BRAKES

1. What is brake and where it is used? A brake is a machine-device, employed to control or retard the motion of a moving body and bring it is rest or to hold the body in state of rest by means of frictional resistance produced between the brake-lining and the moving body. Brakes find applications in automobiles, trains, hoists, winches, laboratory machineries etc. 2. How does the function of brake differ from that of a clutch? The brakes connect a rotating member with a non-rotating (i.e. stationary) member whereas a clutch connects two rotating members. 3. What are the materials used for brake linings? In general, the break linings are made of high frictional materials such as hard asbestos (called Ferro linings), leather, cotton fabrics etc. for some applications, metals like cast-iron, mild steel, and bronze may be selected for making breaklinings. 4. Discuss the different types of brake giving atleast one practical application for each. The types of brakes and their applications are as follows. 1. Block brake (used in railway trains, hoists etc.) (i) Single block brake (ii) Double block brake 2. Band brake (used in hoists, winches, laboratory machines) (i) Simple band brake (ii) Differential band brakes. 3. Band and block brake (used in hoists, elevators etc.,) 4. Internal expanding shoe brake (used in automobile four wheelers like cars, buses, trucks etc.) 5. List the important factors upon which the capacity of brake depends. The capacity of a brake depends upon the following factors which are. 1. The unit pressure between the breaking surfaces. 2. The coefficient of friction between the breaking surfaces. 3. The peripheral velocity of the brake drum. 4. The projected area of the friction surfaces. 5. The ability of the brake to dissipate almost all energy being absorbed.

6. Specify the advantages of pivoted block brake. In the case of block brake, if the angle of contact is more than 60 0 , the pressure distribution at the contact surface will not be uniform and it is more at the centre and less at the ends which results more wear at the centre than at the ends when the block is rigidity fixed wit the the lever. To make the pressure distribution as equal in all parts of the contact surface, the block is pivoted. 7. What is a self-energizing brake? When does a brake become self-locking? When the moment of applied force and the moment of frictional force are in the same direction, the frictional force helps in applying the brake. This type of brake is known as Self-energizing brake. When the frictional force alone is sufficient to apply the brake without any extreme force, then the brake is said to be Self locking. 8. What is a dynamometer? Mention its types with examples. Dynamometer is a device almost similar to block or band brake and is used to measure the frictional resistance during breaking action in order to estimate the output power for any prime mover like motor or engine. The main types of dynamometers are 1. Absorption dynamometer (Eg. Prony brake dynamometer.) 2. Transmission dynamometer (Eg. tatham dynamometer.)

CLUTCHES
1. What is a clutch and where it is used? Clutch is a machine component which acts as temporary coupling and is used mainly in automobiles for engaging and disengaging the driving shaft (ie,crankshaft of I.C.engine) to the driven shaft (ie,propellershaft through gear shaft)where periodical engagement is required Specify the types of clutches? 1. Positive clutches or jaw clutches 2. Friction clutches (a) Disc clutches (b) Cone clutches (c) centrifugal clutches 3. Magnetic clutches What is meant by positive clutch? A clutch which transmits power from driving shaft to the driven shaft by means of jaws or teeth is called positive clutch. Jaw clutch are superior to friction clutches in that they ensure exact contact (without slipping), produce equality in angular velocities of the connected shafts. 4. Define coefficient of friction. Coefficient of frictions is defined as the ratio of the force required to cause uniform sliding velocity of the block A on the surface B to the normal pressure between the surface in contact (i.e., normal pressure between the block A and surface B). By what means ,power is transmitted by clutches? In clutches ,power transmission is achieved through (a)Interlocking, (b)Friction, (c)wedging In what way clutches are differed from flange couplings? 1.Flange coupling are used as permanent connecting elements between two power transmitting elements whereas clutches are used as temporary connecting elements and hence periodical engagement is possible in clutch connection.

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Why are cone clutches better than disc clutches? Since the cone discs are having large frictional areas and wedging action, they can transmit a larger torque than disc clutches with the same outside diameter and actuating force and hence cone clutches are preferred to disc clutches. But usually cone clutches are mainly used in low peripheral speed applications.

8. What factors should be considered when designing friction clutches? (a) The friction materials for the clutch should have high co efficient of friction and they should not be by moisture and oil. (b) They may be light weight. (c) The design is in such a way that the engagement should be smooth without shock and fast disengagement without drag. (d) Provision should be made to transfer of heat fro the clutch during operation. 9. What materials sre employed fir lining of friction clutches? In dry friction clutches the friction plates are made of steel or cast-iron on a lining of some asbestos base friction materials. In wet friction clutches the frictionplater are made with subsequent hardening with cermet as lining elements. 10. Why should the generated heat be dissipated in clutch operation? In order to save the friction plates and lining materials melting by the heat produced during operation, the generated heat should be dissipated. 11. In case of multiple disc clutches, if n1 is the number of discs on driving shafts and n2 is the number of disc on the driven shaft, then what is the number of pairs of contact surfaces. Total number of pairs = n1 + n2 -1. 12. Name the two theories applied for the design of friction clutches. 1. Uniform pressure theory 2. Uniform wear theory 13. In what ways the clutches are differed from brakes? A clutch is used to engage the driving and driven members temporarily and keep them moving together, where as brakes are employed to stop a moving member or to control its speed.

CAMS
SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS: 1. What is a cam? Cam is machine member, which resembles egg. Shaped disc, and is used for transmitting rotary motion into reciprocation motion through another miner called as follower. In a cam acts as a driver and the follower acts as driven member. 2. What factors should be considered for the design of cam drives? 1. Follower motion 2. Profile of the cam 3. Amount of force applied 4. Displacement, velocity and acceleration 5. Material of cam and follower 6. Usage 7. Environmental conditions. 3. How are cam classified? (or) Briefly explain about the types of cams (a) Based on the shape of cam, (i) Flat or wedge cam (ii) Disc-cam (iii) Cylindrical or drum cam (iv) Globoidal cam. (b) Based on follower motion (i) Dwell-rice-dwell ca. (ii) Dwell-rice-return-dwell cam (iii) Rice-return-rice cam 4. Mention a few applications of cams Cams find wide applications in textile machineries, internal combustion engines, printing machineries, sand testing machines etc. 5. Light out the types of followers. (a) Based on the contact between cam and followers. (i) Knife-edge follower (ii) Roller followers (iii) Flat-faced mushroom follower (iv) Spherical shaped mushroom follower (b) Based on the type of motion (i) Translatory (ii) Oscillatory. (c) Based on the line of motion with respect to cam centre. (i) Radial (ii) Offset 6. What are the types of motions of the follower?

1. Simple harmonic motion 2. Parabolic or uniform acceleration and retardation motion 3. Cycloidal motion 7. Fill in the blanks of the following. (a) Maximum velocity and maximum acceleration of a follower with simple harmonic motion are given by the expressions and . (b) The displacement-cam angle diagram of a follower moving with uniform acceleration and retardation is made of . Arcs Answer: (a) ( ) ( )2 ( ) (b) parabolic 8. Briefly explain about the contact stress in cams. Since line contact exists between cam and follower, they are subjected to contact stresses. Failure of cam or follower is mainly due to fatigue failure of surface which depends upon surface endurance stress of materials due to contact and the hardness of the contact surfaces 9. State True ff False. (a) The contact between the cam the follower is a line contact. (b) Knife-edge follower is preferred in order to reduce friction and wear than roller follower Answer: (a) true, (b) False. 10. Define the following terms: (a) Cam profile, (b) Pitch curve. (a) Cam profile is the actual working curve of the cam. It is the surface in contact with knife edge, roller surface of a follower. (b) Pitch curve is the path of trace point. This curve is drawn by the knife edge or the centre of roller. For knife edge follower, cam profile and pitch curve are same whereas for the roller follower, pitch curve is drawn over the cam profile at a constant distance equal to roller radius. 11. Define the following: (a) Base circle, (b) Prime circle, (c) Trace point, (d) Pitch point. (a) Base circle is the smallest circle drawn to cam profile. (b) Prime circle is the smallest circle drawn to pitch curve (c) Trace point is the reference point on the follower for the purpose of tracing the cam profile. It is the knife edge or centre of roller follower. (d) Pitch point is the point on the pitch curve having maximum pressure angle 12. Discuss about the following trams: (a) Pressure angle, (b) Cam angle, (c) Lift or stroke, (d) Pitch circle (a) Pressure angle is the angle between line of follower motion and the normal to the pitch curve. (b) Cam angle is the angle of rotation of the cam for a definite displacement of the follower. (c) Lift of stroke is the maximum displacement of the follower from the base circle of the cam.

(d) Pitch circle is the circle drawn with its centre as the centre of cam axis and the radios equal to the distance between cam centre and the pitch point