APPLICATION

PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
APPLICATION
Lach block symbollzes Lhe posslble valve funcuons or posluons.
1he acLuaLor symbol - elecLrlcal operaLed
Manual operaLed
Mechanlcal operaLed
lnverLed Lrlangle denoLes an exhausL porL.
Arrows lllusLraLe Lhe dlrecuon of Lhe uld ux lnLo and ouL of Lhe valve porLs.
1 lndlcaLes LhaL a porL ls closed and ls nelLher passlng or exhausung uld.
lndlcaLes Lhe alr supply porL.
1he sprlng symbol denes Lhe "aL resL" posluon of Lhe solenold valve.
1he sprlng pushes" from Lhe slde lL ls drawn on and
places Lhe rlghL block of Lhe valve ln funcuon.
AcLuaLors drlve mouons ln mechanlcal sysLems.
MosL oen Lhls ls by converung elecLrlcal energy
lnLo some form of mechanlcal mouon.
neumauc sysLems employ sensors Lo
deLermlne Lhe posluon, dlsplacemenL and
veloclLy of acLuaLors and llnks.
! movlng ferrous core (a plsLon) LhaL wlll move lnslde a wlre coll.
normally Lhe plsLon ls held ouLslde Lhe coll by a sprlng.
When a volLage ls applled Lo Lhe coll and currenL ows, Lhe coll bullds up a
magneuc eld LhaL auracLs Lhe plsLon and pulls lL lnLo Lhe cenLer of Lhe coll.
A cyllnder uses pressurlzed uld or alr Lo creaLe a llnear force/mouon.
LlecLrlcal swlLch operaLed by an applled magneuc eld.
Pall eecL swlLches are very slmllar Lo reed swlLches, buL because Lhey are solld sLaLe
Lhey Lend Lo be more rugged and reslsL vlbrauon.
When Lhe magneL ls far away Lhe swlLch ls open,
buL when Lhe magneL ls broughL near Lhe swlLch ls closed.
Cpucal sensors requlre boLh a llghL source (emluer) and a deLecLor.
lf llghL ls belng recelved aL Lhe rlghL frequency Lhen Lhe beam ls noL broken.
lf Lhe beam ls broken Lhe deLecLor wlll lndlcaLe an ob[ecL ls presenL.
1he emluer and deLecLor are posluoned so LhaL an
ob[ecL wlll block or reecL a beam when presenL.
lf an ob[ecL ls presenL before or aer Lhe focal
polnL Lhe deLecLor wlll noL see Lhe reecLed llghL.
CLher Lypes of opucal sensors can also focus on a slngle
polnL uslng beams LhaL converge lnsLead of dlverge.
1hls Lechnlque can also be used Lo deLecL muluple polnLs and ranges.
A facLor LhaL musL be consldered ls LhaL Lhe llghL lnLenslLy decreases
over dlsLance, so Lhe sensors wlll have a llmlL Lo separauon dlsLance.
1he hearL of Lhe capacluve sensors ls an osclllaLor wlLh open capaclLor whlch generaLes an
elecLrosLauc eld. 1he osclllaLor does noL osclllaLe lf Lhere ls no ob[ecL ln Lhe vlclnlLy.
1he meLalllc or non-meLalllc ob[ecL Lo be deLecLed approaches,
Lhe capaclLance lncrease and osclllauon sLarLs.
A Lrlgger clrculL deLecLs Lhls change and Lrlps Lhe ouLpuL slgnal.
1hese sensors work well for lnsulaLors (such as plasucs) LhaL Lend Lo have
hlgh dlelecLrlc coemclenLs, Lhus lncreaslng Lhe capaclLance.
8uL, Lhey also work well for meLals because Lhe conducuve
maLerlals ln Lhe LargeL appear as larger elecLrodes.
1he essenual componenL of Lhe lnducuve sensor ls lLs osclllaLor wlLh open coll.
When a meLalllc ob[ecL approaches Lhe sensor, Lhe osclllauon
ls lnlually auenuaLed and ulumaLely lnLerrupLed.
1hls eecL ls deLecLed by Lrlgger clrculL and ls
forwarded as an ouLpuL slgnal.
1he sensors can deLecL ob[ecLs a few cenumeLers away from Lhe end.
8uL, Lhe dlrecuon Lo Lhe ob[ecL can be arblLrary.
8y addlng a shleld (a meLal [ackeL around Lhe sldes of Lhe coll) Lhe
magneuc eld becomes smaller, buL also more dlrecLed and accuraLe.
- AccumulaLor
- llxed capaclLy compressor - l8L - lllLer 8egulaLor LubrlcaLor
- Llne Lo aLmosphere
- ressure gauge
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