2009 JC1 H2 Chemistry Common Test (Suggested Solutions) Section A CCBCC CCBDB DBADA Section B B1 (a) Amount of H2SO4

reacted = (15.00/1000) x 0.0250 = 3.75 x 104 mol Amount of OH ions in 25.0 cm3 diluted soln = 3.75 x 104 x 2 = 7.50 x 104 mol Amount of OH ions in 250 cm3 diluted soln = 7.50 x 104 x 250/25.0 = 7.50 x 103 mol Concentration of NaOH in FA1 = 7.50 x 103 / (20.0/1000) = 0.375 mol dm3 (b) (i) (ii) 5H2O2(aq) + 2MnO4(aq) + 6H+(aq) 5O2(g) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l) 10Cl-(aq) + 2MnO4(aq) + 16H+(aq) 5Cl2(aq) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l) Amount of H2O2 reacted = (15.00/1000) x 0.0800 = 1.20 x 103 mol Amount of MnO4 that reacts with H2O2 = (2/5) x 1.20 x 103 = 4.80 x 104 mol (ii) Total amount of MnO4 = (20.00/1000) x 0.0500 = 1.00 x 103 mol Amount of MnO4 that reacts with Cl ions = 1.00 x 103 4.80 x 104 = 5.20 x 104 mol (d) Total amount of Cl ions in 25.0 cm3 diluted solution = 5 x 5.20 x 104 = 2.60 x 103 mol Amount of Cl ions from NaCl in 250 cm3 diluted solution = 250/25.0 x 2.60 x 103 = 0.0260 mol Concentration of NaCl in FA1 = 0.0185/ (20.0/1000) = 1.30 mol dm3 Concentration of Na+ ions in FA1 = 0.375 + 1.30 = 1.675 mol dm3 XeF5+ (square pyramidal), XeF2 (linear)

(c)

(i)

(e) B2 (a)

XeF3 (T-shaped), XeF4 (square planar)

(b) (c)

In decreasing bond angle from left to right: XeF2 > XeF4 > XeF3 The availability of vacant low-lying orbitals allow the electrons to be unpaired and used it for varied number of covalent bonds formation. In addition, the valence shell is far away from the nucleus which thus required minimal amount of energy for the electrons to be promoted to the vacant orbitals.

(d)

PtF6 has a simple molecular/covalent structure. It consists of discrete molecules held together by weak van der Waals forces. The six highly electronegative fluorine atoms caused the Pt atom to be highly electron deficient, thus making it likely to accept electron and undergo reduction. (i) pT(20.0 x 103) = (0.200+0.400)(8.31)(25+273) pT = 74300 Pa (to 3 s.f) OR pT(20.0) = (0.200+0.400)(0.082)(25+273) pT = 0.733 atm (to 3 s.f) (ii) Partial pressure of radon =

B3

(a)

0.2 74300 = 24800 Pa (or 0.245 atm) (to 3 s.f) 0.6

Partial Pressure of fluorine = 74300 24800 = 49500 Pa (or 0.489 atm) (or use partial pressure to find) Comment: Students need to correspond the correct R value to the T and V values used. (iii) initial mol final mol Rn 0.2 0 + F2 0.4 0.4-0.2=0.2 RnF2 0 0.2

Total amount of gases = 0.200+0.200 = 0.400 mol pf (20 x 103) = 0.400(8.31)(127+273) pf = 66500 Pa (to 3 s.f) OR pf (20 x 103) = 0.400(0.082)(127+273) pf = 0.656 atm (to 3 s.f) *Note the units of V with the different values of R used! Refer to Lecture Notes 4 Pg 5! *Remember to leave your answers in the appropriate units! B3 (b) (i)

V vs T V / m3 Constant p

273
(ii)

T / 0C

RnF2 will deviate more from ideal behaviour. RnF2 has a greater number of electrons (or larger electron cloud) resulting in its electron cloud being more easily polarised, hence possessing stronger instantaneous dipole-induced interactions between molecules. The

intermolecular forces of attraction between RnF2 molecules are more significant, thus it deviates more from ideality. OR RnF2 molecules are bigger and the volume occupied is more significant compared to the volume of the container. Hence, it deviates more from ideality. Amount of CO2 evolved = 50.0 24000 = 2.08 103 mol Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) Amount of Na2CO3 present in weighed sample of FA2 = Amount of CO2 evolved = 2.08 103 mol Molar mass of Na2CO3 = (23.0 2) + 12.0 + (16.0 3) = 106.0 g mol1 Mass of Na2CO3 in weighed sample of FA2 = 2.08 103 106.0 = 0.221 g Assume FA2 contains 100 % by mass of Na2CO3(s). Then mass of FA2 to be used = 0.221 g. A suitable mass of FA2 to be used is 0.220 g (b) Assume FA2 contains 100 % by mass of Na2CO3(s). Amount of Na2CO3 present = 2.08 103 mol Minimum amount of HCl(aq) used = 2 x 2.08 103 mol = 4.16 x 103 mol Minimum volume of HCl(aq) used = 4.16 x 10-3 0.200 = 0.0208 dm3 = 20.8 cm3 HCl(aq) should be used in excess, thus we could use 30 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm3 HCl(aq). (Any answer above 20.8 cm3 is accepted) (c)

B4

(a)

Graduated gas syringe Stopper Small tube containing FA2 tied to a string HCl(aq)
Weigh accurately about 0.220 g of FA2 and place it in a small test tube tied to a string. Introduce 30 cm3 of HCl(aq) using a measuring cylinder into a clean and dry 250 cm3 conical flask. Set up the apparatus as shown above in the diagram.
Diagram showing small test tube with FA 2 in conical flask + showing gas syringe[1m]

Retort stand

Lower the filled tube into the conical flask taking care that the reagents do not mix. Stopper the conical flask. Check that the initial reading of the 100.0 cm3 graduated gas syringe is set at the zero mark. At a suitable time, loosen the stopper slightly to release the string. Stopper the conical flask immediately. (Or other forms of starting the reaction) Swirl the conical flask to ensure that the reagents are well mixed. Allow the reaction to progress until it has ceased as indicated by a constant volume reading of the syringe. Record the final volume, V1 cm3, on the graduated gas syringe. Repeat the experiment to get consistent results. Section C C1 B (a) (b)
Cl P Mg Si Al Na S K

Cl(g) Cl+(g) + e
Ar

1s22s22p63s23p4

Important points: Correct axes General increase Exceptionally low for Al and S (compared to previous member) Sharp drop after Ar Proton number

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

(c)

(i)

First ionisation energy generally increases across the period from Na to Ar. From Na to Ar, Nuclear charge increases Shielding effect remains approximately constant Effective nuclear charge increases Electrostatic attraction on the electrons by the nucleus increases Hence, more difficult to remove electron, IE increases.
For discontinuities, please include electronic configurations. Quite a number of students are still writing the wrong quantum number (3p electrons NOT 2p electrons of Mg) or electronic configurations

(ii)

Mg: 1s22s22p63s2 Al: 1s22s22p63s23p1

Less energy is needed to remove the 3p electron of Al which is at a higher energy level than the 3s electron of Mg. Hence first ionisation energy of Al is lower than that of Mg. P: 1s22s22p63s23p3 S: 1s22s22p63s23p4

Extra inter-electron repulsion is predominant between the 3p electrons in the doubly filled 3p orbital of S. Hence less energy is required to remove the paired 3p electron from S compared to the unpaired 3p electron from P. (iii) First Ionisation energy of Na is higher than that of K. Down a group from Na to K, Nuclear charge increases. Shielding effect experienced by the valence electrons increases due to greater number of inner filled principal quantum shells. Increase in shielding effect outweighs increase in nuclear charge. Distance of valence electrons from nucleus increases due to greater number of inner filled principal quantum shells. Electrostatic attraction on the electrons by the nucleus decreases. Hence, easier to remove electron, IE decreases.
It should be valence electrons of K which experiences stronger shielding effect than the valence electrons of Na. NOT K experiences stronger shielding effect Please write complete sentences, your poor phasing of explanations made it very difficult for examiner to understand you!

C2

(a)

(b)

NO is a free radical or has an unpaired electron (or mention NO being electron deficient). This result in the NO molecule being more reactive than the CO molecule. (i) sp2

(c)

(ii) (d) Increasing order of boiling point from left to right: N2 < NO < (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 is an ionic compound with strongest electrostatic attraction between the ions, thus it has the highest boiling point. NO consists of polar molecules hence there are permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions as well as instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions between the NO molecules. N2 consists of non-polar molecules hence there are only instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions between the N2 molecules. NO has stronger intermolecular interactions due to the additional pd-pd interactions compared to N2. C3 (a) Na2O (basic) Al2O3 (amphoteric) Al2O3(s) + 6H+(aq) SO3 (acidic)

2Al3+(aq) + 3H2O(l) 2[Al(OH)4] (aq)

Al2O3(s) + 2OH-(aq)+ 3H2O(l) (b)

Na2O dissolves in water to give an alkaline solution (pH = 10 14) Na2O(s) + H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq)

Al2O3 is insoluble in water (pH = 7) SO3 dissolves in water to give an acidic solution (pH = 0 4) SO3(l)+ H2O(l) H2SO4(aq) (or SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)) (c) CO2 AlCl3 undergoes appreciable hydrolysis to give an acidic solution. The acidic solution formed will react with Na2CO3 to form CO2. [Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3Cl(aq) AlCl3(s) + 6H2O(l) 3+ [Al(H2O)6] (aq) + H2O(l) [Al(H2O)5(OH)]2+(aq) + H3O+(aq) (d) (i) SeO2 + 2NaOH Na2SeO3 + H2O

(ii)

SeO2 is acidic thus it does not react with HCl(aq)