Change Time & Change Tense

PATRICIA WILCOX PETERSON A REVIEW OF THE ENGLISH TENSE SYSTEM
Introduction
This book is a review of the relationships between times and tenses in English. It is intended for beginning and intermediate level language students in non-English speaking countries, as a reinforcement and addition to their regular structure classes. The chapter dealing with each tense may be used as soon as the students have covered that tense in their formal grammar study. Alternatively, the teacher may want to present certain groups of tenses together if the student seems to be having trouble with a particular concept; for instance, he could teach all the perfect tenses or all the continuous tenses together. The English tense system is uite complicated, but the most common problem is not how to form tenses. The mechanical manipulation of verbs is easily learned through a few rules and formulas. The biggest problem is deciding which tense to use in a given situation. In order to choose correctly and easily, the student must understand the meaning of the tense itself, its time picture or time line. !e must know what kinds of activities and states can be described by certain verbs. "ertain groups of verbs are limited in their usage, and this can present problems, too. #inally, the student needs to be able to choose accurate time markers to clarify the time picture. In response to these problems, this book has as its goals$ %. to present clear time lines for each tense %
&. to introduce categories of verbs which act in certain ways$ punctual verbs, durative verbs, and non-continuous verbs '. to teach the proper use of time markers to show points in time, fre uency, and duration for each tense. (ecause this is a supplementary te)t, it is suggested that the teacher use it for short periods of time. Ten or fifteen minutes per day is long enough. In that amount of time, students can work with the reading selection and one or two e)ercises. *ne chapter may take two or three days to finish at this rate. The vocabulary for the book is based on the %+++-word level as given in The New Horizon Ladder Dictionary of the English Language , by ,ohn -obert-.haw, /opular 0ibrary. 1hen it was necessary to use words from a higher word level, they have been given as vocabulary items at the beginning of the chapter. The teacher may want to pre-teach these words before going on to the reading selection. In most cases these less fre uent words were chosen because they are represented in the picture; accordingly, their meaning should be easy to understand from the picture. The pronunciation e)ercises provide the normal spoken reduced forms for standard American English. 1hen these forms have been accepted in written form as contractions, they are contracted in the te)t. 1hen they are not written, but only spoken forms, they are not contracted in the te)t. !owever, even the reduced forms are commonly used by educated speakers. They are not slang. The teacher may use them in the chapter readings and e)ercises, even when the printed form itself doesn2t reflect these reductions. #or e)ample, in chapter five, the spoken form for what is is given as 3wet s3; in the ne)t chapter, a uestion following the reading selection is, 41hat is hanging like a brown cloud over 5ew 6ork today78 Although the written form shows two words, the teacher may safely reduce them to 3wet s3. All phonetic notations conform to the International /honetic Alphabet. #inally, this book is meant to be used primarily for aural3oral activities. -ead the selections aloud. !ave the students pronounce all the words, repeating in phrases. 9o the uestions and e)ercises aloud, with books closed. :It may help to draw the correct time line on the board as well, as an additional memory aid.; Encourage the use of role-playing and dialogues, and give the students many opportunities to use all the tenses in their speaking activities. The e)ercises entitled Changing Times, Changing Tenses are comparatively unstructured. They provide the student with an opportunity to pick the correct tenses in free conversation. .uch practice is lecessary if the student is to achieve the ultimate goal, that of choosing and using the correct tense easily. <y thanks go to the people in the photo library of the 9enver /ost, who helped me find most of the pictures for the book. It was a long process. It is my hope that the people who use this book will find the pictures as interesting as I did, and that the pictures will stimulate lots of discussion=
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Changing Times, Changing Tenses A Review ! "he Eng#ish Tense S$s"em
Pa"%i&ia Wi#& ' Pe"e%s n

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PATRICIA WILCOX PETERSON.................................................................................................1 A REVIEW OF THE ENGLISH TENSE SYSTEM.......................................................................1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................1 Ch n!in! Ti"#$% Ch n!in! T#n$#$.................................................................................................& A R#'i#( o) th# En!*i$h T#n$# S+$t#"...........................................................................................& P trici Wi*co, P#t#r$on..................................................................................................................& TA-LE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................& .nit On#/ Th# Pr#$#nt T#n$#...........................................................................................................0 ch 1t#r on# LITTER IS A PRO-LEM IN O.R CITIES............................................................0 ch 1t#r t(o PEOPLE WOR2 AT MANY 3IFFERENT 4O-S.................................................5 ch 1t#r thr## HAN3ICAPPE3 PEOPLE 3O .SEF.L WOR2..............................................10 ch 1t#r )our HALLOWE6EN IS A HOLI3AY FOR CHIL3REN...........................................17 .nit T(o/ Th# Pr#$#nt Continuou$ T#n$#.....................................................................................18 ch 1t#r )i'# THE 2ITES ARE FLYING HIGH........................................................................18 ch 1t#r $i, POLL.TION IS SPOILING THE AIR YO. -REATHE9......................................................:1 .nit Thr##/ Th# Pr#$#nt P#r)#ct T#n$#$........................................................................................:0 ch 1t#r $#'#n THIS WOMAN HAS LOST HER 4O-..............................................................:0 ch 1t#r #i!ht IT6S 3IFFIC.LT TO SAY GOO3;-YE............................................................:7 ch 1t#r nin# ARE -.SES AS EASY TO .SE AS CARS<......................................................&= .nit Four/ Th# P $t T#n$#.............................................................................................................&: ch 1t#r t#n LIGHTNING STR.C2 THE CITY LAST NIGHT..............................................&: ch 1t#r #*#'#n RESC.E WOR2ERS SAVE3 FO.R PEOPLE..............................................&> ch 1t#r t(#*'# 3INOSA.RS LIVE3 MANY YEARS AGO..................................................&5 ch 1t#r thirt##n 3RY LAN3 FARMING/ AN ART AN3 A SCIENCE...........................................................>= .nit Fi'#/ Th# P $t H ?itu * T#n$#$.............................................................................................>& ch 1t#r )ourt##n TRANSPORTATION .SE3 TO -E M.CH SLOWER THAN IT IS NOW.........................>& ch 1t#r )i)t##n THAN2SGIVING ON THE FARM.................................................................>0 .nit Si,/ Th# P $t Continuou$ T#n$#............................................................................................>5 ch 1t#r $i,t##n WHEN THE WALL FELL IN.........................................................................>5 .nit S#'#n Th# P $t P#r)#ct T#n$#$..............................................................................................01 ch 1t#r $#'#nt##n NO-O3Y HA3 -ELIEVE3 IT WAS POSSI-LE..................................................................01 ch 1t#r #i!ht##n H.S2Y HA3 -EEN VERY HEALTHY.....................................................0> ch 1t#r nin#t##n L.C2ILY% I HA3 -EEN WEARING MY SEAT-ELT.........................................................0@ .nit Ei!ht/ Th# Futur# T#n$#$.......................................................................................................08 ch 1t#r t(#nt+ THE CAR OF THE F.T.RE..........................................................................08 ch 1t#r t(#nt+;on# HELICOPTERS TO THE RESC.E9........................................................@1 .nit Nin#/ Th# Futur# Continuou$ T#n$#......................................................................................@0
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ch 1t#r t(#nt+;t(o WHEN THE TORNA3O HITS................................................................@0 .NIT TEN Th# Futur# P#r)#ct T#n$#$..........................................................................................@5 ch 1t#r t(#nt+;thr## PIT STOP AT THE RACE TRAC2.......................................................@5 ch 1t#r t(#nt+;)our R.N FOR THE MONEY.........................................................................7= ch 1t#r t(#nt+;)i'# TOO LITTLE% TOO LATE.......................................................................7&
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(ni" One) The P%esen" Tense

chapter one LITTER IS A PROBLEM IN OUR CITIES
vocabulary$ litter fence garbage disease garbage can punish ugly Dail spoil litterbug
the present tense /-E.E5T TE5.E *# (E$ I am we are you are he, she, it is they are ?E-( :@s in third person singular form; AABI0IA-6 C do, does for uestions and negatives
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. 0itter is garbageElike food, paper, and cansE on the ground or in the street. 1here many people live together, litter is a problem. /eople don2t always put their garbage in the garbage can. It2s easier to drop a paper than to find a garbage can for it. (ut litter is ugly. It makes the city look dirty, and it spoils the view. The wind blows papers far away. *ften they are difficult to catch. 1hen they blow against a fence, they stay there. This fence is a wall of garbage. 0itter is a health problem, too. #ood and garbage bring animals, which sometimes carry disease.
.ome people want to control litter. They never throw litter themselves, and sometimes they work together in groups to clean up the city. In most places litter is against the law. The law punishes people who throw garbage on the streets. They usually pay a fine, and occasionally they go to Dail. Two famous sayings in the Anited .tates are$ 49on2t be a litter-bug=8 and 4Every litter bit F
hurts=8
Guestions
#irst student$ "hange each sentence into a uestion. .econd student$ Answer each uestion with a short answer. %. 0itter is a problem in our cities. #irst student$ Is litter a problem in our cities7 .econd student$ 6es, it is. &. 0itter is ugly. '. /apers are difficult to catch. >. This fence is a wall of garbage. F. 0itter is against the law. H. /eople don2t always put their garbage in the garbage cans. I. 0itter makes the city look ugly. J. 0itter spoils the view. K. The wind blows papers far away. %+. #ood and garbage bring animals. %%. Animals sometimes carry disease. %&. .ome people want to control litter. %'. They never throw litter themselves. :9on2t they ever...; %>. The law punishes litterbugs. %F. They usually pay a fine.
Time <arkers
9urative verbs$ be, live, want /unctual verbs$ put, drop, bring, carry, throw, work, punish, pay
now past time present time future time The present tense shows clearly that in English, tense is not the same as time. The present tense is not usually used to describe present time. Instead, it describes activities and states which are generally and universally true. The present tense is the tense for description, definition, and statements of general truth. As the time line shows, the present tense e)tends from past time, through the present and into the future. 9urative verbs, which show states through time, are verbs like live, want, and be. .ometimes the present tense is also called the present habitual. It is used for repeated, habitual actions. The B marks on the time line represent punctual verbs, or actions at a specific point in time. These are repeated again and again through time. Adverbs of fre uency are common time markers in the present tense. They tell how often an action is repeated$ always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, hardly ever, never. The word ever is used in uestions. <ake a sentence with each fre uency adverb below. %. :not; alwaysE/eople don2t always put their garbage in the garbage can. &. often '. sometimes >. usually F. occasionally H. never
9efinitions
<atch the words on the left with the definitions on the right. Then make complete sentence definitions, using the present tense. %. litter a. garbage on the ground or in the street &. fence b. a special can for garbage H
'. Dail >. garbage can F. view H. fine I. litterbug J. disease K. control %+. group
c. everything that a person can see d. a wall that separates two places e. sickness f. to manage or to stop g. a number of people h. money people pay as punishment i. a place people stay as punishment D. a person who throws litter
/ronunciation
The helping verb do is used in the present tense for uestions and negatives. !owever, the vowel letter o is pronounced in three different ways. 0ook at the pronunciation below. %. do Ased for all subDects e)cept third person singular do not The vowel is pronounced the same if the two words are not written together in a contraction. &. don2t The vowel changes in the contraction. '. does The vowel changes again for the third person singular form. 5otice that the word is spelled with two vowel letters, but only one vowel sound is pronounced. doesn2t Another vowel sound is pronounced after the s, although it is not written. Live short answers to the following uestions. Ase adverbs of fre uency in your answers. %. 9o you ever throw litter on the ground7 5o, I never do. 6es, I sometimes do. &. 9o you always throw garbage in the garbage can7 '. 9o you usually help to clean up the litter7 >. 9oes litter always spoil the view7 F. 9oes the wind often blow papers away7 H. 9o litterbugs usually go to Dail7 I. 9oes your friend usually throw litter on the ground7 J. 9o animals sometimes carry disease7 K. 9o you sometimes help to clean up litter7 %+. 9oes your friend ever help you7 "ontractions of the be verb with pronouns and with the word not are very common in spoken English. In some cases, there is a change in the vowel sound in the contracted form. /ronounce the words below. I, I2m we, we2re you, you2re they, they2re he, he2s is, isn2t she, she2s are, aren2t it, it2s
/hotos by 9avid Attie
chapter two PEOPLE WORK AT MAN
!IFFERENT "OBS
:Teaching suggestion$ This chapter contains twelve short reading selections. It is best to work with two or three selections in a lesson, until all are completed. Then do the activities at the end of the chapter as a review.;
the present tense /-E.E5T TE5.E *# (E$ I am we you are he, she, it is they ?E-( : @s in third person AABI0IA-6 C do, does for
are are singular form; uestions and negatives
-eading .elections
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases.
vocabulary$ telephone typewriter file cabinet boss A secretary writes letters, answers the telephone, and meets people. .he uses a typewriter every day. .he puts papers away in the file cabinet. .he stands between her boss and his visitors. .he helps her boss to plan his time and to finish his work.
6es35o Guestions
:Ase these directions for all the yes3no uestions in this chapter.; #irst student$ "hange each sentence into a uestion. .econd student$ Answer each uestion with a short and a long answer. %. A secretary answers the telephone. J
&. '. >. F. H. I.
#irst student$ 9oes a secretary answer the telephone7 .econd student$ 6es, she does. .he answers the telephone. A secretary writes books. #irst student$ 9oes a secretary write books7 .econd student$ 5o, she doesn2t. .he writes letters. A secretary meets people. .he puts papers away in the garbage. .he stands between her boss and his visitors. .he helps her boss to plan his time. .he helps her boss to spoil his work.
"hoice Guestions
Answer each uestion with a complete sentence. %. 9oes she put papers away in the garbage or in the file cabinet7 .he puts papers away in the file cabinet. &. 9oes a secretary write books or letters7 '. 9oes she meet the boss or the visitors7 >. 9oes she answer the telephone or the typewriter7 F. 9oes she use the typewriter every day or every week7
vocabulary$ lesson correct term grade Teachers work in schools. They help their students to learn. They order books, e)plain lessons, give homework, and correct papers. At the end of every term, they grade their students.
6es35o Guestions
%. Teachers order books and give homework. &. They e)plain the lessons to their students. '. They correct their students2 papers. >. .tudents grade their teachers. F. Teachers give grades at the beginning of the term.
"hoice Guestions
%. 9oes the teacher work in a school or in an office7 &. 9oes the teacher collect garbage or correct papers7 '. 9oes the teacher give grades at the beginning or at the end of the term7
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vocabulary$ hotel vegetables guest bake restaurant prepare meal A porter is a hotel worker who carries the bags of travelers. !e shows the hotel guests to their rooms, they usually give him some money for his help. A chef works in a hotel or in a restaurant. !e plans meals and cooks the food. !e often has helpers to vegetables, to bake bread, and to prepare the meat. the and the cut
6es35o Guestions
%. &. '. >. F. H. I. J. %. &. '. >. F. H. A porter works in an office. !e helps the guests with their bags. !e shows the travelers to their rooms. !otel guests give the porter letters. "hefs work in hotels. The chef throws away the food. The chef plans the meals. A chef usually has many helpers. Is the porter a worker or a guest7 9oes he work in an office or in a hotel7 9oes he show the travelers their bags or their rooms7 9oes a chef plan meals or lessons7 9oes the chef work with other cooks or does he work alone7 9o the helpers plan meals or prepare food7
"hoice Guestions
.
vocabulary$ draw magaMine An artist uses paper, pens, pencils, and paint to make pictures. .he draws pictures for books and magaMines. !er pictures are easy to understand. The drawings help to e)plain the ideas in the book.
6es35o Guestions
%. &. '. >. F. An artist uses pens, pencils, and paint. .he draws pictures for books. .he writes letters for magaMines. !er pictures are hard to understand. /ictures help to e)plain the ideas in books.
"hoice Guestions
%. 9oes an artist use a pen or a typewriter7 &. 9oes she use her pen to draw or to correct papers7 '. 9oes the artist order books or make the pictures for books7
vocabulary$ operate medicine repair patient *ne kind of doctor is a surgeon. !e works in a hospital. The surgeon operates on sick people; he repairs their bodies. After the operation, he orders medicine. The surgeon watches his patients until they are well.
6es35o Guestions
%. &. '. >. F. A surgeon is a kind of doctor. The surgeon repairs telephones. !e operates on sick people. !e watches his patients until they are sick. The surgeon works in a school.
"hoice Guestions
%. Is the surgeon a doctor or a hotel worker7 %+
&. 9oes the surgeon order books or medicine for his patients7 '. Are operations for sick people or for well people7
0
vocabulary$ deliver package post office The letter carrier delivers mail. !e walks from house to house with letters and packages in his bag. !e also picks up letters from the mailbo)es and brings them to the post office.
6es35o Guestions
%. &. '. >. F. The letter carrier brings letters and packages. The letter carrier works in a restaurant. !e picks up letters from mailbo)es. !e walks from house to house. The letter carrier brings letters to the post office.
"hoice Guestions
%. Is the letter carrier a hospital worker or a post office worker7 &. 9oes he pick up letters or visitors7 '. 9oes he carry a mailbag or a mailbo)7 >. 9oes he write letters or deliver them7
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vocabulary$ activity hire A businessperson works in an office. !e plans business activities. !e prepares reports and goes to meetings. !e learns about buying, selling, and producing things. A businessperson must hire workers to help him.
6es35o Guestions
%. &. '. >. F. A businessperson works with patients. An office is a place of business. A businessperson goes to business meetings. (uying and selling are business activities. A businessperson hires other workers. prepare meals or
"hoice Guestions
%. 9oes a businessperson reports7 &. 9oes he work in an office or in a school7 '. 9oes he work together with other people or alone7
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2
vocabulary$ prevent inspect fire engine put out A firefighter tries to prevent fires by inspecting buildings. !e asks people to make their houses safe from fire. 1hen a fire starts, he rides to the building in a fire engine. #irefighters hurry to put out fires and to save people.
6es35o Guestions
%. A firefighter works in a post office. &. !e tries to prevent fires. '. !e asks people to throw litter. >. #irefighters ride to fires in fire engines, F. They save people from fires.
"hoice Guestions
%. 9oes a firefighter start fires or put them out7 &. 9oes a firefighter inspect buildings or food7 '. 9o firefighters save people or money7
*3
vocabulary$ brick metal apartment A construction worker puts buildings together. !e measures wood and cuts it into pieces. !e carries bricks and metal parts. !e follows a building plan to make houses, apartments, and stores. .ometimes he repairs buildings, too.
6es35o Guestions
%. &. '. >. F. A construction worker puts apartments together. !e measures and cuts bricks. !e carries bricks and metal parts. !e follows a lesson plan. "onstruction workers build houses and stores.
"hoice Guestions
%. 9oes a construction worker put together buildings or telephones7 &. 9oes he cut wood or bricks7 '. 9oes he repair buildings or people7
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vocabulary$ orchestra practice instrument A musician usually works with other musicians to make music. <usicians play together in an orchestra. They practice playing their instruments every day. They read new music and play it until it sounds good.
6es35o Guestions
%. &. '. >. F. An orchestra is a group of musicians. <usicians make instruments. A musician has to practice every day. <usicians read music. 5ew music always sounds good.
"hoice Guestions
%. 9oes a musician make instruments or music7 &. 9o musicians practice every week or every day7 '. 9o musicians play in an orchestra or in a post office7
*+
vocabulary$ fashion style camera newspaper #ashion models show us the newest styles of clothes. They put on new clothes and stand in front of cameras. /ictures of models appear in newspapers and in magaMines. /eople see the pictures and want to buy the clothes. #ashion models collect pictures of themselves in a book.
6es35o Guestions
%. #ashion models show us new styles of cameras. &. They stand in front of cameras. '. Their pictures appear in newspapers and magaMines. >. #ashion models collect business reports. F. #ashion models help sell new fashions.
"hoice Guestions
%. 9o fashion models put on new clothes or old clothes7 &. 9o models help sell books or clothes7 '. 9o they collect pictures or magaMines7
Time <arkers
9urative ?erbs$ have, be
/unctual ?erbs$ carry, cut, e)plain, give, help, order, plan, practice, prepare, repair, show, use, work .ometimes the present tense is called the present habitual tense because it is used to %'
describe habitual, repeated actions. The reading selections in this chapter, which are about workers and their Dobs, contain many e)amples of habitual activities. "ommon time markers are the combinations with every :every day, every week, every month, every term, every meal, every time ...;.
1ho- Guestions
Answer the following uestions by giving the kind of worker who does each activity. Then make ten who- uestions of your own to ask the other students. %. 1ho puts out fires7 &. 1ho draws pictures for books and magaMines7 '. 1ho carries the travelers2 bags7 >. 1ho plans business activities7 F. 1ho builds and repairs houses7 H. 1ho operates on sick people7 I. 1ho helps her boss to plan his time7 J. 1ho grades students at the end of every term7 K. 1ho makes music in an orchestra7 %+. 1ho operates on sick people7 %%. 1ho brings letters and packages from house to house7 %&. 1ho shows us the newest styles of clothes7
A Luessing Lame
"hoose a student to be the leader. The leader should think o= one of the workers in this chapter, but he should not tell which worker it is. The other students will take turns guessing what the worker does. The student who guesses correctly may then start the game again. E)ample$ First student I2m thinking of a worker. Second student 9oes he operate on sick people7 First student 5o, he doesn2t. Third student 9oes he put buildings together7 First student 5o, he doesn2t. Fourth student 9oes he carry letters7 First student 6es, he does. Fourth student Is he the letter carrier7 First student 6es, he is.
/ronunciation
Third person singular -s ending In the present tense, when the subDect is he, she, or it, the verb takes an -s ending. After verbs which end in voiced sounds, the -s is pronounced like 3M3. /ronounce the words below. answers gives rides brings goes sells buys plans shows carries plays sounds
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chapter three #AN!ICAPPE! PEOPLE !O USEFUL WORK

vocabulary$ blind handicapped earn broom mop
the present tense /-E.E5T TE5.E *# (E$ I am we you are he, she, it is they ?E-( :@ s in third person AABI0IA-6 C do, does for
are are singular form; uestion and negatives
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. ,oseph Emmons can2t use his eyes. !e2s blind. !e has a trained dog named (uster that leads him where he wants to go. (uster sees for <r. Emmons. !e2s called a seeing-eye dog. Although <r. Emmons has a handicap, it isn2t a big problem. !e has a useful Dob and he earns his own money. <r. Emmons sells brooms and mops to people in this part of the city. !e has worked every day e)cept .unday for forty years. <r. Emmons gets up at H$++ every morning and eats breakfast with his wife. Then he leaves the house at I$++. !e holds (uster and walks from house to house. !e carries his mops and brooms with him. 1hile he talks to people, the dog sits and waits. The people choose a broom, and then they pay him. (uster doesn2t let <r. Emmons talk to people very long. !e likes to keep moving. It takes four and one-half months to walk to every house in this part of the city, <r. Emmons visits each house every four months, and by then the people are usually ready to buy new brooms. <r. Emmons likes his Dob. !e2s very healthy because he works outside every day. (ut these days he has a problem. !is brooms last so long that sometimes they are still good after four months. Then nobody needsi buy a new one. <r. Emmons is proud of brooms because blind people make them. !e picks up a new supply of brooms every week. !e says, 4If you don2t sell people something good they2re not going to buy from you this second time you come around.8
Guestions
Answer each uestion with a sentence from the story. %. 1hy can2t ,oseph Emmons use his eyes7 &. 1hy is (uster called a 4seeing-eye dog87 %F
'. 1hy isn2t <r. Emmons2 handicap a big problem7 >. 1hy doesn2t (uster let <r. Emmons talk very long7 F. 1hy do the people usually buy new brooms every time that <r. Emmons comes7 H. 1hy does <r. Emmons like his Dob7 I. 1hy is he so healthy7 J. 1hy does <r, Emmons have a problem selling brooms7 K. 1hy is he proud of his brooms7 %+. 1hy should you sell people something good7
Time <arkers
9urative ?erbs$ be, have, like
/unctual ?erbs$ eat, get up, sell, buy, pay, choose, visit, pick up The present habitual tense is often used to describe daily routines or regular activities. Time markers like every day, every wee , and every month show repeated action. Answer each uestion about <r. Emmons2 daily routine. %. !ow often does <r. Emmons work7 &. !ow often does (uster work7 '. 1hat time does <r. Emmons get up every day7 >. 1hat does he do ne)t7 F. 1hat time does he leave the house every day7 H. !ow often does <r. Emmons visit each house7 I. !ow often do most people buy brooms7 J. !ow often does he get a new supply of brooms7
An Interview with <r. Emmons

"hoose a partner to work with you on the interview below. /retend that you are a newspaper reporter and you are talking to <r. Emmons. Ask uestions which would produce the answers below. -eporter$ <r. Emmons$ 5o, my blindness is not a new problem. I2ve been blind since I was a child. -eporter$ <r. Emmons$ I earn money by selling mops and brooms. -eporter$ <r. Emmons$ In this part of the city. -eporter$ <r. Emmons$ <y dog (uster leads me where I want to go. -eporter$ <r. Emmons$ Every day e)cept .unday. -eporter$ <r. Emmons$ Every four months. -eporter$ <r. Emmons$ /eople like my brooms because they last so long. -eporter$ <r. Emmons$ (lind people do. -eporter$ <r. Emmons$ 6es, I like my Dob very much. -eporter$ <r. Emmons$ It keeps me busy and I can stay outside most of the time.
/ronunciation
Third person singular -s ending After verbs which end in voiceless sounds, such as 3f3, 3k3, 3p3 and 3t3, the third person singular -s is pronounced like Is3. /ronounce the words below. helps meets waits %H
keeps likes makes
sits takes talks
walks wants works
chapter $our #ALLOWE%EN IS A #OLI!A
FOR C#IL!REN
mask frightening costume monster trick treat adult candy A5I"E#
vocabulary$ autumn holiday celebrate holy All-.aints 9ay orange pumpkin Dack-o2-lantern lantern
the present tense /-E.E5T TE5.E *# (E$ I am we you are he, she, it is they ?E-( :@ s in third person AABI0IA-6 C do, does :for
are are singular form; uestions and negatives;
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. !allowe2en is an autumn holiday that Americans celebrate every year. It means 4holy evening,8 and it comes every *ctober '%, the evening before All-.aints 9ay. !owever, it2s not really a church holiday; it2s a holiday for children. Every autumn, when the vegetables are ready to eat, children pick large orange pumpkins. Then they cut faces in the pumpkins and put lights inside. It looks like there is a person looking out of the pumpkin= These lights are called Dack-o2-lanterns, which means 4,ack of the lantern.8 The children also put on strange masks and frightening costumes every !allowe2en. .ome children paint their faces to look like monsters. Then they carry bo)es or bags from house to house. Every time they come to a new house, they say, 4Trick or treat= <oney or eat=8 The adults put a treatEmoney or candyEin their bags. .ome children think of other people on !allowe2en. They carry bo)es for A5I"E# :The Anited 5ations International "hildren2s Emergency #und;. They ask for money to help poor children all around the world. *f course, every time they help A5I"E#, they usually receive a treat for themselves, too.
Guestions
<ake a uestion with the information and the uestion word given in each number below. %. !allowe2en means 4holy evening.8 :1hat; 1hat does !allowe2en mean7 &. It2s not really a church holiday; it2s a holiday for children. :1hat kind of; %I
'. >. F. I. J.
"hildren pick farge orange pumpkins. :1hat; They cut faces in the pumpkins and put lights inside. :1hat; They carry bo)es or bags from house to house. :1hat; .ome children think of other people on !allowe2en. :1ho; They ask for money to help poor children all around the world. :1hy; 9urative ?erbs$ be, mean
Time <arkers
/unctual ?erbs$ celebrate, come, pick, cut, put on, paint, ask, help, receive (elow are the answers to some uestions, but the uestions have been left out. <ake a uestion to go with each answer. %. Every year. :!ow often do Americans celebrate !allowe2en7; &. Every *ctober '%. '. Every 5ovember %. >. Every autumn, when the vegetables are ready to eat. F. Every !allowe2en. H. Every time they come to a new house. I. Every time the children come to the door. J. Every time they help A5I"E#.
9efinitions
<atch the words on the left with the definitions on the right. Then make complete sentence definitions, using the present tense. %. Dack-o2-lantern a. the season which comes after summer and before winter &. pumpkin b. an autumn holiday for children '. monster c. a religious holiday that people celebrate on 5ovember % >. treat d. a large, round, orange vegetable F. autumn e. a pumpkin with a face cut in it H. !allowe2en f. a false face I. All-.aints 9ay g. an unusual, frightening creature J. mask h. a gift such as money or candy K. adult i. a Anited 5ations group which helps poor children around the world %+. A5I"E# D. a person who is grown up
/ronunciation
Third person singular -s ending After verbs which end in sibilants, such as 3s3,3M3,3N3,3O3,3P3,3 j 3, an e)tra vowel is added and the third person singular-s is pronounced like 33. /ronounce the words below. catches produces chooses punishes finishes uses practices watches
%J
(ni" Tw ) The P%esen" C n"in4 4s Tense

chapter $i&e T#E KITES ARE FL IN' #I'#
vocabulary$ kite string climb the present continuous tense (E @ ?E-( @ ing
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. This girl is holding a kite. .he2s running as fast as she can, and the kite is rising into the air. 1hile running, she2s letting out string. The kite is rising higher and higher. *ccasionally, small children let go of their kites, and then the kites fly out of view. The second kite is flying over a tree. 1hen the wind blows hard, it2s more difficult to fly kites. This father is helping his little girl, and he2s having a very good time. !appy families often play together. This man is having a little trouble with a 4kite-eating tree.8 !e2s climbing the tree to get his kite down. .ometimes kites break when they get caught in trees. These girls are trying to fly kites, too. They2re having fun, but one of them is getting caught in the string. The other girl is laughing too hard to help her friend. This kind of trouble seldom spoils anybody2s fun, but it often breaks the kite string.
Guestions
%. 1hat is the girl in the first picture holding7 &. !ow is she running7 %K
'. 1here is the kite going7 >. 1hat is she doing while she is running7 F. 1here is the second kite flying7 H. 1ho is holding the string7 I. 1hy is the father helping his little girl7 J. 1hen is it more difficult to fly a kite, on a still day or on a windy day7 K. 1hat is the problem in the third picture7 %+. 1hy is the man climbing the tree7 %%. 1hat are the two girls in the fourth picture trying to do7 %&. 1hy are they laughing7
Time <arkers
holding, running, rising, flying climbing, helping, trying, laughing The present continuous tense describes present time. It is used for actions which are happening in the present, and for a period of time which includes the present. *n the time line above, the circle represents this period of time. In the present continuous tense, time markers are not always used. English speakers understand the tense itself to mean 4right now8 or 4a period of time including right now8. .ome other time markers for present time are combinations with this :this week, this month, this term, this year;, these :these days;, and also today and tonight. -epeat each sentence after your teacher. Then use a different time marker and change the tense to agree with it. %. .he sometimes flies a kite. :today; .he2s flying a kite today. &. !ccasionally, small children let go of their kites. :now; '. The kites often fly out of view. :at this moment; >. The wind blows hard in the s"ring. :this morning; F. The father usually helps his little girl. :now; H. 1e fly kites when we want to. :this week; I. They seldom have trouble with their kites. :these days; J. 6ou sometimes laugh too hard to help me. :now;
0istening 9iscrimination
The chapter reading contains five sentences that are not in the present continuous tense. These five sentences are statements of general truth or repeated action; their meaning is not 4right now8. They are in the present tense, and they contain these time markers$ occasionally, often, sometimes, seldom, when the wind blows hard. 0isten as your teacher reads the paragraphs again. -aise your hand each time you hear a sentence that is not in the present continuous tense.
"ontrasting Tenses
.tatements of general truth .tatements of present activity
.omething that is true in general may or may not be true at the present moment. "ontrast the present and the present continuous tenses in each sentence below. Ase the time marker now with the present continuous. %. *ccasionally, small children let go of their kites, but ... &+
&. '. >. F. H.
*ccasionally, small children let go of their kites, but she is not letting go of her kite now. *ccasionally, kites fly out of view, but ... 1hen the wind blows hard, it2s difficult to fly kites, but ... !appy families often play together, and ... .ometimes kites break when they get caught in trees, but ... This kind of trouble seldom spoils anybody2s fun, but ...
/ronunciation
/eople who are learning English sometimes say that they cannot hear the verb be :am, is, are; when English speakers are using the present continuous tense. This is partly because the #e verb is not stressed, and it is not given much time in normal speech. *ften it seems to run into the word before it or the word after it. The following forms are not formal contractions; they may not be written as contractions in English, but they sound like contractions. They are called reduced forms. /ronounce the following sentences. %. This girl is holding a kite. &. The kite is rising into the air. '. This father is helping his little girl. >. This man is having a little trouble. F. These girls are trying to fly kites, too. H. *ne of them is getting caught in the string. I. The other girl is laughing too hard to help her friend. J. 1hat is the girl holding7 K. !ow is she running7 %+. 1here is the kite going7 %%. 1ho is holding the string7 %&. 1hy is the man climbing the tree7 %'. 1hen is it difficult to fly a kite7 %>. 1hat are the girls trying to do7 %F. 1hy are they laughing7
chapter (i) POLLUTION IS SPOILIN' T#E AIR
OU BREAT#E*
vocabulary$ pollution dirt dirty pour factory breathe harm lungs gas mask
the present tense used for activities in the present ?E-(. *# <E5TA0 A"TI?IT6 *- <E5TA0 .TATE ?E-(. *# "*59ITI*5
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. /ollution is hanging like a brown cloud over 5ew 6ork today. 9irt and smoke are pouring from cars and factories. /ollution is spoiling the air we breathe, and it2s harming our health. 5ew 6ork has a big problem these days. The city has dirty air. The airsmells bad, and it looks ugly. /ollution is a health problem, too, because it2s hurting people2s lungs.
&%
.ource Aero .ervice 9ivision of 0itton Industries
This man thinks that pollution is dangerous. !e doesn2t like the air, so he isn2t breathing it. !e2s wearing a gas mask. !e2s smelling a flower, and it smells good, but he doesn2t know it. !e2s touching the flower with his mask, and the flower feels soft, but he doesn2t know it. !e2s listening for birds, but he doesn2t hear any. !e2s looking for beauty, but he doesn2t see any. !e believes that pollution is coming between us and the beauty of nature. !e2s trying to show his ideas with the gas mask. !e wants people to work together now and to make the air cleaner soon.
Guestions
%. 1hat is hanging like a brown cloud over 5ew 6ork today7 &. 1here are the dirt and smoke coming from7 '. 1hat is pollution doing to our air and to our health7 >. 1hat problem does 5ew 6ork have7 F. !ow does the air smell and look7 H. 1hy is pollution a health problem7 I. 1hy is the man wearing a gas mask7 J. 1hy doesn2t he like the air7 K. 1hat does he think about pollution7 %+. 1hat is he trying to do7
Time <arkers
The time for both these pictures is present time$ today, these days. 1e e)pect the tense to be present continuous, and for many of the sentences, it is. !owever, some of the sentences have been written in the present tense, e<en though thev are not definitions or statements of general truth. In English, a certain group of verbs cannot take any continuous tense. These are verbs which describe mental states or mental activity or conditions of things. Therefore, to show present time, these verbs take the present tense instead.
think, see, understand, have, be, feel &&
Ve%5s ! Men"a# A&"ivi"$ % Men"a# S"a"e Whi&h 6 N " Ta7e C n"in4 4s Tenses
believe hate have :meaning to own; some e)ceptions are idioms with have. These idioms are used in continuous tenses$ to have fun, to have a party, to have a good time, to have a bad time, to have trouble; hear know like love need own see think :meaning to believe. Think about has a different meaning and can take continuous tenses.; understand want
Ve%5s
! C n8i"i n Whi&h 6
N " Ta7e C n"in4 4s Tenses
appear :meaning to seem; be Qfeel :when used with no obDect; look :meaning to a""ear; seem Qsmell :when used with no obDect; sound Qtaste :when used with no obDect; Q1hen these verbs are used with obDects, they have a different meaning. 1ith obDects, they are active verbs and can take continuous tenses. "ontrast these sentences$ The man is feeling the flower. It feels soft. !e is smelling the flower. It smells good. .he is tasting the water. It tastes fresh.
"ontrasting Tenses
The following uestions all refer to present time. 5otice whether they are in the present or the present continuous tense. Answer each uestion with both a short and a long answer. %. Is he breathing the air7 5o, he isn2t. !e isn2t breathing the air. &. 9oes he like the air7 5o, he doesn2t. !e doesn2t like the air. '. Is he smelling the air7 >. 9oes the air smell bad7 F. Is he thinking about pollution7 H. 9oes he think pollution is dangerous7 I. Is he looking at the smoke7 J. 9oes the smoke look beautiful7 K. Is he having trouble breathing7 %+. 9oes he have a gas mask7 %%. Is he smelling the flower7 %&. 9oes the flower smell good7 %'. Is he touching the flower with his mask7 %>. 9oes the flower feel soft7 %F. Is he listening for birds7 &'
%H. 9oes he hear any birds7 %I. Is he looking for beauty7 %J. 9oes he see any beauty7
"hoosing Tenses
<ake a sentence with each group of words. Ase either the present or the present continuous tense. %. I 3 think about 3 litter &. I 3 think 3 litter is ugly '. The children 3 have 3 kites >. The children 3 have 3 a good time F. The fashion model 3 look at 3 new clothes H. 5ew clothes 3 look 3 beautiful I. (lind man 3 look for 3 dog J. (lind man 3 see 3 dog K. <usician 3 listen to3 instrument %+. <usician 3 hear3 instrument %%. "ars 3 sound 3 loud %&. .urgeon 3 feel 3 patient2s face %'. /atient 3 feel 3 hot %>. "hef3 smell 3 meal %F. #ood 3 smell 3 ready to eat
/ronunciation
The -ing verb ending In normal spoken English, the -ing ending is not stressed. In addition, the final 3n3 sound often carries into the ne)t word if the ne)t word begins with a vowel. /ractice the sentences below. /lace the stress on the marked syllables, and pronounce the verb ending as 3n3. %. The girl is holding a kite. &. The ite is rising into the air. '. This father is helping his little girl. >. This man is having a little trouble. F. These girls are trying to fly kites. H. The other girl is laughing.
&>
(ni" Th%ee) The P%esen" Pe%!e&" Tenses

chapter (e&en T#IS WOMAN #AS LOST #ER "OB
vocabulary$ sweater remove tag private secretary the present perfect tense upset !A?E :or !A.; @ /A.T /A-TI"I/0E worried
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. <rs. "lark and her daughter .arah have been out shopping, and they2ve Dust returned home. They bought .arah a new sweater, and she2s already put it on. It2s so new that they haven2t even removed the tag yet. <rs. "lark has Dust opened a letter, and she2s received bad news. .he2s lost her Dob= #or the past year she2s worked as a private secretary for a rich musician. 5ow the musician has decided to stop working, and he2s asked <rs. "lark to find another Dob. <rs. "lark is the only money earner in the family, since her husband is no longer living.
.ource$ 1arner (rothers
The letter has upset <rs. "lark very much. .he2s crying. .he2s recently bought a new house, a new car, and many new clothes for her Dob. .he hasn2t paid for them yet. 5ow she may not be able to pay for them, because she hasn2t saved much money. .arah has heard the bad news, but she really doesn2t understand much about money. .he2s more worried about her mother. <rs. "lark has never cried in front of her daughter before.
6es35o Guestions
#irst student$ "hange each sentence into a uestion. .econd student$ Answer each uestion with a short answer. %. <rs. "lark and .arah have been out shopping. #irst student$ !ave <rs. "lark and .arah been out shopping7 .econd student$ 6es, they have. &. They2ve Dust returned home. '. <rs. "lark has Dust opened a letter. >. .he has worked as a private secretary for a musician. F. The musician has stopped working. H. !e has asked her to find another Dob. I. The letter has upset <rs. "lark. J. .he has not paid for her new house yet. K. .arah has heard the bad news. %+. <rs. "lark has never cried in front of .arah before.
"hoice Guestions
Answer with a complete sentence. %. !ave they bought .arah a sweater or a coat7 &F
&. '. >. F. H.
!as !as !as !as !as
she put the sweater on or has she put it away7 <rs. "lark received good news or bad news7 she lost her house or her Dob7 she bought a few things or a lot of things7 she saved a lot of money or a little money7
Time <arkers
/unctual verbs$ has asked, has bought, has decided, has heard, has lost, has opened, has put on, has returned *ne meaning of the present perfect tense is that an action has been completed before the present time. This action has an effect on the present situation, but it is not happening in the present. The verbs above describe completed actions which took place at one point in time. 9urative verbs are not often used for this meaning of the present perfect tense. 1hat is important here is not how long the activity lasted, but that it is finished. In this time line, the B is especially dark to represent the fact that the action is completed. "ommon time markers are$ already, not yet, and $ust. Answer the uestions below in the present perfect tense. Ase a time marker in each sentence. %. Are <rs. "lark and .arah returning home now7 :Dust; 5o, they2ve Dust returned home. &. Is .arah putting on her sweater now7 :Dust; '. Is .arah removing the tag now7 :not yet; >. Is <rs. "lark opening the letter now7 :Dust; F. Is <rs. "lark receiving bad news now7 :Dust; H. Is she losing her Dob now7 :already; I. Is the musician deciding now to stop work7 :already; J. Is he asking her now to find another Dob7 :already; K. Is she buying a house now7 :already; %+. Is she paying for the house now7 :not yet;
0isten to the sentences as your teacher reads them. If the sentence is in the present continuous, respond with the time marker 4now.8 If the sentence is in the present perfect, respond with the time marker 4already.8 %. !e2s returning home. &. .he2s buying a new house. '. .he2s bought some new clothes. >. .he2s putting them on. F. !e2s opened the letter. H. !e2s removing the tag. I. !e2s asked his secretary. J. !e2s decided about his Dob. K. .he2s paid for everything. %+. .he2s crying about her Dob.
Time 0ines
<ake sentences with the verbs below. Ase the tense which is indicated in each time line. %. &. have returned '. >. bought
A B
&H
F.
has put it on
H.
haven2t removed
I.
has asked
J.
is crying
A B
has not paid K. has heard %+. doesn2t understand
A B
has never cried
/ronunciation
In normal spoken English, pronouns contract with the au)iliary verbs has and have in the present perfect tense. !e2s 3 hz3, she2s 3z3, and it2s 3ts3 sound Dust like the contractions for he @ is, she @ is, and it @ is. /ractice the sentences below. %. I2ve been out shopping. &. 6ou2ve returned home. '. !e2s bought a new sweater. >. .he2s opened a letter. F. It2s upset her a lot. H. 1e2ve received bad news. I. They2ve lost their money. *ther subDects may combine with has and have in spoken English, too. These are reduced forms. They are not written as contractions, but are pronounced that way. %. <rs. "lark has received bad news. &. .arah has removed the tag from the sweater. '. The musician has decided to stop working. >. The secretary has worked for a year. F. The letter has upset her a lot. H. The news has always been bad. I. The house has cost a lot of money. J. The clothes have come from the store.
chapter ei+ht IT%S !IFFICULT TO SA

The present perfect tense
'OO!,B E
!A?E :or !A.; @ /A.T /A-TI"I/0E vocabulary$ Dournalism reporter
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. /eople often travel to other places to study or to work. -alph is going to get on the train and travel to a new Dob. !e2s saying good-bye to his girl friend .tella and her brother Tom.
&I
The three friends have known each other for many years. They2ve been neighbors since they were children. -alph has lived ne)t door to .tella and Tom for fifteen years. They2ve grown up together, they2ve gone to school together, and they2ve visited each other almost every day. .tella and -alph have been an important part of each other2s lives, so it2s difficult to say good-bye. They2ve studied Dournalism together, and they2ve worked as reporters for a small town newspaper. 5ow -alph has a Dob working for a big city newspaper F++ kilometers away. -alph and .tella will miss each other very much, but -alph will come home again on his vacations.
Guestions
%. 1ho is going to travel on the train7 &. 1ho is saying good-bye to -alph7 '. !ow long have they all known each other7 >. 1here has -alph lived for fifteen years7 F. 1ho has grown up with -alph7 H. 1here have they gone every day7 I. !ow often have they visited each other7 J. 1here have -alph and .tella worked7 K. 1here is -alph going to work now7 %+. 1hy is it difficult for them to say good-bye7 %%. !ow will .tella feel when -alph is gone7 %&. 1hen will -alph come home7
Time <arkers
9urative verbs$ has been, has lived, has known, has studied, has worked *ne Dob of the present perfect tense is to show an activity or a state that has continued for a period of time, from a point in the past until the present. :5otice two things about this meaning that are different from the meaning of the tense in the last chapter. 1ith the time picture above, the action is not completed; it is still continuing in the present. .econd, it is the length of time that is important.; In these time lines, the arrow part of the picture is dark. This is to emphasiMe the length of time that the activity has continued. 9urative verbs &J
are common in this meaning of the present perfect tense. Time markers for this idea are$ for :for many years; and since :since they were children;.
/unctual verbs$ has visited, has seen, has gone, has talked If a punctual verb is used this way, we know that the action was repeated many times for a period of time. #or e)ample, 4They have visited each other every day for fifteen years.8 In this sentence, there are two time markers. *ne shows the fre uency :every day; and the second shows the duration :for fifteen years;. <ake sentences out of the groups of words below. Each sentence should be in the present perfect tense and should show an activity or a state which began in the past and has continued to the present. %. know 3 for many years &. be friends 3 since %KHF '. be neighbors 3 for fifteen years >. live ne)t door to her 3 since %KHF F. go to school 3 every day 3 for twelve years H. visit her 3 every day 3 for two years I. study Dournalism 3 since %KIF J. work as a reporter 3 for three years K. be important to her 3 for a long time %+. love her 3 since I met her
"ontrasting "ompleted Action and 9uration

0isten to the sentences as your teacher reads them. If the sentence shows completed action, respond with the time marker 4already.8 If the sentence shows duration, respond with the time marker 4for many years.8 %. -alph has met .tella. &. -alph has known .tella. '. -alph has moved ne)t door to .tella. >. -alph has lived ne)t door to .tella. F. -alph has gone to school today. H. -alph has gone to school every day. I. -alph has worked in Dournalism. J. -alph has lost his Dob. K. -alph has taken another Dob. %+. -alph has loved .tella. %%. -alph has visited .tella every day. %&. -alph has said good-bye to .tella.
"hanging Times, "hanging Tenses

-epeat each sentence after your teacher. Then use a different time marker and change the tense to agree with it. %. -alph is visiting .tella now. :every week - already; -alph visits .tella every wee . -alph has visited .tella already. &. They go to school together every morning. :this morning - for many years; '. -alph has studied Dournalism for two years. :these days - every evening; >. -alph isn2t coming home to visit this month. :every month - yet; F. !e often travels to 0ondon. :now - every month for a year; H. !e isn2t taking the train. :usually - yet; I. They2re working together on the newspaper today. :every day for si) months - seldom; J. .he isn2t writing him a letter now. :often - for three weeks; K. !is boss doesn2t hire any new reporters in the summer. :this summer - for a year; %+. .tella works for the small newspaper occasionally. :these days - for a long time;
/ronunciation
In normal spoken English, the uestion words usually combine with the au)iliary verbs has &K
and have. These are reduced forms. They are not written as contractions, but they are pronounced that way. %. !ow long have they known each other7 &. 1here has -alph lived for fifteen years7 '. 1ho has grown up with -alph7 >. 1here have they gone every day7 F. !ow often have they visited each other7 H. 1hat have -alph and .tella studied7
0isten to the sentences as your teacher reads them. If the sentence is in the present continuous, respond with the time marker 4now.8 If the sentence is in the present perfect, respond with the time marker 4already.8 %. 1ho2s gone to the big city7 &. 1ho2s traveling on the train7 '. 1ho2s saying hello to new friends7 >. 1ho2s grown up to be a Dournalist7 F. 1ho2s visited his sick friend7 H. 1ho2s studying medicine7 I. 1ho2s working on the newspaper7 J. 1ho2s come home7
chapter nine ARE BUSES AS EAS

vocabulary$
TO USE AS CARS-
traffic decrease complain schedule smart convenient parking place the present perfect continuous tense !A?E :or !A.; @ (EE5 @ ?E-( @ ing
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. 1hen the weather is cold, it2s not very much fun to wait for a bus. These people have been standing on the corner for fifteen minutes. They2ve been watching the traffic, looking for the bus, and hoping it will come soon. They2ve been talking about the bus and complaining about the weather. <ost of them feel cold. *ne smart man has been drinking coffee to stay warm.
Traveling on buses decreases pollution, but people often would rather drive their cars. <any people aren2t used to the bus schedules, and they don2t like to wait. *n the other hand, many people have been taking the bus every day for many years. '+
They2re used to it. They say the bus has been coming on time every day, and they2ve never been late to work. In addition, they haven2t needed a parking place in all that time. (uses are very convenient when you2re used to them.
Guestions
%. &. '. >. F. H. I. !ow long have the people been standing on the corner7 1hat have they been doing7 :Live five answers.; 1hy has one man been drinking coffee7 1hat are some good reasons for taking buses7 1hat are some reasons for driving cars7 1hat are some problems with buses7 1hat are some problems with cars7
Time <arkers
9urative verbs$ have been standing, have /unctual verbs$ have been taking :the bus;, been watching, have been hoping have been coming The present perfect continuous tense has the same time line as the durative part of the present perfect tense, which was in the last chapter. 0ike the present perfect :durative;, the present perfect continuous is used for activities or states that began in the past and have continued to the present. The activity or state has not stopped at the present time; it is still happening. 9urative verbs, which e)press one long continuous activity, are$ stand, watch, loo for, ho"e, tal , com"lain, drin , and wait. Time markers show the length of time of the activity$ for :fifteen minutes; and since. /unctual verbs can also be used in the present perfect continuous tense$ ta e :the bus; and come. /unctual verbs give the idea of repeated actions through a period of time. Time markers show the fre uency of the activity; every day, never, and every day for many years. *f course, some verbs can never take a continuous tense. :#or a review of these verbs, see chapter si).; 5oncontinuous verbs take the present perfect tense, and indicate an activity or a state over a period of time. #or e)ample$ They have not needed a parking place in all that time.
Action "ompleted and Activity *vera /eriod of Time

The present perfect continuous tense is not used to describe completed action; for that time picture, we use the present perfect. 0isten to the sentences below as your teacher reads them. All are in the present perfect tense. .ome of the verbs describe a period of time, and some describe a completed action. If the verb describes an activity over a period of time, change it to the present perfect continuous tense. If it describes a completed action, simply repeat the sentence as it is. %. !e2s bought a ticket already. &. !e2s taken the bus for one month. '. !e2s stood on the corner since K a.m. >. !e2s asked the bus driver for a ticket. F. 1e2ve caught the bus on the corner every day this week. H. The bus has come on time every day. I. 1e2ve waited for almost an hour. J. !e2s drunk all his coffee already.
5oncontinuous ?erbs
0isten to the sentences as the teacher reads them. If you can, change the verb phrase to the present perfect continuous tense. If the verb cannot take a continuous tense, simply repeat the sentence as it is. %. I2ve owned a car for ten years. &. I2ve driven it to work every day. '. I2ve never believed that cars are dirty. >. I2ve always thought that cars are convenient. '%
F. I2ve taken my car to the center of the city. H. I2ve parked very close to my office. I. It2s taken half an hour to drive to work. J. I2ve always hated to wait in the cold. K. I2ve thought about taking the bus in the summer. %+. I2ve waited for a more convenient bus schedule. %%. I haven2t ever had a car. %&. I2ve taken the bus every day for years. %'. I2ve had a lot of fun riding buses. %>. The schedule has been convenient for me. %F. The bus has come on time every day. %H. I2ve always liked the buses. %I. I2ve ridden with the same bus driver for two years. %J. I2ve said hello to him every morning. %K. The air has seemed polluted this week. &+. The weather has felt cold all week.
-ole /laying
In the e)ercise above, sentences %-%+ present the point of view of a person who drives a car regularly. .entences %%-&+ e)press the view of a person who usually rides the bus. "hoose a partner and make up a conversation between a car driver and a bus rider. 6ou may use ideas and sentences from the previous e)ercise. The people in your conversation will probably agree about some things and disagree about others. /erform your conversation for the class.
Time 0ines
<ake sentences with the verbs below. Ase the tense which is indicated in each time line. %. &. have been standing have been watching
'.
>.
F.
have been hoping
H.
feel cold
I.
have been drinking
J.
decreases pollution
have been taking K. have not needed %+.
have been coming
are convenient

-etell the story in chapter eight, 4It2s 9ifficult to .ay Lood-bye.8 Ase the present perfect continuous tense wherever it is possible.
(ni" F 4%) The Pas" Tense

chapter ten LI'#TNIN' STRUCK T#E CIT LAST NI'#T
chimney '& vocabulary$ lightning
the past tense /A.T TE5.E *# (E$ I was we were you were he, she, it was they were ?E-( : @ ed; AABI0IA-6 C did :for uestions and negatives;
struck twice flash lucky
rod bark
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. 0ightning struck twice by our house last night during a rainstorm. *ne flash of lightning hit at K$%+, and the second hit at K$&+. 1e heard the sound of thunder and we smelted the lightning in the air. The first flash struck our neighbor2s chimney. The chimney was very tall, and it acted like a lightning rod. It pulled the lightning to it. 1hen the lightning struck, it tore out a whole row of bricks. *ur neighbors said it sounded like glass was breaking when the bricks fell. The second flash hit another neighbor2s tree. It the bark off the tree. (ecause it was raining, the didn2t start to burn. !owever, our neighbor said the lightning killed the tree. 1e were lucky. The lightning missed our house. we were all happy that nobody was hurt.
tore tree that And
Guestions
%. &. '. >. F. H. I. J. 9id lightning strike once or twice last night7 9id they hear the thunder or the lightning7 9id they smell fire or lightning7 9id the first flash hit the chimney or the tree7 9id the lightning strike tall things or short things7 9id it break the chimney or the glass7 9id the second flash hit at K$&+ or at K$'+7 1as the tree killed by fire or by lightning7
Tense <arkers
/unctual ?erbs$ struck, hit, heard, smelled, acted, pulled, tore, sounded, broke, fell, started, killed, hurt The most basic use of the past tense is to describe one completed action in the past. It is very easy to give an e)act time for a punctual verb in the past tense. "ommon time markers are$ yesterday and its combinations :yesterday morning, yesterday afternoon, yesterday evening;; combinations with last :last night, last month, last year;; combinations with ago :two days ago, two weeks ago, three years ago;; and specific points in time with the prepositions in, on, and at :in %KIJ, on <onday, at K$%+;. <ake a sentence with each group of words below. %. struck 3 car 3 yesterday afternoon &. hit 3 school 3 last month ''
'. killed 3 farm animals 3 last week >. broke 3 windows 3 ten years ago F. chimney 3 fell 3 half an hour ago H. fire3started3at K$+I I. smefled3fire3at K$%+ J. called 3 firemen 3 at K$%% K. firemen 3arrived 3 at K$%F %+. put out 3 fire 3 five minutes ago
In the present perfect tense, an e)act time is never given for an action. !owever, in the simple past, the e)act time may be given. 0isten to the following sentences. If the sentence is in the present perfect tense, respond with the time marker 4already.8 If the sentence is in the past tense, respond with the time marker 4last week.8 %. <rs. "lark bought .arah a new sweater. &. .he2s put it on. '. They removed the tag. >. <rs. "lark received bad news. F. .he lost her Dob. H. <rs. "lark has bought a new house. I. .he2s also bought a new car. J. They bought many new clothes. K. .arah didn2t hear the bad news. %+. .he didn2t see her mother cry.

-epeat each sentence after your teacher. Then use a different time marker and change the tense to agree with it. %. 0ightning struck somewhere yesterday. :every day - Dust; 0ightning strikes somewhere every day. 0ightning has Dust struck somewhere. &. 0ightning strikes our neighborhood often. :at K$%+ - twice already; '. 1e have $ust heard the sound of thunder. :every time it rains - last night before the storm; >. The tall chimney has already fallen down. :every time the wind blows - a year ago; F. 0ightning started a fire in the trees yesterday morning. :often -Dust; H. The tree didn2t burn yesterday. :yet - since the last rainstorm; I. 1e were lucky last night. :for a month - sometimes; J. The lightning always misses our house. :for ten years - yesterday; K. The lightning hasn2t killed anybody at our house yet. :never- last night; %+. I2m always happy to see rain. :a week ago - since the dry year we had once;
/ronunciation
-egular verbs take a -d or an -ed ending in the past tense. The pronunciation of the past tense ending, like that of the present tense ending, depends on the final sound of the verb. After verbs which end in voiced sounds, the -ed is pronounced like 3d3. 5otice that there is no e)tra vowel sound added, and the e in the -ed ending is not pronounced. There is no e)tra syllable, but only an e)tra consonant at the end of the verb. In some of the e)amples below there are as many as three final consonants. /ronounce the words below. pulled studied breathed burned cried climbed stayed poured used lived destroyed showed
chapter e.e&en RESCUE WORKERS SA/E! FOUR PEOPLE

vocabulary$ rescue '>
seatbelt swim immediately police truck rope slippery life Dacket tire tube blanket
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. -escue workers pulled a man, a woman, and two children from this cold, rushing water. The mother and her two daughters got into trouble first. Their car drove off the road into the water. The man, a truck driver, almost died when he tried to save them. The trouble started when <rs. 0eslie "ady lost control of her car on a winding mountain road. The car fell down thirty feet from the road into the water. It rolled over once and landed right side up in the rushing water. All three people were wearing their seatbelts. 5obody was hurt by the fall. !owever, they couldn2t leave the car. The water outside was too cold and too fast for safe swimming. The rescue started almost immediately. Another driver told the police about the trouble. The police called special rescue workers and a truck to pull the car out. The driver of the truck, /aul -uter, arrived before the other rescue workers. Immediately he took a rope from his truck and he began to walk through the rushing water to the car. Then he got into trouble, too. The water was too fast, the ground was slippery, and he got caught in the ropes. !e went under the water by the car. <rs. "ady saw him and reached for his hand. .he pulled as hard as she could and brought him to the car door. 5e)t the other rescue workers arrived. They put on special suits to stay warm. They brought safety ropes, life Dackets, tire tubes, and warm blankets. #irst they pulled the people out of the back window onto the top of the car. Then they swam with each person to shore. They saved <r. -uter, <rs. "ady, and the little girls. #inally all the people went to the hospital. 5obody was hurt badly. The rescue workers said that they all were very lucky to be alive.
Guestions
%. 1here did the trouble take place7 'F
&. 1hat kind of road was <rs. "ady driving on when she lost control of her car7 '. !ow far did the car fall7 >. 1hy wasn2t anybody hurt by the fall7 F. 1hy didn2t they get out of the car7 H. !ow did the police learn about the trouble7 I. 1here did /aul -uter try to go7 J. 1hy did he slip under the water7 K. !ow did <rs. "ady save <r. -uter7 %+. 1hat did the workers bring with them to help with the rescue7 %%. !ow did the men save the four people7 %&. 1hat did the rescue workers say7
Asing 41ho8 as the .ubDect of a Guestion

#irst student$ <ake a uestion about the subDect of each sentence. Ase who. .econd student$ Answer each uestion with a short answer. %. -escue workers pulled four people from the water. #irst student$ 1ho pulled four people from the water7 .econd student$ -escue workers did. &. The mother and her two daughters got into trouble first. '. <r. -uter almost died when he tried to save them. >. <rs. 0eslie "ady lost control of her car. F. 5obody was hurt by the fall. H. Another driver told the police about the trouble. I. /aul -uter arrived first. J. The other rescue workers arrived later.
Asing 41ho8 as the *bDect in a Guestion

#irst student$ <ake a uestion about the obDect of each sentence. Ase who did. .econd student; Answer each uestion with a complete sentence. %. The police called special rescue workers. #irst student$ 1ho did the police call7 .econd student$ They called special rescue workers. &. <rs. "ady pulled <r. -uter to the car door. '. -escue workers pulled the little girls out of the back window. >. They put the little girls on top of the car. F. They swam with each person to shore. H. They saved <r. -uter, <rs. "ady, and the little girls.
Time <arkers
lost, fell, rolled, landed A series of verbs in the past tense is often used to tell about events that happen uickly, one right after the other. The story in this chapter is a series of uick, completed actions in the past. Almost every verb in the story is a punctual verb. #or stories like this, time markers of chronological se uence tell the order of actions. It is not possible to tell the relative order of events from the verbs themselves, since they are all in the same tense. The story includes words of chronological order like$ first, second, almost immediately, #efore, after, then, ne%t, and finally. (elow is a list of completed actions from the story. The list is out of order. -etell the story by using these sentences in the proper order and by using some of the words of chronological order. %. The workers put on special suits to keep warm. &. The car rolled over once. '. Another driver saw <rs. "ady2s car. >. /aul -uter arrived. F. !e fell down into the rushing water and almost died. 'H
H. The other rescue workers arrived. I. <rs. "ady lost control of her car. J. The second driver called the police. K. -uter walked out to the car with a rope. %+. It landed right side in the rushing water. %%. <rs. "ady was driving on a winding mountain road. %&. <rs. "ady reached out to save the truck driver. %'. All four people went to the hospital. %>. They pulled the people onto the roof of the car. %F. They brought all four people safely to shore.

-epeat each sentence after your teacher. Then use a different time marker and change the tense to agree with the time marker. %. -escue workers pulled four people from the water last Friday. :Dust - at this minute; &. /eople died in that water last year. :already - often; '. <any cars have driven off that road already. :last winter - every year; >. The car fell into the water two hours ago. :at this moment - Dust; F. These people didn2t wear seatbelts yesterday. :never- now; H. The rescue started almost immediately. :right now - not yet; I. Another driver is telling the police now. :already - half an hour ago; J. .he pulled him to the car door a minute ago. :not yet - now;
/ronunciation
After verbs which end in voiceless sounds, the past tense -ed ending is pronounced like 3t3. The e of the -ed ending is not pronounced; there is no e)tra syllable added. 5otice that there may be as many as three final consonants in the e)amples below. /ronounce the words below. missed decreased laughed watched shopped oduced looked stopped rushed hoped asked reached
'I
chapter twe.&e !INOSAURS LI/E! MAN
EARS A'O
vocabulary$ dinosaur disappear shallow .tegosaurus develop scales protect message brain serious fossil
the past tense /A.T TE5.E *# (E$ I was we you were he, she, it was they
were were
?E-( : @ ed; AABI0IA-6 C did :for uestions and negatives;
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. 9inosaurs lived on the earth for %'F million years. They appeared &++ million years ago, and they disappeared HF million years ago. They were the largest animals ever to live on earth, and they ruled the earth for a very long period of time. 9inosaurs lived in 5orth America, in Africa, and in Europe. 9uring this time, the land in 5orth America was under a large, shallow sea. <any dinosaurs lived in the water, which helped to hold up their great weight. The early dinosaurs walked on two feet, and they ate meat. The later dinosaurs were larger and walked on four feet. .ome of the later dinosaurs ate plants only. The .tegosaurus was very large. It was a plant eater, but it was often in danger from the meat-eating dinosaurs. It developed scales along its back to protect itself. The .tegosaurus was so large that it took a long time for messages to travel from its brain to its legs. To solve this problem, it developed a 4second brain8 by its back legs to control its leg movements. 1hy did dinosaurs die out7 5obody knows for sure. /robably a change in the weather made serious problems for them. About I+ million years ago, the -ocky <ountains formed in 5orth America. The plant life and the weather changed. /erhaps the dinosaurs couldn2t change fast enough. /eople who like dinosaurs can see fossils in 9inosaur 5ational /ark. This park is in Atah and "olorado. #ossils are bones which have become stone. #ossils have taught us a lot about these great animals of the past.
Guestions
#irst student$ <ake information uestions with the uestions words below. .econd student$ Answer each uestion with a short answer. 'J
%. 9inosaurs lived on the earth for %'F million years. :!ow long7; #irst student$ !ow long did dinosaurs live on the earth7 .econd student$ #or %'F million years. &. They appeared &++ million years ago. :1hen7; '. They disappeared HF million years ago. :1hen7; >. They ruled the earth for a very long period of time. :!ow long7; F. 9inosaurs lived in 5orth America, in Africa, and in Europe. :1here7; H. <any dinosaurs lived in the water, which helped to hold up their great weight. :1hy7; I. The .tegosaurus developed scales along its back to protect itself. :1hy7; J. The .tegosaurus developed a 4second brain8 by its back legs to control its leg movements. :1hy7; K. About I+ million years ago, the -ocky <ountains formed in 5orth America. :1hen7; %+. #ossils are bones which have become stone. :1hat7;
Time <arkers
were, lived, had, ruled 9urative ?erbs
disappeared /unctual ?erbs died out 6ou have learned that the past tense can be used to describe a single point of time in the past. /unctual verbs in this chapter reading are$ a""ear, disa""ear, die out, change, and form. These verbs mark the beginning and the end of the dinosaur period. The word ago is often used to fi) an e)act time in the past. The past tense can also describe a period of time in the past, which began and ended in the past. 9urative verbs which show a period of time are$ #e, live, have, and rule. Time markers which show the length of this time period are for :for %'F million years; and from to :from &++ million years ago to HF million years ago;. 0isten to the sentences below. If the verb describes a point in time, respond with the time marker 4many years ago.8 If the verb describes a period of time, respond with the time marker 4for many years.8 %. 9inosaurs ruled the earth. &. They appeared on the earth. '. 9inosaurs lived in 5orth America. >. They disappeared from 5orth America. F. The land in 5orth America was under a shallow sea. H. The .tegosaurus developed a 4second brain.8 I. /lant eaters and meat eaters lived together. J. 9inosaurs died out. K. The -ocky <ountains formed and the weather changed. %+. 9inosaur bones changed to stone.
appeared
"ontrasting the /resent /erfect Tenses with the /ast Tense

(oth the present perfect tenses and the past tense can describe a period of time. !owever, with the present perfect tenses, that period of time continues until the present. 1ith the past tense, the period of time must both begin and end in the past. The activity is not happening in the present. 0isten to the following sentences. Tell whether or not the activity is still happening in the present. %. .tella has been living in the same house for fifteen years. :.he is still living there.; &. 9inosaurs lived on the earth for %'F million years. :They are no longer living there.; '. 9inosaurs ruled the earth from &++ million (.". to HF million (.". >. The police have been controlling our city since last year. F. 5orth America was under a shallow sea for many years. H. *ur car was under water for two hours. I. That rescue worker has been under water for two minutes. J. The weather has been very warm since last week. K. The weather was very warm for %'F million years. %+. It rained last week from 1ednesday to #riday. 'K

"hange each sentence from the present perfect to the simple past. "hange the time marker as in the e)ample. %. I2ve studied English since %KI'. :from %KI% to %KII; I studied English from %KI% to %KII. &. I2ve lived in England since %KIF. :from %KI> to %KIJ; '. I2ve had a Dob as a reporter since %KIH. :from %KI+ to %KIF; >. I2ve been working in the city since last year, :from %KI& to %KIF; F. The businessman has owned that store since %K>+. :from %K>+ to %KI+; H. !e has controlled all business activities since %KH+. :from %KH+ to %KHF; I. .he2s been traveling around the world since last month. :from ,anuary to April; J. .he2s been a private secretary since %KI'. :from %KI' to %KI>; K. !e2s been driving his car every day since %KH+. :from %KH+ to %KI+; %+. It2s been raining since yesterday. :for two days last week;
/ronunciation
After verbs which end in 3t3 or 3d3, the past tense ending -ed is pronounced like 3 d3. An e)tra syllable is added to the verb. /ronounce the words below. acted needed celebrated sounded visited painted started decided landed waited wanted protected
chapter thirteen !R LAN! FARMIN'0 AN ART AN! A SCIENCE

vocabulary$ crop drought dust situation 1estern /lains 9ust (owl science art
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. (efore modern farming methods, farmers lost many crops to dry weather. .ometimes dry periods lasted for many years. In those days, a long dry period, or drought, often turned the land to dust. Then winds came along and blew the good land away. This happened year after year. #armers didn2t understand how to plant and so they made the situation worse. Each year they planted the same crops. They never gave the land a rest. The land became poor with too much use. They always planted in long, straight rows. They broke the land into fine dust. They never planted trees to break the strength of the wind. The worst dry period was the drought of the %K'+2s. Lood farmland on the 1estern /lains became a 9ust .ource$ 1. Lrant !eilman 1heat "ountry (owl.
>+
#armers had a very hard time until they started to use modern farming methods. 5ow farmers plant a different crop every year. .ome years they give part of their land a rest. The land stays healthy and rich. <odern farmers form rows in curving lines and plant trees to stop the wind. <odern crops are much larger and more dependable. 9ry land farming is both a science and an art. #rom the air, the farms look like pieces of modern art.
Guestions
%. &. '. >. F. H. I. J. 1hy did farmers lose so many crops7 !ow did the drought change the land7 1hat did the wind do to the dust7 !ow long did the dry periods last7 !ow did farmers make the situation worse7 1hat happened on the 1estern /lains in the %K'+2s7 1hat methods do modern farmers use7 1hat are modern crops like7 9urative ?erbs$ lasted, had, became, understood
Time <arkers
/unctual ?erbs$ lost, came, happened, planted, gave, broke, started, formed The past tense can also be used to describe repeated, habitual actions for a period in the past. -epeated activity is usually e)pressed by punctual verbs. <any of the time markers are the same as in the present habitual tense$ sometimes, never, always, often, each year, year after year. <ake sentences in the past tense with the groups of words below. %. often 3 lose 3 crops &. drought 3 usually 3 turn land to dust '. happen 3 year after year >. always 3 plant 3 straight rows F. never 3 give land 3 rest H. usually 3 break land 3 into dust .ource$ 9epartmenl of Agriculture 9on .chuhart I. never 3 form 3 curving rows J. never 3 plant 3 trees
"ontrasting the /ast Tense and the /resent !abitual

0isten to the sentences below. Then tell whether the activity still happens, or whether it doesn2t happen any more. %. #armers lost many crops before they used modern methods. :They don2t lose many crops any more.; &. "rops are large and dependable. :"rops are still large and dependable.; '. 9ry periods last for many years. >. 9roughts often turned the land to dust in those days. F. 6ear after year the winds blew the good land away. H. #armers use modern methods. I. #armers planted the same crops every year. J. They always planted in long, straight rows. >%
K. #armers sometimes give the land a rest. %+. #armers broke the land into dust. %%. They plant rows of trees to break the wind. %&. #armers had a lot of trouble with drought.

The problem of drought and dry land farming has been solved. /retend that another problemEthat of litter in modern citiesEwas solved some years ago. -etell the story in chapter one, 40itter is a /roblem in *ur "ities,8 using the past tense. (egin this way$ 0itter 1as a /roblem in *ur "ities (efore people decided to stop throwing garbage, litter was a big problem in our cities.
/ronunciation
In uestions in formal spoken English, there is often a reduction in sound after the au)iliary verb did. The change in sound may involve the uestion word, the verb did, and the following pronoun. /ronounce the sentences below. %. 9id you lose your crops7 &. 9id you give the land a rest7 '. 9id your land dry out7 >. 9idn2t you plant trees7 F. 9idn2t you plant in curving rows7 H. 1hat did the wind do to the dust7 I. 1hen did it blow7 J. 1here did it blow7 K. 1hy did it hurt the crops7 %+. !ow did it change the land7 %%. 1ho did it hurt7 %&. !ow long did it last7
>&
(ni" Five) The Pas" Ha5i"4a# Tenses

chapter $ourteen TRANSPORTATION USE! TO BE MUC# SLOWER T#AN IT IS NOW
vocabulary$ desert camel transportation mechanical improvement refrigerator monoplane biplane pilot load engine tank cabin Det
the past habitual tense A.E9 T* @ ?E-( AABI0IA-6 C did @ use to @ ?E-(, for uestions and negatives
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. #or many years in the desert, camels used to be the only form of transportation. (efore the age of modern trains, camel trains used to carry all the goods for trading between "entral Africa and Europe. Traders sometimes used to put together camel trains with %+,+++ to %F,+++ animals. Each animal often used to carry as much as >++ pounds and it could travel twenty miles a day. This form of transportation used to be so important that camels were called the 4ships of the desert.8 5ow modern trains travel across the desert in a very short time. *ne engine can pull as much weight as %'F,+++ camels. In addition, trains use special cars for their load. -efrigerator cars carry food; bo)cars carry heavy goods; stock cars carry animals; and tank cars carry oil. Air travel has changed, too. The earliest planes were biplanes, with two sets of wings. The top speed of this plane was H+ miles per hour. The pilots used to sit or lie on the wings in the open air. The plane engines sometimes used to stop in the middle of a trip. It used to be impossible to fly in bad weather. In snow or in rain, the wings fre uently used to become icy. Then the plane might go down. <echanical improvements during the first world war changed airplanes. <onoplanes took the place of biplanes. /ilots flew inside of covered cabins. .till, even these planes were small. *nly rich people used to be able to travel in airplanes. 5ow modern Dets make air travel possible for all people. 5o place in the world is more than &> .ource$ (oeing Airplane "o. hours away by Det. #urther improvements have lowered the cost of flying, and they have made air travel much safer than it used to be. A >'
modern I+I can carry %I+ people and can fly at H++ miles per hour. /eople never used to eat, sleep, or watch movies on airplanes. 5ow these things are a normal part of air travel=
Guestions
%. 1hat used to be the only form of transportation in the desert7 &. !ow many camels did traders use to put together in camel trains7 '. !ow fast did the camel trains use to move7 >. !ow much weight did the camels use to carry7 F. 1hat did people use to call the camels7 H. E)plain why air travel used to be so dangerous. I. 9id pilots use to travel in bad weather7 J. 1ho used to travel on airplanes7 K. 1hat did air travel use to cost7 %+. 9id people use to eat and sleep on planes7
<aking Guestions with 4Ased to8

#irst student$ "hange each sentence into a uestion. .econd student$ Answer each uestion with a short answer. %. "amels used to carry all the goods between "entral Africa and Europe. &. "amel trains used to be very important. '. Traders didn2t use to keep food cold. >. /lanes used to have two sets of wings. F. /ilots used to sit or lie on the wings. H. The wings sometimes used to ice up in bad weather. I. /oor people never used to ride in airplanes. J. Air travel used to be more dangerous. K. Air travel used to be more e)pensive. %+. Airplanes used to be much smaller.
Time <arkers
used to be used to be able to used to carry used to travel used to fly In chapters twelve and thirteen, you learned that the past tense could be used to describe a period of time in the past. Another verb tense which is used for this time picture is the past habitual tense with 4used to.8 The past habitual can describe a state or an activity which lasted for a period of time; it can also describe repeated, habitual actions for a period of time in the past. The adverbs of fre uency are often used with this tense. The past habitual resembles the present tense :present habitual; in some ways. It is like a small section of the present tense, but its time period ends before present time. .tatements with 4used to8 are no longer true in the present. (elow is a conversation between an old man and a modern traveler. #inish the sentences for the modern traveler; use the past habitual tense. %. 4I have many camels for desert trade.8 :before the days of the modern train; 4I used to have many camels for desert trade before the days of the modern train.8 &. 4I always send my goods on camels.8 :before the days of the modern train; '. 4I ride my camels every day.8 :before I sold them all; >. 4<y camels often travel twenty miles a day.8 :before they got old; F. 4"amel trains leave every week to cross the desert.8 :in the old days; H. 4"amels are very important to trade.8 :in the old days; I. 4Airplanes are too dangerous to fly in.8 :before modern improvements were made; J. 4I2m afraid of flying.8 :before I tried it;
"ontrasting Tenses$ 0istening 9iscrimination

Ased to @ ?erb to (e Ased to @ ?erb @ ing 9o not confuse these two verb tenses. The second one means to #e accustomed to something. It is followed by a verb @ ing. "ompare these sentences$ >>
I am used to riding on camels :and I will continue.; I used to ride on camels :but I don2t any more.; 0isten to the sentences below as your teacher reads them. 9ecide which form is being used. -espond by saying either 4and they will continue8 or 4but they don2t any more.8 %. "amels used to carry heavy weights. &. "amels are used to carrying heavy weights. '. Traders are used to putting together camel trains. >. Traders used to put together camel trains. F. /ilots are used to sitting on the wings. H. /ilots used to sit on the wings. I. /ilots used to fly in dangerous weather. J. /ilots are used to flying in dangerous weather. K. -ich people are used to flying in airplanes. %+. -ich people used to have the airplanes for themselves.
Time 0ines
<ake sentences with the verbs below. Ase the tense which is indicated in each time line. %. &.
'.
used to travel
>.
travel
F.
used to carry
H.
carry
has changed I. changed J.
used to stop
K.
%+.
took the place of
have lowered
eat, sleep, watch movies

-etell the story in chapter thirteen, 49ry 0and #arming$ An Art and a .cience8. Ase the past habitual with 4used to8 whenever it is possible.
/ronunciation
In normal spoken English, the second vowel in 4used to8 is reduced to 3 3. 5otice also that the final d in 4used8 combines with the following t, so there is actually no difference in sound between the phrases 4used to8 and 4use to.8 /ronounce the sentences below. %. "amel trains used to be very important. &. 9id camel trains use to be very important7 '. /lanes used to have two wings. >. 9id planes use to have two sets of wings7 F. The wings used to ice up. H. 9id the wings use to ice up7
chapter $i$teen T#ANKS'I/IN' ON T#E FARM

vocabulary$ relative twin >F
the past habitual tense with 1*A09 1*A09 @ ?E-(
e)tra stove turkey stuff
onion roast doMen pie
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. I remember our Thanksgivings on the farm. 1hen I was growing up, we lived on a farm near the town. There were many other relatives who lived near us. Every year they would all come, from other farms and from the town, to be with us. 1e2d work for days to prepare for the holiday. <other and the girls would clean every part of the house, and they2d get all the e)tra rooms ready for the relatives. Then they2d wash all our best clothesEwe called these dresses and suits our 4.unday best.8 The men would cut e)tra wood for all the cooking, for we had an old wood-burning stove. #ather would always kill the biggest turkey, and then he2d clean the bird. #inally, the whole %armRy would drive into town to buy the food that we couldn2t produce on the farm, like coffee and sugar. *n Thanksgiving morning the women would get up early to begin cooking. <other would stuff the turkey with bread and onions, and then she2d roast it. Aunt Ellen would make a doMen pumpkin pies. Aunt Ann would pick autumn flowers from the garden for the center of the table. .he2d also bring in vegetables to eat with the turkey and the pies. The older children would help set the table while the twin babies played in their high chair. (ut I liked to play with the cat, waiting for somebodytogivemepiecesof food. All this time our old dog would lie under the warm stove, watching the activity.
.ource$ Artist 9oris 0ee. The Art Institute of "hicago
Guestions
%. 1here did the woman live when she was growing up7 &. 1here did her relatives live7 '. 1hy would her relatives visit at Thanksgiving time7 >H
>. !ow long would the family work to prepare for the holiday7 F. 1hat would the women do to get ready for Thanksgiving7 H. 1hat would the men do to help7 I. 1hat would the family do all together7 J. 1hat foods would the women cook on Thanksgiving 9ay7 K. 1hat would the older children do to help7 %+. 1here would the dog and cat be7
Time <arkers
would clean, would wash, would drive, would get up, would roast, would pick The time picture for this tense is the same as the picture for the past habitual tense with 4used to,8 from chapter fourteen. 5otice, however, that the verbs in this reading selection are punctual verbs rather than durative verbs. The phrase 4would be8 does not mean the same thing as the phrase 4used to be.8 <ost English speakers understand 4would be8 as a future conditional, in future time, rather than as a past habitual. "ommon time markers are the adverbs of fre uency, as well as combinations with every :every year, every month, every time, every Thanksgiving 9ay;. In addition, another time marker is used to set the period in the past$ in my youth, when I was young, in the old days, before modern times. 0isten to each sentence as your teacher reads it. Then use a past time e)pression and repeat the sentence in the past habitual tense with would. %. *ur relatives visit every year at Thanksgiving time. :In my youth; In my youth, our relatives would visit every year at Thanksgiving time. &. They come every year to be with us. :#ormerly; '. 1e usually work for days to prepare for the holiday. :1hen I was young; >. <other and the girls always clean every part of the house. :In those days; F. 1e wash our best clothes every week. :In the old days; H. The men cut wood every day for cooking. :In my youth; I. The family shops in town every week. :1hen I was young; J. The women always get up early to cook. :In those days; K. Aunt Ellen sometimes makes fruit pies, and sometimes she makes pumpkin pies. :1hen I was young; %+. Aunt Ann often picks flowers from the garden. :,n the old days; %%. The older children help set the table for every meal. :#ormerly; %&. *ur old dog often watches from under the stove. :In those days;

-etell the story in chapter fourteen, 4Transportation Ased to (e <uch .lower,8 using would whenever it is possible. 9o not substitute 4would be8 for 4used to be.8 -etell the story in this chapter, using used to. It will be possible to substitute used to for any phrase with would.
/ronunciation
In normal spoken English, the pronouns and the word not contract with the au)iliary would. There is no change in the vowel sounds. /ronounce the words below. I, I2d we, we2d you, you2d they, they2d he, he2d she, she2d would, wouldn2t it, it2d
>I
(ni" Si') The Pas" C n"in4 4s Tense

chapter (i)teen W#EN T#E WALL FELL IN
vocabulary$ dig accident crack refuse shock insurance
the past continuous tense (E @ ?E-( @ ing :past;
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. At si) o2clock on April &%,%KIH, the living room and front part of this man2s house fell in. The man was having construction workers dig a hole under the front of the house to add on another room. The workers weren2t there when the accident happened, so nobody was hurt. -eporters asked the owner, 41hat were you doing when the rooms fell in78 !e answered, 4<y wife and I were talking to guests. 1e were showing them the cracks in the front room when we heard a loud sound. The cracks were growing larger, so we called the construction company. (ut it was too late. The construction workers were still driving here when the rooms fell in.8 The owner2s wife was cry ing while the reporters were talking and refused to have her picture taken. 4I was standing right here outside the front room when it fell in,8 she said. 4It gave me the biggest shock of my life.8 The owner has told his insurance company about the accident, and it will pay to rebuild the house. The construction company says that the house will soon be as good as new. (ut many of the things in the house have been lost forever.
Guestions
Answer each uestion with a complete sentence. %. 1hen did the rooms fall in7 &. 1hy wasn2t anybody hurt7 '. 1ho was the owner talking to when the rooms fell in7 >. 1hat was he looking at when he heard the sound7 F. 1hy did he call the construction company7 H. 1hat were the workers doing when the rooms fell in7 I. 1hat was the owner2s wife doing while the reporters were talking7 J. 1here was she standing when the front room fell in7 K. 1ho will rebuild the house7 %+. 1ho will pay for the repairs7
Time <arkers
>J
The past continuous tense is rarely used by itself. -ather, it is used to describe what was taking place when another activity happened in the past. Asually the past continuous is Doined to another clause in the past continuous or in the past tense. The time lines took like this$ talking talking
crying fell in .he was crying while the reporters They were talking to their guests were talking. when the rooms fell in. 1hile she was crying, the reporters 1hile they were talking to their were talking. guests, the rooms fell in. The time marker while introduces clauses in the past continuous; when introduces clauses in the past tense. ,oin the following pairs of sentences with the time marker while. %. The construction workers weren2t working. The owners were talking to their guests. &. The cracks were growing larger. The people were looking at them. '. The workers were driving to the man2s house. The rooms were falling in. >. The owner2s wife was crying. The reporters were talking to her. F. The owner was looking at the house. The reporters were taking his picture. ,oin the following pairs of sentences with the time marker when. %. It was raining. 0ightning struck the tree. &. 1e were watching T?. 0ightning struck. '. I was sitting by the window. I heard the sound. >. 5obody was standing near the tree. The lightning hit. F. 1e were looking out the window. 1e saw a flash of light. ,oin the following pairs of sentences, first with while and then with when. %. <rs. "ady was driving on a mountain road. .he lost control of her car. &. Everybody was wearing seatbelts. A bad accident happened. '. <r. -uter was walking through the water. !e fell. >. !e was trying to save the people. !e got into trouble himself. F. <rs. "ady was watching him. !e went under water.
5oncontinuous ?erbs
As you have learned, some verbs cannot be used in the continuous tenses. :.ee chapter si) for a review.; 1hen you are speaking or writing about past time, such verbs will take the past tense instead of the past continuous. 0isten to the following sentences as your teacher reads them. "hange each verb to past continuous if it is possible. If the verb does not take a continuous tense, simply repeat the sentence as it is. %. "onstruction workers dug a hole yesterday. &. !e wanted another room, '. They added on another room. >. They didn2t work there last night. F. <y wife talked to our guests. H. 1e showed them the cracks in the front room. I. 1e heard a loud sound. J. 1e called the construction company. K. It was too late. %+. The rooms fell in. %%. 1e needed more room. %&. 1e had more rooms before the accident. >K
Time 0ines
<ake sentences with the verbs below. Ase the tense which is indicated in each time line. %. &. fell in showing '. heard growing fell in driving >. fell in crying H. talking J. has told have been lost
F.
showing I.

-etell the story in chapter five, 4The Sites Are #lying !igh.8 Ase the past continuous tense and answer the uestion, 41hat were these people doing on their vacation yesterday78
F+
(ni" Seven The Pas" Pe%!e&" Tenses

chapter (e&enteen NOBO! #A! BELIE/E! IT WAS POSSIBLE
vocabulary$ iceberg lifeboat sink passenger radio survivor tragedy officer drill warning speed direction
the past perfect tense !A9 @ /A.T /A-TI"I/0E
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. In %K%&, the Titanic hit an iceberg on its first trip across the Atlantic, and it sank four hours later. At that time, the Titanic was the largest ship that had ever traveled on the sea. It was carrying &&+I people, but it had taken on enough lifeboats for only %%IJ people. 1hen the passengers tried to leave the ship, only HF% of them were able to get into lifeboats. The Car"athia was FJ miles away when the Titanic called on its radio for help. It arrived two hours after the great ship had gone down, and it saved I+F people. .ome of the survivors had been in the icy water for hours when they were saved. <ost of the passengers hadn2t lived that long; %F+& people had lost their lives. Through the whole tragedy, the Cafifornian was only ten miles away. Its officers were close enough to see the Titanic, but they didn2t understand the situation. They never received the Titanic&s call for help, and they didn2t come to the rescue until too late. 1hy was there such a great loss of life7 1hy were there so few survivors7 1hy didn2t the Californian come to help7
#irst of all, nobody had prepared for such a tragedy. 5obody had believed that the Titanic could sink. The steamship company had thought that its ship would be completely safe in ail situations. They2d followed an old rule for the number of lifeboats, so they2d supplied lifeboats for only half the people. The passengers had not yet received their lifeboat numbers, nor had they practiced lifeboat drill before the accident. <any of them had not F%
even dressed warmly, for the ship had hit the iceberg late at night, and they didn2t believe they were in danger. The ship had already received si) ice warnings on its radio when it struck the iceberg. 5evertheless, it had not changed its direction or its speed. It was impossible to change direction uickly enough when the iceberg came in sight. 1hen the Titanic hit the iceberg, the radio officer on the Californian had Dust gone to bed. !e2d tried to warn the officers on the Titanic about the ice before he2d gone to bed, but the officers hadn2t listened. After this accident, ocean travel changed. 5ow there are always enough lifeboats for everybody. .hips don2t go so far north in winter, and they watch carefully for ice. -adio officers work &> hours a day. A tragedy like the sinking of the Titanic should never happen again.
Guestions
Answer each uestion in the past perfect tense. %. 9id the Titanic cross the Atlantic in %K%'7 5o, it had already sunk in %K%'. &. 9id the Titanic have enough lifeboats for its passengers7 '. 9id the people on the Car"athia see the Titanic when they picked up the survivors7 >. 1hy were the survivors so cold7 F. 1hy didn2t the Car"athia pick up more passengers when it arrived7 H. 1hy hadn2t the steamship company prepared for the tragedy7 I. 1hy were there so few lifeboats7 J. 1hy didn2t the passengers know where to go7 K. 1hy were some of the survivors so wet7 %+. !ow did the officers know there was ice on the sea7 %%. 1as the Titanic traveling carefully7 %&. 9id the radio officer on the Californian hear the call for help7
Time <arkers
0ike the present perfect tense, the past perfect tense has two uses. The first use is to show an action which was completed before a second time in the past. In this chapter2s reading selection, one point in time serves as a reference point$ the time when the Titanic hit the iceberg. That is a past action; everything that comes before it is in the past perfect tense. As in the present perfect tense, punctual verbs usually show completed actions. "ommon time markers are already, $ust, and yet. 5otice the following sentences and their time lines. %. had received struck The ship had already received si) ice warnings on its radio when it struck the iceberg. &.
A B
A B
had not received, had not practiced accident The passengers had not yet received their lifeboat numbers, nor had they practiced lifeboat drill before the accident. '. had gone hit 1hen the Titanic hit the iceberg, the radio officer on the Californian had Dusf gone to bed.
Interpreting /ast /erfect .entences

1hen a past perfect tense is used in the same sentence with a past tense, the order of events is clear from the tenses themselves. The past perfect action happened first. "hronological markers such as before and after are not necessary. The word when can be used to Doin such sentences. -ead each sentence. Tell what happened first and what happened ne)t. %. *nly HF% people had gotten into lifeboats when the Titanic sank. F&
#irst HF% people got into the lifeboats. Then the Titanic sank. &. The Titanic had already gone down when the Car"athia arrived. '. .ome passengers had been in the icy water for hours when they were saved. >. 1hen the Car"athia arrived, about %F++ people had already lost their lives. F. The passengers had not practiced lifeboat drill when the accident happened. H. 1hen it hit the iceberg, the ship had already received si) ice warnings. I. The radio officer had Dust gone to bed when the accident happened. J. !e had already sent a warning to the officers of the Titanic when he went to bed. K. The ship had not changed its direction or speed when it hit the iceberg. %+. 1hen the passengers left the ship, they had not dressed warmly.
0isten to the following sentences as your teacher reads them. Tell whether the two events in each sentence happened at the same time or at different times. %. The passengers had received their numbers when the accident happened. &. The passengers received their numbers when the accident happened. '. The officers hadn2t believed in the danger when they heard the ice warnings. >. They believed in the danger when they saw the iceberg. F. The ship sounded a warning when it started to sink. H. The ship hadn2t sounded a warning when it struck the ice. I. The officer hadn2t changed his speed when he saw the iceberg. J. The officer changed his direction when he saw the iceberg. K. The radio officer went to bed when he was tired. %+. !e had gone to bed when the accident happened. %%. The officers listened when sea water rushed into the ship. %&. The officers hadn2t listened when they heard the ice warnings.
-etelling the .tory

(elow is a list of events that happened when the Titanic sank. The list is out of order. -etell the story by using these sentences, in the proper order. <ake the time relationship clear by using some past perfect tenses and some past tenses. %. The Titanic hit an iceberg. &. The passengers tried to leave the ship. '. The Titanic sank. >. The Car"athia arrived. F. The Titanic received an ice warning from the Californian. H. The radio officer on the Californian went to bed. I. The Titanic called for help. J. The Car"athia picked up I+F people. K. %F+& people died in the cold water. %+. The Californian came to the rescue.

-etell the story in chapter eleven, 4-escue 1orkers .aved #our /eople.8 .how the relationships of the events by using some past perfect tenses.
/ronunciation
In normal spoken English, the pronouns and the word not contract with the au)iliary had. There is no change in vowel sounds. :The contractions sound Dust like the contractions with would.; I2d C I had, I would we2d C we had, we would you2d C you had, you would they2d C they had, they would she2d C she had, she would he2d C he had, he would it2d C it had, it would hadn2t C had not 0isten to the following sentences as your teacher reads them. 9ecide if they are in the past perfect or in the past habitual tense with would. -espond by saying either had or would. %. They2d dress warmly. &. They2d follow an old rule. '. They2d dressed warmly. F'
>. They2d supply half the lifeboats. F. They2d followed an old rule. H. They2d supplied half the lifeboats. I. They2d call the Titanic. J. They2d called the Titanic. K. They2d traveled too far north. %+. They2d travel too far north.
chapter ei+hteen #USK
#A! BEEN /ER

vocabulary$ 5avaDo Indian reservation catch a cold fever lap infection
#EALT#
the past perfect tense !A9 @ /A.T /A-TI"I/0E
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. !usky 6ellowhair is a little boy on the 5avaDo Indian -eservation in AriMona. It2s difficult for his family to get to a doctor, because they don2t have a car or a telephone. Their closest neighbors live ten miles away.
0ast month !usky had caught a cold. !e2d felt sick for three days, so his mother wanted to bring him to a doctor. .he2d kept him in bed the whole time, and she2d given him medicine every day for three days. .till, he didn2t feel any better. *n the third day, he developed a fever. At that time, !usky2s parents asked some friends to take them to the hospital. At the hospital, !usky tried to sleep. !e put his head in his mother2s lap. #rom time to time he looked for the doctor, but he didn2t really want to see him. !usky had always been afraid of doctors and hospitals. Ap to that time, !usky had been very healthy, so he hadn2t seen many doctors. As he waited, he grew more afraid. The family had waited for an hour when the doctor came. The young doctor found the problem immediately. The cold had gone to !usky2s ears, and he2d developed an ear infection. Although it wasn2t a serious disease, it had caused the pain and the fever. 1ith stronger medicine, !usky would be well F>
soon.
Guestions
%. 1hy is it difficult for the 6ellowhair family to get to a doctor7 &. !ow long had !usky been sick when his parents brought him to the doctor7 '. 1hat had <rs. 6ellowhair done to help her son before taking him to the hospital7 >. 1hat happened to !usky on the third day of his sickness7 F. !ad !usky had a fever before the third day7 H. !ow did !usky feel at the hospital7 I. !ad !usky been uite healthy before his sickness7 J. !ow long had the family waited when the doctor came7 K. 1hy had !usky developed a fever7 %+. 1hat had caused the pain7
Time <arkers
0ike the present perfect tense, the past perfect may be used with durative verbs to describe an activity or a state over a period of time. .ome durative verbs in this chapter are$ feel, keep, grow, be, and wait. "ommon time markers show both the length of time :for three days, for an hour, up to that time, the whole time; and the time of the second action in the past :when the doctor came;. The second action in the past is usually a punctual verb which marks the end of the time period of the durative verb. In this time picture, the first B represents the beginning of the activity :waiting;, the dark arrow represents the length of time the family had waited, and the second B marks the end of the wait, when the doctor came. had waited
came The family had waited an hour when the doctor came. 1hen punctual verbs are used in this time picture, they may give the idea of repeated action over a period of time. They are used with time markers which show habitual or repeated action in a time period :every day for three days, from time to time;. In this time picture, the dark arrow represents the length of time that !usky2s mother gave him medicine; the small B2s show how many times she gave the medicine; and the last B shows the end of the time period :when she brought him to the hospital;. had given had given had given brought !usky2s mother had given him medicine every day for three days before she brought him to the hospital. Ase each time marker and verb below to make a sentence about the story. %. stay in bed 3 for three days &. take medicine 3 every day for three days '. feel sick 3 the whole time >. try to sleep 3 for an hour F. be afraid 3 before his sickness H. worry about the doctor 3 for three days I. worry about her son 3 for three days J. be healthy 3 before his sickness K. wait 3 for an hour when the doctor came %+. look 3 again and again 3 for an hour %%. talk to her husband 3 from time to time %&. have an infection 3 for two days
Interpreting /ast /erfect .entences

-ead each sentence. Tell what happened first. Then tell how long it continued. #inally, tell what happened last. %. The 6ellowhairs had lived in the city for five years before they moved to the reservation. #irst the 6ellowhairs lived in the city. FF
&. '. >. F. H.
They lived there for five years. Then they moved to the reservation. They had had a car and a telephone before they moved to the reservation. !e had been sick for three days when he developed a fever. .he had kept him in bed for three days before she took him to a doctor. !e had waited in his mother2s lap for an hour when he saw the doctor. The infection had caused pain and fever for two days before the doctor found it.
Time 0ines
<ake sentences with the verbs on ne)t page. Ase the tense which is indicated in each time line. %. &. is '. had felt >. developed live
F.
H.
asked I. has waited J.
tried to sleep
had gone

-etell the story in chapter eight, 4It2s 9ifficult to .ay Lood-bye.8 Ase past perfect tenses.
chapter nineteen LUCKIL 1 I #A! BEEN WEARIN' M
SEATBELT
vocabulary$ freeMe melt check traffic regularly slip
the past perfect continuous tense !A9 @ (EE5 @ ?E-( @ ing
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. The snowstorm in our city last week wasn2t a large one, but it caused many accidents. The snow started to come down in the late afternoon. I saw it through the window of the office building where I work as a secretary. It had been snowing for an hour when I started to drive home. The cars had been driving slowly because of the dangerous roads. It was slippery snow that froMe when it hit the roads. Earlier, the snow had been melting, but by evening it was staying on the roads. /olice cars had been checking the traffic regularly. I2d been driving for twenty minutes when the accident happened. <y heater hadn2t been working, and the snow had been freeMing on my window, so I couldn2t see well. I2d been stopping to clean my window every few minutes. FH
I2d Dust started the car again when my tires started to slip. The car slipped onto the side of the road. 1hen it hit the hill, it turned over and stopped. I felt and looked to see if I was hurt, but I wasn2t. I2d been driving uite slowly, and luckily I2d been wearing my seatbelt. It was very uiet, with Dust the sounds of music and falling snow; I2d been playing the radio. .oon the police came to help me, and I was able to reach home in another hour.
Guestions
Answer each uestion with a sentence in the past perfect continuous tense. %. 9id it begin to snow Dust as the secretary started to drive home7 5o, it had already been snowing for an hour when she started to drive home. &. 1hy was the traffic so slow7 '. !ow do we know that it had been warmer earlier in the day7 >. !ow do we know that the weather became colder before the accident7 F. 1hat Dob had the police been doing7 H. !ow long had the secretary been driving when she had the accident7 I. 1hy couldn2t she see well7 J. 1hy had she stopped so often7 K. 1hy wasn2t the secretary hurt7 %+. 1hy was the radio playing after the accident7
Time <arkers
The past perfect continuous tense has the same time line as the durative part of the past perfect tense. They are both used to describe a period of time. 1hen used with durative verbs, the past perfect continuous describes an activity or a state which began in the past and lasted until a second time in the past. had been snowing
started to started to snow drive It had been snowing for an hour when I started to drive home. .ome durative verbs in this story are$ snow, drive, melt, stay, work, freeMe, wear, fall, play. "ommon time markers show both the length of time :for an hour; and the time of the second action in the past :when I started to drive home;. 1hen the past perfect continuous is used with punctual verbs, it describes repeated action within a time period, before a second past time. had been checking accident happened .ome punctual verbs in this story are$ stop, check, start. They are used with time markers that show habitual action within a time period :regularly, every few minutes;. Ase each time marker and verb below to make a sentence about the story. %. stay at work 3 regularly 3 before the snowstorm last week &. snow 3 fall 3 for an hour before I left work '. snow 3 melt 3 before the weather turned cold >. snow 3 freeMe on the roads 3 since the weather turned cold F. drive 3 for a few minutes 3 when my window was covered H. stop 3 every few minutes 3 to clean the window I. wear 3 my seatbelt 3 before the accident happened J. play 3 radio 3 before the car turned over K. police 3 drive past 3 every few minutes 3 before the accident happened %+. wait 3 for ten minutes 3 when the police arrived
Interpreting /ast /erfect "ontinuous .entences

-ead each sentence. Tell what happened first. Then tell how long it continued. #inally, tell what happened last. FI
%. It had been snowing for an hour when I started to drive home. #irst it started snowing. It snowed for an hour. Then I started to drive home. &. The snow had been melting all day until the evening came. '. I2d been driving for twenty minutes when the accident happened. >. The snow had been freeMing on my window for several minutes, so I couldn2t see well. F. I2d been driving for Dust a few minutes when my tires started to slip. H. I2d been wearing my seatbelt the whole time before the car turned over. I. I2d been playing the radio forten minutes before the car turned over. J. I2d been waiting ten minutes when the police came.
5oncontinuous ?erbs
As you have learned, some verbs cannot be used in the continuous tenses. :.ee chapter si) for a review.; 1hen you are speaking or writing about a time before past time, such verbs take the past perfect tense. 0isten to the sentences as the teacher reads them. If you can, change each sentence to the past perfect continuous tense. If the verb cannot take a continuous tense, simply repeat the sentence as it is. %. The winter had been very cold. &. The snow had caused uite a few accidents. '. The snow had come down all day. >. I2d seen the snow through my office window. F. I2d worked in that office for ten years. H. I2d had my car for all ten of those years. I. I2d liked the car very much. J. I2d thought about getting home early. K. It had seemed uite warm outside. %+. I hadn2t known the roads were so slippery. %%. I2d stopped every few minutes along the way. %&. I2d worn my seatbelt the whole time.
Action "ompleted and Activity *ver a /eriod of Time

The past perfect continuous tense is not used to describe completed action; for that time picture, we use the past perfect. 0isten to the sentences below as your teacher reads them. All are in the past perfect tense; some of the verbs describe a period of time, and some describe a completed action. If the verb describes an activity over a period of time, change it to the past perfect continuous tense. If it describes a completed action, simply repeat the sentence as it is. %. The snow had already started to come down at F$++. &. All the cars had driven slowly for many hours. '. I2d checked my heater already that morning. >. The heater hadn2t worked for a week. F. I2d driven for twenty minutes when the accident happened. H. I2d driven halfway home when it happened. I. I2d stopped to buy gas before I started. J. I2d stopped every five minutes to clean the window. K. I2d Dust started the car again when my tires slipped. %+. I2d started the car every ten minutes to keep it warm.

-etell the story in chapter eighteen, 4!usky !ad (een ?ery !ealthy.8 Ase the past perfect continuous when you can. -etell the story in chapter nine, 4Are (uses as Easy to Ase as "ars78 "hange it to past time and use the proper past and past perfect tenses.
FJ
(ni" Eigh") The F4"4%e Tenses

chapter twent2 T#E CAR OF T#E FUTURE
vocabulary$ pessimist gas speed air conditioning swimming pool optimist solve .upercar comfortable
the future tense 1I00 @ ?E-(
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. A pessimist is a person who always e)pects bad things to happen. /essimists think that today2s cars are in trouble because they use too much gas. They say the car of the future will be much, much smaller. The car of tomorrow will have no heater and no air conditioning. It2ll have no radio and no lights. Tomorrow2s car will be an open air car with no doors and windows. It won2t need a pollution control system because it won2t use gas. In fact, drivers will push this new car with their feet. ?ery few people will be killed in accidents, because the top speed will be five miles per hour. !owever, pessimists warn us not to ask for pretty colors, because the car will come in gray only.
.ource$ Artist <artin -ubin, Ths 0amp <agaMine
*ptimists are sure that the future will be happy. They think that car companies will soon solve all our problems by producing the .upercar. Tomorrow2s car will be bigger, faster, and more comfortable than before. The .upercar will have four rooms, color T?, running water, heat, air conditioning, and a swimming pool. 0arge families will travel on long trips in complete comfort. If gas is in short supply, the .upercar will run on water. #inally, optimists promise that the car of the future will come in any color, as long as the color is gray.
.ourca$ Artist <artin -ubin, The 0amp <agaMine
Guestions
%. 1hat is a pessimist7 &. 1hy are today2s cars in trouble7 '. 1hat will the car of the future look like, according to the pessimists7 >. 1hy won2t it need a pollution control system7 F. !ow will it run7 H. 1hy will it be so safe7 I. !ow many colors will it come in7 J. 1hat is an optimist7 K. !ow will car companies solve our problems7 %+. 1hat will the .upercar look like7 %%. !ow will it run7 %&. !ow many colors will the .upercar come in7
FK
Time <arkers
9urative verbs$ will be, will have, will need
/unctual verbs$ will come, will use, will travel The future tense with will describes actions, activities, and states in the future. "ommon time markers use combinations with ne%t :ne)t year, ne)t week, ne)t month; with in :in the future, in two years, in ten days;, and with from now :ten years from now, si) weeks from now;.
"hanging Time <arkers

-epeat each sentence after your teacher. Then use a different time marker and change the tense to agree with it. %. "ars will be much, much smaller in the future. :since the gas shortage; before modern times; fifty years ago; "ars have been much, much smaller since the gas shortage. "ars used to be much, much smaller before modern times. "ars were much, much smaller fifty years ago. &. The cars of tomorrow will have no heater and no air conditioning. :todayEoften; fifty years ago; a few years from now; '. "ars these days need pollution control systems. :in the future; last year; ne)t year; >. The driver always pushes his car with his feet. :ne)t year; since the gas shortage; now; F. Automobile accidents will kill many people in the future. :already; these days; every day; H. The car comes in gray only. :ne)t year; for many years; last year; I. "ar companies have $ust solved all our problems. :in two years; right now; si) months from now; J. 'n my youth, large families used to travel on long trips. :in a few years; these days; often;
"lauses as Time <arkers

will be
will drive .ometimes an entire clause can be used as a time marker. Two shorter future tense sentences can be combined into one sentence. The verb in the time clause, after the conDunction when, must take a present tense. This is true even though the time is still future time. "ombine the pairs of sentences below. %. /eople will be safer. They will drive in slower cars. /eople will be safer when they drive in slower cars. &. "ars will use less gas. They will have no air conditioning. '. "ars will not need pollution control systems. They will stop using gas. >. ?ery few people will be killed in accidents. The top speed will be five miles per hour. F. 1e will be very happy. "ar companies will solve all our problems. H. 1e will be very comfortable. 1e will travel in the .upercar. I. 1e will swim everyday. 1e will live in the .upercar. J. 1e will travel on long trips. 1e will own the .upercar. K. 1e will have a lot of room. 1e will travel ne)t year. %+. 1e will not be happy. 1e will see the color of the car.
9ialogue between an *ptimist and a /essimist

"hoose a partner and complete the dialogue below. /essimist$ I2ve heard that you are making a new car, but I don2t think it will work. *ptimist$ *f course it will= In fact, we2ll call it the .upercar. /essimist$ !ow big will the .upercar be7 *ptimist$ /essimist$ !ow fast will this car go7 *ptimist$ H+
/essimist$ *ptimist$ /essimist$ *ptimist$ /essimist$ *ptimist$ /essimist$ *ptimist$ /essimist$ cost7 *ptimist$ /essimist$ *ptimist$ /essimist$ *ptimist$ /essimist$
1ill it be comfortable in cold weather7 1ell, the weather here is never cold. 1ill it be comfortable in hot weather7 !ow much gas will it use7 !ow many people will it hold7 I don2t care about that. I don2t like my family anyway. !ow much money will it <aybe I2ll sell my house and live in the .upercar. 1hen will it be ready to buy7 That probably means in ten years. 1ill it come in black7
/ronunciation
"ontractions of will with pronouns and with the word not are very common in spoken English. In some cases, there is a change in the vowel sound in the contracted form. /ronounce the words below. I, I2ll we, we2ll you, you2ll they, they2ll he, he2ll she, she2ll will, won2t it, it2ll In spoken English, the uestion words often combine with will to make reduced forms. They sound like contractions but are not used that way in written English. /ronounce the words below. who will how will what will how fast will where will how much will why will how big will when will

%. 0ook at the descriptions of the workers in chapter two, 4/eople 1ork at <any 9ifferent ,obs.8 /retend that you will have one of these Dobs in a few years, and tell what you will do. &. /lay a guessing, game with these Dob descriptions. First student$ "hoose a Dob, but do not tell what it is. !ther Students$ Take turns guessing what the worker will do. Ase yes3no uestions about the activity until you know which worker it is. The student who guesses correctly may then start the game again.
chapter twent2,one #ELICOPTERS TO T#E RESCUE*

vocabulary$ first aid inDured medical "oast Luard boatmen lifebelt cage mistake
the future tense (E @ L*I5L T* @ ?E-(
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. (oth on land and at sea, helicopters have rescued many people. !elicopters can move in very small spaces, and they can land almost anywhere. In addition, they can remain in one place in the air to make a rescue. The drivers of these cars had been going too fast, and they lost control. 1hen the cars hit each other, several people were hurt. 5ow they need medical help immediately. The rescue H%
workers are going to give first aid to all the inDured people. Then they2re going to carry the inDured people to the helicopter. The pilot of the helicopter is going to take them to the closest hospital. There the people are going to receive medical help. In the second picture, the "oast Luard is helping two boatmen. Their boat is grounded on rocks, and the men have been caught far from land. The "oast Luard rescuers are lowering lifebelts to the men. The boatmen are going to climb into the cage; in the cage they2re going to ride /hoto twit I/. up to the helicopter. Then they2re going to put on dry clothes and drink some hot coffee. The boatmen hadn2t been looking carefully at the sea when they ran into the rocks. They2re probably not going to make that mistake a second time=
.ource$ "ourtesy %K.K Sodak International 5ewspaper .napshot Awards. /hoto by <rs. Lloria Lurian
Guestions
%. 1hy can helicopters make so many rescues on land and on sea7 &. 1hy did the cars have an accident7 '. 1hat are the rescue workers going to do first7 >. !ow are the inDured people going to reach the hospital7 F. 1hy are the two boatmen standing on rocks7 H. 1ho is going to help the boatmen7 I. !ow are the boatmen going to reach the helicopter7 J. 1hat are the boatmen going to do in the helicopter7 K. 1hy did the boatmen have an accident7 %+. Are they going to have another accident like this in the future7
Time <arkers
Another future tense in English is formed with the verb be @ going to @ verb. It has the same time picture as the future tense with will @ verb, and the same time markers are also H&
used. .ome time markers that describe events that are going to happen in the near future are$ soon, right away, in $ust a minute.
-escue workers are going to help the inDured people right away. There is still another future tense for actions that are going to happen in the immediate future. It is formed with be @ about to @ verb. Additional time markers are usually not used in this construction, since the meaning of the tense itself is 4soon8 or 4right away.8
The boatmen are about to receive help from the "oast Luard. Ase each time marker and verb below to make a sentence about the story. Ase one of the two future tenses above. %. rescue workers 3 give help 3 about to &. rescue workers 3 carry inDured people to the helicopter3soon '. helicopter pilot 3 take them to the nearest hospital 3 right away >. receive medical help 3 as soon as possible F. "oast Luard rescuers 3 help 3 boatmen 3 immediately H. boatmen 3 put on lifebelts 3 about to I. boatmen 3 get into cage 3 ne)t J. ride up to the helicopter 3 soon K. drink coffee and put on warm clothes 3 in a few minutes %+. make the same mistake 3 never again
"lauses as Time <arkers

Two sentences in the future tense can be combined to make a single sentence; however, the time clause must then be in the present tense, :see chapter twenty for a review.; "ombine the following pairs of sentences into one sentence. Ase a present tense after the time marker when. %. I2m going to feel better. I2m going to get off these rocks. I2m going to feel better when I am off these rocks. &. I2m going to drink a cup of coffee. I2m going to be in the helicopter. '. I2m going to put on some warm clothes. I2m going to be in the helicopter. >. The doctor is going to check me. I2m going to reach the hospital. F. I2m going to call my wife. I2m going to find a telephone. H. I2m going to be more careful. I2m going to drive my boat. I. I2m going to put on a lifebelt. I2m going to drive a boat. J. I2m going to watch carefully. I2m going to be on the water.
Time 0ines
<ake sentences with the verbs below. Ase the tense which is indicated in each time line. had been going %. &. have rescued '. hit >. need H' lost
were hurt
F. going to give first aid I. are lowering had not been looking K. ran going to take them to the hospital
H. helping J. are going to climb, ride, put on %+.
A B
are not going to make
9ialogue (etween -escue 1orkers and the "ontrol .tation

"hoose a partner and complete the dialogue below. /ilot$ "oast Luard to "ontrol. "ome in, "ontrol. "ontrol$ 1e read you, "oast Luard. !ave you found the men yet7 /ilot$ 6es, we have. 1e2re right over them now. They look all right. They2re grounded on some rocks. "ontrol$ Lood. 1hat are you going to do first7 /ilot$ "ontrol$ Are they going to need a ride back7 /ilot$ "ontrol$ !ow are you going to get them into the helicopter7 /ilot$ "ontrol$ Are they going to need medical help7 /ilot$ "ontrol$ 1hat help are you going to give them in the helicopter7 /ilot$ "ontrol$ 1hen are you going to be finished7 1e have another call for help ten miles south of there. /ilot$ "ontrol$ I2m going to call another helicopter. 0et us know if you have any problems.

-eview the pictures and the story in chapter eleven, 4-escue 1orkers .aved #our /eople.8 /retend that you are a rescue worker with radio connections to a hospital control station. 6ou have Dust arrived at the accident. 1rite a dialogue with the control station, telling what you are going to do to save the people.
/ronunciation
In spoken English, the au)iliary verb and the infinitive to in going to 3 going tu 3 are very fre uently reduced to the pronunciation 3gn3. /ractice the sentences below. %. 1e2re going to give first aid to the inDured people. &. Are you going to bring them to the helicopter7 '. 1here is the helicopter going to take them7 >. They2re going to get medical help at the hospital. F. 1ho is going to help the boatmen7 H. They2re going to ride up to the helicopter. I. 1hat are they going to ride in7 J. !ow are you going to help them get warm7
H>
(ni" Nine) The F4"4%e C n"in4 4s Tense

chapter twent2,two W#EN T#E TORNA!O #ITS
vocabulary$ wrap blanket puppies storm cellar hide chicken s uawk barn
the future continuous tense 1I00 @ (E @ ?E-( @ ing
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. A tornado is about to strike this family2s farm. It2s moving uickly towards them, but luckily they2ve already seen it conning. The mother has wrapped the baby in a blanket; the father has called all the children. The two boys are carrying some of the animals$ a cat and three puppies. The family is rushing into the storm cellar, where they2ll be safe under the ground. 1hen the tornado hits, they2ll be sitting in the storm cellar. They won2t be moving around; they2ll be hiding in the safest part of the cellar. The mother will still be holding the baby, but the animals will probably be running around, making noise.
.ource$ *1I Artist ,ohn .luart "urry, !ack ley Art Lallery.
Each person will be listening to the sounds of the storm. They2ll hear chickens s uawking, and they2ll hear the wind blowing. They2ll all be thinking about the farm and asking themselves uestions about it$ 41hat will the farm look like when we come out of the storm cellar78 41ill the house still be standing78 41ill the barn still be standing78 41ill all the animals be alive78 41ill it be raining very hard78
Guestions
%. &. '. >. F. H. !ow soon will the tornado strike the farm7 1ill the family have time to reach safety7 1here will they go7 1hat preparations have they made7 1hat will they be doing when the tornado hits7 1hat will they be thinking about7
Time <arkers
0ike the past continuous tense, the future continuous is generally used to set up a background activity that is in progress when another action takes place. #or e)ample, 4I2ll be sitting in the storm cellar when the tornado hits.8 In the time line, the circle represents HF
the activity of sitting; the B stands for the point in time when the tornado will hit. will be sitting
hits The word when is often used to introduce another future action at a specific point in time. Also, the future continuous is often used with specific time markers :clock time, for e)ample; to tell what a person will be doing at some point in the future. "ommon time markers are combinations with at :at F$++;, with ne%t :ne)t year, ne)t week; and in :in two days, in a month;. 5otice that the tense in the when-clause does not agree with the time; although we mean future time, we use the present tense. *ne other tense picture for future continuous shows two activities which are happening during the same period of time. will be thinking
are sitting The family will bethinking about their farm while they are sitting in the storm cellar. (oth verbs e)press continuous action, but only the verb in the main clause is in the future continuous tense. The dependent clause is introduced by the conDunction while, and the verb is in the present continuous tense. ,oin the sentence pairs below with the conDunctions when or while. %. They will be running into the storm cellar. The tornado will be moving towards them. They will be running into the storm cellar while the tornado is moving towards them. &. The tornado will hit the farm. They will be sitting in the storm cellar. 1hen the tornado hits the farm, they will be sitting in the storm cellar. '. The mother will be wrapping the baby in a blanket. The father will be calling the older children. >. The boys will be carrying some animals. The family will be rushing into the storm cellar. F. The tornado will hit the farm. They won2t be running around. H. The mother will still be holding the baby. The animals will be running around and making noise. I. They will be thinking about their animals. They will hear the tornado. J. The wind will still be blowing. The family will come out of the storm cellar. K. They will be coming out of the cellar. The rain will start. %+. They will be looking at the farm. They will come out of the cellar.
5oncontinuous ?erbs
As you have learned, some verbs cannot be used in the continuous tenses. :.ee chapter si) for a review.; 1hen you are speaking or writing about future time, such verbs will take the simple future tense. 0isten to the following sentences as your teacher reads them. "hange each verb to future continuous if you can. If the verb does not take a continuous tense, repeat the sentence as it is. %. The tornado will move uickly. &. The family will see the tornado in time. '. They will rush into the storm cellar. >. They will all be safe there. F. The mother will hold the baby, H. The boys will have their animals. I. The family will hide from the dangerous wind. HH
J. Everybody will listen to the storm. K. They will hear the sound of the wind. %+. They will think about their home. %%. The farm will look very different. %&. It will rain very hard.
Time 0ines
<ake sentences with the verbs below. Ase the tense which is indicated in each time line. %. &. about to strike is moving
'.
>.
have seen F. are carrying will be sitting I. hits will be holding K. are running %+. J. H.
has wrapped
are rushing
will be hiding
hits
%%.
%&.
will be listening
will hear
will be thinking about

/retend that the tornado has already hit the farm and the family has come out of the storm cellar. !old an interview with each member of the family, askfng 41hat were you doing when the tornado hit78
HI
(NIT TEN The F4"4%e Pe%!e&" Tenses

chapter twent2,three PIT STOP AT T#E RACE TRACK
vocabulary$ the future perfect tense 1I00 @ !A?E @ /A.T /A-TI"I/0E auto pull off speed pit track check depend fuel team
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. "ars in auto races move at very fast speeds around the track. .ome of the races are hundreds of miles long. The drivers try to keep their cars near top speed the whole time. *f course, high speeds are very hard on the cars. *ften parts break or wear out during the race. The race driver depends on the other men on his team, the mechanics who take care of the car. <echanics never race, but they share in the Doy of winning. Their Dob is to make sure the car will last long enough to finish the race. An old saying goes, 4To finish first, first you must finish.8
.ource$ Es uire <agaMine Artist /eter !elck
This driver is pulling off the race track, into the pit. The mechanics are already running to help. 1hen the driver enters the race again, the mechanics will have put fuel in the car. They2ll have changed some of the tires. They2ll have checked the oil. /erhaps they2ll have added more oil. They2ll have repaired any problems in the car. The driver will not have rested long, thoughEthe mechanics will have finished all this work in less than one minute=
Guestions
%. &. '. >. F. H. I. J. 1hy do race cars break down during races7 1ho takes care of the race cars7 1hat will happen if a car doesn2t finish the race7 After the pit stop, will the car need fuel7 After the pit stop, will the car need oil7 !ow will the tires work after the pit stop7 1hy7 !ow will the engine work after the pit stop7 1hy7 1hy do the mechanics move so fast7
Time <arkers
The future perfect tense has two uses. *ne is to show a completed action which happens before a second action in the future. The future perfect is used with the action that happens first. The other action is often introduced by a time word such as wften, by, or before, and takes a present tense. HJ
will have checked leaves The mechanics will have checked the car when it leaves the pit. The mechanics will have checked the car by the time that it leaves the pit. "hronological order words are not necessary with the future perfect tense, since the tense meaning itself e)presses two different times. 5otice the different time lines for these sentences. The mechanics will check the car before it leaves the pit. :The word #efore is necessary since the future tense does not, by itself, indicate two times.; check leave The mechanics will have checked the car when it leaves the pit. :The tense itself indicates two different times, so the word when may be used.;
will have checked
leaves
check
The mechanics will check the car when it leaves the pit. :5othing in this sentence indicates that the actions happen at different times. In fact, they happen at the same time.;
leave
Interpreting #uture /erfect .entences

-ead the sentences below. Tell which action happened first and which action happened ne)t. %. The mechanics will have worked on the car before the race starts. #irst the mechanics will work on the car. Then the race will start. &. The mechanics will have repaired some parts when the race is over. '. They will have put on eight new tires when the race is over. >. They will have put out their cigarettes when they start to work on the car. F. They will have put in fuel by the time the car leaves. H. The driver will have rested for one minute when he starts again. I. The driver will have gone F++ miles by the time he stops. J. The team will have received a priMe when they go home.
Tell whether the two parts of the sentence will happen at the same time or at different times. %. The mechanics will work on the car when the race starts. &. The mechanics will have worked on the car when the race starts. '. They will fi) some parts when the race is over. >. They will put out their cigarettes when they work on the car. F. They will have put on eight tires when the race is over. H. They will have put in fuel when the car leaves. I. The driver will have rested one minute when he starts again. J. The team will get a priMe when they go home.
<aking .entences in the #uture /erfect Tense

"ombine the pairs of sentences below to make one sentence in the future perfect tense. Ase time words like #efore, when, and #y the time that. -emember that the verb in the time clause must be in a present tense %. The mechanics will use many new tires. The race will be over. The mechanics will have used many new tires when the race is over. &. They will put in some new engine parts. The day will be done. HK
'. The car will use gallons of fuel. The driver will pull in for the last time. >. Everybody will work very hard. The race will be finished. F. They will earn their money. They will go home. H. The driver will drive for ten hours. The race will be over. I. The mechanics will help the driver to win. The day will be done. J. They will receive a large amount of money. They will go home.

Talk about some of the stories from previous chapters in the future perfect tense. "hapter four$ 1hat will the children have done to prepare for !allowe2en7 "hapter fifteen$ 1hat will the family have done to prepare for Thanksgiving7 "hapter twenty$ 1hat will the car companies have added to their new cars by the time the cars are ready to buy7 "hapter twenty-two$ 1hat will the family have done to prepare for the tornado7
/ronunciation
In spoken English, the au)iliary verbs for this tense are often pronounced in reduced forms. In positive statements, will have becomes 3 w l v 3 or 3 wl 3. In negative statements, won2t have becomes 3 wont v 3 or 3 wont 3. 1hen a pronoun or a uestion word is the first word in the sentence, the au)iliary verbs are reduced even further. /ronounce the sentences below. %. The mechanics will have put fuel in the car. &. The driver won2t have rested long. '. !e2ll have rested for one minute. >. They2ll have fi)ed the engine. F. 1ho will have finished first7 H. 1hen will they have finished7 I. 1hat will they have won7 J. !ow much will they have won7
chapter twent2,$our RUN FOR T#E MONE

vocabulary$ marathon priMe stopwatch
the future perfect tense 1I00 @ !A?E @ /A.T /A-TI"I/0E
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. Today at I$'+ a.m., J>+ runners began their marathon race around the city. <ost of them will stay in the race to the end. The priMe is moneyEenough money to pay for a trip to another race= 5ow it2s ten o2clock, and the winner has Dust crossed the finish line. !is time was two hours, thirty minutes, and &F seconds. The man with the stopwatch is clocking the race. !e2ll have clocked a different finishing time every few minutes for two hours, when the last runner comes in. The other runners are still racing. They2ll finish the race at different times. .ome will have I+
run for three hours; some will have run for three and one-half hours; and some will have run for much longer.
1hen they finish, they2ll be very tired. They2ll have run half the time through city streets. The streets were closed to traffic, so they won2t have run into any cars. The rest of the time they2ll have run along the river.
Each runner will have used his own special method to keep going. The young boy counts the miles. !e2ll have counted one mile every seven minutes. The older man watches for friends. !e2ll have seen a number of people finish before him, but he doesn2t care. !e2ll have run every marathon race for thirty years when this race is over. !e hasn2t ever won any priMes for speed, but he2ll have finished more races than any other runner. Today alone he2ll have run twenty-si) miles, the length of the marathon race.
Guestions
#inish the uestions below by asking about the story. Then answer each uestion. %. 1hen did ... I. 1hat are ... &. !ow many runners will... J. 1hen will... '. 1hat is ... K. !ow long will... >. 1ho has Dust.. %+. 1here will... F. 1ho is... %%. !ow will... H. !ow often will. %&. !ow many miles will
Time <arkers
The future perfect tense can describe a state, an activity, or a period of time before a I%
second action in the future. 1hen it is used withdurative verbs, the length of time is clearly shown. Asually two time markers appear in these sentences$ one for the length of time, and one for the endpoint. started will have run finishes !e will have run for three hours #y the time he finishes. :duration; :endpoint; The future perfect can also be used with punctual verbs. In this case, the time picture indicates repeated actions within a period of time before a second action in the future. Two time markersEand sometimes even three time markersEare needed to describe this time picture. will have clocked finishes !e2ll have clocked a different finishing time every few minutes for two hours when the last runner finishes. :fre uency; :duration; :endpoint; <ake sentences which include these time markers. %. for two and one-half hours when he crosses the finish line &. for three hours when they finish '. for three and one-half hours by the time they finish >. for a long time before they are through F. half the time H. the rest of the time I. until the end J. every seven minutes for the length of the race K. every few minutes for two hours %+. every marathon race for thirty years when this race is over
Time 0ines
<ake sentences with the verbs below. Ase the tense which is indicated in each time line. %. &. began has Dust crossed
'.
>.
is F. are racing H.
is clocking
I.
J.
will finish
K.
will have run
%+.
counts
will have counted
will have clocked

-etell the story in this chapter in past time, using the past tense and the past perfect tense. -etell the story in chapter twenty-two, 41hen the Tornado !its,8 using future and future perfect tenses.
I&
chapter twent2,$i&e TOO LITTLE1 TOO LATE

vocabulary$ area blaMe pump hose
the future perfect continuous tense 1I00 @ !A?E @ (EE5 @ ?E-( @ ing
-eading .election
0isten to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases. This morning at five o2clock, the Lreen <ountain -estaurant caught on fire. 5obody noticed the fire until si) o2clock, when the house ne)t door started to burn. #irefighters came from all over the area. They began to fight the fire at seven o2clock. 5ow it2s eight o2clock, and
the fire is still going strong. The firefighters are working hard, but they haven2t brought the blaMe under control yet. Every few minutes they call for more help. #ire "hief (rown says that in another hour they2ll have put out the fire in the house. At that time, the house will have been burning for three hours. !alf the house will be gone. "hief (rown is afraid that the fire in the restaurant may go on until ten o2clock. (efore it2s out, the restaurant will have been blaMing for five hours. Every few minutes, part of the building falls in.
I'
#irefighters will have been fighting the fire in the restaurant for three hours. They2ll have been pumping water out of Lreen <ountain 0ake to put out the fire. They2ll have been holding their hoses on the fire the whole time. !owever, the fire will have been burning too long. (y the time the fire is under control, nothing will remain of the restaurant. The firefighters will have been working with all their strength, but it will have been too little and too late.
Guestions
%. !ow long had the restaurant been burning before somebody noticed it7 &. !ow long had the house been on fire before the firefighters arrived7 '. 1hich fire will the firefighters put out first7 >. !ow long will the house have been burning when the fire stops7 F. 1hat will the house look like7 H. !ow long will the restaurant have been burning at ten o2clock7 I. !ow long will the firefighters have been working7 J. 1hat will they have been doing to put out the fire7 K. 1hy will the owner lose his restaurant7 %+. .hould the restaurant owner be angry with the firefighters7
Time <arkers
The future perfect continuous is a complicated tense. 9urative verbs in this tense involve a beginning, a period of time, and an end point. They relate to another time in the future. Two time markers are usually re uired in this time picture, one for the duration of the time period and one to mark its endpoint. I>
started to work will have been working will stop They will have been working for three hours at that time. :duration; :endpoint; 1hen punctual verbs are used in the future perfect continuous, they indicate repeated action within a time period. As many as three time markers can be used$ one for fre uency, one for duration, and one for the endpoint.
started will have been will be out to call calling They will have been calling for help every few minutes for several hours #y the time :fre uency; :duration; :endpoint; the fire is out. <ake sentences which include these time markers. %. for three hours at that time &. for five hours by ten o2clock '. every few minutes for three hours by the time the fire is out. >. for three hours when they are finished F. the whole time H. too long by that time
Interpreting .entences
#or each sentence, tell when the activity started, how long it will continue, and what will happen ne)t. %. *ur neighbors will have been watching the fire for four hours by ten o2clock, when it is out. The neighbors started to watch the fire at si) o2clock. They will watch it for four hours. They will stop at ten o2clock, when it is out. &. The firefighters will have been working three hours at that time. '. The restaurant will have been burning for five hours by ten o2clock. >. The house will have been burning for three hours by nine o2clock, when the fire is out. F. The firefighters will have been working for two hours by nine o2clock. H. They2ll have been pumping water the whole time the fire burns.
Time 0ines
<ake sentences with the verbs below. Ase the tense which is indicated in each time line. started to burn %. &. caught '. began to fight >. is burning noticed
F.
H.
A B
haven2t brought I. will have been burning J. will be gone will have put out
IF
K. will have been working %%. will have been pumping
%+. will have been holding %&. will remain

-etell the story in chapter twenty-four, 4-un for the <oney.8 Ase the future perfect continuous tense whenever possible.
IH

Change Time &amp; Change Tense

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PATRICIA WILCOX PETERSON A REVIEW OF THE ENGLISH TENSE SYSTEM

Changing Times, Changing Tenses A Review ! "he Eng#ish Tense S$s"em

Pa"%i&ia Wi#& ' Pe"e%s n

(ni" One) The P%esen" Tense

/hotos by 9avid Attie

chapter two PEOPLE WORK AT MAN

are are singular form; uestions and negatives

&. '. >. F. H. I.

chapter three #AN!ICAPPE! PEOPLE !O USEFUL WORK

are are singular form; uestion and negatives

An Interview with <r. Emmons

keeps likes makes

sits takes talks

walks wants works

chapter $our #ALLOWE%EN IS A #OLI!A

are are singular form; uestions and negatives;

(ni" Tw ) The P%esen" C n"in4 4s Tense

&. '. >. F. H.

chapter (i) POLLUTION IS SPOILIN' T#E AIR

.ource Aero .ervice 9ivision of 0itton Industries

think, see, understand, have, be, feel &&

N " Ta7e C n"in4 4s Tenses

(ni" Th%ee) The P%esen" Pe%!e&" Tenses

&. '. >. F. H.

!as !as !as !as !as

chapter ei+ht IT%S !IFFICULT TO SA

!A?E :or !A.; @ /A.T /A-TI"I/0E vocabulary$ Dournalism reporter

"ontrasting "ompleted Action and 9uration

"hanging Times, "hanging Tenses

chapter nine ARE BUSES AS EAS

Action "ompleted and Activity *vera /eriod of Time

have been hoping

have been drinking

have been taking K. have not needed %+.

have been coming

"hanging Times, "hanging Tenses

(ni" F 4%) The Pas" Tense

struck twice flash lucky

tore tree that And

"hanging Times, "hanging Tenses

chapter e.e&en RESCUE WORKERS SA/E! FOUR PEOPLE

Asing 41ho8 as the .ubDect of a Guestion

Asing 41ho8 as the *bDect in a Guestion

"hanging Times, "hanging Tenses

chapter twe.&e !INOSAURS LI/E! MAN

?E-( : @ ed; AABI0IA-6 C did :for uestions and negatives;

"ontrasting the /resent /erfect Tenses with the /ast Tense

"hanging Times, "hanging Tenses

chapter thirteen !R LAN! FARMIN'0 AN ART AN! A SCIENCE

"ontrasting the /ast Tense and the /resent !abitual

"hanging Times, "hanging Tenses

(ni" Five) The Pas" Ha5i"4a# Tenses

<aking Guestions with 4Ased to8

"ontrasting Tenses$ 0istening 9iscrimination

has changed I. changed J.

took the place of

eat, sleep, watch movies

"hanging Times, "hanging Tenses

chapter $i$teen T#ANKS'I/IN' ON T#E FARM

the past habitual tense with 1*A09 1*A09 @ ?E-(

e)tra stove turkey stuff

onion roast doMen pie

.ource$ Artist 9oris 0ee. The Art Institute of "hicago

"hanging Times, "hanging Tenses

Change Time & Change Tense

Change Time & Change Tense

the past habitual tense with 1A09 1A09 @ ?E-(

the future tense (E @ LI5L T @ ?E-(