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1.1.

Step-by-step Procedures
Downloading SRTM

Before you start with the exercises, download a digital elevation model at http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/SELECTION/inputCoord.asp web site of the selected area. Which is located at: Product : Data File Name : srtm_44_10.zip Latitude min: 10N max: 15N Longitude min: 35E max 40E Center point : Latitude 12.50 N Longitude 37.50 E Download (FTP) file

Start up ILWIS and change to the subdirectory C:\ILWIS 3.0 Data\Users Guide\Chapter10, where the data files for this chapter are stored.

By Abeyou Wa.

1.2.

Importing SRTM in ILWIS and changing the coordinate system

From file menu- Import/map Choose Srtm_44_10.tif Specify output name as Lake_DEm Assign the settings as shown in the figure below and open the imported file. Assign a pseudo color lookup table as representation.

Make a write click and check the corner coordinates of Lake_DEM raster map on the prosperities command.

1.3.

Transform from Lat / Long to a metric projection

Create a new coordinate system, coordinate system projection and use the parameters below to define this projection (see figure 3). File / create / coordinate system

By Abeyou Wa.

Click on the projection and choose for the projection, ellipsoid and datum from the list as shown below.

Projection parameters To resample the imported DEM to the new georeference metric system of Lake_metric coordinate system, First transfer latlon coordinates to a metric using transfer coordinates on the operation list Inter min X and Y values and max X and Y values on the input coordinate as

Keep the out put coordinate to create the georeference

By Abeyou Wa.

Right click on Lake_DEM raster map / image processing / resample... Use a nearest neighbour resampling method! Out put name as Res_Lake, create a new georeference with the same name as the output map(res_lake), using the coordinate system defined above (Lake_metric), above pixel size of 90 and inter corner coordinates of the raster map (out put of the transfer coordinates) and keep others as default;

Click ok and show Check the properties of Res_lake

1.4.

Hydrological DEM processing some pre processing steps

The hydrologic modeling functions in ILWIS DEM Hydro-Processing Analyst provide methods for describing the physical components of a surface. The hydrologic tools allow you to identify sinks, determine flow direction, calculate flow accumulation, drainage network extraction, drainage network ordering, delineate watersheds, and create stream networks. Deriving runoff characteristics such as upstream elevation, downstream elevation, strahler and Shreve order, drainage length, slope angle of drainage, straight length of drainage and sinuosity of the Catchment then using different formulas we can estimate time of concentration, lag time, time to peak and peak discharge.

By Abeyou Wa.

This session will focus on DEM parameter extraction, especially those parameters relevant for hydrological analysis. For this purpose use will be made of the module called DEM Hydroprocessing and can be found in the ILWIS operation tree. The main objective here is to generate a raster and vector based drainage network and associated topological description of this network, provided as attributes in a table. Creting a submap To make to DEM processing fast let as make a submap Click on file menu / submap

To start the hydrologic processing the tools as given in the right hand figure are available in the ILWIS Operation-tree. The following is a short discussion on the Flow Determination functionality.
1.4.1. Fill Sinks:

Before using the Flow Direction operation, you may wish to clean up your Digital Elevation Model (DEM), so that local depressions (sinks) are removed from your DEM. Double click fill sinks command

By Abeyou Wa.

Click Show button In order to evaluate the location of the sinks and the elevation differences at those locations, the map produced using the fill sink operation can be subtracted from the original DEM using mapcalc; Write the following on the command line: Sink:= Fill_sink Lake_submap and press enter Where: Sink: the output map created Fill_sink: map produced using fill operation Lake_submap: input elevation map As you can see from the out put map, there are a number of local depressions including the lake area filled by the fill sinks operation. The lake area is filled by 5m

1.4.2.

Flow Direction:

the Flow direction operation determines into which neighbouring pixel any water in a central pixel will flow naturally.

By Abeyou Wa.

Result of flow direction operation: click left mouse button the output map contains flow directions as N (to the North), NE (to theNorth East), etc.

1.4.3.

Flow Accumulation:

The Flow accumulation operation performs a cumulative count of the number of pixels that naturally drain into outlets.

Result of flow accumulation operation: move the curser pointer over the map and simultaneously clicking the left mouse button. The values represent the number of upstream pixels contributing to By Abeyou Wa. 7

the target pixel. In other words, if multiplied by the pixel area the value represents the upstream catchment area in raster format.

1.4.4.

Drainage Network Extraction:

Flow accumulation map can also be used to extract the drainage network in raster format. A minimum contributing catchment area can be assumed which is needed to generate a first order stream. In the flow accumulation map this is can be represented by a threshold, if contributing area is larger than the threshold the pixel can be assigned drainage, else it is assumed to be overland flow. Smaller threshold number increase the drainage network ordering processing time needed and the drainage density will be high.

Result of drainage network extraction: the dark one is with 200 stream threshold numbers and the red one with 1000 stream threshold number.

By Abeyou Wa.

1.4.5.

Drainage Network Ordering:

The Drainage network ordering operation: examines all drainage lines in the drainage network map, finds the nodes where two or more streams meet, and assigns a unique ID to each stream in between these nodes, as well as to the streams that only have a single node. The input DEM, should be your Lake_submap (and not the filled DEM) as this map is used to extract elevation information that is used as an attribute in the associated topology tables that are generated as well. The option Minimum Drainage Length allows for removal of very short drainage lines. You can set this threshold to 800 metres, therefore drainage lines shorter than this threshold will be removed. Specify appropriate output map for your final extracted drainage (both a vector and a raster map are created).

By Abeyou Wa.

The output of this operation is a raster map, a segment map and an attribute table that all use a newly created ID domain with the same name Drain_net_order. Depending on the size of the input maps and the initial drainage threshold selected this operation might take a while. Display the resulting raster map using the default representation. The output attribute table will contain the following columns: Upstream The IDs of the streams that directly contribute to the current stream, e.g. when LinkID streams 5 and 7 flow together into stream 12, then the UpstreamLinkID column will read for the record with ID 12: {5,7} UpstreamCoord The XY-coordinate of the beginning of a stream segment (down-flow); UpstreamElevation The elevation, as extracted from the DEM, at the position of the upstream coordinate. This column is a value column. DownstreamCoord The XY-coordinate of the end of a stream segment (down-flow). DownstreamElevat A column containing the elevation, as extracted from the DEM, at the position ion of the downstream coordinate. Elevation Height difference between upstream coordinate and downstream coordinate, i.e. Difference UpstreamElevation - DownstreamElevation. Strahler Strahler ordering number; Shreve Shreve ordering number; the sum of the Shreve order values of the UpstreamLinkIDs. Length The length of a stream measured along the drainage. StraightLength The length of a stream calculated as the difference between the upstream coordinate and the downstream coordinate, i.e. | UpstreamCoord DownstreamCoord | SlopeAlongDraina The average slope in percentages between the upstream coordinate and the ge% downstream coordinate, when the length is measured along the drainage, i.e. (ElevationDifference/Length)*100% SlopeDrainageStra The average slope in percentages between the upstream coordinate and the ight% downstream coordinate, when the length is the straight length between the upstream coordinate and the downstream coordinate, i.e. (ElevationDifference/StraightLength)*100% Sinuosity A measure for meandering of the stream, i.e. Length / StraightLength TotalUpstreamAlo The total length of all (upstream) streams that contribute to the current stream ngDrainageLength StrahlerClass An additional class column to be able to display the Strahler ordering numbers as classes.

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Strahler and shreve order respectively

1.4.6. Catchment Extraction:

For each drainage segment created the corresponding catchment area is computed. This is again a raster map. Also here an attribute table is computed giving a number of relevant variables (such as).

The output of this operation is a raster map, a segment map and an attribute table that all use a newly created ID domain with the same name as Catch_Extr.

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Columns in the Catchment extraction output attribute table: The IDs of the table's domain, every record (ID) represents a certain catchment that corresponds to a certain stream. DrainageID The ID of the stream that corresponds to this catchment; the ID of the table and this column always show the same number. This column is a value column. UpstreamLink The IDs of the catchments that directly contribute to the current catchment, Catchment e.g. when catchments 5 and 7 flow together into catchment 18, then the UpstreamLinkCatchment column will read for the record with ID 18: {5,7} DownstreamLink The ID of the catchment into which the current catchment will flow (downCatchment flow). This column is a value column. Perimeter The perimeter of the current catchment. CatchmentArea The area of the current catchment. TotalUpstreamArea The total area of the catchments that directly contribute to the current catchment, i.e. the sum of the areas of the catchments listed in column UpstreamLinkCatchment. LongestFlowLength The length of the longest flow path found in this catchment, according to the Flow direction input map. CenterCatchment The XY-coordinate at the center of each catchment; these coordinates are shown as points in the fourth picture above. This column is a coordinate column. CenterDrainage The XY-coordinate in the middle of each stream segment; these coordinates domain

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are shown as points in the third picture above. This column is a coordinate column.
1.4.7. Catchment Merge:

These single catchments have to be merged as there are far to many. In order to do so a merging can be done using Strahler or Shreve order, but also using one or multiple user defined outlet locations. Within this operation also the drainage can be extracted for the selected sub catchment area and the longest flow path segment can be computed. Catchment merging with defined outlet location To create a point map: Open drain_net_order map File / create / point map

Catchment merge

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As output a new catchment raster map, polygon map and attribute table are produced. These all use a new ID domain with the same name as Gauge1_cat.

Columns in the Catchment merge output attribute table: DrainageID UpstreamLink Catchment A column listing the IDs of all streams located within a new catchment. The ID(s) of the new catchments that directly contribute to this new catchment, e.g. when catchments 1, 2, 3, and 4 flow together into catchment 5, then the UpstreamLinkCatchment column will read for the record with ID 5: {1, 2, 3, 4} The ID of the new catchment into which a current new catchment will flow (down-flow), e.g. when catchment 5 flows into catchment 6, then the DownstreamLinkCatchment column will read for the record with ID 5: 6. This column is a value column. The perimeter of each new catchment. The area (m2) of each new catchment. The total area (m2) of the catchments that directly contribute to a current catchment, i.e. the sum of the areas of the catchments listed in column UpstreamLinkCatchment.

DownstreamLink Catchment

Perimeter CatchmentArea TotalUpstreamArea

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TotalDrainage Length DrainageDensity (m/km2) LongestFlowPath Length LongestDrainage Length CenterDrainage CenterCatchment

The sum of the lengths of all drainages in a catchment. The drainage density within a catchment as TotalDrainageLength / CatchmentArea The length of the longest flow path found in a catchment, from the catchment's outlet to the most distant source on the catchment boundary, according to the Flow direction and Flow accumulation input maps. The length of the longest actual stream within this catchment. The XY-coordinate in the middle of a longest flow path. This column is a coordinate column. The XY-coordinate at the center of a catchment. This column is a coordinate column.

Output of catchment merge operation with catchment boundary, longest flow path and drainage network. The point map locates location of stream outlet.

Perimeter km Catchment 2 By Abeyou Wa. area km

Drainage density m/km2

Outlet elevation m

Center catchment

Longer 15 drainage length km

682.40

149.35

280.04

1869.00

400050.24,1323626.95 50.78

pnt 1

Results of catchment merge operation attribute table.

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