
}
{\phpg\posx3724\pvpg\posy5071\absw4502\absh675 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 P
roducing or giving ideas in a discussion.
Making connections in a certain situation to \par
}
{\phpg\posx3724\pvpg\posy5829\absw1277\absh904 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 d
etermine
\par}{\phpg\posx3724\pvpg\posy5829\absw1277\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 rela
tionship.
Using
past \par
}
\par
}
{\phpg\posx5320\pvpg\posy5829\absw943\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 st
ructure \par
}
{\phpg\posx6427\pvpg\posy5829\absw245\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 or
\par
}
{\phpg\posx6871\pvpg\posy5829\absw779\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 pa
ttern \par
}
{\phpg\posx7807\pvpg\posy5829\absw228\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 of
\par
}
\cf0 Making Analogies \par
}
\cf0 Inventing \par
}
\cf0 Making
\par}{\phpg\posx1550\pvpg\posy6583\absw1200\absh450 \sl-254 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 I
nferences \par
}
{\phpg\posx5161\pvpg\posy6588\absw1275\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 e
xperiences \par
}
\par
}
{\phpg\posx6999\pvpg\posy6588\absw1035\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 p
reviously \par
}
\cf0 Predicting \par
}
collected data to draw conclusions and
\par}{\phpg\posx3710\pvpg\posy6842\absw4563\absh2952 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 mak
e explanations of events.
Stating the outcome of a future event based
prior
knowledge
gained
through
\par}{\phpg\posx3710\pvpg\posy6842\absw4563\absh2952 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 exp
eriences or collected data.
Making a general conclusion about a group
\par}{\phpg\posx3710\pvpg\posy6842\absw4563\absh2952 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 bas
ed on observations made on, or some
\par}{\phpg\posx3710\pvpg\posy6842\absw4563\absh2952 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 inf
ormation from, samples of the group.
Recalling or forming mental images about a
\par}{\phpg\posx3710\pvpg\posy6842\absw4563\absh2952 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 par
ticular idea, concept, situation or vision. \par
}
\cf0 Thinking Strategy
f0 {\b0 \fs19 Description}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 each}{\b0 \fs19 thinking}{
\b0 \fs19 strategy}{\b0 \fs19 is}{\b0 \fs19 as}{\b0 \fs19 follows: }\par
}
\cf0 Conceptualising \par
}
\cf0 Making
\par}{\phpg\posx1550\pvpg\posy8608\absw1785\absh450 \sl-254 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 G
eneralisations \par
}
\cf0 Visualising \par
}
\cf0 Making Decisions \par
}
Making generalisations based on inter\par}{\phpg\posx11347\pvpg\posy8450\absw4297\absh1816 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 re
lated and common characteristics in
der to construct meaning, concept or
\par}{\phpg\posx11347\pvpg\posy8450\absw4297\absh1816 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 mo
del.
0 Selecting the best solution from various
\par}{\phpg\posx11347\pvpg\posy8450\absw4297\absh1816 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 al
ternatives based on specific criteria to
\par}{\phpg\posx11347\pvpg\posy8450\absw4297\absh1816 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ac
hieve a specific aim. \par
}
\par
}
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00f803fe1e59fb3aff00d139fdbfff00f153bff054dffe837a3fe1e59fb3affd139fdbff00ff0015
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00f153bff054dffe837a3fe1e59fb3affd139fdbff00ff00153bff00054dff00e837afbfe8a00f80
3fe1e59fb3affd139fdbff00ff00153bff00054dff00e837a3fe1e59fb3aff00d139fdbfff00f153
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\cf0 Figure 1 : TSTS Model in Science \par
}
\cf0 Problem Solving \par
}
{\phpg\posx3604\pvpg\posy1692\absw844\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Fi
nding \par
}
{\phpg\posx4565\pvpg\posy1692\absw975\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 so
lutions \par
}
{\phpg\posx5668\pvpg\posy1692\absw228\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 to
\par
}
{\phpg\posx6085\pvpg\posy1692\absw1170\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 c
hallenging \par
}
\par
}
{\phpg\posx3604\pvpg\posy1941\absw4238\absh450 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 u
nfamiliar
situations
or
unanticipated
\par}{\phpg\posx3604\pvpg\posy1941\absw4238\absh450 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 diff
iculties in a systematic manner. \par
}
{\phpg\posx11174\pvpg\posy2127\absw2112\absh260 \b\i \f10 \fs23 \cf0 \b\i \f10 \
fs23 \cf0 Thinking Skills \par
}
Besides the above thinking skills and thinking strategies,
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2954\absw7183\absh5768 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ano
ther skill emphasised is reasoning. Reasoning is a skill
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2954\absw7183\absh5768 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 use
d
in
making
logical,
just
and
rational
judgements.
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2954\absw7183\absh5768 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Mas
tering of critical and creative thinking skills and thinking
ategies is made simpler if an individual is able to reason in
inductive and deductive manner. Figure 1 gives a general
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2954\absw7183\absh5768 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 pic
ture of thinking skills and thinking strategies.
Mastering of thinking skills and thinking strategies (TSTS) through
teaching and learning of science can be developed through the
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2954\absw7183\absh5768 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 fol
lowing phases:
\fi360 1. Introducing TSTS.
360 2. Practising TSTS with teacher's guidance.
360 3. Practising TSTS without teacher's guidance.
360 4. Applying TSTS in new situations with teacher's guidance.
360 5. Applying TSTS together with other skills to accomplish
720 thinking tasks.
Further information about phases of implementing TSTS can be
nd in the guidebook{\i "Buku}{\i Panduan}{\i Penerapan}{\i Kemahiran
}
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2954\absw7183\absh5768 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\i
Berfikir}{\i dan}{\i Strategi}{\i Berfikir}{\i dalam}{\i Pengajaran}{
\i dan}{\i Pembelajaran }
Sains"}(Curriculum Development Centre, 1999). \par
}
{\phpg\posx9455\pvpg\posy3409\absw1572\absh3161 \b\i \f10 \fs23 \cf0 \fi417 \b\i
\f10 \fs23 \cf0 Critical
\par}{\phpg\posx9455\pvpg\posy3409\absw1572\absh3161 \sl-300 \par\b\i \f10 \fs23
\cf0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Attributing }
\par}{\phpg\posx9455\pvpg\posy3409\absw1572\absh3161 \sl-240 \b\i \f10 \fs23 \cf
0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Comparing}{\b0\i0 \fs18 and }
0 \fi144 {\b0\i0 \fs18 contrasting }

0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Grouping}{\b0\i0 \fs18 and }
0 \fi144 {\b0\i0 \fs18 classifying }
0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Sequencing }
0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Prioritising }
0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Analysing }
0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Detecting}{\b0\i0 \fs18 bias }
0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Evaluating }
0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Making }
0 \fi143 {\b0\i0 \fs18 conclusions }\par
}
{\phpg\posx11731\pvpg\posy5048\absw975\absh183 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 \f10 \fs16 \cf0 R
easoning \par
}
{\phpg\posx13176\pvpg\posy3428\absw1837\absh3175 \b\i \f10 \fs23 \cf0 \fi345 \b\
i \f10 \fs23 \cf0 Creative
3 \cf0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Generating}{\b0\i0 \fs18 ideas }
\par}{\phpg\posx13176\pvpg\posy3428\absw1837\absh3175 \sl-240 \b\i \f10 \fs23 \c
f0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Relating }
f0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Making}{\b0\i0 \fs18 inferences }
f0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Predicting }
f0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Making }
f0 \fi144 {\b0\i0 \fs18 hypotheses }
f0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Synthesising }
f0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Making }
f0 \fi143 {\b0\i0 \fs18 generalisations }
f0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Visualising }
f0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Making}{\b0\i0 \fs18 analogies }
f0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Inventing }\par
}
{\phpg\posx11183\pvpg\posy7345\absw1996\absh1447 \b\i \f10 \fs23 \cf0 \fi657 \b\
i \f10 \fs23 \cf0 Thinking
f0 \fi571 Strategies
3 \cf0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Conceptualising }
f0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Making}{\b0\i0 \fs18 decisions }
f0 {\b0\i0 \f40 \fs18 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs18 Problem}{\b0\i0 \fs18 solving }\par
}

\par
}
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0 \fs19 \cf0 Relationship between Thinking Skills and
Science Process Skills
cf0 {\b0 Science}{\b0 process}{\b0 skills}{\b0 are}{\b0 skills}{\b0 that}{\
b0 are}{\b0 required}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 process}{\b0 of }

{\b0 finding}{\b0 solutions}{\b0 to}{\b0 a}{\b0 problem}{\b0 or}{\b0 makin
g}{\b0 decisions}{\b0 in}{\b0 a}{\b0 systematic }
{\b0 manner.}{\b0 It}{\b0 is}{\b0 a}{\b0 mental}{\b0 process}{\b0 th
at}{\b0 promotes}{\b0 critical,}{\b0 creative, }
{\b0 analytical}{\b0 and}{\b0 systematic}{\b0 thinking.}{\b0 Mastering}{
\b0 of}{\b0 science}{\b0 process }
{\b0 skills}{\b0
and}{\b0
the}{\b0
possession}{\b0
of}{\b0
suitab
le}{\b0
attitudes}{\b0
and}{\b0
knowledge }
{\b0 enable}{\b0 students}{\b0 to}{\b0 think}{\b0 effectively. }
cf0 \fi720 {\b0 The}{\b0
mastering}{\b0
of}{\b0
science}{\b0
process
}{\b0
skills}{\b0
involves}{\b0
the }
{\b0 mastering}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 relevant}{\b0 thinking}{\b0 skills.}{\
b0 The}{\b0 thinking}{\b0 skills}{\b0 that}{\b0 are }
{\b0 related}{\b0 to}{\b0 a}{\b0 particular}{\b0 science}{\b0 process}{\b0
skill}{\b0 are}{\b0 as}{\b0 follows: }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy5061\absw2656\absh766 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \fi57 \b \f10
\fs19 \cf0 Science Process Skills
f0 {\b0 Observing }\par
}
{\phpg\posx4156\pvpg\posy5061\absw3840\absh4485 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \fi1051 \b \f
10 \fs19 \cf0 Thinking Skills
cf0 {\b0 Attributing }
{\b0 Comparing}{\b0 and}{\b0 contrasting }
{\b0 Relating }
cf0 {\b0 Attributing }
{\b0 Comparing}{\b0 and}{\b0 contrasting}{\b0 Grouping }
{\b0 and}{\b0 classifying }
cf0 {\b0 Relating }
cf0 {\b0 Relating }
{\b0 Analysing }
{\b0 Making}{\b0 inferences }
{\b0 Relating }
{\b0 Visualising }\par
}

\fs19 \cf0 Science Process Skills
{\b0 Using}{\b0 Space-Time }
{\b0 Relationship }
cf0 {\b0 Interpreting}{\b0 data }\par
}
{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy4399\absw2245\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 D
efining operationally \par
}
lassifying \par
}
easuring and Using
\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy7687\absw2204\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Numb
ers
Making Inferences \par
}
{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy9544\absw1065\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 P
redicting \par
}
ontrolling variables \par
}
aking hypothesis \par
}
{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy8901\absw1635\absh675 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 E
xperimenting
Communicating \par
}
{\phpg\posx11899\pvpg\posy1519\absw2819\absh7319 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \fi1051 \b \
f10 \fs19 \cf0 Thinking Skills
{\b0 Sequencing }
{\b0 Prioritising }
\cf0 {\b0 Comparing}{\b0 and}{\b0 contrasting }
{\b0 Analysing }
{\b0 Detecting}{\b0 bias }
{\b0 Making}{\b0 conclusions }
{\b0 Generalising }
{\b0 Evaluating }
\cf0 {\b0 Relating }
{\b0 Making}{\b0 analogy }
{\b0 Visualising }

{\b0 Analysing }
\cf0 {\b0 Attributing }
{\b0 Relating }
{\b0 Analysing }
\cf0 {\b0 Attributing }
{\b0 Relating }
{\b0 Generating}{\b0 ideas }
{\b0 Making}{\b0 hypothesis }
{\b0 Predicting }
{\b0 Synthesising }
\cf0 {\b0 All}{\b0 thinking}{\b0 skills }
\cf0 {\b0 All}{\b0 thinking}{\b0 skills }\par
}
\par
}
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01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
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00ffd9
0 \fs21 \cf0 Teaching and Learning based on Thinking Skills
and Scientific Skills
cf0 {\b0 \fs19 This}{\b0 \fs19 science}{\b0 \fs19 curriculum}{\b0 \fs19 em
phasises}{\b0 \fs19 thoughtful}{\b0 \fs19 learning}{\b0 \fs19 based}{\b0 \
fs19 on }
{\b0 \fs19 thinking}{\b0 \fs19 skills}{\b0 \fs19 and}{\b0 \fs19 scientific
}{\b0 \fs19 skills.}{\b0 \fs19 Mastery}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 thinking
}{\b0 \fs19 skills}{\b0 \fs19 and }
{\b0 \fs19 scientific}{\b0 \fs19 skills}{\b0 \fs19 are}{\b0 \fs19 integrat
ed}{\b0 \fs19 with}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 acquisition}{\b0 \fs19 of}{
\b0 \fs19 knowledge}{\b0 \fs19 in }
{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 intended}{\b0 \fs19 learning}{\b0 \fs19 outcomes
.}{\b0 \fs19 Thus,}{\b0 \fs19 in}{\b0 \fs19 teaching}{\b0 \fs19 and}{\b0
\fs19 learning, }
{\b0 \fs19 teachers}{\b0 \fs19 need}{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 emphasise}{\b0 \
fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 mastery}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 skills}{\b0 \fs19 toge
ther}{\b0 \fs19 with}{\b0 \fs19 the }
{\b0 \fs19 acquisition}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 knowledge}{\b0 \fs19 and}{
\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 inculcation}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 noble}{\b0
\fs19 values}{\b0 \fs19 and }
{\b0 \fs19 scientific}{\b0 \fs19 attitudes. }
cf0 {\b0 \fs19 The}{\b0 \fs19 following}{\b0 \fs19 is}{\b0 \fs19 an}{\b0 \fs1
9 example}{\b0 \fs19 and}{\b0 \fs19 explanation}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 a}
{\b0 \fs19 learning}{\b0 \fs19 outcome }
{\b0 \fs19 based}{\b0 \fs19 on}{\b0 \fs19 thinking}{\b0 \fs19 skills}{\b0 \fs
19 and}{\b0 \fs19 scientific}{\b0 \fs19 skills. }
cf0 {\b0 \fs19 {\ul E}{\ul x}{\ul a}{\ul m}{\ul p}{\ul l}{\ul e}}{\b0\i \fs19 :
}\par
}
{\phpg\posx1550\pvpg\posy5556\absw1981\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 L
earning Outcome: \par
}

\cf0 SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES AND NOBLE VALUES \par
}
{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy2296\absw6557\absh675 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 S
cience learning experiences can be used as a means to
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy2296\absw6557\absh675 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 incu
lcate scientific attitudes and noble values in students.
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy2296\absw6557\absh675 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Thes
e attitudes and values encompass the following: \par
}
?
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy3306\absw128\absh5747 \sl-326 \f40 \fs19 \cf0 {\fs
21 ? }
ar
}
Having an interest and curiosity towards the environment.
\par}{\phpg\posx9542\pvpg\posy3328\absw6148\absh5725 \sl-307 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Bei
ng honest and accurate in recording and validating data.
ng diligent and persevering.
ng responsible about the safety of oneself, others, and
environment.
\par}{\phpg\posx9542\pvpg\posy3328\absw6148\absh5725 \sl-307 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Rea
lising that science is a means to understand nature.
\par}{\phpg\posx9542\pvpg\posy3328\absw6148\absh5725 \sl-307 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 App
reciating and practising clean and healthy living.
reciating the balance of nature.
ng respectful and well-mannered.
reciating the contribution of science and technology.
ng thankful to God.
\par}{\phpg\posx9542\pvpg\posy3328\absw6148\absh5725 \sl-312 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Hav
ing critical and analytical thinking.
ng flexible and open-minded.

ng kind-hearted and caring.
ng objective.
ng systematic.
ng cooperative.
ng fair and just.
\par}{\phpg\posx9542\pvpg\posy3328\absw6148\absh5725 \sl-326 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Dar
ing to try.
\par}{\phpg\posx9542\pvpg\posy3328\absw6148\absh5725 \sl-312 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Thi
nking rationally.
ng confident and independent. \par
}
hinking Skills:
{\ul E}{\ul x}{\ul p}{\ul l}{\ul a}{\ul n}{\ul a}{\ul t}{\ul i}{\ul o}{\ul n}: \
par
}
ompare and contrast metallic elements
non-metallic elements.
Comparing and contrasting \par
}
To achieve the above learning outcome, knowledge of the
\par}{\phpg\posx1550\pvpg\posy7336\absw6598\absh1362 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cha
racteristics and uses of metals and non-metals in everyday
\par}{\phpg\posx1550\pvpg\posy7336\absw6598\absh1362 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 lif
e are learned through comparing and contrasting. The mastery
the skill of comparing and contrasting is as important as the
wledge about the elements of metal and the elements of
\par}{\phpg\posx1550\pvpg\posy7336\absw6598\absh1362 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 non
-metal. \par
}
\par
}
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5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 The inculcation of scientific attitudes and noble values generally
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1437\absw6863\absh450 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 occu
rs through the following stages: \par
}
\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy2188\absw128\absh951 \sl-261 \par\f40 \fs19 \cf0 ?
\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy2188\absw128\absh951 \sl-263 \f40 \fs19 \cf0 ? \pa
r
}
Being aware of the importance and the need for scientific
\par}{\phpg\posx1799\pvpg\posy2210\absw6556\absh1617 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 att
itudes and noble values.
\par}{\phpg\posx1799\pvpg\posy2210\absw6556\absh1617 \sl-268 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Giv
ing emphasis to these attitudes and values.
\par}{\phpg\posx1799\pvpg\posy2210\absw6556\absh1617 \sl-263 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Pra
ctising and internalising these scientific attitudes and noble
ues.
\fi360 When planning teaching and learning activities, teachers \par
}
earning Objective: \par
}
1.4 Practising scientific knowledge

i432 to enhance quality of life
0 A
student
is
able
to
apply
\par}{\phpg\posx11812\pvpg\posy1437\absw3738\absh1133 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 kn
owledge on factors affecting the \par
}
rate
of
tivities,
\par}{\phpg\posx11812\pvpg\posy2704\absw1039\absh1129 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 so
lving
\par}{\phpg\posx11812\pvpg\posy2704\absw1039\absh1129 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ra
tional
search. \par
}
{\phpg\posx12950\pvpg\posy2704\absw902\absh446 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 r
eaction
\par
}
\cf0 in
\par}{\phpg\posx13795\pvpg\posy2704\absw663\absh446 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 adop
t \par
}
everyday
97 problem \par
}
earning Outcome: \par
}
approaches
119 decisions \par
}
\cf0 and
\par}{\phpg\posx14173\pvpg\posy3208\absw729\absh450 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 base
d \par
}
{\phpg\posx14843\pvpg\posy3208\absw655\absh450 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 m
ake
87 on \par
}
need to give due consideration to the above stages to ensure the
tinuous and effective inculcation of scientific attitudes and
ues. For example, during science practical work, the teacher
\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy4010\absw6946\absh3410 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sho
uld remind pupils and ensure that they carry out experiments in
\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy4010\absw6946\absh3410 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 a c

areful, cooperative and honest manner.
\fi720 Proper planning is required for effective inculcation of
entific attitudes and noble values during science lessons. Before
first lesson related to a learning objective, teachers should
\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy4010\absw6946\absh3410 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 exa
mine all related learning outcomes and suggested teaching\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy4010\absw6946\absh3410 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 lea
rning activities that provide opportunities for the inculcation of
entific attitudes and noble values.
\fi720 The following is an example of a learning outcome
taining to the inculcation of scientific attitudes and values. \par
}
uggested Learning
\par}{\phpg\posx9292\pvpg\posy4221\absw2114\absh446 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Acti
vities \par
}
Carry out some daily activities
lated to factors affecting the rate
reaction.
0 Collect and interpret data on
\par}{\phpg\posx11812\pvpg\posy4221\absw3767\absh3863 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sc
ientists'contribution in enhancing
\par}{\phpg\posx11812\pvpg\posy4221\absw3767\absh3863 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 th
e quality of life.
0 Carry out problem solving activities
volving rate of reaction in the field
science and technology through
\par}{\phpg\posx11812\pvpg\posy4221\absw3767\absh3863 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ex
periment and research.
0 Appreciating
the
contribution
of
ience and technology.
0 Being thankful to God. \par
}
{\phpg\posx11812\pvpg\posy8772\absw911\absh450 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 H
aving
\par}{\phpg\posx11812\pvpg\posy8772\absw911\absh450 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 thin
king. \par
}
{\phpg\posx11812\pvpg\posy9535\absw680\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 B
eing \par
}
ritical \par
}
nd \par
}
nalytical \par
}
cientific attitudes and
\par}{\phpg\posx9292\pvpg\posy7509\absw2356\absh450 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 nobl
e values \par
}
{\phpg\posx1550\pvpg\posy8306\absw1048\absh684 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {
\ul E}{\ul x}{\ul a}{\ul m}{\ul p}{\ul l}{\ul e}{\i : }
Year: \par
}
{\phpg\posx4070\pvpg\posy8820\absw823\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Fo
rm 5 \par
}
earning Area: \par
}
\par
}
ate of Reaction \par
}
{\phpg\posx12615\pvpg\posy9535\absw754\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 h
onest \par
}
nd \par
}
ccurate \par
}
n \par
}
recording and validating data \par
}
\par
}
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0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
0011080253034a03012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
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2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
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05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\fs19 \cf0 Inculcating Patriotism
f0 {\b0 The}{\b0
science}{\b0
curriculum }\par
}
{\phpg\posx4308\pvpg\posy1941\absw966\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 pr
ovides \par
}
{\phpg\posx5384\pvpg\posy1941\absw298\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 an
\par
}
{\phpg\posx5872\pvpg\posy1941\absw1140\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 o
pportunity \par
}
{\phpg\posx7206\pvpg\posy1941\absw308\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 fo
r \par
}
{\phpg\posx7705\pvpg\posy1941\absw359\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 th
e \par
}
development and strengthening of patriotism among students. For
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2196\absw7009\absh1362 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 exa
mple, in learning about the earth's resources, the richness and
iety of living things and the development of science and
hnology in the country, students will appreciate the diversity of
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2196\absw7009\absh1362 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 nat

ural and human resources of the country and deepen their love
the country. \par
}
\cf0 Teaching and Learning Approaches in Science
cf0 {\i Inquiry-Discovery }
cf0 {\b0 Inquiry-discovery}{\b0
emphasises}{\b0
learning}{\b0
through}{
\b0
experiences. }
{\b0 Inquiry}{\b0 generally}{\b0 means}{\b0 to}{\b0 find}{\b0 information,}
{\b0 to}{\b0 question}{\b0 and}{\b0 to }
{\b0 investigate}{\b0
a}{\b0
phenomenon}{\b0
that}{\b0
occurs}{\b0
in}{\b0
the}{\b0
environment. }
{\b0 Discovery}{\b0 is}{\b0 the}{\b0 main}{\b0 characteristic}{\b0 of}{\b0
inquiry.}{\b0 Learning}{\b0 through }
{\b0 discovery}{\b0 occurs}{\b0 when}{\b0 the}{\b0 main}{\b0 concepts}
{\b0 and}{\b0 principles}{\b0 of }
{\b0 science}{\b0
are}{\b0
investigated}{\b0
and}{\b0
discovered
}{\b0
by}{\b0
students }
{\b0 themselves.}{\b0 Through}{\b0 activities}{\b0 such}{\b0 as}{\b0 e
xperiments,}{\b0 students }
{\b0 investigate}{\b0
a}{\b0
phenomenon}{\b0
and}{\b0
draw}{
\b0
conclusions}{\b0
by }
{\b0 themselves.}{\b0
Teachers}{\b0 then}{\b0 lead}{\b0 students}{\b0
to}{\b0 understand}{\b0 the }
{\b0 science}{\b0 concepts}{\b0 through}{\b0 the}{\b0 results}{\b0 of}{\b0
the}{\b0 inquiry. }\par
}
\cf0 TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES \par
}
Teaching and learning strategies in the science curriculum
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy5623\absw6962\absh3410 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 emp
hasise thoughtful learning. Thoughtful learning is a process
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy5623\absw6962\absh3410 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 tha
t helps students acquire knowledge and master skills that will
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy5623\absw6962\absh3410 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 hel
p them develop their minds to the optimum level. Thoughtful
rning can occur through various learning approaches such as
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy5623\absw6962\absh3410 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 inq
uiry, constructivism, contextual learning, and mastery learning.
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy5623\absw6962\absh3410 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Lea
rning activities should therefore be geared towards activating
dents'critical and creative thinking skills and not be confined to
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy5623\absw6962\absh3410 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 rou
tine or rote learning. Students should be made aware of the

nking skills and thinking strategies that they use in their learning.
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy5623\absw6962\absh3410 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 The
y should be challenged with higher order questions and
blems and be required to solve problems utilising their creativity
critical thinking. The teaching and learning process should
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy5623\absw6962\absh3410 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ena
ble students to acquire knowledge, master skills and develop
entific attitudes and noble values in an integrated manner. \par
}
Thinking skills and scientific skills are thus developed further
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy5474\absw6610\absh4308 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 dur
ing the inquiry process. However, the inquiry approach may
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy5474\absw6610\absh4308 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 not
be suitable for all teaching and learning situations.
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy5474\absw6610\absh4308 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Som
etimes, it may be more appropriate for teachers to present
cepts and principles directly to students.
{\b\i \fs21 Constructivism }
Constructivism suggests that students learn about something
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy5474\absw6610\absh4308 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 whe
n they construct their own understanding. The important
ributes of constructivism are as follows:
Taking into account students'prior knowledge.
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy5474\absw6610\absh4308 \sl-263 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\f
s21 ?} Learning occurring as a result of students'own effort.
Learning occurring when students restructure their existing
360 ideas by relating new ideas to old ones.
Providing opportunities to cooperate, sharing ideas and
360 experiences, and reflecting on their learning. \par
}
0 \par
}
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0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
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5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\f10 \fs21 \cf0 Science, Technology and Society
\cf0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 Meaningful}{\b0\i0 \fs19 learning}{\b0\i0 \fs19 occurs}{\b
0\i0 \fs19 if}{\b0\i0 \fs19 students}{\b0\i0 \fs19 can}{\b0\i0 \fs19 relate}
{\b0\i0 \fs19 their}{\b0\i0 \fs19 learning}{\b0\i0 \fs19 with }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 their}{\b0\i0 \fs19
daily}{\b0\i0 \fs19
experiences.}{\b0\
i0 \fs19
Meaningful}{\b0\i0 \fs19
learning}{\b0\i0 \fs19
occurs}{\b0\i0
\fs19
in}{\b0\i0 \fs19
learning }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 approaches}{\b0\i0 \fs19 such}{\b0\i0 \fs19 as}{\b0\i0 \fs19
contextual}{\b0\i0 \fs19 learning}{\b0\i0 \fs19 and}{\b0\i0 \fs19 Scien
ce,}{\b0\i0 \fs19 Technology }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 and}{\b0\i0 \fs19 Society}{\b0\i0 \fs19 (STS). }
\cf0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 Learning}{\b0\i0 \fs19 themes}{\b0\i0 \fs19 and}{\b0\i0
\fs19 learning}{\b0\i0 \fs19 objectives}{\b0\i0 \fs19 that}{\b0\i0 \fs19
carry}{\b0\i0 \fs19 elements}{\b0\i0 \fs19 of }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 STS}{\b0\i0 \fs19 are}{\b0\i0 \fs19 incorporated}{\b0\i0 \fs19
into}{\b0\i0 \fs19 the}{\b0\i0 \fs19 curriculum.}{\b0\i0 \fs19 STS}{\b0\i0
\fs19 approach}{\b0\i0 \fs19 suggests }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 that}{\b0\i0 \fs19
science}{\b0\i0 \fs19
learning}{\b0\i0
\fs19
takes}{\b0\i0 \fs19
place}{\b0\i0 \fs19
through}{\b0\i0 \fs19
investigation}{\b0\i0 \fs19
and }

0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 discussion}{\b0\i0 \fs19 based}{\b0\i0 \fs19 on}{\b0\i0 \fs19
science}{\b0\i0 \fs19 and}{\b0\i0 \fs19 technology}{\b0\i0 \fs19 issues}{\b0
\i0 \fs19 in}{\b0\i0 \fs19 society.}{\b0\i0 \fs19
In }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 the}{\b0\i0 \fs19 STS}{\b0\i0 \fs19 approach,}{\b0\i0 \fs19
knowledge}{\b0\i0 \fs19 in}{\b0\i0 \fs19 science}{\b0\i0 \fs19 and}{\b0\
i0 \fs19 technology}{\b0\i0 \fs19 is}{\b0\i0 \fs19 to}{\b0\i0 \fs19 be }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 learned}{\b0\i0 \fs19
with}{\b0\i0 \fs19
the}{\b0\i0 \fs19
application}{\b0\i0 \fs19
of}{\b0\i0 \fs19
the}{\b0\i0 \fs19
princi
ples}{\b0\i0 \fs19
of}{\b0\i0 \fs19
science}{\b0\i0 \fs19
and }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 technology}{\b0\i0 \fs19 and}{\b0\i0 \fs19 their}{\b0\i0 \fs19
impact}{\b0\i0 \fs19 on}{\b0\i0 \fs19 society. }\par
}
o learn at their own pace, with the incorporation of remedial
enrichment activities as part of the teaching-learning
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1437\absw6539\absh675 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 proc
ess. \par
}
\cf0 Teaching and Learning Methods \par
}
Teaching and learning approaches can be implemented
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy3434\absw6752\absh1362 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 thr
ough various methods such as experiments, discussions,
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy3434\absw6752\absh1362 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sim
ulations, projects, and visits. In this curriculum, the teaching\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy3434\absw6752\absh1362 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 lea
rning methods suggested are stated under the column
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy3434\absw6752\absh1362 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 "Su
ggested Learning Activities." However, teachers can modify
suggested activities when the need arises. \par
}
s19 \cf0 Contextual Learning \par
}
Contextual learning is an approach that associates learning with
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6583\absw6922\absh1133 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 dai
ly experiences of students. In this way, students are able to
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6583\absw6922\absh1133 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 app
reciate the relevance of science learning to their lives. In
textual learning, students learn through investigations as in the
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6583\absw6922\absh1133 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 inq
uiry-discovery approach. \par
}
s19 \cf0 Mastery Learning \par
}
The use of a variety of teaching and learning methods can
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy5445\absw6658\absh2956 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 enh
ance students'interest in science. Science lessons that are
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy5445\absw6658\absh2956 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 not

interesting
will
not
motivate
students
to
learn
and
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy5445\absw6658\absh2956 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sub
sequently will affect their performance. The choice of
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy5445\absw6658\absh2956 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 tea
ching methods should be based on the curriculum content,
dents'abilities, students'repertoire of intelligences, and the
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy5445\absw6658\absh2956 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ava
ilability of resources and infrastructure. Besides playing the
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy5445\absw6658\absh2956 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 rol
e of knowledge presenters and experts, teachers need to act
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy5445\absw6658\absh2956 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 as
facilitators in the process of teaching and learning. Teachers
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy5445\absw6658\absh2956 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 nee
d to be aware of the multiple intelligences that exist among
dents. Different teaching and learning activities should be
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy5445\absw6658\absh2956 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 pla
nned to cater for students with different learning styles and
elligences. \par
}
astery learning is an approach that ensures all students are able
acquire and master the intended learning objectives. This
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy9088\absw6928\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 appr
oach is based on the principle that students are able to learn if
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy9088\absw6928\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 they
are given adequate opportunities. Students should be allowed \par
}
he following are brief descriptions of some teaching and
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy9228\absw6553\absh450 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 lear
ning methods. \par
}
1 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
0011080253034a03012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\f10 \fs21 \cf0 Experiment
\cf0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 An}{\b0\i0 \fs19 experiment}{\b0\i0 \fs19 is}{\b0\i0 \fs19
a}{\b0\i0 \fs19 method}{\b0\i0 \fs19 commonly}{\b0\i0 \fs19 used}{\b0\i0 \f
s19 in}{\b0\i0 \fs19 science}{\b0\i0 \fs19 lessons.}{\b0\i0 \fs19 In }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 experiments,}{\b0\i0 \fs19 students}{\b0\i0 \fs19 test}{\b0\
i0 \fs19 hypotheses}{\b0\i0 \fs19 through}{\b0\i0 \fs19 investigations}{\b
0\i0 \fs19 to }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 discover}{\b0\i0 \fs19 specific}{\b0\i0 \fs19 science}{\b0\i
0 \fs19 concepts}{\b0\i0 \fs19 and}{\b0\i0 \fs19 principles.}{\b0\i0 \fs19
Conducting}{\b0\i0 \fs19 an }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 experiment}{\b0\i0 \fs19
involves}{\b0\i0 \fs19
thinki
ng}{\b0\i0 \fs19
skills,}{\b0\i0 \fs19
scientific}{\b0\i0 \fs19
s
kills,}{\b0\i0 \fs19
and }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 manipulative}{\b0\i0 \fs19 skills. }
\cf0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 Usually,}{\b0\i0 \fs19 an}{\b0\i0 \fs19 experiment}{\b0\i0
\fs19 involves}{\b0\i0 \fs19 the}{\b0\i0 \fs19 following}{\b0\i0 \fs19 step
s: }
\cf0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs19
Identifying}{\b0\i0 \fs19 a}{\b0\i0 \fs1
9 problem. }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs19
Making}{\b0\i0 \fs19 a}{\b0\i0 \fs19 hypoth
esis. }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 ?}{\b0\i0 \fs19
Planning}{\b0\i0 \fs19 the}{\b0\i0 \fs19 ex
periment }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1799\pvpg\posy4893\absw91\absh675 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \par}{\phpg\posx1799\pvpg\posy4893\absw91\absh675 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 -
\par}{\phpg\posx1799\pvpg\posy4893\absw91\absh675 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 - \par

}
ontrolling variables.
\par}{\phpg\posx2159\pvpg\posy4893\absw6117\absh904 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 dete
rmining the equipment and materials needed.
\par}{\phpg\posx2159\pvpg\posy4893\absw6117\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 dete
rmining the procedure of the experiment and the
\par}{\phpg\posx2159\pvpg\posy4893\absw6117\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 meth
od of data collection and analysis. \par
}
{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy1439\absw6606\absh7547 \b\i \f10 \fs21 \cf0 \b\i \f10 \
fs21 \cf0 Discussion
\cf0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 A}{\b0\i0 \fs19
discussion}{\b0\i0 \fs19
is}{\b0\i0 \f
s19
an}{\b0\i0 \fs19
activity}{\b0\i0 \fs19
in}{\b0\i0 \fs19
which}{
\b0\i0 \fs19
students}{\b0\i0 \fs19
exchange }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 questions}{\b0\i0 \fs19 and}{\b0\i0 \fs19 opinions}{\b0\i0 \
fs19 based}{\b0\i0 \fs19 on}{\b0\i0 \fs19 valid}{\b0\i0 \fs19 reasons.}{
\b0\i0 \fs19
Discussions }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 can}{\b0\i0 \fs19 be}{\b0\i0 \fs19 conducted}{\b0\i0 \fs19 b
efore}{\i0 \fs19 ,}{\b0\i0 \fs19 during}{\b0\i0 \fs19 or}{\b0\i0 \fs19 afte
r}{\b0\i0 \fs19 an}{\b0\i0 \fs19 activity.}{\b0\i0 \fs19 Teachers }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 should}{\b0\i0 \fs19 play}{\b0\i0 \fs19 the}{\b0\i0 \fs19
role}{\b0\i0 \fs19 of}{\b0\i0 \fs19 a}{\b0\i0 \fs19 facilitator}{\b0\i0 \f
s19 and}{\b0\i0 \fs19 lead}{\b0\i0 \fs19 a}{\b0\i0 \fs19 discussion}{\b0
\i0 \fs19 by }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 asking}{\b0\i0 \fs19 questions}{\b0\i0 \fs19 that}{\b0\i0 \fs1
9 stimulate}{\b0\i0 \fs19 thinking}{\b0\i0 \fs19 and}{\b0\i0 \fs19 getting}{
\b0\i0 \fs19 students}{\b0\i0 \fs19 to }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 express}{\b0\i0 \fs19 themselves}{\b0\i0 \f20 . }
\cf0 Simulation
\cf0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 In}{\b0\i0 \fs19 simulation,}{\b0\i0 \fs19 an}{\b0\i0 \f
s19 activity}{\b0\i0 \fs19 that}{\b0\i0 \fs19 resembles}{\b0\i0 \fs19 th
e}{\b0\i0 \fs19 actual}{\b0\i0 \fs19 situation}{\b0\i0 \fs19 is }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 carried}{\b0\i0 \fs19 out}{\i0 \fs19 .}{\b0\i0 \fs19 Example
s}{\b0\i0 \fs19 of}{\b0\i0 \fs19 simulation}{\b0\i0 \fs19 are}{\b0\i0 \fs1
9 role-play,}{\b0\i0 \fs19 games}{\b0\i0 \fs19 and }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 the}{\b0\i0 \fs19 use}{\b0\i0 \fs19 of}{\b0\i0 \fs19 model
s.}{\b0\i0 \fs19 In}{\b0\i0 \fs19 role-play,}{\b0\i0 \fs19 students}{\b0\i
0 \fs19 play}{\b0\i0 \fs19 out}{\b0\i0 \fs19 a}{\b0\i0 \fs19 particular
}
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 role}{\b0\i0 \fs19
based}{\b0\i0 \fs19
on}{\b0\i0 \fs19
certain}{\b0\i0 \fs19
pre-determined}{\b0\i0 \fs19
conditions.}{\b0\i0 \f
s19
Games }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 require}{\b0\i0 \fs19 procedures}{\b0\i0 \fs19 that}{\b0\i0
\fs19 need}{\b0\i0 \fs19 to}{\b0\i0 \fs19 be}{\b0\i0 \fs19 followed.}{\b
0\i0 \fs19 Students}{\b0\i0 \fs19 play }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 games}{\b0\i0 \fs19 in}{\b0\i0 \fs19 order}{\b0\i0 \fs19 t

o}{\b0\i0 \fs19 learn}{\b0\i0 \fs19 a}{\b0\i0 \fs19 particular}{\b0\i0 \fs
19 principle}{\b0\i0 \fs19 or}{\b0\i0 \fs19 to}{\b0\i0 \fs19 understand
}
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 the}{\b0\i0 \fs19 process}{\b0\i0 \fs19 of}{\b0\i0 \fs19 deci
sion-making.}{\b0\i0 \fs19 Models}{\b0\i0 \fs19 are}{\b0\i0 \fs19 used}{\b0
\i0 \fs19 to}{\b0\i0 \fs19 represent }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 objects}{\b0\i0 \fs19 or}{\b0\i0 \fs19 actual}{\b0\i0 \fs19
situations}{\b0\i0 \fs19 so}{\b0\i0 \fs19 that}{\b0\i0 \fs19 students}{\
b0\i0 \fs19 can}{\b0\i0 \fs19 visualise}{\b0\i0 \fs19 the }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 said}{\b0\i0 \fs19 objects}{\b0\i0 \fs19 or}{\b0\i0 \fs19 sit
uations}{\b0\i0 \fs19 and}{\b0\i0 \fs19 thus}{\b0\i0 \fs19 understand}{\b0\i0
\fs19 the}{\b0\i0 \fs19 concepts}{\b0\i0 \fs19 and }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 principles}{\b0\i0 \fs19 to}{\b0\i0 \fs19 be}{\b0\i0 \fs19 le
arned. }
\cf0 Project
\cf0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 A}{\b0\i0 \fs19 project}{\b0\i0 \fs19 is}{\b0\i0 \fs19 a}
{\b0\i0 \fs19 learning}{\b0\i0 \fs19 activity}{\b0\i0 \fs19 that}{\b0\i0 \fs1
9 is}{\b0\i0 \fs19 generally}{\b0\i0 \fs19 undertaken}{\b0\i0 \fs19 by}{\b0\
i0 \fs19 an }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 individual}{\b0\i0 \fs19 or}{\b0\i0 \fs19 a}{\b0\i0 \fs19
group}{\b0\i0 \fs19 of}{\b0\i0 \fs19 students}{\b0\i0 \fs19 to}{\b0\i0 \fs
19 achieve}{\b0\i0 \fs19 a}{\b0\i0 \fs19 certain}{\b0\i0 \fs19 learning
}
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 objective.}{\b0\i0 \fs19
A}{\b0\i0 \fs19
project}{\b0\i0 \
fs19
generally}{\b0\i0 \fs19
requires}{\b0\i0 \fs19
several}{\b0\i0 \fs
19
lessons}{\b0\i0 \fs19
to }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 complete.}{\b0\i0 \fs19 The}{\b0\i0 \fs19 outcome}{\b0\i0 \f
s19 of}{\b0\i0 \fs19 the}{\b0\i0 \fs19 project}{\b0\i0 \fs19 either}{\b0
\i0 \fs19 in}{\b0\i0 \fs19 the}{\b0\i0 \fs19 form}{\b0\i0 \fs19 of}{\b0\
i0 \fs19 a }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 report,}{\b0\i0 \fs19 an}{\b0\i0 \fs19 artefact}{\b0\i0 \fs1
9 or}{\b0\i0 \fs19 in}{\b0\i0 \fs19 other}{\b0\i0 \fs19 forms}{\b0\i0 \f
s19 needs}{\b0\i0 \fs19 to}{\b0\i0 \fs19 be}{\b0\i0 \fs19 presented}{\b0
\i0 \fs19 to }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 the}{\b0\i0 \fs19 teacher}{\b0\i0 \fs19 and}{\b0\i0 \fs19
other}{\b0\i0 \fs19 students.}{\b0\i0 \fs19 Project}{\b0\i0 \fs19 work}{\b
0\i0 \fs19 promotes}{\b0\i0 \fs19 the }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 development}{\b0\i0 \fs19 of}{\b0\i0 \fs19 problem-solving}{\b
0\i0 \fs19 skills,}{\b0\i0 \fs19 time}{\b0\i0 \fs19 management}{\b0\i0 \fs19
skills, }
0 {\b0\i0 \fs19 and}{\b0\i0 \fs19 independent}{\b0\i0 \fs19 learning. }\par
}
? Conducting the experiment.
Collecting data.

Analysing data.
Interpreting data.
Making conclusions.
Writing a report.
\fi120 In the implementation of this curriculum, besides guiding students
120 to do an experiment, where appropriate, teachers should provide
120 students with the opportunities to design their own experiments.
120 This involves students drawing up plans as to how to conduct
120 experiments, how to measure and analyse data, and how to
120 present the outcomes of their experiment. \par
}
2 \par
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
0011080253034a03012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\f10 \fs21 \cf0 Visits and Use of External Resources \par
}
\cf0 CONTENT ORGANISATION \par
}
The learning of science is not limited to activities carried out in the
\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy2263\absw6941\absh2273 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sch
ool compound. Learning of science can be enhanced through
use of external resources such as zoos, museums, science
\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy2263\absw6941\absh2273 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cen
tres, research institutes, mangrove swamps, and factories.
\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy2263\absw6941\absh2273 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Vis
its to these places make the learning of science more
eresting,
meaningful
and
effective.
To
optimise
learning
\par}{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy2263\absw6941\absh2273 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 opp
ortunities, visits need to be carefully planned. Students may be
olved in the planning process and specific educational tasks
uld be assigned during the visit. No educational visit is
plete without a post-visit discussion. \par
}
he science curriculum is organised around themes. \par
}
{\phpg\posx14899\pvpg\posy2416\absw605\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 E
ach \par
}
heme consists of various learning areas{\b ,} each of which
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy2661\absw6549\absh684 \sl-259 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cons
ists of a number of learning objectives. A learning objective
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy2661\absw6549\absh684 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 has
one or more learning outcomes. \par
}
\cf0 Use of Technology
cf0 {\b0 \fs19 Technology}{\b0 \fs19 is}{\b0 \fs19 a}{\b0 \fs19 powerful}{\b0
\fs19 tool}{\b0 \fs19 that}{\b0 \fs19 has}{\b0 \fs19 great}{\b0 \fs19 pote
ntial}{\b0 \fs19 in}{\b0 \fs19 enhancing }
{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 learning}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 science.}{\b0
\fs19 Through}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 use}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 t
echnology}{\b0 \fs19 such}{\b0 \fs19 as }
{\b0 \fs19 television,}{\b0 \fs19 radio,}{\b0 \fs19 video,}{\b0 \fs19 comp
uter,}{\b0 \fs19 and}{\b0 \fs19 Internet,}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 teac

hing}{\b0 \fs19 and }
{\b0 \fs19 learning}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 science}{\b0 \fs19 can}{\b0 \fs1
9 be}{\b0 \fs19 made}{\b0 \fs19 more}{\b0 \fs19 interesting}{\b0 \fs19 and}
{\b0 \fs19 effective. }
{\b0 \fs19 Computer}{\b0 \fs19
simulation}{\b0 \fs19
and}{\b0 \fs19
ani
mation}{\b0 \fs19
are}{\b0 \fs19
effective}{\b0 \fs19
tools}{\b0 \fs19
for}{\b0 \fs19
the }
{\b0 \fs19 teaching}{\b0 \fs19 and}{\b0 \fs19 learning}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs
19 abstract}{\b0 \fs19 or}{\b0 \fs19 difficult}{\b0 \fs19 science}{\b0 \fs19
concepts. }
{\b0 \fs19 Computer}{\b0 \fs19
simulation}{\b0 \fs19
and}{\b0 \fs19
ani
mation}{\b0 \fs19
can}{\b0 \fs19
be}{\b0 \fs19
presented}{\b0 \fs19
through }
{\b0 \fs19 courseware}{\b0 \fs19
or}{\b0 \fs19
Web}{\b0 \fs19
page.}{\b
0 \fs19
Application}{\b0 \fs19
tools}{\b0 \fs19
such,}{\b0 \fs19
as}
{\b0 \fs19
word }
{\b0 \fs19 processors,}{\b0 \fs19
graphic}{\b0 \fs19
presentation}{\b0
\fs19
software}{\b0 \fs19
and}{\b0 \fs19
electronic }
{\b0 \fs19 spreadsheets}{\b0 \fs19 are}{\b0 \fs19 valuable}{\b0 \fs19 tool
s}{\b0 \fs19 for}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 analysis}{\b0 \fs19 and}{\b0
\fs19 presentation }
{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 data. }
{\b0 \fs19 The}{\b0 \fs19
use}{\b0 \fs19
of}{\b0 \fs19
other}{\b0 \fs19
tools}{\b0 \fs19
such}{\b0 \fs19
as}{\b0 \fs19
data}{\b0 \fs19
l
oggers}{\b0 \fs19
and}{\b0 \fs19
computer }
{\b0 \fs19 interfacing}{\b0 \fs19
in}{\b0 \fs19
experiments}{\b0 \fs19
and}{\b0 \fs19
projects}{\b0 \fs19
also}{\b0 \fs19
enhance}{\b0 \
fs19
the }
{\b0 \fs19 effectiveness}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 teaching}{\b0 \fs19 and}{\b
0 \fs19 learning}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 science}{\b0 \f20 . }\par
}
Learning outcomes are written based on the hierarchy of the
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy3919\absw6572\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cog
nitive and affective domains. Levels in the cognitive domain
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy3919\absw6572\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 are
: knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, synthesis
evaluation. Levels in the affective domain are: to be aware
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy3919\absw6572\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 of,
to be in awe, to be appreciative, to be thankful, to love, to
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy3919\absw6572\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 pra
ctise, and to internalise. Where possible, learning outcomes
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy3919\absw6572\absh2727 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 rel
ating to the affective domain are explicitly stated. The
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy3919\absw6572\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 inc
ulcation of scientific attitudes and noble values should be
egrated into every learning activity. This ensures a more

\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy3919\absw6572\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 spo
ntaneous and natural inculcation of attitudes and values.
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy3919\absw6572\absh2727 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Lea
rning areas in the psychomotor domain are implicit in the
rning activities. \par
}
Learning outcomes are written in the form of measurable
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy7447\absw6560\absh2273 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 beh
avioural terms. In general, the learning outcomes for a
ticular
learning
objective
are
organised
in
order
of
plexity. However, in the process of teaching and learning,
rning activities should be planned in a holistic and integrated
ner that enables the achievement of multiple learning
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy7447\absw6560\absh2273 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 out
comes according to needs and context. Teachers should
\par}{\phpg\posx9182\pvpg\posy7447\absw6560\absh2273 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 avo
id employing a teaching strategy that tries to achieve each
rning outcome separately according to the order stated in
curriculum specifications. \par
}
3 \par
}
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00ffd9
9 \cf0 The Suggested Learning Activities provide information on th
e
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1437\absw6946\absh2498 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sco
pe and dimension of learning outcomes. The learning activities
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1437\absw6946\absh2498 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sta
ted under the column Suggested Learning Activities are given
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1437\absw6946\absh2498 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 wit
h the intention of providing some guidance as to how learning
comes can be achieved. A suggested activity may cover one or
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1437\absw6946\absh2498 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 mor
e learning outcomes. At the same time, more than one activity
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1437\absw6946\absh2498 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 may
be suggested for a particular learning outcome. Teachers may
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1437\absw6946\absh2498 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 mod
ify the suggested activity to suit the ability and style of learning
their students. Teachers are encouraged to design other
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1437\absw6946\absh2498 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 inn
ovative and effective learning activities to enhance the learning
science. \par
}
4 \par
}
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0 \fs19 \cf0 THEME
cf0 LEARNING AREA
cf0 \fi379 Learning
\fi288 Objectives
{\b0 1.1 }
{\b0 Understanding }
{\b0 chemistry}{\b0 and}{\b0 its }
{\b0 importance }\par
}
0 \fs19 \cf0 : INTRODUCING CHEMISTRY
cf0 \fi254 : 1. INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
cf0 \fi384 Suggested Learning Activities
cf0 {\b0 Collect}{\b0 and}{\b0 interpret}{\b0 the}{\b0 meaning}{\b0 of}{\b0
the }
{\b0 word}{\b0 'chemistry' }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 some}{\b0 examples}{\b0 of}{\b0 common }
{\b0 chemicals}{\b0 used}{\b0 in}{\b0 daily}{\b0 life}{\b0 such}{\b0 as }
{\b0 sodium}{\b0 chloride,}{\b0 calcium}{\b0 carbonate}{\b0 and }
{\b0 acetic}{\b0 acid. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 uses}{\b0 of}{\b0 these}{\b0 chemicals}{\b0
in }
{\b0 daily}{\b0 life. }
cf0 {\b0 View}{\b0 a}{\b0 video}{\b0 or}{\b0 computer}{\b0 courseware }
{\b0 on}{\b0 the}{\b0 following: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 careers}{\b0 that}{\b0 need}{\b0 the}{\b0 knowledge}{\b0 of }

\fi254 {\b0 chemistry, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 chemical-based}{\b0 industries}{\b0 in }
\fi254 {\b0 Malaysia}{\b0 and}{\b0 its}{\b0 contribution}{\b0 to}{\b0 the }
\fi254 {\b0 development}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 country. }
cf0 {\b0 Attend}{\b0 talks}{\b0 on}{\b0 chemical-based }
{\b0 industries}{\b0 in}{\b0 Malaysia}{\b0 and}{\b0 their }
{\b0 contribution}{\b0 to}{\b0 the}{\b0 development}{\b0 of}{\b0 the }
{\b0 country. }\par
}
\fs19 \cf0 Learning Outcomes
f0 {\b0 A}{\b0 student}{\b0 is}{\b0 able}{\b0 to: }\par
}
\par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
\par
}
explain the meaning of
\par}{\phpg\posx7737\pvpg\posy3117\absw3317\absh3410 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 che
mistry,
\par}{\phpg\posx7737\pvpg\posy3117\absw3317\absh3410 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 lis
t some common chemicals
d in daily life,
te the uses of common
micals in daily life,
t examples of occupations
\par}{\phpg\posx7737\pvpg\posy3117\absw3317\absh3410 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 tha
t require the knowledge of
mistry,
t chemical-based industries in
\par}{\phpg\posx7737\pvpg\posy3117\absw3317\absh3410 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Mal
aysia,
\par}{\phpg\posx7737\pvpg\posy3117\absw3317\absh3410 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 des
cribe the contribution of

mical-based industries
\par}{\phpg\posx7737\pvpg\posy3117\absw3317\absh3410 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 tow
ards the development of the
\par}{\phpg\posx7737\pvpg\posy3117\absw3317\absh3410 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cou
ntry. \par
}
9 \cf0 Chemistry - Form 4
\cf0 \fi892 Vocabulary
\cf0 \fi297 {\b0 chemicals-}{\b0\i bahan}{\b0\i kimia }
\cf0 \fi297 {\b0 chemical-based}{\b0 industry }
\fi297 {\b0 -}{\b0\i industri}{\b0\i berasaskan }
\fi297 {\b0\i kimia }\par
}
6 \par
}
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0 \fs19 \cf0 LEARNING AREA
cf0 \fi379 Learning
\fi288 Objectives
{\b0 1.2 }
{\b0 Synthesising }
{\b0 scientific}{\b0 method }\par
}
1.3
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy7173\absw1425\absh1816 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Inc
orporate
entific
itudes and
ues in
ducting
entific
estigations \par
}
0 \fs19 \cf0 : 1. INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
cf0 {\b0 Observe}{\b0 a}{\b0 situation}{\b0 and}{\b0 identify}{\b0 all }
{\b0 variables.}{\b0 Suggest}{\b0 a}{\b0 question}{\b0 suitable }
{\b0 for}{\b0 a}{\b0 scientific}{\b0 investigation. }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 an}{\b0 activity}{\b0 to: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 observe}{\b0 a}{\b0 situation. }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 identify}{\b0 all}{\b0 variables, }
{\b0 c.}{\b0 suggest}{\b0 a}{\b0 question, }
{\b0 d.}{\b0 form}{\b0 a}{\b0 hypothesis, }
{\b0 e.}{\b0 select}{\b0 suitable}{\b0 apparatus, }
{\b0 f.}{\b0 list}{\b0 down}{\b0 work}{\b0 procedures. }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 an}{\b0 experiment}{\b0 and: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 collect}{\b0 and}{\b0 tabulate}{\b0 data, }

{\b0 b.}{\b0 present}{\b0 data}{\b0 in}{\b0 a}{\b0 suitable}{\b0 form, }
{\b0 c.}{\b0 interpret}{\b0 the}{\b0 data}{\b0 and}{\b0 draw }
\fi254 {\b0 conclusions, }
{\b0 d.}{\b0 write}{\b0 a}{\b0 complete}{\b0 report. }
cf0 {\b0 View}{\b0 videos}{\b0 or}{\b0 read}{\b0 passages}{\b0 about }
{\b0 scientific}{\b0 investigations.}{\b0 Students }
{\b0 discuss}{\b0 and}{\b0 identify}{\b0 scientific}{\b0 attitudes }
{\b0 and}{\b0 values}{\b0 practised}{\b0 by}{\b0 researchers }
{\b0 and}{\b0 scientists}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 videos}{\b0 or }
{\b0 passages. }\par
}
}
\par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
\cf0 \fi297 {\b0 solubility}{\b0 -}{\b0\i keterlarutan }\par
}
{\phpg\posx7483\pvpg\posy3916\absw91\absh174 \f40 \fs14 \cf0 \f40 \fs14 \cf0 ? \
par
}
\par
}
identify variables in a given
\par}{\phpg\posx7737\pvpg\posy2613\absw3290\absh3181 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sit
uation,
\par}{\phpg\posx7737\pvpg\posy2613\absw3290\absh3181 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ide
ntify the relationship
\par}{\phpg\posx7737\pvpg\posy2613\absw3290\absh3181 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 bet
ween two variables to form a
othesis,

ign and carry out a simple
eriment to test the
othesis,
\par}{\phpg\posx7737\pvpg\posy2613\absw3290\absh3181 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 rec
ord and present data in a
\par}{\phpg\posx7737\pvpg\posy2613\absw3290\absh3181 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sui
table form,
erpret data to draw a
clusion,
te a report of the
estigation. \par
}
Students have
owledge of
ientific method in
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy2863\absw1997\absh1591 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Fo
rm 1, 2 and 3.
0 Scientific skills are
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy2863\absw1997\absh1591 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ap
plied throughout. \par
}
{\phpg\posx7483\pvpg\posy7173\absw2041\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 A
student is able to: \par
}
par
}
par
}
identify scientific attitudes and
ues practised by scientists in
\par}{\phpg\posx7737\pvpg\posy7428\absw3270\absh1362 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 car
rying out investigations,
ctise scientific attitudes and
ues in conducting scientific
estigations. \par
}
Throughout the
urse, attention
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy7428\absw1921\absh1587 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sh
ould also be
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy7428\absw1921\absh1587 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 gi

ven to identifying
d practising
ientific attitudes
d values. \par
}
tudents discuss and justify the
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy9184\absw3719\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 scie
ntific attitudes and values that
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy9184\absw3719\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 shou
ld be practised during scientific
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy9184\absw3719\absh904 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 inve
stigations. \par
}
7 \par
}
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0 \fs19 \cf0 THEME
cf0 LEARNING AREA
cf0 Learning
Objectives
{\b0 2.1 }
{\b0 Analysing}{\b0 matter }\par
}
0 \fs19 \cf0 : MATTER AROUND US
cf0 \fi249 : 2. THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 and}{\b0 explain}{\b0 the}{\b0 particulate }
{\b0 nature}{\b0 of}{\b0 matter. }
cf0 {\b0 Use}{\b0 models}{\b0 or}{\b0 view}{\b0 computer }
{\b0 simulation}{\b0 to}{\b0 discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 following: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 the}{\b0 kinetic}{\b0 theory}{\b0 of}{\b0 matter, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 the}{\b0 meaning}{\b0 of}{\b0 atoms,}{\b0 molecules}{\b0 and
}
\fi254 {\b0 ions. }
cf0 {\b0 Conduct}{\b0 an}{\b0 activity}{\b0 to}{\b0 investigate }
{\b0 diffusion}{\b0 of}{\b0 particles}{\b0 in}{\b0 solid,}{\b0 liquid}{\b0
and }
{\b0 gas. }
cf0 {\b0 Investigate}{\b0 the}{\b0 change}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 state}{\b0
of }
{\b0 matter}{\b0 based}{\b0 on}{\b0 the}{\b0 kinetic}{\b0 theory}{\b0 of }
{\b0 matter}{\b0 through}{\b0 simulation}{\b0 or}{\b0 computer }
{\b0 animation. }
cf0 {\b0 Conduct}{\b0 an}{\b0 activity}{\b0 to}{\b0 determine}{\b0 the }

{\b0 melting}{\b0 and}{\b0 freezing}{\b0 points}{\b0 of }
{\b0 ethanamide}{\b0 or}{\b0 naphthalene. }
cf0 {\b0 Plot}{\b0 and}{\b0 interpret}{\b0 the}{\b0 heating}{\b0 and}{\b0
the }
{\b0 cooling}{\b0 curves}{\b0 of}{\b0 ethanamide}{\b0 or }
{\b0 naphthalene. }\par
}
}
\par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
par
}
describe the particulate nature
matter,
te the kinetic theory of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3227\absh3181 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 mat
ter,
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3227\absh3181 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 def
ine atoms, molecules and
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3227\absh3181 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ion
s,
ate the change in the state of
ter to the change in heat,
ate the change in heat to the
nge in kinetic energy of
ticles,
lain the inter-conversion of
states of matter in terms of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3227\absh3181 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 kin
etic theory of matter. \par

}
Students have
quired prior
owledge of
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy3372\absw1982\absh1358 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 el
ements,
mpounds and
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy3372\absw1982\absh1358 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 mi
xtures in Form 2. \par
}
\cf0 \fi315 {\b0 collision-}{\b0\i perlanggaran }
\cf0 \fi315 {\b0 diffusion}{\b0 -}{\b0\i peresapan }
\cf0 \fi315 {\b0 melting}{\b0 point-}{\b0\i takat}{\b0\i lebur }
\cf0 \fi315 {\b0 freezing}{\b0 point-}{\b0\i takat }\par
}
9 \cf0 beku
\par}{\phpg\posx13248\pvpg\posy4629\absw2145\absh1362 \sl-254 \par\i \f10 \fs19
\cf0 {\i0 simulation-}simulasi
\par}{\phpg\posx13248\pvpg\posy4629\absw2145\absh1362 \sl-254 \par\i \f10 \fs19
\cf0 {\i0 inter-conversion- }
perubahan keadaan \par
}
Ethanamide is also
wn as
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy7284\absw1997\absh679 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ace
tamide. \par
}
8 \par
}
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cf0 Learning
Objectives
{\b0 2.2 }
{\b0 Synthesising }
{\b0 atomic}{\b0 structure }\par
}
0 \fs19 \cf0 : 2. THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 development}{\b0 of }
{\b0 atomic}{\b0 models}{\b0 proposed}{\b0 by}{\b0 scientists }
{\b0 namely}{\b0 Dalton,}{\b0 Thomson,}{\b0 Rutherford, }
{\b0 Chadwick}{\b0 and}{\b0 Bohr. }
cf0 {\b0 Use}{\b0 models}{\b0 or}{\b0 computer}{\b0 simulation}{\b0 to }
{\b0 illustrate}{\b0 the}{\b0 structure}{\b0 of}{\b0 an}{\b0 atom}{\b0 as
}
{\b0 containing}{\b0 protons}{\b0 and}{\b0 neutrons}{\b0 in}{\b0 the }
{\b0 nucleus}{\b0 and}{\b0 electrons}{\b0 arranged}{\b0 in }
{\b0 shells. }
cf0 \fi379 {\b0 Conduct}{\b0 activities}{\b0 to}{\b0 determine}{\b0 the }
\fi379 {\b0 proton}{\b0 number,}{\b0 nucleon}{\b0 number}{\b0 and }
\fi379 {\b0 the}{\b0 number}{\b0 of}{\b0 protons,}{\b0 electrons }
\fi379 {\b0 and}{\b0 neutrons}{\b0 of}{\b0 an}{\b0 atom. }
cf0 {\b0 Use}{\b0 a}{\b0 table}{\b0 to}{\b0 compare}{\b0 and}{\b0 contrast
}{\b0 the }
{\b0 relative}{\b0 mass}{\b0 and}{\b0 the}{\b0 relative}{\b0 charge}{\b0 o
f }

{\b0 the}{\b0 protons,}{\b0 electrons}{\b0 and}{\b0 neutrons. }
cf0 {\b0 Investigate}{\b0 the}{\b0 proton}{\b0 and}{\b0 nucleon }
{\b0 numbers}{\b0 of}{\b0 different}{\b0 elements. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 : }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 the}{\b0 relationship}{\b0 between}{\b0 proton }
\fi273 {\b0 number}{\b0 and}{\b0 nucleon}{\b0 number, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 to}{\b0 make}{\b0 generalisation}{\b0 that}{\b0 each }
\fi273 {\b0 element}{\b0 has}{\b0 a}{\b0 different}{\b0 proton }
\fi273 {\b0 number. }\par
}
}
\par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
r
}
par
}
describe the development of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3256\absh4999 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ato
mic model,
te the main subatomic
ticles of an atom,
pare and contrast the
ative mass and the relative

rge of the protons, electrons
neutrons,
ine proton number,
ine nucleon number,
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3256\absh4999 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 det
ermine the proton number,
ermine the nucleon number,
ate the proton number to the
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3256\absh4999 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 nuc
leon number,
ate the proton number to the
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3256\absh4999 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 typ
e of element,
te the symbol of elements,
ermine the number of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3256\absh4999 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 neu
trons, protons and electrons
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3256\absh4999 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 fro
m the proton number and the
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3256\absh4999 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 nuc
leon number and vice versa,
struct the atomic structure. \par
}
\cf0 \fi315 {\b0 make}{\b0
generalisation}{\b0
- }
\fi315 {\b0\i mengitlak }\par
}
Dates and how
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy2863\absw1920\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 mo
dels are
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy2863\absw1920\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 de
veloped are not
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy2863\absw1920\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ne
eded.
0 Proton number is
so known as
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy2863\absw1920\absh2727 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 at
omic number.
0 Nucleon number is
so known as
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy2863\absw1920\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ma

ss number. \par
}
9 \par
}
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\fs19 \cf0 LEARNING AREA
f0 Learning
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1432\absw2004\absh813 \sl-249 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 O
bjectives \par
}

cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 an}{\b0 activity}{\b0 to}{\b0 write: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 the}{\b0 symbols}{\b0 of}{\b0 elements, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 the}{\b0 standard}{\b0 representation}{\b0
for}{\b0 an }
\fi254 {\b0 atom}{\b0 of}{\b0 any}{\b0 element. }\par
}
\par}{\phpg\posx3744\pvpg\posy3690\absw128\absh568 \sl-227 \par\f20 \fs14 \cf0 Z
\par
}
\cf0 Learning Outcomes \par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
\cf0 Chemistry - Form 4
cf0 \fi570 Vocabulary \par
}
cf0 X \par
}
{\phpg\posx4697\pvpg\posy3626\absw2056\absh904 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 w
here:
\par}{\phpg\posx4697\pvpg\posy3626\absw2056\absh904 \sl-244 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\b
X} = element
\par}{\phpg\posx4697\pvpg\posy3626\absw2056\absh904 \sl-259 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 A =
nucleon number
\par}{\phpg\posx4697\pvpg\posy3626\absw2056\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Z =
proton number \par
}
2.3
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy5772\absw1573\absh1133 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Und
erstanding
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy5772\absw1573\absh1133 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 iso
topes and
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy5772\absw1573\absh1133 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ass
essing their
ortance \par
}
Construct models or use computer
ulation to show the atomic structure.
Collect and interpret information on:
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy4888\absw4064\absh3747 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 a.
the meaning of isotope,
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy4888\absw4064\absh3747 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 b.
isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen,

309 carbon, chlorine and bromine.
Conduct activities to determine the
ber of subatomic particles of
topes from their proton numbers and
ir nucleon numbers.
Gather information from the internet or
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy4888\absw4064\absh3747 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 fro
m printed materials and discuss the
s of isotope. \par
}
}
\par
}
state the meaning of isotope,
t examples of elements with
topes,
atomic particles of isotopes,
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy6026\absw3295\absh1587 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 jus
tify the uses of isotope in
ly life. \par
}
0 \par
}
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cf0 Learning
Objectives
{\b0 2.4 }
{\b0 the}{\b0 electronic }
{\b0 structure}{\b0 of}{\b0 an }
{\b0 atom }\par
}
2.5
reciate the
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6165\absw1603\absh1358 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ord
erliness and
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6165\absw1603\absh1358 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 uni
queness of
atomic
ucture \par
}

cf0 {\b0 Study}{\b0 electron}{\b0 arrangements}{\b0 of}{\b0 various }
{\b0 atoms}{\b0 and}{\b0 identify}{\b0 their}{\b0 valence }
{\b0 electrons. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 meaning}{\b0 of}{\b0 valence }
{\b0 electrons}{\b0 using}{\b0 illustrations. }
cf0 {\b0 Conduct}{\b0 activities}{\b0 to: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 illustrate}{\b0 electron}{\b0 arrangements}{\b0 of }
\fi254 {\b0 elements}{\b0 with}{\b0 proton}{\b0 numbers}{\b0 1}{\b0 to }
\fi254 {\b0 20, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 write}{\b0 electron}{\b0 arrangements}{\b0 of }
\fi254 {\b0 elements}{\b0 with}{\b0 proton}{\b0 numbers}{\b0 1}{\b0 to }
\fi254 {\b0 20. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 contributions}{\b0 of}{\b0 scientists }
{\b0 towards}{\b0 the}{\b0 development}{\b0 of}{\b0 ideas}{\b0 on }
{\b0 the}{\b0 atomic}{\b0 structure. }
cf0 {\b0 Conduct}{\b0 a}{\b0 story-telling}{\b0 competition}{\b0 on }
{\b0 the}{\b0 historical}{\b0 development}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 atomic }
{\b0 structure}{\b0 with}{\b0 emphasis}{\b0 on}{\b0 the}{\b0 creativity }
{\b0 of}{\b0 scientists. }\par
}
}
par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
\par
}
describe electron arrangements
elements with proton
bers 1 to 20,
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3296\absh2498 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 dra
w electron arrangement of
atom in an element,
te the meaning of valence
ctrons,
ence electrons from the
ctron arrangement of an
m. \par
}
}
par
}
par
}
describe the contributions of
entists towards the
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy6415\absw2972\absh1816 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 und
erstanding of the atomic
ucture,
cribe the creative and
scientious efforts of
entists to form a complete
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy6415\absw2972\absh1816 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 pic
ture of matter. \par
}
Gratefulness \par}{\phpg\posx13248\pvpg\posy6165\absw1541\absh442 \sl-244 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\i
kesyukuran }\par
}
1 \par
}
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0 \fs19 \cf0 THEME
cf0 LEARNING AREA
cf0 Learning
Objectives
{\b0 3.1 }

{\b0 and}{\b0 applying}{\b0 the }
{\b0 concepts}{\b0 of }
{\b0 relative}{\b0 atomic }
{\b0 mass}{\b0 and }
{\b0 relative }
{\b0 molecular}{\b0 mass }\par
}
\cf0 : MATTER AROUND US
f0 : 2. CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS \par
}
0 \fs19 \cf0 Suggested Learning Activities
cf0 {\b0 Collect}{\b0 and}{\b0 interpret}{\b0 data}{\b0 concerning }
{\b0 relative}{\b0 atomic}{\b0 mass}{\b0 and}{\b0 relative }
{\b0 molecular}{\b0 mass}{\b0 based}{\b0 on}{\b0 carbon-12 }
{\b0 scale. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 use}{\b0 of}{\b0 carbon-12}{\b0 scale}{\b0
as}{\b0 a }
{\b0 standard}{\b0 for}{\b0 determining}{\b0 relative}{\b0 atomic }
{\b0 mass}{\b0 and}{\b0 relative}{\b0 molecular}{\b0 mass. }
cf0 {\b0 Investigate}{\b0 the}{\b0 concepts}{\b0 of}{\b0 relative }
{\b0 atomic}{\b0 mass}{\b0 and}{\b0 relative}{\b0 molecular }
{\b0 mass}{\b0 using}{\b0 analogy}{\b0 or}{\b0 computer }
{\b0 animation. }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 a}{\b0 quiz}{\b0 to}{\b0 calculate}{\b0 the}{
\b0 relative }
{\b0 molecular}{\b0 mass}{\b0 of}{\b0 substances}{\b0 based }
{\b0 on}{\b0 the}{\b0 given}{\b0 chemical}{\b0 formulae,}{\b0 for }
{\b0 example }
cf0 {\b0 HCl,}{\b0 CO }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2}{\b0 ,}{\b0 Na}{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2}
{\b0 CO }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 3}{\b0 ,}{\b0 Al(NO }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 3}{\b0 ) }{\b
0 \fs12 3}{\b0 , }
{\b0 CuSO}{\b0\dn006 \fs12 4}{\b0 .5H }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2}{\b0 O }
cf0 {\b0 Study}{\b0 the}{\b0 mole}{\b0 concept}{\b0 using}{\b0 analogy }

{\b0 or}{\b0 computer}{\b0 simulation. }
cf0 {\b0 Collect}{\b0 and}{\b0 interpret}{\b0 data}{\b0 on}{\b0 Avogadro }
{\b0 constant. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 relationship}{\b0 between}{\b0 the }
{\b0 number}{\b0 of}{\b0 particles}{\b0 in}{\b0 one}{\b0 mole}{\b0 of}{\b0
a }
{\b0 substance}{\b0 with}{\b0 the}{\b0 Avogadro}{\b0 constant. }\par
}
}
par
}
\cf0 Chemistry - Form 4 \par
}
10 \fs19 \cf0 Notes
\cf0 {\b0 Relative}{\b0 formula }
{\b0 mass}{\b0 is}{\b0 introduced }
{\b0 as}{\b0 the}{\b0 relative }
{\b0 mass}{\b0 for}{\b0 ionic }
{\b0 substances. }\par
}
\cf0 Vocabulary \par
}
3.2
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy8104\absw1729\absh1587 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Ana
lysing the
ationship
ween the
ber of moles
h the number
particles \par
}
par
}
par
}
par
}
state the meaning of relative
mic mass based on carbon\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3224\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 12
scale,
te the meaning of relative
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3224\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 mol
ecular mass based on
bon-12 scale,
te why carbon-12 is used as
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3224\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 a s
tandard for determining
ative atomic mass and
ative molecular mass,
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3224\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cal
culate the relative molecular
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3224\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 mas
s of substances. \par
}
}
par
}
\par
}
define a mole as the amount of
ter that contains as many
ticles as the number of
1632 {\fs12 12 }
ms in 12 g of
C,
te the meaning of Avogadro
stant,
ate the number of particles in
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy8354\absw3245\absh1816 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 one
mole of a substance with \par
}
12
i153 {\fs19 C}{\fs19 can}{\fs19 also}{\fs19 be }
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy8327\absw1951\absh1615 \sl-254 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 {\
fs19 represented}{\fs19 as }
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy8327\absw1951\absh1615 \sl-153 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 12
i33 {\dn006 \f20 6}{\fs19 C}{\fs19 or}{\fs19 C-12 }
0 {\fs19 Avogadro}{\fs19 constant }
fs19 is}{\fs19 also}{\fs19 known}{\fs19 as }
fs19 Avogadro}{\fs19 number. }\par
}
2 \par
}
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f0 Learning
bjectives \par
}
\cf0 : 2. CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS \par
}
\cf0 Suggested Learning Activities \par
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
3.3
lysing the
ationship
ween the
ber of moles
a substance
h its mass \par
}
3.4
lysing the
ationship
ween the
ber of moles
a gas with its
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy7485\absw1729\absh1591 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 vol
ume \par
}
Carry out problem solving activities to

vert the number of moles to the
ber of particles for a given
stance and vice versa.
Discuss the meaning of molar mass.
Using analogy or computer simulation,
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2613\absw3978\absh6658 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 dis
cuss to relate:
molar mass with the Avogadro
254 constant,
molar mass of a substance with its
254 relative atomic mass or relative
254 molecular mass.
Carry out problem solving activities to
vert the number of moles of a given
stance to its mass and vice versa.
Collect and interpret data on molar
ume of a gas.
Using computer simulation or graphic
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2613\absw3978\absh6658 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 rep
resentation, discuss:
the relationship between molar
254 volume and Avogadro constant,
to make generalization on the molar
254 volume of a gas at STP or room
254 conditions. \par
}
par
}
0 \fs19 \cf0 Learning Outcomes
cf0 {\b0 the}{\b0 Avogadro}{\b0 constant, }
{\b0 solve}{\b0 numerical}{\b0 problems}{\b0 to }
{\b0 convert}{\b0 the}{\b0 number}{\b0 of}{\b0 moles}{\b0 to }
{\b0 the}{\b0 number}{\b0 of}{\b0 particles}{\b0 of}{\b0 a }

{\b0 given}{\b0 substance}{\b0 and}{\b0 vice}{\b0 versa. }\par
}
}
\par
}
par
}
state the meaning of molar
s,
ate molar mass to the
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy4140\absw3193\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Avo
gadro constant,
ate molar mass of a
stance to its relative atomic
s or relative molecular
s,
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy4140\absw3193\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sol
ve numerical problems to
vert the number of moles of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy4140\absw3193\absh2727 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 a g
iven substance to its mass
vice versa. \par
}
Chemical formulae
substances are
\par}{\phpg\posx11160\pvpg\posy4394\absw1949\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 giv
en for
culation. \par
}
}
\par
}
par
}
state the meaning of molar
ume of a gas,
ate molar volume of a gas to
Avogadro constant,
e generalization on the
ar volume of a gas at a
en temperature and
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy7740\absw3247\absh2269 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 pre
ssure,
culate the volume of gases
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy7740\absw3247\absh2269 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 at
STP or room conditions from \par
}
STP
Standard
STP - \par
}
Temperature
\par}{\phpg\posx11160\pvpg\posy9511\absw1335\absh450 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Pre
ssure \par
}
and{\i
suhu}{\i dan }
584 {\i tekanan}{\i piawai }\par
}
3 \par
}
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f0 Learning
bjectives \par
}
}
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 an}{\b0 activity}{\b0 to}{\b0 calculate}{\b0
the }
{\b0 volume}{\b0 of}{\b0 gases}{\b0 at}{\b0 STP}{\b0 or}{\b0 room }
{\b0 conditions}{\b0 from}{\b0 the}{\b0 number}{\b0 of}{\b0 moles }
{\b0 and}{\b0 vice}{\b0 versa. }
cf0 {\b0 Construct}{\b0 a}{\b0 mind}{\b0 map}{\b0 to}{\b0 show}{\b0 the }
{\b0 relationship}{\b0 between}{\b0 number}{\b0 of }
{\b0 particles,}{\b0 number}{\b0 of}{\b0 moles,}{\b0 mass}{\b0 of }
{\b0 substances}{\b0 and}{\b0 volume}{\b0 of}{\b0 gases}{\b0 at }
{\b0 STP}{\b0 and}{\b0 room}{\b0 conditions. }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 problem}{\b0 solving}{\b0 activities }
{\b0 involving}{\b0 number}{\b0 of}{\b0 particles,}{\b0 number}{\b0 of }
{\b0 moles,}{\b0 mass}{\b0 of}{\b0 a}{\b0 substance}{\b0 and }
{\b0 volume}{\b0 of}{\b0 gases}{\b0 at}{\b0 STP}{\b0 or}{\b0 room }

{\b0 conditions. }
cf0 {\b0 Collect}{\b0 and}{\b0 interpret}{\b0 data}{\b0 on}{\b0 chemical }
{\b0 formula,}{\b0 empirical}{\b0 formula}{\b0 and }
{\b0 molecular}{\b0 formula. }
cf0 {\b0 Conduct}{\b0 an}{\b0 activity}{\b0 to: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 determine}{\b0 the}{\b0 empirical}{\b0 formula}{\b0 of }
\fi254 {\b0 copper(II)}{\b0 oxide}{\b0 using}{\b0 computer }
\fi254 {\b0 simulation, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 determine}{\b0 the}{\b0 empirical}{\b0 formula}{\b0 of }
\fi254 {\b0 magnesium}{\b0 oxide, }
{\b0 c.}{\b0 compare}{\b0 and}{\b0 contrast}{\b0 empirical }
\fi259 {\b0 formula}{\b0 with}{\b0 molecular}{\b0 formula. }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 problem}{\b0 solving}{\b0 activities }\par
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
.5
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6669\absw1320\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Synt
hesising
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6669\absw1320\absh904 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 chem
ical
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6669\absw1320\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 form
ulae \par
}
par
}
cf0 {\b0 the}{\b0 number}{\b0 of}{\b0 moles}{\b0 and}{\b0 vice }
{\b0 versa, }
{\b0 solve}{\b0 numerical}{\b0 problems }
{\b0 involving}{\b0 number}{\b0 of}{\b0 particles, }
{\b0 number}{\b0 of}{\b0 moles,}{\b0 mass}{\b0 of }

{\b0 substances}{\b0 and}{\b0 volume}{\b0 of }
{\b0 gases}{\b0 at}{\b0 STP}{\b0 or}{\b0 room }
{\b0 conditions. }\par
}
}
\par
}
\par
}
state the meaning of chemical
mula,
te the meaning of empirical
mula,
te the meaning of molecular
mula,
ermine empirical and
ecular formulae of
stances,
pare and contrast empirical
mula with molecular formula,
ve numerical problems
olving empirical and \par
}
The use of
\par}{\phpg\posx11160\pvpg\posy6924\absw1889\absh1816 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sy
mbols and
emical formulae
\par}{\phpg\posx11160\pvpg\posy6924\absw1889\absh1816 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sh
ould be widely
\par}{\phpg\posx11160\pvpg\posy6924\absw1889\absh1816 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 en
couraged and
\par}{\phpg\posx11160\pvpg\posy6924\absw1889\absh1816 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 no

t restricted to
\par}{\phpg\posx11160\pvpg\posy6924\absw1889\absh1816 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 wr
iting chemical
\par}{\phpg\posx11160\pvpg\posy6924\absw1889\absh1816 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 eq
uations only. \par
}
Ionic formula -{\i formula }
ion }\par
}
4 \par
}
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ffd9
f0 Learning
bjectives \par
}
}
cf0 {\b0 involving}{\b0 empirical}{\b0 and}{\b0 molecular }
{\b0 formulae. }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 exercises}{\b0 and}{\b0 quizzes}{\b0 in }

{\b0 writing}{\b0 ionic}{\b0 formulae. }
cf0 {\b0 Conduct}{\b0 activities}{\b0 to: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 construct}{\b0 chemical}{\b0 formulae}{\b0 of }
\fi305 {\b0 compounds}{\b0 from}{\b0 a}{\b0 given}{\b0 ionic }
\fi308 {\b0 formula, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 state}{\b0 names}{\b0 of}{\b0 chemical }
\fi312 {\b0 compounds}{\b0 using}{\b0 IUPAC }
\fi307 {\b0 nomenclature. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 the}{\b0 meaning}{\b0 of}{\b0 chemical}{\b0 equation, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 the}{\b0 reactants}{\b0 and}{\b0 products}{\b0 in}{\b0 a }
\fi254 {\b0 chemical}{\b0 equation. }
cf0 {\b0 Construct}{\b0 balanced}{\b0 chemical}{\b0 equations }
{\b0 for}{\b0 the}{\b0 following}{\b0 reactions: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 heating}{\b0 of}{\b0 copper(II)}{\b0 carbonate, }
\fi254 {\b0 CuCO}{\b0 \fs12 3, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 formation}{\b0 of}{\b0 ammonium}{\b0 chloride, }
\fi254 {\b0 NH }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 4}{\b0 Cl, }
{\b0 c.}{\b0 precipitation}{\b0 of}{\b0 lead(II)}{\b0 iodide,}{\b0 PbI}{\b0
\dn006 \fs12 2. }\par
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
.6
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6391\absw1155\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Inte
rpreting
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6391\absw1155\absh904 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 chem
ical
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6391\absw1155\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 equa
tions \par
}

\par
}
cf0 {\b0 molecular}{\b0 formulae, }
{\b0 write}{\b0 ionic}{\b0 formulae}{\b0 of}{\b0 ions, }
{\b0 construct}{\b0 chemical}{\b0 formulae}{\b0 of }
{\b0 ionic}{\b0 compounds, }
{\b0 state}{\b0 names}{\b0 of}{\b0 chemical }
{\b0 compounds}{\b0 using}{\b0 IUPAC }
{\b0 nomenclature. }\par
}
IUPAC \par}{\phpg\posx11160\pvpg\posy3626\absw1981\absh904 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Int
ernational Union
Pure and
lied Chemistry. \par
}
}
\par
}
\par
}
state the meaning of chemical
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy6645\absw3254\absh2498 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 equ
ation,
ntify the reactants and
ducts of a chemical
ation,
te and balance chemical
ations
erpret chemical equations
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy6645\absw3254\absh2498 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 qua
ntitatively and qualitatively,

ve numerical problems using
mical equations. \par
}
A computer
\par}{\phpg\posx11068\pvpg\posy6645\absw2069\absh1129 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sp
readsheet can be
\par}{\phpg\posx11068\pvpg\posy6645\absw2069\absh1129 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 us
ed for
lancing chemical
\par}{\phpg\posx11068\pvpg\posy6645\absw2069\absh1129 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 eq
uation exercises. \par
}
precipitation \par}{\phpg\posx13248\pvpg\posy6645\absw1425\absh442 \sl-244 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\i
pemendakan }\par
}
5 \par
}
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f0 Learning
bjectives \par
}
}
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 the}{\b0 following}{\b0 activities: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 write}{\b0 and}{\b0 balance}{\b0 chemical }
\fi254 {\b0 equations, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 interpret}{\b0 chemical}{\b0 equations }
\fi254 {\b0 quantitatively}{\b0 and}{\b0 qualitatively, }
{\b0 c.}{\b0 solve}{\b0 numerical}{\b0 problems}{\b0 using }
\fi254 {\b0 chemical}{\b0 equations}{\b0 (stoichiometry). }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 contributions}{\b0 of}{\b0 scientists }

{\b0 for}{\b0 their}{\b0 research}{\b0 on}{\b0 relative}{\b0 atomic }
{\b0 mass,}{\b0 relative}{\b0 molecular}{\b0 mass,}{\b0 mole }
{\b0 concept,}{\b0 formulae}{\b0 and}{\b0 chemical }
{\b0 equations. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 to}{\b0 justify}{\b0 the}{\b0 need}{\b0 for}{\b0 sci
entists }
{\b0 to}{\b0 practise}{\b0 scientific}{\b0 attitudes}{\b0 and }
{\b0 positive}{\b0 values}{\b0 in}{\b0 doing}{\b0 their}{\b0 research }
{\b0 on}{\b0 atomic}{\b0 structures,}{\b0 formulae}{\b0 and }
{\b0 chemical}{\b0 equations. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 role}{\b0 of}{\b0 chemical}{\b0 symbols, }
{\b0 formulae}{\b0 and}{\b0 equations}{\b0 as}{\b0 tools}{\b0 of }
{\b0 communication}{\b0 in}{\b0 chemistry. }\par
}
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
3.7
ctising
entific
itudes and
ues in
estigating
ter \par
}
}
par
}

par
}
par
}
identify positive scientific
itudes and values practised
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy4644\absw3301\absh3639 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 by
scientists in doing research
mole concept, chemical
mulae and chemical
ations,
tify the need to practise
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy4644\absw3301\absh3639 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 pos
itive scientific attitudes and
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy4644\absw3301\absh3639 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 goo
d values in doing research
atomic structures, chemical
mulae and chemical
ations,
symbols, chemical formulae
equations for easy and
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy4644\absw3301\absh3639 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sys
tematic communication in
field of chemistry. \par
}
6 \par
}
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0 \fs19 \cf0 THEME
cf0 LEARNING AREA
cf0 Learning
Objectives
\fi62 {\b0 4.1 }
{\b0 Analysing}{\b0 the }
{\b0 Periodic}{\b0 Table}{\b0 of }
{\b0 Elements }\par
}
cf0 \fi249 : 3. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
cf0 {\b0 Collect}{\b0 information}{\b0 on}{\b0 the}{\b0 contributions }
{\b0 of}{\b0 various}{\b0 scientists}{\b0 towards}{\b0 the }
{\b0 development}{\b0 of}{\b0 the}{\b0 Periodic}{\b0 Table. }
cf0 {\b0 Study}{\b0 the}{\b0 arrangement}{\b0 of}{\b0 elements}{\b0 in }
{\b0 the}{\b0 Periodic}{\b0 Table}{\b0 from}{\b0 the}{\b0 following }
{\b0 aspects: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 group}{\b0 and}{\b0 period, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 proton}{\b0 number, }
{\b0 c.}{\b0 electron}{\b0 arrangement. }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 an}{\b0 activity}{\b0 to}{\b0 relate}{\b0 the
}
{\b0 electron}{\b0 arrangement}{\b0 of}{\b0 an}{\b0 element}{\b0 to }

{\b0 its}{\b0 group}{\b0 and}{\b0 period. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 advantages}{\b0 of}{\b0 grouping }
{\b0 elements}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 Periodic}{\b0 Table. }
cf0 {\b0 Conduct}{\b0 activities}{\b0 to}{\b0 predict}{\b0 the}{\b0 group }
{\b0 and}{\b0 period}{\b0 of}{\b0 an}{\b0 element}{\b0 based}{\b0 on}{\b0
its }
{\b0 electron}{\b0 arrangement. }\par
}
}
par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
\par
}
par
}
par
}
par
}
describe the contributions of
entists in the historical
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3480\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 dev
elopment of the Periodic
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3480\absh4321 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Tab
le,
ntify groups and periods in the
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3480\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Per
iodic Table,
te the basic principle of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3480\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 arr
anging the elements in the
iodic Table from their proton

bers,
ate the electron arrangement
an element to its group and
iod,
lain the advantages of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3480\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 gro
uping elements in the Periodic
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3480\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Tab
le,
dict the group and the period
an element based on its
ctron arrangement. \par
}
Include scientists
\par}{\phpg\posx11270\pvpg\posy3117\absw1846\absh1587 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 li
ke
\par}{\phpg\posx11270\pvpg\posy3117\absw1846\absh1587 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 La
voisier,
\par}{\phpg\posx11270\pvpg\posy3117\absw1846\absh1587 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Do
bereiner,
\par}{\phpg\posx11270\pvpg\posy3117\absw1846\absh1587 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Ne
wlands, Meyer,
\par}{\phpg\posx11270\pvpg\posy3117\absw1846\absh1587 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Me
ndeleev and
\par}{\phpg\posx11270\pvpg\posy3117\absw1846\absh1587 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Mo
sely. \par
}
7 \par
}
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cf0 Learning
Objectives
{\b0 4.2 }
{\b0 Analysing}{\b0 Group }

{\b0 18}{\b0 elements }\par
}
0 \fs19 \cf0 : 3. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
cf0 {\b0 Use}{\b0 a}{\b0 table}{\b0 to}{\b0 list}{\b0 all}{\b0 the}{\b0 e
lements}{\b0 in }
{\b0 Group}{\b0 18. }\par
}
}
\par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
Describe the physical properties such
the physical state, density and
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy3357\absw3896\absh2701 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 boi
ling point of Group 18 elements.
Discuss:
changes in the physical
309 properties of Group 18
307 elements,
the inert nature of Group 18
308 elements. \par
}
\par
}
par
}
par
}

list all Group 18 elements,
te in general the physical
perties of Group 18 elements,
cribe the changes in the
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3416\absh3634 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 phy
sical properties of Group 18
ments,
cribe the inert nature of
ments of Group 18,
ate the inert nature of Group
elements to their electron
angements,
ate the duplet and octet
ctron arrangements of Group
elements to their stability,
cribe uses of Group 18
ments in daily life. \par
}
The elements in
\par}{\phpg\posx11270\pvpg\posy2613\absw1843\absh1133 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Gr
oup 18 can
so be referred
as noble gases
inert gases. \par
}
{\phpg\posx13248\pvpg\posy2613\absw732\absh442 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 I
nert \par}{\phpg\posx13248\pvpg\posy2613\absw732\absh442 \sl-244 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\i
lengai }\par
}
Discuss the relationship between the
ctron arrangement and the inert
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy6861\absw4074\absh2606 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 nat
ure of Group 18 elements.
Use diagrams or computer simulations
illustrate the duplet and octet electron
angement of Group 18 elements to

lain their stability.
Gather information on the reasons for
uses of Group 18 elements. \par
}
Students are
\par}{\phpg\posx11270\pvpg\posy6914\absw1576\absh904 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 enc
ouraged to
multimedia
erials. \par
}
8 \par
}
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cf0 Learning
Objectives
{\b0 4.3 }
{\b0 Analysing}{\b0 Group }
{\b0 1}{\b0 elements }\par
}
cf0 {\b0 Gather}{\b0 information}{\b0 and}{\b0 discuss: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 Group}{\b0 1}{\b0 elements, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 general}{\b0 physical}{\b0 properties}{\b0 of}{\b0 lithium, }
\fi273 {\b0 sodium}{\b0 and}{\b0 potassium, }
{\b0 c.}{\b0 changes}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 physical}{\b0 properties }
\fi273 {\b0 from}{\b0 lithium}{\b0 to}{\b0 potassium}{\b0 with }
\fi273 {\b0 respect}{\b0 to}{\b0 hardness,}{\b0 density}{\b0 and }
\fi273 {\b0 melting}{\b0 point, }
{\b0 d.}{\b0 chemical}{\b0 properties}{\b0 of}{\b0 lithium, }
\fi273 {\b0 sodium}{\b0 and}{\b0 potassium, }
{\b0 e.}{\b0 the}{\b0 similarities}{\b0 in}{\b0 chemical}{\b0 properties }
\fi273 {\b0 of}{\b0 lithium,}{\b0 sodium}{\b0 and}{\b0 potassium, }
{\b0 f.}{\b0
the}{\b0 relationship}{\b0 between}{\b0 the }
\fi273 {\b0 chemical}{\b0 properties}{\b0 of}{\b0 Group}{\b0 1 }
\fi273 {\b0 elements}{\b0 and}{\b0 their}{\b0 electron }

\fi273 {\b0 arrangements. }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 experiments}{\b0 to}{\b0 investigate}{\b0 the
}
{\b0 reactions}{\b0 of}{\b0 lithium,}{\b0 sodium}{\b0 and }
{\b0 potassium}{\b0 with}{\b0 water}{\b0 and}{\b0 oxygen. }
cf0 {\b0 Study}{\b0 the}{\b0 reactions}{\b0 of}{\b0 lithium,}{\b0 sodium }
{\b0 and}{\b0 potassium}{\b0 with}{\b0 chlorine}{\b0 and }
{\b0 bromine}{\b0 through}{\b0 computer}{\b0 simulation. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 changes}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 reactivity}{\b0 of }
{\b0 Group}{\b0 1}{\b0 elements}{\b0 down}{\b0 the}{\b0 group. }
cf0 {\b0 Predict}{\b0 physical}{\b0 and}{\b0 chemical }
{\b0 properties}{\b0 of}{\b0 Group}{\b0 1}{\b0 elements}{\b0 other }
{\b0 than}{\b0 lithium,}{\b0 sodium}{\b0 and}{\b0 potassium. }\par
}
}
\par}{\phpg\posx7488\pvpg\posy2654\absw91\absh399 \sl-249 \f40 \fs14 \cf0 ? \par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
par
}
\par
}
par
}
par
}
par
}
par
}
list all Group 1 elements.
te the general physical
perties of lithium, sodium and
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3433\absh5228 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 pot
assium,
cribe changes in the physical
perties from lithium to
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3433\absh5228 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 pot
assium,
t the chemical properties of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3433\absh5228 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 lit
hium, sodium and potassium,
cribe the similarities in
mical properties of lithium,
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3433\absh5228 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sod
ium and potassium,
ate the chemical properties of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3433\absh5228 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Gro
up 1 elements to their
ctron arrangements,
cribe changes in reactivity of
up 1 elements down the
up,
dict physical and chemical
perties of other elements in
up 1,
te the safety precautions when
dling Group 1 elements. \par
}
Teachers are
\par}{\phpg\posx11270\pvpg\posy2613\absw1860\absh1587 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 en
couraged to
e
\par}{\phpg\posx11270\pvpg\posy2613\absw1860\absh1587 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 de
monstration for
tivities involving
dium and
\par}{\phpg\posx11270\pvpg\posy2613\absw1860\absh1587 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 po
tassium. \par
}
9 \par
}
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f0 Learning
bjectives \par
}
\cf0 : 3. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
f0 \fi134 Suggested Learning Activities \par
}
}

\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
.4
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy3636\absw1711\absh675 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Anal
ysing Group
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy3636\absw1711\absh675 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 17 e
lements \par
}
Watch multimedia materials on the
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2613\absw4118\absh6602 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 saf
ety precautions when handling
up 1 elements.
Gather information and discuss on:
Group 17 elements,
physical properties of chlorine,
254 bromine and iodine with respect to
254 their colour, density and boiling point,
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2613\absw4118\absh6602 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 c.
changes in the physical properties
254 from chlorine to iodine,
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2613\absw4118\absh6602 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 d.
describe the chemical properties of
254 chlorine, bromine and iodine,
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2613\absw4118\absh6602 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 e.
the similarities in chemical properties
254 of chlorine, bromine and iodine,
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2613\absw4118\absh6602 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 f.
the relationship between the
254 chemical properties of Group 17
254 elements with their electron
254 arrangements.
Carry out experiments to investigate the
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2613\absw4118\absh6602 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 rea
ctions of chlorine, bromine and
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2613\absw4118\absh6602 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 iod
ine with:
water,
metals such as iron,

sodium hydroxide.
Discuss changes in the reactivity of
up 17 elements down the group. \par
}
}
}
\par
}
par
}
par
}
par
}
par
}
list all Group 17 elements,
te the general physical
perties of chlorine, bromine
iodine,
cribe changes in the physical
perties from chlorine to iodine,
t the chemical properties of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3885\absw3479\absh5004 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 chl
orine, bromine and iodine,
cribe the similarities in
mical properties of chlorine,
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3885\absw3479\absh5004 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 bro
mine and iodine,
ate the chemical properties of
up 17 elements with their
ctron arrangements,

cribe changes in reactivity of
up 17 elements down the
up,
dict physical and chemical
perties of other elements in
up 17,
te the safety precautions when
dling Group 17 elements. \par
}
0 \par
}
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d9
f0 Learning
bjectives \par
}
.5
ysing
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy4394\absw1382\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 elem
ents in a
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy4394\absw1382\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 peri
od \par
}

cf0 {\b0 Predict}{\b0 physical}{\b0 and}{\b0 chemical }
{\b0 properties}{\b0 of}{\b0 Group}{\b0 17}{\b0 elements}{\b0
other }
{\b0 than}{\b0 chlorine,}{\b0 bromine}{\b0 and}{\b0 iodine. }
cf0 {\b0 Watch}{\b0 multimedia}{\b0 materials}{\b0 on}{\b0 the }
{\b0 safety}{\b0 precautions}{\b0 when}{\b0 handling }
{\b0 Group}{\b0 17}{\b0 elements. }
cf0 {\b0 Collect}{\b0 and}{\b0 interpret}{\b0 data}{\b0 on}{\b0 the }
{\b0 properties}{\b0 of}{\b0 elements}{\b0 in}{\b0 Period}{\b0 3}{\b0 such
}
{\b0 as: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 proton}{\b0 number, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 electron}{\b0 arrangement, }
{\b0 c.}{\b0 size}{\b0 of}{\b0 atom, }
{\b0 d.}{\b0 electronegativity, }
{\b0 e.}{\b0 physical}{\b0 state. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 changes}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 properties}{\b0 of }
{\b0 elements}{\b0 across}{\b0 Period}{\b0 3. }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 experiments}{\b0 to}{\b0 study}{\b0 the }
{\b0 oxides}{\b0 of}{\b0 elements}{\b0 in}{\b0 Period}{\b0 3}{\b0 and }
{\b0 relate}{\b0 them}{\b0 to}{\b0 their}{\b0 metallic}{\b0 properties. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 in}{\b0 small}{\b0 groups}{\b0 and}{\b0 make}{\b0 a
}
{\b0 presentation}{\b0 on}{\b0 the}{\b0 changes}{\b0 of }
{\b0 properties}{\b0 of}{\b0 oxides}{\b0 of}{\b0 elements}{\b0 across }
{\b0 Period}{\b0 3. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 and}{\b0 predict}{\b0 changes}{\b0 in}{\b0 the }
{\b0 properties}{\b0 of}{\b0 elements}{\b0 in}{\b0 Period}{\b0 2. }\par
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par

}
}
}
\par
}
par
}
\par
}
list all elements in Period 3,
te electron arrangements of all
ments in Period 3,
cribe changes in the
perties of elements across
iod 3,
te changes in the properties of
oxides of elements across
iod 3,
dict changes in the properties
elements across Period 2,
cribe uses of semi-metals. \par
}
Semi-metals are
\par}{\phpg\posx11270\pvpg\posy7428\absw1726\absh679 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 als
o known as
\par}{\phpg\posx11270\pvpg\posy7428\absw1726\absh679 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 met
alloids. \par
}
1 \par
}

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028a28a00fffd9
f0 Learning
bjectives \par
}
\cf0 : 3. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}

}
.6
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy3688\absw1515\absh908 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Unde
rstanding
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy3688\absw1515\absh908 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 tran
sition
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy3688\absw1515\absh908 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 elem
ents \par
}
Collect and interpret data on uses of
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2613\absw4046\absh6654 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sem
i-metals i.e. silicon and germanium
the microelectronic industry.
Carry out an activity to identify the
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2613\absw4046\absh6654 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 pos
itions of transition elements in the
iodic Table.
Collect and interpret data on properties
transition elements with respect to
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2613\absw4046\absh6654 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 mel
ting points, density, variable
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2613\absw4046\absh6654 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 oxi
dation numbers and ability to form
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2613\absw4046\absh6654 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 col
oured compounds.
Observe the colour of:
a few compounds of transition
254 elements,
products of the reaction between
254 aqueous solution of compounds of
254 transition elements with sodium
254 hydroxide solution, NaOH, and
254 ammonia solution, NH {\dn006 \fs12 3}(aq).
Observe the colour of precious stones
identify the presence of transition
ments.
Give examples on the use of transition
ments as catalysts in industries. \par
}

}
\par
}
identify the positions of transition
ments in the Periodic Table,
e examples of transition
ments,
cribe properties of transition
ments,
te uses of transition elements
industries. \par
}
Oxidation number
\par}{\phpg\posx11270\pvpg\posy4701\absw1831\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 is
synonymous
h oxidation
te. \par
}
Chemical
ations are not
\par}{\phpg\posx11270\pvpg\posy6727\absw1802\absh675 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 req
uired. \par
}
2 \par
}
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14005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145
14005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145
14005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145
14005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145
14005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145
14005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145
14005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145
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14005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145
14005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145
14005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145
14005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145
14005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145
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cf0 Learning
Objectives
{\b0 4.7 }
{\b0 Appreciating}{\b0 the }
{\b0 existence}{\b0 of }
{\b0 elements}{\b0 and }
{\b0 their}{\b0 compounds }\par
}
cf0 {\b0 Gather}{\b0 information}{\b0 on}{\b0 efforts}{\b0 of }
{\b0 scientists}{\b0 in}{\b0 discovering}{\b0 the}{\b0 properties }
{\b0 of}{\b0 elements}{\b0 and}{\b0 make}{\b0 a}{\b0 multimedia }
{\b0 presentation. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 in}{\b0 a}{\b0 forum}{\b0 about}{\b0 life}{\b0 witho
ut }
{\b0 various}{\b0 elements}{\b0 and}{\b0 compounds. }

cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 projects}{\b0 to}{\b0 collect}{\b0 specimens }
{\b0 or}{\b0 pictures}{\b0 of}{\b0 various}{\b0 types}{\b0 of}{\b0 rocks.
}
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 and}{\b0 practise}{\b0 ways}{\b0 to}{\b0 handle }
{\b0 chemicals}{\b0 safely}{\b0 and}{\b0 to}{\b0 avoid}{\b0 their }
{\b0 wastage. }\par
}
}
par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
par
}
par
}
par
}
describe efforts of scientists in
covering the properties of
ments,
cribe what life would be
hout diverse elements and
pounds,
ntify different colours in
pounds of transition elements
nd naturally,
dle chemicals wisely. \par
}
3 \par
}
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0 \fs19 \cf0 THEME
cf0 LEARNING AREA
cf0 \fi379 Learning

\fi292 Objectives
{\b0 5.1 }
{\b0 formation}{\b0 of }
{\b0 compounds }\par
}
5.2
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6122\absw1785\absh1133 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Syn
thesising
as on
mation of ionic
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6122\absw1785\absh1133 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 bon
d \par
}
cf0 \fi249 : 4. CHEMICAL BONDS
{\b0 existence}{\b0 of}{\b0 various}{\b0 naturally}{\b0 occurring }
{\b0 compounds}{\b0 for}{\b0 example,}{\b0 water,}{\b0 H}{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2
}{\b0 O, }
{\b0 carbon}{\b0 dioxide,}{\b0 CO }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2}{\b0 ,}{\b0 and}{\b0
minerals}{\b0 to }
{\b0 introduce}{\b0 the}{\b0 concept}{\b0 of}{\b0 chemical }
{\b0 bonds. }
{\b0 Discuss: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 the}{\b0 stability}{\b0 of}{\b0 inert}{\b0 gases}{\b0 with }
\fi254 {\b0 respect}{\b0 to}{\b0 the}{\b0 electron}{\b0 arrangement, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 conditions}{\b0 for}{\b0 the}{\b0 formation}{\b0 of }
\fi254 {\b0 chemical}{\b0 bonds, }
{\b0 c.}{\b0 types}{\b0 of}{\b0 chemical}{\b0 bonds. }
{\b0 Use}{\b0 computer}{\b0 simulation}{\b0 to}{\b0 explain }
{\b0 formation}{\b0 of}{\b0 ions}{\b0 and}{\b0 electron }
{\b0 arrangement}{\b0 of}{\b0 ions. }

cf0 {\b0 Conduct}{\b0 an}{\b0 activity}{\b0 to}{\b0 prepare}{\b0 ionic }
{\b0 compounds}{\b0 for}{\b0 example,}{\b0 magnesium }
{\b0 oxide,}{\b0 MgO,}{\b0 sodium}{\b0 chloride,}{\b0 NaCl}{\b0 and }
{\b0 iron(III)}{\b0 chloride,}{\b0 FeCl }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 3}{\b0 . }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 an}{\b0 activity}{\b0 to}{\b0 illustrate }
{\b0 formation}{\b0 of}{\b0 ionic}{\b0 bond}{\b0 through}{\b0 models, }
{\b0 diagrams}{\b0 or}{\b0 computer}{\b0 simulation. }
cf0 {\b0 Use}{\b0 computer}{\b0 simulation}{\b0 to}{\b0 illustrate}{\b0 the
}
{\b0 existence}{\b0 of}{\b0 electrostatic}{\b0 force}{\b0 between }
{\b0 ions}{\b0 of}{\b0 opposite}{\b0 charges}{\b0 in}{\b0 ionic}{\b0 bond.
}\par
}
}
\par
}
explain the stability of inert
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3117\absw3136\absh1133 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 gas
es,
lain conditions for the
mation of chemical bonds,
te types of chemical bonds. \par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
}

\par
}
explain formation of ions,
te electron arrangements for
ions formed,
lain formation of ionic bond,
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy6376\absw3217\absh1816 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ill
ustrate electron arrangement
an ionic bond,
ustrate formation of ionic
d. \par
}
Ionic bond is
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy7135\absw1946\absh675 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 syn
onymous with
ctrovalent bond. \par
}
4 \par
}
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cf0 \fi379 Learning
\fi292 Objectives
{\b0 5.3 }
{\b0 Synthesising }
{\b0 ideas}{\b0 on }
{\b0 formation}{\b0 of }
{\b0 covalent}{\b0 bond }\par
}
0 \fs19 \cf0 : 4. CHEMICAL BONDS
{\b0 meaning}{\b0 of}{\b0 covalent}{\b0 bond. }
cf0 {\b0 Use}{\b0 models}{\b0 and}{\b0 computer}{\b0 simulation}{\b0 to }
{\b0 illustrate}{\b0 formation}{\b0 of: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 single}{\b0 bond}{\b0 in}{\b0 hydrogen,}{\b0 H }{\b0\dn006 \fs
12 2}{\b0 , }
\fi249 {\b0 chlorine,}{\b0 Cl }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2}{\b0 ,}{\b0 hydrogen}{\b0
chloride,}{\b0 HCl, }
\fi254 {\b0 water,}{\b0 H }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2}{\b0 O,}{\b0 methane,}{\b0 CH
}{\b0\dn006 \fs12 4,}{\b0 ammonia, }
\fi254 {\b0 NH }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 3,}{\b0 tetrachloromethane,}{\b0 CCl }{\b0\

dn006 \fs12 4}{\b0 , }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 double}{\b0 bond}{\b0 in}{\b0 oxygen,}{\b0 O }{\b0\dn006 \fs12
2}{\b0 ,}{\b0 carbon }
\fi254 {\b0 dioxide,}{\b0 CO}{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2, }
{\b0 c.}{\b0 triple}{\b0 bond}{\b0 in}{\b0 nitrogen,}{\b0 N}{\b0\dn006 \fs
12 2. }
cf0 {\b0 Draw}{\b0 diagrams}{\b0 showing}{\b0 electron }
{\b0 arrangements}{\b0 for}{\b0 the}{\b0 formation}{\b0 of }
{\b0 covalent}{\b0 bond}{\b0 including}{\b0 Lewis}{\b0 structure. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 and}{\b0 construct}{\b0 a}{\b0 mind}{\b0 map}{\b0 to
}
{\b0 compare}{\b0 the}{\b0 formation}{\b0 of}{\b0 covalent}{\b0 bond }
{\b0 with}{\b0 ionic}{\b0 bond. }\par
}
}
\par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
\par
}
state the meaning of covalent
d,
lain formation of covalent
d,
ustrate formation of a covalent
d by drawing electron
angement,
ustrate formation of covalent
d,
pare and contrast
mation of ionic and covalent
ds. \par
}
5 \par
}
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0051451401ffd9

cf0 \fi379 Learning
\fi292 Objectives
cf0 {\b0 5.4 }
{\b0 Analysing }
{\b0 properties}{\b0 of }
{\b0 ionic}{\b0 and }
{\b0 covalent }
{\b0 compounds }\par
}
\cf0 : 4. CHEMICAL BONDS
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
Collect and interpret data on properties
ionic and covalent compounds.
Work in groups to carry out an activity
compare the following properties of
ic and covalent compounds:
melting and boiling points,
electrical conductivities,
solubilities in water and organic
254 solvents. \par
}
}
\par
}
par
}
par
}
Discuss:
differences in electrical conductivities
254 of ionic and covalent compounds due
254 to the presence of ions,
differences in the melting and boiling
254 points of ionic and covalent
254 compounds.
Gather information on uses of covalent
pounds as solvents in daily life. \par
}
par
}
list properties of ionic
pounds,
t properties of covalent
pounds,
lain differences in the
ctrical conductivity of ionic
covalent compounds,
cribe differences in melting
boiling points of ionic and
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2872\absw3180\absh3410 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cov
alent compounds,
ubility of ionic and covalent
pounds,
te uses of covalent
pounds as solvents. \par
}
Solvent -{\i pelarut }\par
}
6 \par
}
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\fs19 \cf0 THEME \par
}
\cf0 : INTERACTION BETWEEN CHEMICALS \par
}
f0 \fi86 Learning
bjectives \par
}
6.1
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2863\absw1620\absh1133 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Und
erstanding
perties of
ctrolytes and
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2863\absw1620\absh1133 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 non
-electrolytes \par
}
\fs19 \cf0 : 1. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
f0 Suggested Learning Activities \par
}
6.2
lysing
ctrolysis of
ten
pounds \par
}
Conduct activities to classify chemicals
o electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
Discuss:
the meaning of electrolyte,
the relationship between the
259 presence of freely moving ions and
259 electrical conductivity.
Discuss:
electrolysis process,
structure of electrolytic cell.
Use computer simulation to:
identify cations and anions in a
254 molten compound,
illustrate to show the existence of
259 ions held in a lattice in solid state but
259 move freely in molten state.
Conduct an activity to investigate the
ctrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide,
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2863\absw4133\absh6606 \sl-283 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 PbB
r{\dn006 \fs12 2} to:
identify cations and anions,
describe the electrolysis process,
write half-equations for the discharge

254 of ions at anode and cathode.
Collect and interpret data on electrolysis \par
}
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
tate the meaning of electrolyte,
Students have \par
}
classify substances into
ctrolytes and non\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3372\absw2862\absh1358 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ele
ctrolytes,
ate the presence of freely
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3372\absw2862\absh1358 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 mov
ing ions to electrical
ductivity. \par
}
basic knowledge
at electrical circuit
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy3372\absw2041\absh1358 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ca
n be built using
lutions and
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy3372\absw2041\absh1358 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 el
ectrolysis of
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy3372\absw2041\absh1358 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 wa
ter. \par
}
par
}
}

\par
}
\par
}
par
}
describe electrolysis,
cribe electrolytic cell,
ntify cations and anions in a
ten compound,
cribe evidence for the
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy5407\absw3330\absh3634 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 exi
stence of ions held in a
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy5407\absw3330\absh3634 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 lat
tice in solid state but move
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy5407\absw3330\absh3634 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 fre
ely in molten state,
cribe electrolysis of a molten
pound,
te half-equations for the
charge of ions at anode and
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy5407\absw3330\absh3634 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cat
hode,
dict products of the
ctrolysis of molten
pounds. \par
}
molten \par}{\phpg\posx13257\pvpg\posy6415\absw1001\absh446 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\i
leburan }\par
}
The term and skill
writing half\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy7936\absw1815\absh1129 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 eq
uation or half\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy7936\absw1815\absh1129 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 re
action is new to
udents. \par
}
half-equation -{\i setengah }

i persamaan }
0 half-reaction -{\i setengah }
i tindak}{\i balas }\par
}
7 \par
}
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}}\par}{\phpg\posx1732\pvpg\posy1432\absw2076\absh813 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \fi71 \
b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 LEARNING AREA
f0 \fi86 Learning
bjectives \par
}
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
6.3
lysing the
ctrolysis of
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy4140\absw1410\absh1133 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 aqu
eous
utions \par
}
of molten ionic compounds with very
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2359\absw4092\absh6606 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 hig
h melting points, for example sodium
oride, NaCl and lead(II) oxide, PbO.
Predict products from the electrolysis of
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2359\absw4092\absh6606 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 oth
er molten compounds.
Conduct an activity to investigate the
ctrolysis of copper(II) sulphate
ution and dilute sulphuric acid using
bon electrodes to:
identify cations and anions in the
254 aqueous solutions,
describe the electrolysis of the
254 aqueous solutions,
write half equations for the discharge
254 of ions at the anode and the cathode.
Conduct experiments to investigate
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2359\absw4092\absh6606 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 fac
tors determining selective discharge
ions at electrodes based on:
positions of ions in electrochemical
254 series,

concentration of ions in a solution,
types of electrodes.
Use computer simulation to explain
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2359\absw4092\absh6606 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 fac
tors affecting electrolysis of an
eous solution. \par
}
}
\par
}
par
}
par
}
identify cations and anions in an
eous solution,
cribe the electrolysis of an
eous solution,
lain using examples factors
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy4394\absw3299\absh2952 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 aff
ecting electrolysis of an
eous solution,
te half equations for the
charge of ions at the anode
the cathode,
dict the products of
ctrolysis of aqueous
utions. \par
}
8 \par
}
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f0 \fi86 Learning
bjectives \par
}
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}

}
.4
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy3381\absw1395\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Eval
uating
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy3381\absw1395\absh904 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 elec
trolysis in
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy3381\absw1395\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 indu
stry \par
}
Predict the products of electrolysis of
eous solutions and write their half
ations.
Conduct experiments to study the
\par}{\phpg\posx3331\pvpg\posy2359\absw4124\absh4554 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 pur
ification and electroplating of metals.
Using computer simulation, study and
cuss:
extraction of aluminium from
273 aluminium oxide,
purification of copper,
electroplating of metals.
Carry out activities to write chemical
ations for electrolysis in industries.
Collect data and discuss the benefits
harmful effects of electrolysis in
\par}{\phpg\posx3331\pvpg\posy2359\absw4124\absh4554 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ind
ustries. \par
}
}
\par
}
par
}
\par
}
state uses of electrolysis in

ustries,
lain the extraction,
ification and electroplating of
als involving electrolysis in
ustries,
te chemical equations to
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3636\absw3295\absh3181 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 rep
resent the electrolysis
cess in industries,
tify uses of electrolysis in
ustries,
cribe the problem of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3636\absw3295\absh3181 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 pol
lution from electrolysis in
ustry. \par
}
9 \par
}
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f0 \fi86 Learning
bjectives \par
}
.5
ysing voltaic
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2359\absw1725\absh675 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cell
\par
}
}
Study the structure of a voltaic cell such
a simple voltaic cell and Daniell cell.
Conduct an experiment to show the
duction of electricity from chemical
ctions in a simple voltaic cell.
Carry out activities on a simple voltaic
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2359\absw4160\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cel
l and a Daniell cell to explain the
ctions in each cell.
Collect data and discuss the
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2359\absw4160\absh4321 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 adv
antages and disadvantages of
ious voltaic cells including dry cell,
d-acid accumulator, mercury cell,
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2359\absw4160\absh4321 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 alk
aline cell and nickel cadmium cell.
Discuss and compare an electrolytic cell
h a voltaic cell. \par
}
}
par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
par
}
par
}
par
}
par
}
describe the structure of a
ple voltaic cell and Daniell
l,
lain the production of
ctricity from a simple voltaic
l,
lain the reactions in a
ple voltaic cell and Daniell
l,
antages and disadvantages
various voltaic cells,
cribe the differences
ween electrolytic and voltaic
ls. \par
}
A voltaic cell is also
led galvanic cell. \par
}
Mention new cells
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy5143\absw1950\absh904 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 suc

h as lithium ion,
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy5143\absw1950\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 nic
kel hydride and
ymeric cells. \par
}
0 \par
}
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f0 \fi86 Learning
bjectives \par
}
.6
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2359\absw1635\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Synt
hesising
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2359\absw1635\absh904 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 elec
trochemical
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2359\absw1635\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 seri
es \par
}
}
Carry out an experiment to construct
electrochemical series based on:
potential difference between two
254 metals,
the ability of a metal to displace
254 another metal from its salt solution.
Discuss uses of the electrochemical
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2359\absw3935\absh4775 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ser
ies to determine:
cell terminal,
standard cell voltage,
the ability of a metal to displace
254 another metal from its salt solution.
Carry out experiments to confirm the
dictions on the metal displacement
ction.
Carry out an activity to write the
mical equations for metal
placement reactions. \par
}
}

par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
\par
}
par
}
describe the principles used in
structing the
ctrochemical series,
struct the electrochemical
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3273\absh2723 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ser
ies,
lain the importance of
ctrochemical series,
dict the ability of a metal to
place another metal from its
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3273\absh2723 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sal
t solution,
te the chemical equations for
al displacement reactions. \par
}
displacement reaction \par}{\phpg\posx13257\pvpg\posy2613\absw2612\absh442 \sl-244 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\i
tindak}{\i balas}{\i penyesaran }\par
}
1 \par
}
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a2803fffd9
f0 \fi86 Learning
bjectives \par
}
6.7
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2623\absw1635\absh2269 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Dev
elop
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2623\absw1635\absh2269 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 awa
reness and
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2623\absw1635\absh2269 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 res
ponsible
ctices when
dling
micals used
ctrochemical
ustries \par
}
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
Discuss the importance of
ctrochemical industries in our daily
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2623\absw4066\absh4092 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 lif
e.
Collect data and discuss the problems
pollution caused by the industrial
cesses involving electrochemical
ustries.
Hold a forum to discuss the importance
waste disposal from electrochemical
ustries in a safe and orderly manner.
Show a video on the importance of
ycling and systematic disposal of
d batteries in a safe and orderly
ner. Practise recycling used
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2623\absw4066\absh4092 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 bat
teries. \par
}
}
par
}
par
}
par
}
par
}
justify the fact that
ctrochemical industries can
rove the quality of life,

cribe the problem of
lution caused by the
ustrial processes involving
ctrolysis,
tify the need to dispose of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2872\absw3199\absh2956 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 was
te from electrochemical
ustries in a safe and orderly
ner,
ctise safe and systematic
posal of used batteries. \par
}
2 \par
}
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d9
0 \fs19 \cf0 THEME
cf0 LEARNING AREA
\fi432 Learning
\fi345 Objectives
{\b0 7.1 }
{\b0 Analysing }
{\b0 characteristics }
{\b0 and}{\b0 properties}{\b0 of }
{\b0 acids}{\b0 and}{\b0 bases }\par
}
\cf0 : INTERACTION BETWEEN CHEMICALS
cf0 : 2. ACIDS AND BASES
\fi134 Suggested Learning Activities \par
}
{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2868\absw966\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Di
scuss: \par
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
\fi1358 Vocabulary \par
}
. the concept of acid, base and alkali in{\f40 \fs14
?}
state the meanin
g of acid, base \par
}
9 \cf0 terms of the ions they contained or
254 produced in aqueous solutions,
uses of acids, bases and alkalis in
254 daily life.
Carry out an experiment to show that
presence of water is essential for
formation of hydrogen ions that

\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy3376\absw4097\absh5971 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cau
ses acidity.
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy3376\absw4097\absh5971 \sl-336 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Car
ry out an experiment to show that
presence of water is essential for
formation of hydroxide ions that
ses alkalinity.
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy3376\absw4097\absh5971 \sl-331 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Wat
ch computer simulation on the
mation of hydroxonium ions and
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy3376\absw4097\absh5971 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 hyd
roxide ions in the presence of water.
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy3376\absw4097\absh5971 \sl-331 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Con
duct activities to study chemical
perties of acids and alkalis from the
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy3376\absw4097\absh5971 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 fol
lowing reactions:
acids with bases,
acids with metals,
acids with metallic carbonates.
Write equations for the respective
ctions. \par
}
\par
}
par
}
par
}
and alkali,
te uses of acids, bases and
alis in daily life,
lain the role of water in the
mation of hydrogen ions to
w the properties of acids,
lain the role of water in the
mation of hydroxide ions to

w the properties of alkalis,
cribe chemical properties of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3376\absw3285\absh2498 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 aci
ds and alkalis. \par
}
The formation of
roxonium ion, \par
}
{\fs12 3 }\par
}
0 , is introduced. \par
}
{\phpg\posx11448\pvpg\posy3604\absw91\absh139 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 +
\par
}
Monoprotic and
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy4135\absw1621\absh675 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 dip
rotic acid is
roduced. \par
}
monoprotic acid \par}{\phpg\posx13248\pvpg\posy4135\absw2034\absh1129 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\
i asid}{\i monobes }
0 diprotic acid -{\i asid }
i dwibes }\par
}
3 \par
}
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\fi432 Learning
\fi345 Objectives
{\b0 7.2 }
{\b0 Synthesising}{\b0 the }
{\b0 concepts}{\b0 of }
{\b0 strong}{\b0 acids, }
{\b0 weak}{\b0 acids, }
{\b0 strong}{\b0 alkalis }

{\b0 and}{\b0 weak}{\b0 alkalis }\par
}
0 \fs19 \cf0 : 2. ACIDS AND BASES
\fi403 Suggested Learning Activities
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 an}{\b0 activity}{\b0 using}{\b0 pH}{\b0 scal
e}{\b0 to }
{\b0 measure}{\b0 the}{\b0 pH}{\b0 of}{\b0 solutions}{\b0 used}{\b0 in }
{\b0 daily}{\b0 life}{\b0 such}{\b0 as}{\b0 soap}{\b0 solution, }
{\b0 carbonated}{\b0 water,}{\b0 tap}{\b0 water}{\b0 or}{\b0 fruit }
{\b0 juice. }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 an}{\b0 activity}{\b0 to}{\b0 measure}{\b0 th
e}{\b0 pH }
{\b0 value}{\b0 of}{\b0 a}{\b0 few}{\b0 solutions}{\b0 with}{\b0 the}{\b0
same }
{\b0 concentration.}{\b0 For}{\b0 example, }
{\b0 hydrochloric}{\b0 acid,}{\b0 ethanoic}{\b0 acid, }
{\b0 ammonia}{\b0 and}{\b0 sodium}{\b0 hydroxide}{\b0 with }
{\b0 the}{\b0 use}{\b0 of}{\b0 indicators,}{\b0 pH}{\b0 meter}{\b0 or }
{\b0 computer}{\b0 interface. }
cf0 {\b0 Based}{\b0 on}{\b0 the}{\b0 data}{\b0 obtained}{\b0 from}{\b0 the
}
{\b0 above}{\b0 activity,}{\b0 discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 relationship }
{\b0 between: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 pH}{\b0 values}{\b0 and}{\b0 acidity}{\b0 or}{\b0 alkalinity}
{\b0 of }
\fi273 {\b0 a}{\b0 substance, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 concentration}{\b0 of}{\b0 hydrogen}{\b0 ions}{\b0 and }
\fi273 {\b0 the}{\b0 pH}{\b0 values, }
{\b0 c.}{\b0 concentration}{\b0 of}{\b0 hydroxide}{\b0 ions}{\b0 and }
\fi273 {\b0 the}{\b0 pH}{\b0 values, }
{\b0 d.}{\b0 strong}{\b0 acids}{\b0 and}{\b0 their}{\b0 degree}{\b0 of }
\fi273 {\b0 dissociation, }
{\b0 e.}{\b0 weak}{\b0 acids}{\b0 and}{\b0 their}{\b0 degree}{\b0 of }

{\b0 f.}{\b0 strong}{\b0 alkalis}{\b0 and}{\b0 their}{\b0 degree}{\b0 of
}
{\b0 g.}{\b0 weak}{\b0 alkalis}{\b0 and}{\b0 their}{\b0 degree}{\b0 of }
\fi273 {\b0 dissociation. }\par
}
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
The formula \par
}
}
\par
}
state the use of a pH scale,
ate pH value with acidic or
aline properties of a
stance,
ate concentration of
rogen ions with pH value,
ate concentration of
roxide ions with pH value,
ate strong or weak acid with

\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2594\absw3241\absh3639 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 deg
ree of dissociation,
ate strong or weak alkali with
ree of dissociation,
ceptualise qualitatively
ong and weak acids,
ceptualise qualitatively
ong and weak alkalis. \par
}
pH = -log [H ] is not
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy2594\absw1993\absh450 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 req
uired. \par
}
{\phpg\posx12273\pvpg\posy2567\absw91\absh139 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 +
\par
}
Dissociation is also
wn as
isation. \par
}
dissociation \par}{\phpg\posx13248\pvpg\posy4869\absw1500\absh1129 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\
i penceraian }
0 ionisation \par}{\phpg\posx13248\pvpg\posy4869\absw1500\absh1129 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\
i pengionan }\par
}
4 \par
}
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\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy1432\absw2004\absh796 \sl-388 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \
fi432 Learning
fi345 Objectives \par
}
\cf0 : 2. ACIDS AND BASES
fi134 Suggested Learning Activities \par
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par

}
}
.3
ysing
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy4749\absw1732\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 conc
entration of
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy4749\absw1732\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 acid
s and alkalis \par
}
Use computer simulation to show the
ree of dissociation of strong and
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2594\absw4141\absh6939 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 wea
k acids as well as strong and weak
alis.
Build a mind map on strong acids, weak
ds, strong alkalis and weak alkalis.
Discuss:
the meaning of concentration,
the meaning of molarity,
the relationship between the number
254 of moles with the molarity and the
254 volume of a solution,
methods for preparing standard
254 solutions.
Solve numerical problems involving
version of concentration units from g
\par}{\phpg\posx3350\pvpg\posy2594\absw4141\absh6939 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 dm
to mol dm and vice versa.
Prepare a standard solution of sodium
roxide, NaOH or potassium
roxide, KOH.
Prepare a solution with specified
centration from the prepared

ndard solution through dilution.
Carry out an experiment to investigate \par
}
{\phpg\posx3657\pvpg\posy7502\absw140\absh139 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 -3
\par
}
{\phpg\posx4809\pvpg\posy7502\absw140\absh139 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 -3
\par
}
}
}
\par
}
\par
}
state the meaning of
centration,
te the meaning of molarity,
te the relationship between
number of moles with
arity and volume of a
ution,
cribe methods for preparing
ndard solutions,
cribe the preparation of a
ution with a specified
centration using dilution
hod,
ate pH value with molarity of
d and alkali,
olving molarity of acids and

alis. \par
}
The use of pH
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy4749\absw1936\absh5135 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 me
ter is
commended.
0 Salt solutions can
included in the
scussion.
0 Molarity or molar
ncentration.
0 Sodium hydroxide
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy4749\absw1936\absh5135 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 is
not stable and
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy4749\absw1936\absh5135 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ab
sorbs moisture,
us the
ncentration is
ly approximate.
0 Oxalic acid,
0 H {\dn006 \fs12 2}C {\dn006 \fs12 2}O{\dn006 \fs12 4}.2H{\dn006 \fs12 2}O
or
dium carbonate,
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy4749\absw1936\absh5135 \sl-278 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Na
{\dn006 \fs12 2}CO {\dn006 \fs12 3} is \par
}
5 \par
}
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fi432 Learning
}
.4
ysing
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy4120\absw1380\absh679 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 neut
ralisation \par
}
0 \fs19 \cf0 : 2. ACIDS AND BASES
cf0 {\b0 the}{\b0 relationship}{\b0 between}{\b0 pH}{\b0 values}{\b0 with }
{\b0 the}{\b0 molarity}{\b0 of}{\b0 a}{\b0 few}{\b0 diluted}{\b0 solutions
}{\b0 of }
{\b0 an}{\b0 acid}{\b0 and}{\b0 an}{\b0 alkali. }
cf0 {\b0 Solve}{\b0 numerical}{\b0 problems}{\b0 on}{\b0 the }
{\b0 molarity}{\b0 of}{\b0 acids}{\b0 and}{\b0 alkalis. }
cf0 {\b0 Collect}{\b0 and}{\b0 interpret}{\b0 data}{\b0 on }
{\b0 neutralisation}{\b0 and}{\b0 its}{\b0 application}{\b0 in}{\b0 daily }
{\b0 life. }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 activities}{\b0 to}{\b0 write}{\b0 equations}{
\b0 for }
{\b0 neutralisation}{\b0 reactions. }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 acid-base}{\b0 titrations}{\b0 and }
{\b0 determine}{\b0 the}{\b0 end}{\b0 point}{\b0 using}{\b0 indicators }

{\b0 or}{\b0 computer}{\b0 interface. }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 problem}{\b0 solving}{\b0 activities }
{\b0 involving}{\b0 neutralisation}{\b0 reactions}{\b0 to }
{\b0 calculate}{\b0 either}{\b0 concentration}{\b0 or}{\b0 volume }
{\b0 of}{\b0 solutions. }\par
}
}
10 \fs19 \cf0 Notes
\cf0 {\b0 recommended}{\b0 as}{\b0 a }
{\b0 primary}{\b0 standard }
{\b0 solution. }\par
}
}
}
\par
}
explain the meaning of
tralisation,
lain the application of
tralisation in daily life,
te equations for
tralisation reactions,
cribe acid-base titration,
ermine the end point of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy4375\absw2966\absh3181 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 tit
ration during neutralisation,

olving neutralisation
ctions to calculate either
centration or volume of
utions. \par
}
Neutralise soil
ing lime or
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy4375\absw1725\absh2045 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 am
monia, use of
ti-acid.
0 Teacher should
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy4375\absw1725\absh2045 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 em
phasise on
ing correct
chniques. \par
}
6 \par
}
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0 \fs19 \cf0 THEME
cf0 LEARNING AREA
\fi379 Learning
\fi288 Objectives
{\b0 8.1 }
{\b0 Synthesising }
{\b0 salts }\par
}
\cf0 : INTERACTION BETWEEN CHEMICALS
cf0 : 3. SALTS
\fi129 Suggested Learning Activities \par
}
Collect and interpret data on:
naturally existing salts,
the meaning of salt,
uses of salts in agriculture, medicinal
254 field, preparation and preservation of
254 food.
Carry out experiments to study the
ubilities of nitrate, sulphate,
bonate and chloride salts.
Prepare soluble salts by reacting:
acid with alkali,
acid with metallic oxide,
acid with metal,
acid with metallic carbonate.
Carry out an activity to purify soluble
ts by recrystallisation. Discuss the
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy2868\absw4129\absh6399 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 nee
d to purify salts.
Observe to identify physical
racteristics of crystals such as
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy2868\absw4129\absh6399 \sl-283 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cop
per(II) sulphate, CuSO {\dn006 \fs12 4}, sodium
oride, NaCl, potassium chromate(VI),
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy2868\absw4129\absh6399 \sl-283 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 K{\
dn006 \fs12 2}CrO {\dn006 \fs12 4}, and potassium dichromate,
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy2868\absw4129\absh6399 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 K{\
dn006 \fs12 2}Cr {\dn006 \fs12 2}O{\dn006 \fs12 7}. \par
}
}
\par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
\par
}
\par
}
par
}
state examples of salts used in
ly life,
lain the meaning of salt
ntify soluble and insoluble
ts,
cribe the preparation of

uble salts,
cribe the purification of
uble salts by
rystallisation,
t physical characteristics of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3122\absw3257\absh5915 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cry
stals,
cribe the preparation of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3122\absw3257\absh5915 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ins
oluble salts,
te chemical and ionic
ations for reactions used in
preparation of salts,
ign an activity to prepare a
cified salt,
struct ionic equations
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3122\absw3257\absh5915 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 thr
ough the continuous variation
hod,
ve problems involving
culation of quantities of
ctants or products in
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3122\absw3257\absh5915 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 sto
ichiometric reactions. \par
}
The soluble salts
pared are
ified by
rystalisation. \par
}
Use prepared
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy7168\absw1637\absh450 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cry
stals of salts. \par
}
7 \par
}
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fi379 Learning
}
0 \fs19 \cf0 : 3. SALTS
cf0 {\b0 Prepare}{\b0 insoluble}{\b0 salts}{\b0 such}{\b0 as}{\b0 lead(II)
}
{\b0 iodide,}{\b0 PbI }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2}{\b0 ,}{\b0 lead(II)}{\b0 chromate
(VI), }
{\b0 PbCrO}{\b0\dn006 \fs12 4}{\b0 ,}{\b0 and}{\b0 barium}{\b0 sulphate,}{\b
0 BaSO }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 4}{\b0 , }\par
}
hrough precipitation reactions.
Carry out activities to write chemical \par
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}

\fi935 Vocabulary
\cf0 \fi330 {\b0 precipitation}{\b0 reaction}{\b0 - }
\fi330 {\b0\i tindak}{\b0\i balas }
\fi330 {\b0\i pemendakan }\par
}
and ionic equations for preparation of
uble and insoluble salts.
Construct a flow chart to select suitable
hods for preparation of salts.
Plan and carry out an activity to prepare
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy3856\absw4083\absh3518 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 a s
pecified salt.
Carry out an experiment to construct
ic equations through continuous
iation method.
Calculate quantities of reactants or
ducts in stoichiometric reactions. \par
}
Use worksheets or
\par}{\phpg\posx11087\pvpg\posy6895\absw1936\absh450 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 qui
zzes \par
}
8 \par
}
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51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
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51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
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51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
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\fi379 Learning
\fi288 Objectives
{\b0 8.2}{\b0 Synthesising }
{\b0 qualitative }
{\b0 analysis}{\b0 of}{\b0 salts }\par
}
0 \fs19 \cf0 : 3. SALTS
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 meaning}{\b0 of}{\b0 qualitative }
{\b0 analysis. }
{\b0 Study}{\b0 and}{\b0 make}{\b0 inferences}{\b0 on}{\b0 the }
{\b0 colour}{\b0 and}{\b0 the}{\b0 solubility}{\b0 of}{\b0 various}{\b0 sa
lts }
{\b0 in}{\b0 water. }

{\b0 Watch}{\b0 multimedia}{\b0 presentation}{\b0 on }
{\b0 methods}{\b0 used}{\b0 for}{\b0 identifying}{\b0 gases. }
{\b0 Observe}{\b0 and}{\b0 carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 chemical}{\b0 tests}{\b0 to
}
{\b0 identify}{\b0 oxygen,}{\b0 O }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2}{\b0 ,}{\b0 hydrogen,}
{\b0 H }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2}{\b0 , }
{\b0 carbon}{\b0 dioxide,}{\b0 CO }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2}{\b0 ,}{\b0 ammonia,}{
\b0 NH}{\b0\dn006 \fs12 3}{\b0 , }
{\b0 chlorine,}{\b0 Cl }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2}{\b0 ,}{\b0 hydrogen}{\b0 chlorid
e,}{\b0 HCl, }
{\b0 sulphur}{\b0 dioxide,}{\b0 SO}{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2}{\b0 ,}{\b0 and}{\b0
nitrogen }
{\b0 dioxide,}{\b0 NO }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2}{\b0 ,}{\b0 gases. }
{\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 tests}{\b0 to}{\b0 study}{\b0 the}{\b0 action}{\b
0 of }
{\b0 heat}{\b0 on}{\b0 carbonate}{\b0 and}{\b0 nitrate}{\b0 salts. }
{\b0 Observe}{\b0 changes}{\b0 in}{\b0 colour}{\b0 and }
{\b0 evolution}{\b0 of}{\b0 gases}{\b0 when}{\b0 the}{\b0 salts}{\b0 are }
{\b0 heated. }
{\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 tests}{\b0 to}{\b0 confirm}{\b0 the}{\b0 presence
}
{\b0 of}{\b0 carbonate,}{\b0 sulphate,}{\b0 chloride}{\b0 and }
{\b0 nitrate}{\b0 ions}{\b0 in}{\b0 aqueous}{\b0 solutions. }
{\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 tests}{\b0 to}{\b0 identify}{\b0 the}{\b0 presenc
e }
{\b0 of}{\b0 Cu}{\b0
,}{\b0 Mg}{\b0
,}{\b0 Al}{\b0
,}{\b0 Fe}{\b0
,}{\b0 Fe}{\b0
,}{\b0 Pb}{\b0
, }\par
}
2 \cf0 2+
2+
3+
2+
3+
2+
259 2+
+
2+
s19 Zn}{\fs19
,}{\fs19 NH }{\dn006 4}{\fs19 ,}{\fs19 Ca}{\fs19
ions}{
\fs19 in}{\fs19 aqueous }
s19 solution}{\fs19 using}{\fs19 sodium}{\fs19 hydroxide }
s19 solution,}{\fs19 NaOH,}{\fs19 and}{\fs19 ammonia}{\fs19 solution, }
s19 NH }{\dn006 3}{\fs19 (aq). }\par
}

}
\par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
r
}
\par
}
state the meaning of qualitative
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2594\absw3299\absh3863 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ana
lysis,
e inferences on salts based
their colour and solubility in
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2594\absw3299\absh3863 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 wat
er,
cribe tests for the
ntification of gases,
cribe the action of heat on
ts,
cribe the tests for anions,
te observation of reaction of
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2594\absw3299\absh3863 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 cat
ions with sodium hydroxide
ution and ammonia solution,
cribe confirmatory tests for
259 {\fs12 2+}{\fs12
3+}{\fs12
2+}{\fs12
+ }
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2594\absw3299\absh3863 \sl-179 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Fe

, Fe , Pb
and NH {\dn006 \fs12 4} ,
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2594\absw3299\absh3863 \sl-225 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 pla
n qualitative analysis to
ntify salts. \par
}
Chemical tests for
0 O ,2{\dn006 \fs12 H} {\dn006 \fs12 2}, CO{\dn006 \fs12 2}, NH{\dn006 \fs12
3 }
d HCl are
nfirmatory tests.
0 Action of heat on
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy2594\absw1891\absh2045 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 su
lphate and
loride salts may
mentioned. \par
}
9 \par
}
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fi379 Learning
}
0 \fs19 \cf0 : 3. SALTS
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 tests}{\b0 to}{\b0 confirm}{\b0 the}{\b0 pres
ence }
\fi2639 {\b0 \fs12 + }
{\b0 of}{\b0 Fe}{\b0

,}{\b0 Fe}{\b0
,}{\b0 Pb}{\b0
and}{\b0 NH }{\
b0\dn006 \fs12 4}{\b0
ions}{\b0 in }\par
}
\cf0 2+
3+
2+
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy2567\absw1816\absh475 \sl-355 \f10 \fs12 \cf0 {\fs
19 aqueous}{\fs19 solution. }\par
}
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
8.3
ctising to be
tematic and
iculous
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy4879\absw1634\absh1362 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 whe
n carrying
activities \par
}
Construct a flow chart on the qualitative
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy3352\absw4107\absh3189 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ana
lysis of salts.
Plan and carry out tests to identify
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy3352\absw4107\absh3189 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ani
ons and cations in unknown salts.
Carry out activities using correct
hniques during titration, preparation
standard solutions and preparation of
ts and crystals.
Plan and carry out an experiment, make
\par}{\phpg\posx3345\pvpg\posy3352\absw4107\absh3189 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 obs
ervations, record and analyse data
tematically and carefully. \par
}
}
par
}
arry out activities using the
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy5133\absw2847\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 corr
ect techniques during
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy5133\absw2847\absh904 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 prep
aration of salts and
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy5133\absw2847\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 crys
tals. \par
}
Activities are
egrated in the
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy5133\absw1665\absh904 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 top
ic where
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy5133\absw1665\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 app
licable. \par
}
0 \par
}
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ff00a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a002
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0 \fs19 \cf0 THEME
cf0 LEARNING AREA
cf0 \fi379 Learning
\fi292 Objectives
{\b0 9.1 }
{\b0 the}{\b0 manufacture }
{\b0 of}{\b0 sulphuric}{\b0 acid }\par
}
\cf0 : PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF MANUFACTURED CHEMICALS
f0 : 1. MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY \par
}
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 uses}{\b0 of}{\b0 sulphuric}{\b0 acid}{\b0 in}{\b0 d
aily }
{\b0 life}{\b0 such}{\b0 as}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 making}{\b0 of}{\b0 pai
nts, }
{\b0 detergents,}{\b0 fertilizers}{\b0 and}{\b0 accumulators. }
{\b0 Collect}{\b0 and}{\b0 interpret}{\b0 data}{\b0 on}{\b0 the }
{\b0 manufacture}{\b0 of}{\b0 sulphuric}{\b0 acid. }
{\b0 Construct}{\b0 a}{\b0 flow}{\b0 chart}{\b0 to}{\b0 show}{\b0 the }
{\b0 stages}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 manufacture}{\b0 of}{\b0 sulphuric }
{\b0 acid}{\b0 as}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 contact}{\b0 process. }
{\b0 Gather}{\b0 information}{\b0 and}{\b0 write}{\b0 an}{\b0 essay }
{\b0 on}{\b0 how}{\b0 sulphur}{\b0 dioxide,}{\b0 SO }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 2}{\b
0 ,}{\b0 causes }
{\b0 environmental}{\b0 pollution. }
{\b0 Discuss}{\b0 uses}{\b0 of}{\b0 ammonia}{\b0 in}{\b0 daily}{\b0 life,

}
{\b0 e.g.}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 manufacture}{\b0 of}{\b0 fertilizers}{\b0
and }
{\b0 nitric}{\b0 acid. }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 an}{\b0 activity}{\b0 to}{\b0 investigate }
{\b0 properties}{\b0 of}{\b0 ammonia. }
cf0 {\b0 Collect}{\b0 data}{\b0 from}{\b0 various}{\b0 sources}{\b0
and }
{\b0 construct}{\b0 a}{\b0 flow}{\b0 chart}{\b0 to}{\b0 show}{\b0 the }
{\b0 stages}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 manufacture}{\b0 of}{\b0 ammonia }
{\b0 as}{\b0 in}{\b0 the}{\b0 Haber}{\b0 process. }
cf0 {\b0 Design}{\b0 an}{\b0 activity}{\b0 to}{\b0 prepare}{\b0 an }
{\b0 ammonium}{\b0 fertilizer,}{\b0 for}{\b0 example }
{\b0 ammonium}{\b0 sulphate,}{\b0 (NH }{\b0\dn006 \fs12 4}{\b0\dn006 \fs12
2) }{\b0 S}{\b0 O}{\b0\dn006 \fs12 4}{\b0 . }\par
}
}
\par
}
list uses of sulphuric acid,
lain industrial process in the
ufacture of sulphuric acid,
lain that sulphur dioxide
ses environmental pollution. \par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
9.2
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6136\absw1729\absh1133 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Syn
thesising the

ufacture of
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6136\absw1729\absh1133 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 amm
onia and its
ts \par
}
}
\par
}
list uses of ammonia,
te the properties of
onia,
lain the industrial process in
manufacture of ammonia,
ign an activity to prepare
onium fertilizer. \par
}
1 \par
}
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51450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014
51450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014
51450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014
51450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014
51450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014
51450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014
51450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014
51450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014
51450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014
51450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014
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514500145145007fffd9
cf0 \fi379 Learning
\fi292 Objectives
{\b0 9.3 }
{\b0 alloys }\par
}
\cf0 : 1. MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY \par
}
cf0 {\b0 Look}{\b0 at}{\b0 some}{\b0 examples}{\b0 of}{\b0 pure}{\b0 metal
s }
{\b0 and}{\b0 materials}{\b0 made}{\b0 of}{\b0 alloys}{\b0 in}{\b0 daily }
{\b0 life.}{\b0 List}{\b0 and}{\b0 discuss}{\b0 their}{\b0 properties. }
cf0 {\b0 Carry}{\b0 out}{\b0 an}{\b0 activity}{\b0 to}{\b0 compare}{\b0 th
e }\par
}
}
par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
elate the arrangement of atoms
Properties include \par
}
n metals to their ductile and

\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2863\absw2940\absh679 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 mall
eable properties,
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2863\absw2940\absh679 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 stat
e the meaning of alloy, \par
}
par
}
trength and hardness of alloys with that{\f40 \fs14
?}
state the aim of
making alloys, \par
}
of their pure metals.
Study the arrangement of atoms in
als and alloys through computer
ulation.
Work in groups to discuss:
a. the meaning of alloy,
the purpose of making alloys such as
273 duralumin, brass, steel, stainless
273 steel, bronze and pewter,
compositions, properties and uses of
273 alloys.
Carry out experiments to compare the
\par}{\phpg\posx3331\pvpg\posy3876\absw4118\absh4883 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 rat
e of corrosion of iron, steel and
inless steel.
Study various local products made from
\par}{\phpg\posx3331\pvpg\posy3876\absw4118\absh4883 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 all
oys. \par
}
\par
}
{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3876\absw3315\absh679 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 l
ist examples of alloys,
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3876\absw3315\absh679 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 list
compositions and properties
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy3876\absw3315\absh679 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 of a
lloys, \par
}
conductivity,
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy2863\absw2043\absh1591 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 du

ctility,
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy2863\absw2043\absh1591 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ma
lleability and
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy2863\absw2043\absh1591 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 lu
stre.
0 Discuss the making
alloys, for \par
}
ductile \par}{\phpg\posx13248\pvpg\posy2613\absw1900\absh1811 \sl-244 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\
i mulur }
0 malleable -{\i boleh }
i tempa}{\i /}{\i bentuk }
0 lustre{\i - }
i kilau}{\i /}{\i relap }\par
}
elate the arrangement of atoms
example steel and \par
}
n alloys to their strength and
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy4888\absw2928\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 hard
ness,
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy4888\absw2928\absh904 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 rela
te properties of alloys to
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy4888\absw2928\absh904 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 thei
r uses. \par
}
pewter as an
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy4888\absw1338\absh675 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 enr
ichment
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy4888\absw1338\absh675 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 exe
rcise. \par
}
par
}
2 \par
}
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cf0 \fi379 Learning
\fi292 Objectives
{\b0 9.4 }
{\b0 Evaluating}{\b0 uses }
{\b0 of}{\b0 synthetic }
{\b0 polymers }\par
}
}
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 meaning}{\b0 of}{\b0 polymers. }
cf0 {\b0 Observe}{\b0 exhibits}{\b0 of}{\b0 materials}{\b0 made}{\b0 of }
{\b0 polymers}{\b0 and}{\b0 classify}{\b0 them}{\b0 into }
{\b0 naturally}{\b0 occurring}{\b0 polymers}{\b0 and }
{\b0 synthetic}{\b0 polymers. }
cf0 {\b0 Identify}{\b0 the}{\b0 monomers}{\b0 in}{\b0 synthetic }
{\b0 polymers}{\b0 using}{\b0 models}{\b0 or}{\b0 computer }
{\b0 simulation. }
cf0 {\b0 Collect}{\b0 information}{\b0 on}{\b0 the}{\b0 quantity}{\b0 and }
{\b0 types}{\b0 of}{\b0 household}{\b0 synthetic}{\b0 polymers }
{\b0 disposed}{\b0 of}{\b0 over}{\b0 a}{\b0 certain}{\b0 period}{\b0 of }
{\b0 time. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 environmental}{\b0 pollution }
{\b0 resulting}{\b0 from}{\b0 the}{\b0 disposal}{\b0 of}{\b0 synthetic }
{\b0 polymers. }
cf0 {\b0 Hold}{\b0 a}{\b0 debate}{\b0 on}{\b0 uses}{\b0 and}{\b0 the }
{\b0 environmental}{\b0 effects}{\b0 of}{\b0 non- }
{\b0 biodegradable}{\b0 synthetic}{\b0 polymers}{\b0 in }
{\b0 daily}{\b0 life. }\par
}
}
\par
}
state the meaning of polymers,
t naturally occurring
ymers,
t synthetic polymers and their
s,
ntify the monomers in the
thetic polymers,
tify uses of synthetic
ymers in daily life. \par
}
10 \fs19 \cf0 Notes
\cf0 {\b0 Natural}{\b0 polymers}{\b0 to }

{\b0 be}{\b0 discussed}{\b0 are }
{\b0 rubber,}{\b0 cellulose }
{\b0 and}{\b0 starch. }
\cf0 {\b0 Synthetic}{\b0 polymers }
{\b0 to}{\b0 be}{\b0 discussed}{\b0 are }
{\b0 PVC,}{\b0 polythene, }
{\b0 polypropene, }
{\b0 perspex,}{\b0 nylon}{\b0 and }
{\b0 terylene. }\par
}
}
Recycling as a
sposal method
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy6405\absw1888\absh1816 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ca
n be discussed.
0 Uses of
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy6405\absw1888\absh1816 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 bi
odegradable
\par}{\phpg\posx11088\pvpg\posy6405\absw1888\absh1816 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 po
lymers can be
scussed. \par
}
biodegradable \par}{\phpg\posx13248\pvpg\posy6405\absw2234\absh1129 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\
i terbiodegradasi }
0 non-biodegradable \par}{\phpg\posx13248\pvpg\posy6405\absw2234\absh1129 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\
i tidak}{\i terbiodegradasi }\par
}
3 \par
}
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cf0 \fi379 Learning
\fi292 Objectives
{\b0 9.5 }
{\b0 Applying}{\b0 uses}{\b0 of }
{\b0 glass}{\b0 and }
{\b0 ceramics }\par
}
}
cf0 {\b0 Collect}{\b0 and}{\b0 interpret}{\b0 data}{\b0 on}{\b0 types, }
{\b0 composition,}{\b0 properties}{\b0 and}{\b0 uses}{\b0 of }
{\b0 glass}{\b0 and}{\b0 ceramics. }

cf0 {\b0 Prepare}{\b0 a}{\b0 folio}{\b0 incorporating}{\b0 video}{\b0 clips
}
{\b0 and}{\b0 pictures}{\b0 on}{\b0 uses}{\b0 of}{\b0 glass}{\b0 and }
{\b0 ceramics}{\b0 that}{\b0 have}{\b0 been}{\b0 improved}{\b0 for}{\b0 a
}
{\b0 specific}{\b0 purpose,}{\b0 e.g.}{\b0 photo}{\b0 chromic }
{\b0 glass}{\b0 and}{\b0 conducting}{\b0 glass. }
{\b0 Watch}{\b0 a}{\b0 multimedia}{\b0 presentation}{\b0 and }
{\b0 prepare}{\b0 a}{\b0 folio}{\b0 on: }
{\b0 a.}{\b0 the}{\b0 meaning}{\b0 of}{\b0 composite}{\b0 materials, }
{\b0 b.}{\b0 a}{\b0 list}{\b0 of}{\b0 composite}{\b0 materials}{\b0 includ
ing }
\fi273 {\b0 reinforced}{\b0 concrete,}{\b0 specific}{\b0 super }
\fi273 {\b0 conductor,}{\b0 fibre}{\b0 optic,}{\b0 fibre}{\b0 glass}{\b0 an
d }
\fi273 {\b0 photo}{\b0 chromic}{\b0 glass, }
{\b0 c.}{\b0 components}{\b0 of}{\b0 composite}{\b0 materials, }
{\b0 d.}{\b0 uses}{\b0 of}{\b0 composite}{\b0 materials. }
cf0 {\b0 Compare}{\b0 the}{\b0 superior}{\b0 properties}{\b0 of }
{\b0 composite}{\b0 materials}{\b0 to}{\b0 their}{\b0 original }
{\b0 component}{\b0 through}{\b0 computer }
{\b0 simulation. }
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 and}{\b0 justify}{\b0 the}{\b0 uses}{\b0 of }
{\b0 composite}{\b0 materials. }
cf0 {\b0 Watch}{\b0 the}{\b0 production}{\b0 of}{\b0 composite }
{\b0 materials}{\b0 in}{\b0 factories. }\par
}
}
\par
}
list uses of glass,
t uses of ceramics,
t types of glass and their
perties,
te properties of ceramics. \par
}
.6
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy4764\absw1695\absh908 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Eval
uating uses
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy4764\absw1695\absh908 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 of c
omposite
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy4764\absw1695\absh908 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 mate
rials \par
}
10 \fs19 \cf0 Notes
\cf0 {\b0 Glass}{\b0 types}{\b0 include }
{\b0 soda-lime}{\b0 glass, }
{\b0 fused}{\b0 glass, }
{\b0 borosilicate}{\b0 glass }
{\b0 and}{\b0 lead}{\b0 crystal }
{\b0 glass. }\par
}
}
}
\par
}
\par
}
describe needs to produce new
erials for specific purposes,

te the meaning of composite
erials,
t examples of composite
erials and their components,
pare and contrast
perties of composite
erials with those of their
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy5018\absw3315\absh3410 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ori
ginal component,
tify uses of composite
erials,
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy5018\absw3315\absh3410 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 gen
erate ideas to produce
anced materials to fulfil
cific needs. \par
}
4 \par
}
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cf0 \fi379 Learning

\fi292 Objectives
{\b0 9.7 }
{\b0 Appreciating }
{\b0 various}{\b0 synthetic }
{\b0 industrial }
{\b0 materials }\par
}
}
cf0 {\b0 Discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 importance}{\b0 of}{\b0 synthetic }
{\b0 materials}{\b0 in}{\b0 daily}{\b0 life. }
cf0 {\b0 Hold}{\b0 a}{\b0 forum}{\b0 to}{\b0 discuss}{\b0 the}{\b0 importa
nce }
{\b0 of}{\b0 doing}{\b0 research}{\b0 and}{\b0 development}{\b0 for }
{\b0 the}{\b0 well}{\b0 being}{\b0 of}{\b0 mankind}{\b0 continuously. }
cf0 {\b0 Watch}{\b0 a}{\b0 multimedia}{\b0 presentation}{\b0 or }
{\b0 computer}{\b0 simulation}{\b0 on}{\b0 pollution}{\b0 caused }
{\b0 by}{\b0 the}{\b0 disposal}{\b0 of}{\b0 synthetic}{\b0 materials. }\par
}
}
par
}
\cf0 Notes \par
}
}
par
}
par
}
justify the importance of doing

\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3119\absh1816 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 res
earch and development
tinuously,
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3119\absh1816 \sl-254 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 act
responsibly when handling
thetic materials and their
\par}{\phpg\posx7742\pvpg\posy2613\absw3119\absh1816 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 was
tes,
cribe the importance of
thetic materials in daily life. \par
}
5 \par
}
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\fs19 \cf0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS \par
}
\cf0 Advisors \par
}
ahzan bin Bakar{\fs16
SMP,}{\fs16 AMP }\par
}
irector
iculum Development Centre \par
}
{\phpg\posx5520\pvpg\posy3664\absw2361\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Z
ulkifly bin Mohd Wazir \par
}
eputy Director
iculum Development Centre \par
}
\cf0 Editorial Advisors \par
}
heah Eng Joo \par
}
{\phpg\posx5520\pvpg\posy5714\absw1155\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Z
aidi Yazid \par
}
cf0 Editors \par
}
iti Noridah bt. Ujang \par
}
{\phpg\posx5520\pvpg\posy7485\absw1603\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Y
usof bin Ismail \par
}
Principal Assistant Director
\par}{\phpg\posx9739\pvpg\posy4696\absw4488\absh2956 \sl-259 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 (He
ad of Science and Mathematics Sector)
\par}{\phpg\posx9739\pvpg\posy4696\absw4488\absh2956 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 Cur
riculum Development Centre
Assistant Director
\par}{\phpg\posx9739\pvpg\posy4696\absw4488\absh2956 \sl-249 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 (He
ad of Elective Sciences Unit)
Assistant Director
Assistant Director
riculum Development Centre \par
}
cf0 Writers \par
}
heah Khye Pheng \par
}
MK Pulau Nyior, Jitra, Kedah \par
}
hek Ramlah bt. Abd. Samad \par
}
MK Raja Chulan, Ipoh, Perak \par
}
ayati bt. Dawam \par
}
MK SSAAS, Seksyen 2, Shah Alam, Selangor \par
}
6 \par
}
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\cf0 Ismail bin Mohammad \par
}
M Sains Muzafar Shah, Air Keroh, Melaka \par
}
{\phpg\posx5520\pvpg\posy2556\absw2539\absh221 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \f10 \fs19 \cf0 K
amarudin bin Md. Noor \par
}
MK Bukit Indah, Ampang, Selangor \par
}
uhd. Zulkarnain bin Mat \par
}
MK Dato Syed Ahmad, Kuala Nerang, Kedah \par
}
ukhtar bin Arshad \par
}
MK Syed Alwi, Kangar , Perlis \par
}
uknisah bt. Mohamad \par
}
MK Dato'Hj. Mohd Redza, Seremban, N.S. \par
}
adziah bt. Mohd. Yamin \par
}
MK Bukit Saujana, Port Dickson, N.S. \par
}
ohayah bt. Mahasan \par
}
MK Jalan Tiga, Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor \par
}
uslinah bt. Mohd. Zaman \par
}
MK Seri Tanjong, Kuala Selangor, Selangor \par
}

7 \par
}
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\cf0 Curriculum Development Centre
1 Ministry of Education Malaysia
444 2005 \par
}

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ng flexible and open-minded.

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metals such as iron,