The Year's Work Author(s): D. H. French, J. J. Coulton, H. F. Russell and Stephen Mitchell Source: Anatolian Studies, Vol.

37 (1987), pp. 3-14 Published by: British Institute at Ankara Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3642884 . Accessed: 10/10/2013 08:31
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THE YEAR'S WORK

ANKARA

Premises Afterthe majorupheavalsof last year,as recorded in the Thirty-Seventh Annual and consolidationduring1986.A Report,therehas been a periodof stabilization new five-year lease for Tahran24 was negotiatedat the end of November,thereby and insecurity aboutthe future puttingto an end a prolongedperiodof uncertainty of the Institute'sbase in Ankara.The botanicalcollectionsand researchfacilities continueto be housedin BiikliimSokak96/21, and one apartment (96/9) has been retainedthereas accommodation for those with Spartantraining.In May a lease was signedfor the rentalof a new flat at Hempehri Sokak 3. The more luxurious were a welcome addition to the Institute's surroundings premisesand now enable visitors from the UK to be in comfort. The DirectorandAssistant long-stay lodged Directorscontinuedto occupy their respectivelodgingsin the vicinityof Tahran Caddesiand willinglyprovidedhospitalityto manyothervisitorsduringthe course of the year. Computer facilities The purchaseof the IBM computerin September represents, perhaps,the most excitingdevelopmentin the Institute'sfacilitiesand researchpotentialfor some time. In additionto its primaryrole in storingand indexingthe libraryholdings,it will undoubtedlyenhance the productionof academicpublicationsand, in the courseof time, it will be enlistedto cope with all the administrative accountsand businessin Ankara. Library The introductionof our new IBM personalcomputerand word processorwill, we expect, bring greaterefficiencyto the retrievalof data from our books and Notable accessionshave beenfewerthanin previousyears,a reflection periodicals. to augment perhapsof the reducedpurchasing power of sterlingand a reluctance the libraryallocation. significantly Institutestaff The year has witnessedsome significantchanges in personnel;in addition to temporaryabsencesand welcomepromotions,there have been a numberof sad and new arrivals. At the end of JulyAnn Murraytook her leaveof the departures Instituteaftersix prosperousand successfulyearsas AssistantDirector.Her style and colourhad blendedgracefully withthe patternof Ankaralife, andherpresence will long be remembered. had meanwhile beenpromotedto the GeoffreySummers level of AssistantDirector,a move that reflectedhis growingresponsibilities and contributions to the Institute'sactivities.In September Ann's replacement arrived in the guise of ChrisLightfoot,a personwho was not altogethera stranger to the Institute and to Turkey. Members of the office staff, Giilgiin Kazan (Turkish secretary),Canan Phillips (Englishsecretary),Yaprak Eran and Cigdem Mengi (part-time librarians), continued their normal duties in exemplary fashion throughoutthe firsthalf of the year. herpost in the Library at the end of September to take YaprakEranrelinquished up an Italian scholarshipin Florence, and in her place we welcomed Emine Atakan,an archaeologygraduatefromAnkaraUniversityand formerparticipant in the Tille excavations. Tuirul ?akar (photographer)maintained his high for professionalism. In additionto participating in both seasonsat Tille, reputation

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ANATOLIAN STUDIES

he worked on material from the Cremna survey in Ankara and accompanied Harry Russell on the Assyrian monuments survey; he also assisted in all other Institute projects during the year. Johanna Pinder-Wilson (conservator) took her leave of Ankara in May, having completed not quite a full twelve months in the Institute's employ. She added her technical assistance to various projects, including the spring season at Tille and the work on the Beycesultan material at Pamukkale and the Sakqag6zii material in Gaziantep. In September her replacement arrived in the person of Kirsty Norman, formerly of the Conservation Department of the British Museum. After a brief respite in Ankara recovering from a summer spent on the British Archaeological Expedition to Bulgaria, Kirsty was occupied for the rest of the year repairing material from Tille in the Adiyaman Museum. Anne Dawn Sutton (finds illustrator) resided in Ankara during the earlierpart of the year, establishing herself as the Institute's graphics mainstay by her thorough and business-like approach to the large quantities of work in hand. Later, she went out into the field, attending both seasons at Tille and working at Gaziantep Museum. Mark Nesbitt (archaeo-botanist) spent long periods in Ankara, working on the publication of the Aqvan material, although he made several trips to Elazig and paid visits to the excavations at Tille, Sardis and Dilkaya. He also participated in conferences in Cambridge and Istanbul. There were fewer short-term members of staff this year. They included: Katherine Baker (finds illustrator), who continued her work on the Beycesultan material and at Tille in April and May; Shahina Farid (finds illustrator), who was employed during the summer in drawing material from the Institute's sherd collections and then participated fully in the autumn season at Tille; two students from Liverpool University, Catherine Barrett and Sarah Hogben, who spent August in Ankara gaining experience in drawing pottery from the central and western Anatolia collections; and finally, Dr. Julian Scott (botanist) who arrived at the end of May. In jovial manner he set about identifying specimens in the herbarium collection and later produced a computer-based directory of classifications before leaving Ankara at the end of November. Research by staff and scholars The Director spent the summer months in fieldwork in the Amasya, Tokat, Corum and Sinop regions, pursuing research on Roman roads. At Easter the Director went to England to give lectures at the Sheffield University colloquium The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East. Ann Murray (Assistant Director) organized much of the preparations for the Photographic Exhibition in Istanbul but spent most of her remaining time working hard to complete the catalogue of small finds for the last volume in the Beycesultan excavation publication programme. Dr. Chris Lightfoot (Assistant Director-Administration and Research) arrived from England to take up his post in September. He accompanied the President and Hon Secretary on their visit to Tille and attended the T.T.K. Congress as an observer. On a second trip to the excavations he continued the work he started last year as a member of the Greek and Roman Department of the British Museum on the glass finds from Tille. He also assisted in the preliminary stages of the preparations for the 2nd Iron Age Symposium, to be held at Izmir University next spring. Dr. Geoffrey Summers (Assistant-Library and Excavations, later Assistant Director-Excavation and Research) supervised work during the short spring season at Tille and participated in the full autumn season. His other fieldwork included assisting in the study of the Sakgagozii material in Gaziantep and, in

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THE YEAR'S WORK

December, taking part in the Adlyaman survey. In Ankara his energies were concentratedon the preparationfor publicationof the centralAnatolian sherd material,and is extremelygratefulto Dr. Ian Todd for passingon the drawings, notes and maps from his original survey.Part of the preparatory work for the has involved the study rehousing study collection,arranged by vilayet,on the top floor of the Institute.StuartBlaylock(Excavations Assistant)arrivedat the end of the summerand has againcontributed his expertiseto the excavationsat Tille and the Adlyamansurvey. Mark Nesbitt (Archaeobotanist) continuedhis work on the archaeo-botanical remainsfromAgvanin the Elazig; museumand in Ankara,wherehe also arranged the installation of new herbariumcabinets and a seed storage cabinet. In November he spent two weeks at Tille examiningthe flotation system, and in assessDecembera week was spent at KaramanMuseum,makinga preliminary mentof the CanHasanI plantremains. JulianScott (Botanist)madegood progress with the classification of the Institute'sbotanicalcollectionduringhis six month stay in Ankara. Harry Russellcame to Turkeyin the autumnfor a short study period in the Antakya and Adana regions and successfullycontinuedhis survey of Assyrian monuments(see Section 3). Dr. StephenHill spent a week in Adana museum, inspectingthe materialstored therefrom the Dag Pazariexcavationsin 1957-59 and assessingtheirquantityand conditionwith a view to publication. J. G. Crowreturnedto Turkeyto look at medievalcastles in the Kastamonu, Cankirland Zonguldakvilayets and revise his earlierresearchon the theme of A numberof sites werevisitednearAraqand to the north ByzantinePaphlagonia. and east of Kastamonu.The majorsite of Amasrawas also visited,wherethe main defencesare surelyof Byzantine ratherthanGenoesedata.At the end of his stayhe was ableto travelverybriefly to Trabzonto examinethe remainsat ArakliBurunu, the only whichhaverecentlybeensuggestedas the site of Hyssiportus/Sourmaina, fort of the Roman defenceson the Black Sea coast to be situatedin Turkey. David Harvey,a lecturerin classicsat ExeterUniversity,spent three weeks in of the topography,sitesand artefacts Turkeyin orderto gain a generalimpression on his in connection with and of Lydia projectof publishinga commentary Ionia of this of Herodotus' of The main action the Lydianlogos Herodotos(1.1-94). part writingis centredon Sardis,whichwas of courseone of the sitesvisited,although, the Americanexcavatorshad left beforehis arrival.At Old Smyrna unfortunately, Mr. Harveywas entertainedby ProfessorAkurgal,and at Miletos by Professor Professorvon Graevewas able to show Mr. Harveyparts of the Miiller-Wiener. archaic city which are as yet unpublished,and which shed a vivid light on Herodotos 6.18-21. Besides visiting also the sites of Eti Baba, Ephesos, Priene, Klaros, Halikarnassos,and Didyma, Mr. Harvey was also able to make useful visitsand contactsat the museumsat Manisa,Selcuk,Miletos,Bodrumand izmir. Dr. GregHorsleyof MacquarieUniversity,Australia,workedonce more as a in Pisidia,wherehis briefwas memberof Dr. StephenMitchell'steamat Sagalassos to record inscriptions.Some 54 complete and fragmentarytexts were located, a centuryago printedby Lanckoronski thoughonly about half of the inscriptions could be found. Doubtless some of the statue bases now face down in the upper and lower agoras and the colonnadedstreetwill also have carriedtexts. Of new

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ANATOLIANSTUDIES

of two honorificinscriptions and a mentionmay be madein particular discoveries, dedicationfoundon the slope west of the Doric Temple.On the walls of the Doric graffitiwere noted. An articleon the inscriptions Templeitself two fragmentary at Cremna,whichis the resultof a previousseason's from the so-called"Library" work, is publishedin this volume. in Turkeyworkingat the museumsin Miss BeatriceTeissierspent September Ankara, Kayseri,Adana, and Antakya and visiting the museumsat Nigde and Konya, and the sites of Kiiltepe, Acemhiiyiikand Karahiiyiik.Her researchis concernedwith the contacts of the palace sites of Acemhiiyiikand Kiiltepewith Syria,Palestineand Egyptin the MiddleBronzeI-II periods(ca. 2000-1650B.c.). The cosmopolitannature of Anatolia's contacts at this period through glyptic, imports and local adaptationsof foreign models is already well known. Miss and pottery Teissierwas ableto look at glyptic,faience,bone andivory,metalwork more from a numberof sites, and her initialresponseis that thereis considerably the materialand more detailwhichbearson theseculturalcontacts.In particular, of Tell Atchana,as research alreadyrevealsthe role of the Amuq,and particularly a pivot of Anatolia'sinteractionwith the Khaburand the south, and the close and Kiiltepe affinitybetweensome of the luxurygoods and trinketsof Acemhiiyiik and those of the Khabur,Tell Atchana,Ebla and Ugarit. Nigel Sadlerused a travel scholarshipin order to travelextensivelyin eastern Turkeyand centralAnatolia,pursuingan interestin the interactionof landscape and early history engenderedby work for his undergraduate dissertationin and His concern was in the routes between particular Geography Archaeology. easternAnatolia, central Anatolia, north Syria and Mesopotamiawhich would have beenused by peoplesof the Late Chalcolithic and EarlyBronzeAge periods. Mrs. ElizabethHealeywas in the early stages of planningresearchinto the lithic industries of the neolithicperiod,particularly in centraland south-eastern Turkey. She used her travel scholarshipto visit a number of sites, excavations and museums,includingsome of the most recentlydiscoveredsites such as Hassek Hiiyiik, Gritille,Qayonfi and Nevalla Cori. Another of the travel scholarswas who spenta monthtravelling in westernTurkeyand visitingmore JeremyTanner, thanfortysitesmainlyof the classicalperiod.RobinBrunner-Ellis also visitedmany classical sites, but his main concern was to study some of the early Christian churchesand monasteries, on whichhe plans to start researchat Oxford.Having started his study-tourat Istanbul, he travelledthrough the west and south of Turkey,ending at Antakya from wherehe made his way to Syria.Paul Trebilco was able to visit a numberof the classicalcities of Turkey,the history of whose Jewish communitieshas been the subject of his doctoral researchat Durham
University. Late in the year Eric Ivison paid an extended visit, examining Late Roman and Byzantine remains in a number of localities.
TILLE

In 1986 the work on Tille Hiyiik was divided into two seasons, spring and autumn.The Springseasonopenedon 24 Aprilandclosedon 10 May. In this short campaign the objective was simple: to clear away the remainingwalls of the level and to cleanthe site in preparation for a full Autumnseason. (?)Achaemenid This aim was easily accomplished. At the same time, we began the lifting of the pebblemosaic.From a total of 210 squares,16 wereremovedin the Springand 69 in the Autumn. The team for the Spring campaign was: Katherine Baker David French(site director),GeoffreySummers(asst. site director), (illustrator),

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THE YEAR'S WORK

Anne Sutton (illustrator), Johanna Pinder-Wilson(conservator). The main, Autumn campaignbegan on 22 Septemberand finishedon 15 November.Final planning and recordingtook place in the week following. Conservationand illustrationof the finds were carriedout in AdiyamanMuseum, 1-19 December. The membersof the Autumn campaign were: Stuart Blaylock (site manager), Julie Edwards(finds supervisor), Trevor Carbin,Tugrul (akar (photographer), Shahina Farid, David French (site director),Alison and Martin Hicks, Shirley GeoffreySummers(asst. site director),Brian Simpson,Anne Sutton (illustrator), and Williams (planner illustrator),Jeremy Youle. During the season, Kirsty workedon Tille findsin the AdiyamanMuseum.For both Norman (conservator) seasonsthe Ministryof Cultureand Tourismwas represented by MurgitYaclzi of the KayseriMuseum. Ourobjectivefor the main seasonof excavationwas also simple:to excavatethe level exposedin 1985.With whole of the Iron Age (i.e. earlyfirstmillennium B.C.) No furtherareas of the burnt minor omissionsthis objectivewas accomplished. LateBronzeAge buildingwhichwas reachedin last year'spreliminary exploration materialof at the edge of the tell wereexposedin 1986,but most of the intervening has now been removed.In all we carriedout 8 weeksof the earlierfirstmillennium excavation(c. 50 workingdays) with an averageof 40 men. An area of c. 1000m. was exposed. Over this area, c. 1-5m. of deposit was removed,i.e. c. 1500 cubic metres,or c. 30 cubic metresp.d. structures show a sequenceof alterationor changesof plan. The Achaemenid(?) so. not we had thought In one room,in the SE cornerof the site, a group Previously from a primaryfloor. Further,thereis the clearestevidence of pots was recovered both activitiesattemptingto for a combinationof cutting-downand building-up, correcta downwardslope to the east in the pre-Achaemenid phase(s). In the earlier, Iron Age level, there are two phases: one primary,the other wall on the N side of the site. secondary.Both are associatedwith the perimeter whereit was N W (particularly the and on is The secondary phase poorlypreserved on the E, It better was cut by the Achaemenid(?) foundation-trenches). preserved structurethe ground level had been raised. This where for the Achaemenid(?) rebuilding or re-use of the northern half of the site may have been contemporaneouswith the more massive structures(in the southern half of the or street)whichformthe mainfeatureof the primary phase. thoroughfare principal and secondary detailsof the primary In general,the structural phasesdo not differ of both phasesare visiblyless in the northernhalf of the site wherethe structures massiveand regularthan those of the primaryphasein the southernhalf. Thereis and orientations. someevidencefor the retentionof originalalignments Secondary walls lie on or close to the walls of the primaryphase. Therewas, however,some encroachmenton the main street in the secondaryphase. Complete pots were found in a burntroom of the secondaryphase in the easternside of the site. In the structural plan of the primaryphase thereis evidentaxiality.The main or streetbisectsthe site from E to W. On the S are the moremassive thoroughfare and regularbuildings;on the N, the less regularand substantial.In 1985we saw these latter structures as "poor and mean"; a correction to this simplified last yearis associatedwith The pebblemosaicrevealed is now desirable. assessment the primaryphasein the southernhalf of the site. This half, built up on a terrace, stands higher than the northern;the orientationof the structuresfollows the axis of the site. The terraceis the dominantfeatureof the plan;during longitudinal associationbetweenN and S was the cause excavation,however,the stratigraphic of much dispute and anxiety. The rooms and buildingare arrangedaround the in the northernhalf mosaic courtyardwhile the lower and less massivestructures

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ANATOLIANSTUDIES

are (it seems) arranged around roughly paved courtyards. This distinction, indeed the structural plan as a whole, invites speculation: was the site a frontier stronghold, located at a crossing of the Euphrates, the seat, perhaps, of a local commander? The condition and quantity of material remains recovered improved in 1986. One (burnt) room of the primary phase was the location of several complete pots. Iron tools and weapons were also found as were bone tools. A number of stone objects, both fine and coarse, came to light. Of the fine objects the most outstanding was a round stamp-seal and a decorated disk. In a preliminary interpretation of the post-second millennium stratigraphy it is suggested that the three main Iron Age building levels may belong to the tenth/ eighth centuries B.C.The primary phase of the last level was burnt (?destroyed in 706 B.C.by Sargon). The secondary phase of this level is thin and insubstantial. It may perhaps be dated to the seventh century. The following level ought (?) then to be Median/Achaemenid or Achaemenid of the fifth/fourth centuries B.C.There is, as yet, no secure evidence for this interpretation and it must remain, for the moment, somewhat tentative. At the same time, we were presented with unexpected information, namely, the evidence for construction levels and subsidiary occupation in the Achaemenid buildings.
D. H. FRENCH ROMAN ROADS AND MILESTONES OF ASIA MINOR

Work began on 18 June in (orum and finished in Kastamonu on 15 August. An extension granted for the Autumn was deferred. Bay Yagar Onlu represented the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. To him I am most thankful for his interest and support. Much help and assistance was given by the Museums of Qorum, Amasya, Tokat, Yozgat, Sinop and Kastamonu. To all these we are profoundly grateful. Dr. Peter Neve gave precious information on milestones from the Bogazkale area. To him are due our warm thanks.

Between 18 June and 2 July exploration for epigraphic material took place principally in the region of Qorum itself but detailed investigation was also carried out in the areas of Sungurlu, Bogazkale, Alaca and Mecit6zii. The aim of these investigations was twofold: (1) to augment the number of milestones along the line of known Roman roads and (2) to collect all surviving inscriptions for inclusion in the RECAM volume on Amaseia and its territory. Only two new milestones were recovered: at Kuzoren near Mecit6zii (Philippus with Philippus Caesar, (?)A.D.244) and Yekba? near Bogazkale (name of Emperor lost). Gravestones, on the other hand, were more frequent and in every village of the Corum plain at least one or two examples were to be found. Some were dated near Mecitozii) was inscribed (by the Amaseian era). One gravestone (in Baynmdlr in year 201, in the month Octavius, the first evidence for this name in the Amaseian calendar. At Geyikhoca near Mecitoziu several Christian gravestones provide examples of professions: raptes, nosokomos, notarios. The gravestone of another notarios was found at Hacilarhani near Sungurlu. At Mislerovagi, a certain Ioanis was described as pragmateutes khoriou Kilianou. From Sungurlu, the Corum museum acquired a Latin dedication to Hadrian. Several prehistoric, Iron Age and later sites were noted, e.g. a hill-fort above Elvan Celebi and a mound at Sfiliiklii (near Mecitozii). In addition to evidence for Roman roads, we discovered, in 1986, traces of an

19 Corum ili

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THE YEAR'S WORK

Ottoman route (locally called Ceneviz yolu), namely, the route from Sinop via Boyabatand OsmanclktowardsYozgat and Kayseri.Along this routehans are to be found:threewereseen this year,at Hacihamza,Mislerovalgi and Hacilarhanl. Othershave been noted in the past e.g. at Mahmudiyeand Arapseyf.Milestones were brought to the (orum museum from Harzadin,Demirgeyh,Cevheriand and a gravestoneand dedicationfrom K6priialan. Giingdrmez,
05 Amasya ili

Workbeganon 3 Julyand closedon 19July.Two dayswerespenton an English translationof the Guide to Hazeranlar Konagi. Milestoneswere recordedin the Hadrianus, (2) Gordianus III), Akyazl (Dio((1) following villages: Baglhca and Toklucletianusand colleagues),Ezinepazar (Constantiusand Maximianus) cak ((1) Carus, (2) Constantinus).The milestoneof GordianusIII from Baglica in 1984 recorded was broughtto the AmasyaMuseumtogetherwiththe gravestone Amaseia was centred on The road 144 and system Fig. 9). (III AraftlrmaSemp., the roads eastwardstowardsNeocaesareia(Niksar) furtherclarified,in particular and Zela (Zile). Further researchwas carried out on the route from Pimolisa to Neoclaudiopolis(Vezirk6prii). (Osmancik) Much useful informationon ancient sites, in particularthose related to the Roman road system, was gatheredin the region of Amasya. First and foremost there is the temple and temenos of Zeus Stratios, near the modern Yassical Ebimi).The templeoverlooksthe Romanroad to Neocaesareia.Nearly (formerly werefound withinthe precinct.As was seen in 1984,these twentynew inscriptions different texts each name a village(or groupof villages)accordingto region;each in the temenosaroundthe templeplatform.There regionwas discretelyarranged are manymoreregionsnamedin thesetexts than arementionedin Strabo(C 561). Hellenistic,Roman Also on the Amaseia-Neocaesareia road,we locatedimportant and Byzantinesites at Baglica,formerlyDarma(locallycalledTirma$ehri)and at Kumluca,Anser Kale. Near the road runningfrom the Halys to Amaseiaand Amisus we visited the citadelof BulakKale above Koqk6y(nearMerzifon).The hill-topwas fortifiedby a rough defensivewall of bouldersand mortarcore. Round towerswere built at intervals along the perimeter.There is earlier occupation on the site but the defensivewall probablybelongsto the Late Roman/Early period.Some Byzantine from new materialwas collectedfor the projectedRECAMvolumeof inscriptions were all gravestones. Amaseiaand territory.These inscriptions 60 Tokatfli The workin this provincewas carriedout between20 Julyand 6 August.Several with new milestoneswere found: Alayurt (Constantinus), Hatipli (Constantinus Caesars four with four CaesarsincludingDelmatius),Karaagaq(Constantinus)
including Delmatius), Yagmurlu (Hadrianus) and Boztepe ((1) Trebonianus Gallus (2) Diocletianus and colleagues (3) Constantinus). The road systems from Amaseia to Neocaesareia, from Zela to Neocaesareia, from Neocaesareia to Sebasteia, from Zela to Caesareia, from Zela to Amaseia, from Zela to Tavium and from Tavium to Sebastdpolis were explored in detail and established without ambiguities. The Roman road eastwards from Neocaesareia (Niksar) to Nicopolis (Piirk near Sugehri) was discovered not in the Kelkit valley (as has been supposed) but in the mountains to the north. Here, in the area of Bereketli, traces of a route running eastwards were recorded. This is the road known as the Caldiran yolu (of Sultan Selim Yavuz). One milestone, once erected on this road, was found at Hatipli (Constantinus). It is interesting to note that the tentative indications given by

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10

ANATOLIAN STUDIES

Jerphanion for the A?. Barakh 2 milestone (near Amasya) are confirmed by the new stones from Hatipli (near Bereketli) and (near Erbaa), namely, that Karaag;a with four Caesars, Constanon all these stones Constantinus associated himself tinus, Constantius, Constans and Delmatius. A similar Constantinian text was found at Qay (near Afyon) (Eck and Bear, Chiron6:301 no. 109 without, however, reference to the Barakh stone as a possible parallel). A further instance may be found in the (worn) text of the Hiiyiik milestone (near Antalya) (TAM 3.1.942-944 but not mentioned by Eck and Bear loc. cit.). Among the epigraphic material there are two notable texts: the tombstone of a veteran (Legio V Macedonica) from Hacilar (near Zile) and a boundary pillar (at Alayurt) from (the church of) the Saint and Glorious First Martyr Stephen on the land of GalaS; it was erected under the Emperor Fl. Anastasius (A.D.491-518), Bishop John and an unnamed Count and Consul. A boundary text was found on a rock-outcrop near Yaylayolu (formerly Bacul). Another equally interesting discovery was made at Yaylayolu, N of Zile: four Ottoman markers, inscribed in the old script but measured in kilometres. In the vicinity of the Roman roads, several sites and structures were noted. A small Hellenistic settlement (locally called kale) was observed and at Yoldere, formerly Geyre, a rock-cut tunnel and staircase were found. In particular the important Ottoman fortified site at Gorcuk, Kiz Kalesi, near Tokat was visited and the impressive Hellenistic tunnels and staircases were noted. An extensive Hellenistic and Roman site is visible at Buzk6y, at a locality called Hamam, and another at Pinarbeyli, Yerkoprii mevkii. 66 Yozgat Ili Two days, 6 and 7 August, were spent in the province. A milestone from Haydarbeyli (near Tavium) (Severus Alexander) was recorded in the museum. The road from Zela (Zile) to Tavium (Biiyiik Nefes) was briefly investigated. The course of the road followed the Qekerek river as far as Bazlamaq and then ran straight towards Alaca. No milestones were found. Along this route, however, there is a bridge (still) at Haciboz, a castle (near Bii. Ak6z) and a fortified site or fortification (at Karatepe near Bazlamaq). The work lasted four days: 8-11 August. Research was concentrated in the Boyabat region, in an attempt to locate the section of the road between Boyabat and the Kizilirmak. This attempt was largely unsuccessful and only one short stretch of road was discovered: near G6kgebelen (formerly Kalfat). The actual crossing of the Kizlirmak was not found. No milestones came to light, nor any inscriptions. Boyabat Kale was investigated. Sherds of the Iron Age and Hellenistic periods were found, the first recorded ceramic evidence for occupation earlier than Ottoman. West of Boyabat the Roman road is perfectly clear and well preserved. Its course through the mountains near Kovagaylr, S of the Goksu valley, has been accurately recorded. No milestones or inscriptions were found. 37 Kastamonu Ili Work began on 11 August and finished on 15 August. The Roman road discovered near Kovagaylr in Sinop province was further investigated in the Tagkoprii region of Kastamonu. The continuation of the road was followed through the forests of the Elek Da@lalmost to Tagk6prii itself. In places the surface is very well preserved. One milestone (now uninscribed) was found at Gdkbelen, Sarni9 Mahallesi. A boundary stone, naming the village of Koroba(?), was found

57 SinopIli

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THE YEAR'S WORK

11

at Dikili ta? mevkii near the same mahalle. An attemptto find a Roman road was not successful.It must be assumed,therefore, runningsouth from Tayk6prii that the road betweenPompeiopolis(Tagk*prii) and Gangra(Cankiri)-as indicated on the TabulaPeutingeriana-ran south from Kastamonu. In all 45 villageswerevisitedin Corum,45 in Amasya,63 in Tokat,4 in Yozgat, 9 in Sinop, and 5 in Kastamonu.
D. H. FRENCH

IN GAZIANTEPMUSEUM SAK4AGOZU MATERIAL

The materialfrom the Sakgagdziiexcavations(carriedout in 1949 under the auspicesof the BIAA) has lain untouchedin the depot of the GaziantepMuseum. In 1986a team made up from the Ankarastaff (the Director,GeoffreySummers, Anne Sutton, Johanna Pinder-Wilson)undertook, with the permissionof the Directorate-General of Museumsand Antiquitiesand of the GaziantepMuseum,a of re-furbishment and re-housingof the Sakgag6zfi collections(which programme include material from Qoba Hiiyiik, the Sakgag6ziicave, surface surveys and sondagesin the Sakgagdzii region).The initial objectivewas simple:to wash, remarkand re-housethe pottery(mostlyin the formof sherds).At the sametime,the remainswere pottery lots were re-sortedand all artifactualand non-artifactual and animal-bone werewaterThe and stone, pottery,chipped ground separated. sealed a solution of washed and re-marked China and PVA). The (in ink) (with whole materialwas then storedon shelvesuntilthe completionof woodenboxesin whichit will be finallyhoused.The workwas begunon 12 May and ended22 May. A second season is plannedfor Spring1987,in orderto complete(if possible)the and preliminaryrequirements (sorting, washing, re-markingand re-arranging) then to move on to the second phase:re-recording and re-illustration.
D. H. FRENCH

ADIYAMANSURVEY

A second season of the Adiyaman vilayet survey was taking place in midbe reported December,as the AnnualReportwas going to press.It will necessarily one year late.
BALBOURASURVEY

Afterthe previousyear'spreliminary explorationthis was the firstfull seasonof the Balboura survey. The work was directed by Dr. J. J. Coulton of Oxford University, and was carried out under the auspices of the British Institute of
Archaeology at Ankara, with Mr. M. Sener of the Elazig Museum representingthe Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Credit for the success of the season belongs to Mr. Sener and the six-member team, whose hard work and enthusiasm made it possible. Financial support from the following bodies is acknowledged

with gratitude:the British Academy, the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, the Craven Committeeof the University of Oxford, Merton College, Oxford, and the Society of Antiquariesof London. Thanks are also due to Bay Hiiseyin Atak, the Kaymakamof Fethiye, Bay Ahmet Kaya, the Director of Cultureand Tourismat Mugla,and Bay GiivenGiiler,the Directorof the Fethiye and the DirectorateGeneralof Museum,for theirassistanceand encouragement, for and Museums at Ankara to carryout the surveyin 1986. permission Antiquities Balbourais a small, highlandcity in northernLycia, which flourishedparticularlyunderthe RomanEmpire.The overallaim of the surveyis not only to record

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12

ANATOLIAN STUDIES -

the visible remains of the city but also to analyse its urban development in relation to the territory which it controlled. In the 1986 season work was restricted to the city and its immediate environs. The objectives were to begin the preparation of a full topographic survey of the site, to record the visible inscriptions, to study some of the surviving buildings, and to examine the spread of pottery on and around the site. The topographical survey concentrated on the lower city, where the major public buildings of the Roman period lie, and on the necropolis area to the east and north of it. The irregularity of the city plan was confirmed, and the line of the lower fortification wall along the south was largely established. At the same time the city's water supply was investigated. A single pipeline led to the Vespasianic aqueduct from a copious spring about 2 km. south of the city, and another pipeline coming from springs to the south-west crossed the saddle north-west of the city to enter at a higher level. The date of this second pipeline, which probably served the area round the upper theatre, is uncertain. Preliminary surveys were made of both pipelines. In general the technical problems of surveying the steep and wooded city hill proved greater than expected, and much remains to be done next year. Good progress was made on the recording of the city's inscriptions. All but a few of the thirty or so previously published texts were found, and some twenty new texts were discovered. The positions of the inscriptions found were entered on the survey plan, and squeezes were made of most of them. Many of the inscriptions require further study, but in addition to the new texts improved readings were possible in several of those previously known. A series relating to the games provided by Meleager son of Castor drew particular attention, for in addition to the previously published texts (including the letter of Antoninus Pius approving their establishment (IGR 3,467)) there are several unpublished inscriptions in honour of winning athletes, and a new inscription, on the architrave of an exedra built by Meleager to celebrate the festival, gives its name and frequency. The relationship of architecture and inscriptions provided the focus for architectural recording. In addition to the exedra of Meleager, the team studied the small temple of Nemesis, given by Onesimos the slave of the city, and the adjacent exedra in which the same Onesimos set up statues of the Boule and Demos. Other buildings investigated were the three-arched agora gate (Severan; IGR 3,468), the aqueduct (Vespasianic; IGR 3,466), and an anonymous mausoleum to the east of the city. A chance find illuminated the heating system of the small bath building west of the agora. An array of spool-headed terracotta pins was cemented into holes in the stonework of the baths and held a series of large, flat tiles, which formed an inner wall with a cavity behind for the circulation of hot air. There were broken stubs of the pins in some of the holes in the east wall of the baths, and a complete, though broken specimen was found nearby. This wall-heating system seems to have been used in several Lycian bath buildings. The extent of the sherd scatter in the area to the east and south of the Roman public buildings was defined and a preliminary study of the sherds indicated that in the Imperial period there was substantial occupation here, extending for a considerable distance outside the Late Roman lower city walls. An initial examination of the upper city confirmed that there was Hellenistic occupation, as well as Imperial and Late Roman; but on the steep and unstable slopes here sherds are liable to have moved far from their original positions. There was apparently no occupation of the flat ground south-west of the city hill, which was simply a necropolis. Tile fragments indicated that in addition to the prominent sarcophagi, there were poorer tile graves in this area, and two tile graves belonging to the eastern necropolis were also noted in the road cutting to the east of the city.

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THE YEAR'S WORK

13

These aspectsof the surveyof the city of Balboura,which have been begun in 1986,are plannedto be completedin the second full season in 1987.
J. J. COULTON

ASSYRIANMONUMENTS PROJECT

The secondseasonof work on the Institute'sAssyrianMonumentsProjecttook place in Octoberand November.The reliefsat Karabor,near Senk6y in Hatay, and at Uzunoglantepe,near Kadirliin Ardana vilayet, both of which were first in Anatolian Studies25 (1975),werevisitedand publishedby Dr. Aytug Tagyiirek studied. The four relief panels at Karaborare badly damaged by erosion and many detailsof the faceand dressof the figuresarelost. Panel 1 is the bestpreserved, as it is somewhatprotectedby overhanging rock. Here details of the face of the figure are reasonablyclear.Panel4 is in much the poorest state and little more than the generaloutlineof the figurecan be madeout. Panels 1 and 3 show singlefiguresof male deities. Panel 2, the largest of the group, shows a beardlessworshipper standingbeforea male deity. Above the pair are the divinesymbols,star,crescent moon, winged disc, horned helmet, stylus and spade. Panel 4 was thought by to containa divinefiguresimilarto thosein Panels1 and 3. On thisvisitit Tagyiirek was not possible to find trace of a beard and horned helmet, and an alternative hypothesismay be advancedthat the figureis a beardlessmale similarto that on Panel 2, presumablythe Assyrian official responsiblefor these reliefs. Further examination of the cast of this reliefwhichis in Ankaramay enablethis point to be resolved. Thesemonuments at Karaborareuninscribed and therefore difficult to date, but it is clear that they were carved together. The appearanceof a beardless,and therefore suggeststhat they belongto the yearsprior non-royal,figureimmediately to the accessionof Tiglath-Pileser III (745), when high officialsproducedmonumentsof royal type. If this suppositionwerecorrectthen thesemonumentswould be an important addition to a small but fascinating corpus of quasi-royal monumentsand to the sculptureof a period so far only slightlyknown. thereis a singlepanelcontaininga royalfigure.The location At Uzunoglantepe of the reliefis spectacular, but the reliefitselfis verybadlyeroded.On the one hand thereis a wideview acrossthe Cilicianplain,and on the othera view acrossthe top but style indicatesa late Assyriandate. of the Taurus.The panel is uninscribed An abundanceof photographswas taken to add to the archivewhich is being builtup in Ankara,and once againlatexmouldsweremade.Castsof the reliefswill will be produced. Thanksaredue be madein Ankarafromwhichthe finaldrawings and to Tugrul Qakar, the to M. Akif Yiicel, the governmentrepresentative, Institutephotographer,both of whom contributedmuch to the success of the work.
H. F. RUSSELL CREMNA AND SAGALASSUS SURVEY

Dr. StephenMitchell,Dr. MarcWaelkensand a team of eight assistantscarried and Sagalassus out anotherprofitable seasonof surveyat the two citiesof Cremma in Pisidiabetween2 July and 12 August 1986.The excellentgovernment representative,to whom the team are muchindebtedfor help of everykind, was Bay Liifti of the Konya Museums.The work was fundedby the BritishAcademy,the iOnel BritishInstituteof Archaeologyat Ankara,the Roman Society, and the Craven Committeeof OxfordUniversity.An articleon the season'swork appearsin the presentvolume.
STEPHENMITCHELL

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14
ACTIVITIES IN BRITAIN

ANATOLIAN STUDIES

Publication In the spring of 1986 Philip Freeman and David Kennedy of Sheffield University hosted the colloquium which they had organized on the subject of The Defince of the Roman and Byzantine East, and with amazing and highly commendable speed they saw the proceedings of the colloquium into print as Volume 8 in the Institute's Monograph series with British Archaeological Reports. Visiting scholarsfrom Turkey Continuing the scheme initiated last year to join with the British Council in bringing Turkish scholars to work for short periods in Britain, the Institute was able to provide a travel bursary for Dr. Numan Tuna for a study visit in the autumn of 1986. While he was in Britain Dr. Numan Tuna gave the Institute a lecture on his survey work in south-west Turkey. Council membership At the Annual General Meeting of the Institute on 28 February, 1986, Mrs. Mary Gough, Dr. Richard Barnett and Mr. David Winfield retired from Council by the process of rotation. Dr. Barnett was instead elected to a Vice-Presidency of the Institute, and Professor R. M. Harrison and Mr. Mark Phythian-Adams were elected to Council. Sadly, Dr. Barnett died during the summer of 1986, and the Institute lost one of its founder-members and most loyal and single-minded supporters. Photographic exhibition The photographic exhibition of the current work of the Institute in the field in Turkey has travelled from city to city throughout England during the year. In October 1985 it was in Southampton University, and in November it was in Bristol Museum. Its brief visit to the University of Warwick at the beginning of March 1986 was timed to coincide with a one-day colloquium on the theme Town and Country in Roman and Late Roman Anatolia, organised by Dr. Stephen Hill on behalf of the Joint School of Classics and the European Humanities Research Centre. From Warwick it was a short step to Birmingham, where the exhibition was on view in the Faculty of Arts building at the University campus in Edgbaston. In April the exhibition was housed in the University Museum at Manchester, after which it spent the summer in the Museum attached to the Department of Archaeology at Newcastle University. Meetings During 1986 three Institute lectures were held in London. On 22 January Dr. Michael Rogers of the British Museum gave a beautifully illustrated and fascinating lecture on Ottomans and Safavids. After the last Annual General Meeting Dr. Stephen Mitchell lectured on his fieldwork project in Turkey, taking as his title The Cities of Pisidia.:an archaeological survey. And, as already mentioned, Dr. Numan Tuna, a visiting scholar from Turkey, gave a lecture in October entitled A Survey of Archaeological Sites in lonia, 1984-1986. Mention should also be made here of two meetings, one in Warwick and the other in Sheffield, to which referencehas already been made. Dr. Stephen Hill organized a one-day colloquium at the University of Warwick for an audience mainly composed of extramural students on Town and Country in Roman and Late Roman Anatolia to coincide with a visit of the Institute's photographic exhibition. At the Sheffield conference on The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East Dr. David French, who was visiting Britain at the time, was able to give one of the papers.

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