Michael Doherty

Chapter 4 Outline

I. From Bull Run to Antietam

A. The First Battle of Bull Run
1. McDowell took men into Virginia  “Stonewall refused to back up and
stopped the Union, Union retreated and ran north
B. Preparing for War
a. Strengths of the North and the South
i. Northern Advantages: Population - double the south, railroad mileage - also
doubled the south’s, and the number of factories quadrupled the amount the south
had
ii. Southern Advantages: Leadership – seven of the nations eight military colleges
were in the south, military tactics – South army only needed to repel Northern
advances rather then initiate actions
b. Union Military Strategies
i. Naval blockade of states, shut down ports  keep south from shipping its
cotton to Europe, and importing manufactured goods
ii. Anaconda Plan – gain control of Mississippi river
c. Confederate War Strategies
i. Prepare and wait – War of attrition – one side inflicts continuous losses on the
enemy in order to wear down its strength
d. Tactics and Technology
i. Improvement to new spiral shaped bullets, shells that exploded in the air when
they hit something, canister, a special type of shell filled with bullets
C. War in the West
i. McClellan new commander
a. Forts Henry and Donelson
i. U. Grant tried to take Fort Henry and Donelson – succeeded
ii. Union troops continued to move south
b. The Battle of Shiloh
i. Confederate Johnson attacked Grant army at Pittsburg Landing
ii. 1862 – Johnson ambushed Grants troops who were camped at Shiloh Church
outside Pitt. Landing  Southerners had driven the Union forces to nearly to
Tennessee river
c. Action on the Mississippi
i. Union troops continued north up Mississippi from Gulf of Mexico
ii. Seized Memphis, Tennessee
D. War in the East
a. The Monitor and the Merrimack
i. Southern vessel, old steamboat with iron plates – Merrimack
ii. Northern vessel, all iron – Monitor
iii. End of wooden navy age
b. Peninsular Campaign
 i. McClellan ordered Army of Potomac out of Washington and on boats down
toward Richmond Virginia
ii. Battle of Seven Pines, Union victory, Confederate commander Joseph Johnston
was injured  command of his army fell upon R.E. Lee
E. The South Attacks
1. Seven days battle – McClellan retreated, South lost more troops
a. The Second Battle of Bull Run
i. Union lost battle at Bull run again
b. The Battle of Antietam
i.1862 – Lee’s army bypassed Union army guarding Washington and slipped into
West Maryland
ii. Sharpsburg, Maryland – Lee had about 40,000, McClellan had 75,000 with
nearly 25,000 in reserve
-Bloodiest of all civil wars
II. Life Behind the Lines
A. Politics in the South
1. Problems in south  Southern new government was similar to Union
Government
a. Mobilizing for War
i. General Lee called for a draft in South
-Some people argued this went against the government but a law was
passed requiring three year of military service for white men ages 18-35
ii. South created taxes to help raise money for the war
b. The Impact of States’ Rights
i. States made sure they sustained the rights of states
c. Seeking Help From Europe
i. Confederates sent reps to Great Britain and France in seek of help, Britain
allowed them to make ships in their port
ii. France and Britain debated to help the South
B. Politics in the North
a. Tensions with Great Britain
i. James Madison and John Slidell boarded a trip called the Trent to go to Europe
it was stopped by Union warship and they were brought to the U.S.  Britain
threatened war
b. Republicans in Control
i. Pacific Railroad Act – Allowed federal government to give land and money to
companies for construction of a railroad from Nebraska to Pacific Coast
ii. Homestead Act – offered free government land to people willing to settle on it
c. Financial Measures
i. 1861 – First federal tax on income – 3 percent of income of people earning
more then 6,00 a year, but less then 10,000
d. Opposition to the War
i. Union had a draft too, all northerners were very upset and held violent protests
against them
e. Emergency Wartime Actions
C. Emancipation and the War
a. Lincoln and Slavery
i. Lincoln opposed slavery, he didn’t belief the legal authority to abolish it
-Said ending slavery is one more strategy to win the war
b. The Emancipation Proclamation
i. 1/1/1863 – Lincoln: slaves in areas of rebellion against the government, would
be free
c. Reaction to the Proclamation
D. African Americans Join the War
i. African Americans joined the Union army
a. The Contraband Issue
i. Either army could capture and have either armies property
b. African American Soldiers
i. 180,000 African American soldiers fought for the North, 10% of the North’s
soldiers
E. Hardships of War
a. The Southern Economy
i. No food which led to food riots
ii. Starting to become very poor
b. The Northern Economy
i. hurt northern economy and industries and manufacturers
c. Prison Camps
i. Captured confederate soldiers were sent to prison camps
d. Medical Care
i. Disease killed most of them, malaria was killer
ii. Women played important parts both nursing and in the field
III. The Tide of War Turns
A. Victories for General Lee
a. Battle of Fredericksburg
i.1862 – Union suffered nearly 13,000 casualties, confederates lost about 5,000
b. The Battle of Chancellors Ville
i. Clashed in Shenandoah Valley in between West Va. And Va.
B. The Battle of Gettysburg
a. July 1, 1863
i. Each armies took positions on hills , confederates took first day of fighting
b. July 2, 1863
i. Longstreet attacked Northern troops at southern end of their line
ii. Alabama soldiers saved Union from defeat by defending Little Round Top hill
c. July 3, 1863
i. 150 confederate cannons began the heaviest artillery barrage of the war
ii. Lee ordered an all or nothing attack on the center of Union soldiers
iii. Pickets Charge – Only a few hundred confederate soldiers made it to Union
line
C. Vicksburg
a. Grant Attacks
i. Grant attacks and wins battle at Champion’s Hill  Confederates retreated back
to Vicksburg
b. The Siege of Vicksburg
i. Nearly a month Union army fired cannons on Vicksburg
D. The importance of 1863
1. Talks of peace started
E. The Gettysburg Address
1. Lincoln issued the North’s reasons for fighting in a short two minute speech
“Four score and seven years ago”.
IV. Devastation and New Freedom
A. Grant Takes Command
1. Still hoped to keep Union forces out of Richmond – Strategy  Hold on
2. Lincoln gave U.S. Grant command of all Union Forces
a. Battle of the Wilderness
i. May 5 – same ground as chancellorsville year before Met in a forest, it was
so dense the forest caught fire
ii. Longstreet was accidentally shot and wounded by one of his own soldiers
because of the smoke nearly 3 miles where Jackson died of friendly fire
c. Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor
i. Lots of union soldiers were lost in a series of short battles
d. The Siege of Petersburg
i. Grant attacked Petersburg, railroad center south of the city – Cut off food and
soldier shipments to Richmond Richmond would have to surrender
ii. In less then two months Grant’s army suffered 65,000 casualties
e. In the Shenandoah
i. Grants goal was to do all the damage to railroads and crops they can to make the
Shenandoah valley a barren waste
B. Sherman in Georgia
a. The Capture of Atlanta
i. Johnson tried to delay Sherman from reaching Atlanta before the presidential
elections in the north
ii. Confederates pulled out and left city to Unions general mercy
b. Sherman Marches to the Sea
i. Sherman attempted to capture Savannah, GA before leaving Atlanta he ordered
it to be evacuated then burned
C. The Election of 1864
1. Lincoln won easily gather 212 out of 233 electoral votes
D. A New Birth of Freedom
1. Lincoln passed 13th amendment about slavery
E. The End of War
F. Lincoln is Assassinated
1. Lee surrenders, Johnston surrenders  Confederate forces slowly began giving
up
2. John Wilkes Booth murdered Lincoln him self with a gun