RATE OF REACTION

(kadar tindak balas)

 WHAT IS RATE OF REACTIONS
• Rate of reaction is the measurement of the speed at which reactants
are converted into products in a chemical reaction.
• Rate of reaction=change in quantity of reactant or product
time taken for the change to happen
• A+B  C+D
reactants products
• Example:
Cu + 2AgNO3  Ca(NO3)2 + CO2
• Rate of reaction of reactant= change in quantity of reactant
time taken for the change to happen
• Rate of reaction of product = change in quantity of product
time taken for the change to happen
• Rate of reaction can be divide into 2 types:
– Fast reaction
– Slow reaction

Jangan lupa unit?????

Sekiranya kuantiti adalah jisim , masa adalah saat
Jadi unitnya: g/s

Sekiranya kuantiti adalah isipadu, masa adalah minit

Jadi unitnya: cm3/ min
 CONCEPT OF RATE OF REACTIONS
• If the reaction occurs quickly, the rate of
reaction is high
reaction quickly, rate reaction ↑

• If the reaction occurs slowly, the rate of

reaction is low.
reaction slowly, rate reaction ↓
 TYPE OF REACTIONS TIME TAKEN FOR THE
    RATE OF REACTION
REACTION

 Slow reaction  Long  Low rate of reaction

 Fast reaction  Short  High rate of reaction

Perubahan tindak balas yang dapat diperhatikan
dalam tindak balas kimia:
• Isipadu gas yang bebaskan
• Masa/ isipadu mendakan yang terbentuk
• Perubahan warna, suhu, pH dan keupayaan mengalirkan arus
elektrik
• Jisim bahan (reactant) makin berkurang
• Jisim hasil (product) makin bertambah
• Jisim bahan campuran makin berkurang/ bertambah
 KADAR TINDAK BALAS BAGI BAHAN
• Rate of reaction of reactant= change in quantity of reactant
time taken for the change to happen
• Mass of reactant decrease
KADAR TINDAK BALAS BAGI HASIL TINDAK BALAS

• Rate of reaction of product = change in quantity of product

time taken for the change to happen
• Mass of product increase
 AVERAGE RATE OF REACTION
• Average rate of reaction is the average value of the rate of reaction over
an interval of time.
• average rate = total amount
time taken for reaction to stop
• = final amount – initial amount
time taken
• Can be calculated by direct referring the complete table or graph

Volume of gas (cm3) 0 80 120 140 140 140 140

Time (s) 0 60 120 180 240 300 360

Volume of gas (cm3) 0 80 120 140 140 140 140

Time (s) 0 60 120 180 240 300 360

Average rate of reaction for

a) Overall reaction = total amount of gas collected
• time taken for reaction to stop
• = 140 cm3 - 0 cm3
• 180 s- 0 s
• = 0.78 cm3 s -1
b) Between 60s and 180s= total amount of gas collected
• time taken for reaction to stop
• = 140 cm3 - 60 cm3
• 180 s- 60 s
• = 0.667 cm3 s -1
Average rate of reaction for
c) The first minutes= total amount of gas collected in 60s
• time taken
• = 80 cm3 - 0 cm3
• 60 s- 0 s
• = 1.333 cm3 s -1
d) The first 2 minutes = total amount of gas collected in 120s
• time taken
• = 120 cm3 - 0 cm3
• 120 s- 0 s
• = 1 cm3 s -1
e) The first 3 minutes= total amount of gas collected in 180s
• time taken
• = 140 cm3 - 0 cm3
• 180 s- 0 s
• = 0.778 cm3 s -1 Start at O second
Average rate of reaction for
f) In the second minutes= total amount of gas collected from 60s to 120s
• time taken
• = 120 cm3 - 80 cm3
• 120 s- 60 s
• = 0.667 cm3 s -1
g) In the third minutes = total amount of gas collected from120s to 180s
• time taken
• = 140 cm3 - 120 cm3
• 180 s- 120 s
• = 0.333 cm3 s -1
 HOW TO DETERMINE
RATE OF REACTION
FROM GRAPH

AVERAGE INSTANTANEOUS
RATE OF
RATE OF REATION
REACTION
 AVERAGE RATE OF REACTION
For the From On the X For
whole exp X min min (2 nd
) first x
to Y ( from (3) min
min 2nd to ( from 0
1st) to 3rd )
 Instantaneous rate of reaction / Rate of
reaction at a given time
• Instantaneous rate of reaction / Rate of reaction at a given time are the
actual rate of reaction at that instant
• The rate of reaction at given time must be calculated by referring the
tangent from the graph.
• This mean to find this value, you must plot the graph first.
 INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF
REACTION
( rate of reaction at that time)
Draw tangent to the graph

Rate = Y/X

X
b) Example from the graph,
determine:
i) The rate of reaction at 120 s
Instantaneous rate of reaction
= Draw tangent to the graph
= 56 – 20 = 0.176 cm3 s-1
222-18
• Rate of reaction is the measurement of the
speed which reactants are converted into
products in a chemical reaction.
• Average rate of reaction is the average value
of the rate of reaction over an interval of time.
• Instantaneous rate of reaction / Rate of
reaction at a given time are the actual rate of
reaction at that instant.
 Factors Affecting the Rate of
Reaction
1.Total surface area of solid reactant
2.Concentration of reactant
3.Temperature of reactant
4.Use of catalyst
5.Pressure of gaseous reactant
• Effect of total surface area of solid reactant on the rate of
reaction
• Smaller the size (increase the total surface area), cm3, of the
solid reactant, the higher the rate of reaction, cm3 s-1 or cm3
min-1.
• Effect of concentration of a liquid reactant on the rate of
reaction
• Higher the concentration, mol dm-3, of a liquid reactant, the
higher the rate of reaction, mol dm-3 s-1 or mol dm-3 min-1.
• Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction
• Increase in temperature, the higher the rate of reaction
• Effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction
1.Alters the rate of reaction
2.It is specific in its action. It can only catalyse a particular
reaction
3.Does not change the quantity of products formed
4.Only small amount of catalyst is needed to increases the rate
of reaction. (An increase in the quantity of catalyst will
increase the rate of reaction but only a very slight increase.)
5.Catalyst remains chemically unchanged but may undergo
physical changes.
• Effect of pressure on the rate of reaction
1.Increase in pressure, the higher the rate of
reaction (reversible reaction and gaseous
reactants and gaseous product).
Collision Theory and Activation Energy
• Collision theory states a reaction occur when the
particle of the reactant collide with each other with
the correct orientation and achieve activation energy.
• Effective collision is the particles collide with the
correct orientation and achieve activation energy
which result in a reaction.
• Ineffective collision is the particles that collide with
energy less than activation energy or wrong
orientation.
• Activation energy, Ea, is the minimum kinetic
energy that colliding particles of the reactants
must possess. It can be visualised by energy
profile diagram.
• Keywords: frequency of the collision;
frequency of effective collision, rate of
reaction
 Common Mistakes (SPM Form 5 – Rate of Reaction)

• Never use word: ‘faster the rate of reaction’ or ‘ slower the rate of
reaction’. (use word such as ‘ increases’, ‘decreases’, ‘ higher’ or ‘lower’.
• Average rate of reaction is berry different from instantaneous rate of
reaction. (Instantaneous can be determined by drawing a tangent on the
graph’s curve).
• Time reading: 1 decimal point. (It also depends on the measurement
apparatus either a normal stopwatch or digital stopwatch) Example: 21.0
seconds and 45.5 seconds.
• Measuring cylinder reading: 1 decimal point. Example: 5.0 cm3 and 4.5
cm3.
• Burette reading: 2 decimal points. Example: 50.00 cm3 and 45.25 cm3.
• Pipette reading: 1 decimal point: Example: 25.0 cm3 and 10.0 cm3.
 Important Tips – SPM – Rate of Reaction

• Rate of Reaction will be Berry Important Topic (BIT) for the

Paper 2 (essay) and Paper 3 that young berries could not skip
as one of your revision routine. Do take notes on the graphs
and these few experiments that listed below.
• Experiment 1.1 Effect of surface area on the rate of reaction.
• Experiment 1.2 Effect of concentration on the rate of
reaction.
• Experiment 1.3 Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction.
• Experiment 1.5: Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of
reaction.
• Activity: Factors affecting the rate of reaction.
• http://www.scribd.com/doc/25403541/Rateof
-Reaction-Part-1
• http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicra
tes/catalyst.html