SYTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SALT

EXPERJMENT

OBSERVATION

-Notedthe colour

INFERENCE

.Bluish green. .Pink .Yellow or brown .Green .Amorphous .crystalline .Soluble' .lnsoluble .Soluble

.May be copper .May be CobaltlManganese . Maybe ferriciron .May be nickel .May be carbonates er+rltrhids .Absence of above .Presence of soluble salts .May be.CO:e . Mayb{carbonali-

Aooearance .Notedthe appearance Solubilitv .ln water

.ln.diM+d Action of heat . A pinch in a dry of the saltis heated .Waterdroplets testtube. on the cooler sides of the testtube. .Black residue . Residue is Yellow whenhot & whitewhencold .Yellowresidue .Sublimes sides on cooler .Browngas .A littleof the saltis heated with dilut,. Brisk effervescence, colourless gas turning limewatermilky HCI & the gasreleased is tested .A llttle of the salt is heatedwith sodir Colurless gaswitha pungent smell f-ifr-fi!-nrerrrru*tttrn+r--m hydroxidesolution. blue. .A little of the salt is warmedwith few .Whltefuming gag . brownvapors drops sulphuric acid Reddish of concentrated .Violetvaoors. .Littleof the saltis warmedmanganes yellowgasturning ,.Greenish paper blue. sulDhuric acid. starch iodide dioxide & concentrated . Reddish browngasturning paper orange red. starch .VioletvaDors. .A littleof saltis warmed browngas turning with few bit . Reddish black aci( ferrous sulohate solution & conc.sulphuric of copper turninB is blue. andresidue

. Hydrated salt .May be copper .May be zinc .May be lead .May be amrnonium salt .May be nitrate .May be carbonat. Presence salt of ammonium
-*._'i-

.May be a chloride . Maybe nitrateor bromide. . Presence of iodide, . Presence of chloride. .Presence of bromide. . Presence of iodide, .Presence of nitrate.

.To 1mlof the saltsolution or of carbonate that few drops .White precipitate l.Presence o'/'otrd HCl. in dilute is dissolves barium chloride solution I sulphite. .White precipitate is of sulphate that is l.Presence confirmed. in conc.HCl. insoluble even I --f 'r''iiip-'"-.-ipi-t.-t"-ir1rf .nEGn'.Eo-tirir"-'i-o"l .To 1mlof the saltsolution few drops ;ciilifr soluble in ammonium silvernitratesolulionis add*-dI hydroxide. I .Paleyellowprecipitate partly of bromide. l.Presence soluble in ammonium I hydroxide. I .Yellow precipitate is insoluble l.Presence of iodide. n ammonium hydroxide. I

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test Chromvl chloride .A littleof the saltis mixed of chromyl with 3 tim( .Deepredvapors is evolve4 dichromate & chloride itsweight of potassium sulphuric warmed with concentrated acid. .Thevapors turnsyellow. lead .Thesolution arepassed through in a testtube. acetate solution .Theorganic .To the saltsolution layerbecomes tetra carbon reddish brown. by Chlorine followed chloride is added HN03 untilit wateror concentrated

. Presence of chloride,

.Presence of chloride. . Presence of bromide.

ELor9s_o3!sj.-

.Thesaltsolution with carbo.Violetlayer. is shaken followed by chlorine tetrachloride HNOl wateror concentrated Brown ringtest. .To the saltsolution 1mlof freshly .A brownringis formedat the of the two leyers. prepared solution junction sulphate ferrous by concentrated is added followed the sides in Sulphuric acid dropsalong of the testtubewithoutshaking.
OF CATIONS ANATYSIS

.Presence of iodide.

. Presence of nitrate.

rTh4.-salt is heatedwith sodium sofutiot hydroxide

.Presence salts. of ammonium gasis .Pungent smelling relqasd.+Tiv.s-deose.l&hLg=in fumesa roddipped HCl.f'"^/6 r"4 L'l-^'"lrr(.concentrated .Presence salts. of ammonium coloured .To ihe saltsolutionfew dropsofrl"au .An orange precipitate. areaddeol reagent Nesster's

INTER 6ROUPANAIAYSIS

tegts' q used for the following solvent with a proper is prepared lsalt solution OBSERVATION .To oneml of the saltsolution diluteI .White precipitate .No precipitate isadded, preciPitate. gasis passed thto .Black .Hydrogen sulphide precipitate oYellow solution the above .No orecipitate
EXPERIMENT INFERENCE

. Presence of lead .Absence of GrouP-1 . Presence ol copper s Presence of cadmium. .Absence of group-2 . . Presence of-Aluminum. .Presence of ferriciron. .Absence of group-3 .Presence of zinc. . Presence of manganese. oPresence of Nickel/cobalt. .Absence of group4.

.Whitegelatinous .To the saltsolution PreciPitate ammonium .Reddish preciPitate brown sol hydroxide chloride andammonium 'No preciPitate to excess. in drops added gasis passed thro .DirtywhitepreciPitate. Sulphide oHydrogen .Buff colour precipitate. solution' the above .Blackprecipitate . No precipitate

.White precipitate
are added. rbonatesolutions

.No precipitate'

of Barium/strontium Presence calcium, .Absence of GrouP-5

{Pb2.) OFGROUP-1 ANAIYStS

.Thesaltsolution uPand is heated to cool, allowed precipitate. .io 1 ml of saltsolution, Potassium .Yellow is adde4 chromate precipitate that eTo1 ml of salt solution,Potassium .Yellow water & wbih hot in dissolves iodideis added. golden as reappears Yellow on coolang. spangles . _ )^1 .White precipitate.To the saltsolution acidis sulphuric added.
2+

.Needle likecrystals

. Presence of tead . Lead is formed. chromate

'.\ . Leadiodide is formed.

.Lead iulphateisformed.

for Copper Test that .To 1mlof saltsolution ammonium .A palebluePrecipitate giving a in excess t( dissolves is addedin drops solution hydroxide solution blue deeo excess. browncolour .To iml of saltsolution of .chocolate few drops precipitate. is solution cyanide potassium-ferro added. .A paleblueprecipitate. .To 1mlof sldtsolution, sodium is addeol solution hvdroxide for cadmium Test .White orecipitat(, .To lml of the saltsolution NaOH is added. solution rGreenish whitepreciPitate. potassiun .To 1mlof the saltsolution, is added' solution Ferro cyanide
- - . I - . - . ! -

.copperhydroxide isformed dl with that complexes excess. .copperFerro is cYanide formed.

!!cy---

. Copper is formed. hYdroxide

is .Cadmium hvdroxide formed. .Presence of cadmium.

3+

fest for lron to .Potassium is added cvanide Ferro Lmlof saltsolutio& to .Potassium is added thiocyanate 1mlof saltsolutioh" for Aluminum, Test .To 1mlof saltsolution, bluelitmus bY. ammonium followed solution, droPwise& left is added hydroxide undisturbed. of .tJiml of saltsolution, few drops is added. hydroxide sodium

.Deep blue colouration. . Bloodred colouration.

.Presence iron. of Ferric .Presence iron. of Ferric

.A bluelakefloating on the isformed. solution

.Presence of aluminum.

is Aluminate .A gelatinous whitePreciPitate .Sodium formed. in NaoH. soluble

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.To the saltsolution, .A rosyredprecipitate ammonium is hydroxide followed of Qdrops v glyoxime areadded. .To lml of saltsolution, excess of l,lr .Black precipitate waterareadded andboiled. .To 1mlof saltsolution, ammoniurn .Yellow precipitate. hydroxide is added to neutralize with acetic acidand

. Nickel glyoxime is formed.

.Presence of nickel.

.Presence of cobalt.

.Totheabo-veso-lutio-nla-m-mdn-tu?r.Brightbluecolouration. . Presence of cobalt, thiocyanate is added , andmixed.lml acetone is added along the sidewithr lc shakins. Reactions of Zinc .To 1mlof saltsolution, .A gelatinous sodium whiteprecipitate .Zinchydroxide is formed. hydroxide is added in dropsto excess. that dissolves in excess. .To 1mlof saltsolution .Presence Fer.Bluish whiteprecipitate. ,potassium of zinc. cyanide solution is added. Reactions of Manganese -To+rnl of.srlt solutioR AlaOH . Presence solutidr d lhitapreqipltete turning of manganese. Bromine waterareadded. brown& finally black. oTo1mlof saltsolution, .A pinkcolouration. .Permanganic leadperoxide acidis formed. andconcentrated nitricacidareadded & warmed. Thefusedmass is diluted withwateraftercooling.

Reactions of Barium .To 1 ml of saltsolution, potassium chromate is addecl

'Brightyellowprecipitate.
lbbu't"

.Presence of Barium

.Flame test is conducted. LJ;t; UL JoJr- r &iM " ttc-L .

.Applegreen,is imparted tolheflame "

i

.Presence of Barium.

Reactions of Calcium oTo1 ml of saltsolution, ammonium .White precipitate. oxalate solution is added. . Flame .Brickredcolouration. testis conducted,

. Presence of calcium. .Presence of calciurn.

'To the saltsolution, ammonium chloride, ammonium hydroxide & phosphate umfiydrogen are . Theinside of the testtubeis .To I ml of the saltsolution, dilute Hydrochloric acid& magneson

.A crystalline white precipitate.

.Presence of magnesium.

.Bluecolouration

.Presence of Magnesium.

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