3Dynamic restoration is one of three restoration techniques (see also related article on How to Restore Old Buildings).

Dynamic restoration utilises the techniques of reconstruction by re-assembling or refurbishment. While a static restoration focuses on repair and protection of the materials and structural components, a dynamic restoration focuses on restoring the building to its original form, function and design. Some examples of dynamic restoration techniques are anastylosis, reprogrammed building and land uses, substitution, relocation and enclosing the structure. Anastylosis Anastylosis utilises the techniques of reconstruction, re-assembling and refurbishing. Reconstruction is done by re-uniting some of the fallen fragments ith the remaining portions still in their original places hile other scattered fragments are left as is but already ith preser!ati!e treatment. Reprogrammed Building and Land Uses Reprogramming buildings and land uses in!ol!e restoring the structure to its original form ith its character remaining as is. "he technique aims to recapture the ambiance and character of the past that the building and land uses are reprogrammed to fit these sites to modern times. "he designs and forms of the building are guided and controlled# some non-existing structures and features are reconstructed either partially or holly to more clearly pro$ect the original characteristics of the structure. Substitution Substitution is often necessary hen the structural components are beyond repair. %lthough duplication is against the principles of restoration, it can be an exception in cases here an element of the original structure needs to be replaced to protect the structure from further deterioration. "he preser!ation action i.e replacement, is intended to halt deterioration and maintain the original structure&s existence, a compromise hich is !alid and $ustifiable. When replacement of some elements for the structure is una!oidable, the replacement should closely resemble the material being replaced. Relocation 'n certain situations and as long as the structure is mo!able, relocation can be an alternati!e. Relocation is recommended hen the structure is threatened ith the danger of damage e.g. construction acti!ity, !ehicular traffic, floods or atmospheric pollution and there is no other ay to protect it. Enclosing the Structure (nclosing the structure e.g. glass container, shade structure, fencing, to protect the structure from damage e.g eather conditions, is another dynamic restoration example.

Reinforcement )onsolidation or reinforcement of the existing structure, should be achie!ed using the most conser!ati!e approach that is practicable, although limited reconstruction as existing may be una!oidable but should be limited. "he sur!i!al of !ernacular building techniques such as lath-and-plaster and haired plaster etc. is !ery important, and their restoration should be in compatible materials and finishes.

"o top "imber Restoration %ppropriate restoration to timber frames, roof structure, beams, floor $oists and other structural timbers, should be based on a careful and comprehensi!e sur!ey of the existing structure. 'n situ reinforced resin repairs to structural timbers are not appropriate unless $ustified on the grounds of a!oiding ma$or disturbance of the historic fabric. 'n general, timber should be made good by splicing a ne section of matching timber to replace a rotten portion. "o top Dry Rot Where!er possible Dry rot eradication and timber preser!ati!e treatments based on an analysis and specification by an independent consultant, and using non-destructi!e techniques and non-toxic applications should be used. 't should be noted, that experience has sho n that the pro!ision of dampproof courses and membranes in historic buildings has often only di!erted damp problems else here. Dry rot is best eradicated by restoring the building en!elope to pre!ent ater ingress and the rot then left to die naturally. "o top

Damp-*roofing Damp-proofing by traditional methods but only here damp is causing structural damage to the building should be considered# damp-eradication measures, such as impro!ed drainage, the introduction of +rench Ditch, +rench Drains, ,imecrete +loor or the lo ering of ground le!els, are preferable here practicable. *ost-application damp proof coursing or a damp proof membrane often causes further damp problems in historic buildings. "o top Roofing Stripping of roof materials should be carried out carefully to ensure that all sound existing slates or tiles remain undamaged so that they can be re-used. %ll sar-ing must be !apour permeable. Replacement battens or laths should be pre-treated against fungal attac-. "hey should be fixed to rafters ith stainless steel nails# gal!anised steel has a shorter life. Re-slating or re-tiling should be carried out using sound slates or tiles sal!aged from the roof, ith any deficiencies made up ith ne or sound second-hand materials. "he use of second-hand materials, matching the existing ones in type, si.e, thic-ness, colour and texture are eligible. "he selection of existing slates or tiles for re-use should be carried out ith care to ensure a significant life in relation to any ne material to a!oid repetition of the same problem in /0 years. Substitute materials such as artificial slates made of fibre resin, artificial stone, concrete tiles etc. are not appropriate. 'f the existing slates or tiles are themsel!es an inappropriate earlier replacement, it may be appropriate to reinstate the original material pro!ided that accurate e!idence of the original material is a!ailable. +ixing nails for slates and tiles should preferably be stout copper. Stainless steel nails are a possible alternati!e but it should be noted that they might be difficult to remo!e hen repairs are necessary. 1nly nails ith large diameter shan-s should be considered. ,ead soa-ers and flashings should be pro!ided at abutments of roofs ith gables, chimneystac-s, etc., although in some cases other locally traditional details should be retained here they exist. Where !ery old lead sur!i!es, this should be regarded as a !aluable part of the fabric of the building. 2a-ing good rather than complete replacement should be considered. 3e lead or- should be specified correctly in respect of si.es of sheet and thic-ness, falls and details of $oints and fixing. "he or- must be carried out in accordance ith the guidelines and recommendations from the ,ead Sheet %ssociation. "he specification of or-s should include details of any proposed lead or-. )himneystac-s "hese are !ulnerable to decay. Where decay is confined to indi!idual stones or bric-s these should be cut out and replaced to match. Where a chimneystac-, hich is important to the design of a building, has earlier been reduced in height it should be reinstated in its original form. 'f fractured, !aluable earlier ceramic pots or fine decorati!e ones should be restored by 4stitching5 across the fracture. Demolition and rebuilding stac-s, e!en if using reclaimed materials, is not encouraged. 't can only be considered here there is structural failure and should not be done merely to insert a lead tray. "o top Rain ater goods

)rac-ed or bro-en cast iron gutters and do n pipes should be replaced in matching material and section, e.g. half round, box or ogee gutters and round or rectangular section do n pipes. Substitute materials such as *6) or extruded aluminium are not appropriate. Where the gutter forms part of the architecture, such as part of a cornice detail, any replacement sections must be exact. Sound existing lengths of cast iron should be re-used after de-rusting. Do n pipes should be fixed on spacers far enough from the all that if a lea- occurred ater ould run do n the bac- of the pipe and not the all. "o top Stone or-

Stones should only be replaced here they ha!e lost their structural integrity due to deep erosion, or serious fracture or spalling, or here eatherings are no longer performing the function of thro ing ater off surfaces belo . 'f erosion or spalling is only superficial, it should be accepted and loose ater-holding material lightly and carefully brushed off. "he redressing of surfaces is not appropriate in most cases. Where moulded or car!ed stone needs to be replaced, the details of the original should be matched as exactly as possible. Replacement stones should match the original si.e, shape, colour, texture, qualities of durability and surface finish e.g.# rubble, tooled for ashlar. 't is important to ensure that bed $oints are correctly finished. 'deally, stone should come from the same quarry as the original, pro!ided the durability of the stone currently a!ailable is considered to be adequate. 'f this cannot be matched, geologically compatible stone should be used. )ast stone ill seldom be acceptable. Replacement stones should normally be set to the original face line. *lastic in situ resin-based mortar repairs to bric- or- and stone or- are not normally acceptable. "o top 7ric- or-

%s ith stone or-, damage is most often the result of ater penetration, so exposed features such as cornices, string courses, copings and plinth offsets are the most li-ely to be affected. "he number of bric-s that are sufficiently decayed to be in need of replacement should be accurately identified. 1nly bric-s that are beyond retention on structural grounds should be rene ed. "his is particularly the case ith early bric- or-. "he method of cutting out should cause the minimum of disturbance to the surrounding bric-, bric- slips should only be used for indi!idual bric-s and it should be remembered that there ould be an inherent structural ea-ness. Replacement bric-s should replace the existing ones in dimensions, strength and durability, texture of finish and colour. "hey should be laid in the same bond and idth of $oint. "he appearance of the all can be seriously impaired by different $oint idths for areas of replacement

bric- or-. 'n the case of an example of early bric- or- that may be -ept to the absolute minimum, it may be $ustifiable to carry out limited special minor repairs (plastic repairs). Re-pointing of stone or- and bric- orRe-pointing should only be underta-en here mortar has eathered out, lea!ing open or deeply recessed $oints !ulnerable to ater penetration or here the mortar is !ery soft or loose. ,oose pointing should be carefully ra-ed out manually, using hand tools, 31" mechanically. )omprehensi!e (total) repointing is not recommended. Repointing should be confined to open $oints only.

(xamples of 8ood *ointing

"he general principle is that the mortar should be slightly ea-er than the stone or bric-, therefore lime mortar is preferable. 2ortar hich is harder, for example cement, ill pre!ent moisture from e!aporating out through $oints. "he strength of the mix also needs to be related to the degree of exposure. (xisting mortar can be sent for analysis so as to produce an exact match.

(xample of *oor *ointing

(xample of *oor *ointing "he mortar should be pac-ed firmly into the $oint using a pointing iron after all loose material has been flushed out. "he $oint should be finished in accordance ith the original form, here there is e!idence of it. "his is particularly applicable here $oints are finished ith special treatments, e.g.# an incised line in the centre of each $oint, 4bea-5 pointing, tuc- pointed bric- or-, finely finished masonry, ashlar stone, or $oint filled ith screened lime. +or $oints, hich are not specially treated, a flushed finish, fractionally recessed, is usually appropriate.

*ointing at it orst and poor mortar match

Relati!ely recent forms of $oint finish, such as 4strap5 or 4ribbon5 pointing raised abo!e the surface, 4buc-et handle5, 4 eather-struc-5, etc, are !ery unsuitable for historic building or-. "o top Restoration of "erracotta

"erracotta usually performs ell if ater can be pre!ented from penetrating. 1ne of the most serious results of ater penetration is the rusting of iron or steel members used to fix the terracotta to the underlying structure. Rusted fittings, hich are causing structural failure, should be dealt ith by carefully remo!ing the terracotta units and de-rusting and treating the fixings. Where replacement is necessary, fixings should be stainless steel or non-ferrous metal. 7ro-en units of terracotta, should be restored and fixed bac- in place by do elling and bonding ith epoxy resin. Small-scale restoration to indi!idual bloc-s may be carried out ith a special mortar to match the terracotta, using techniques similar to those for plastic repairs to stone or- and bric- or- and ta-ing care to a!oid feather edging. )olour matching of such mortars should be achie!ed by choice of aggregate, not the use of pigments, hich usually leach out in time. "o top 'ron or7oth rought and cast iron possess generally good anti-corrosion properties but here they are li-ely to be exposed to ater and air it is essential that they are properly protected by a traditional 9 coat oil paint system. 1n no account should rust be o!er-painted. Rust should be remo!ed by simple scrapers, ire brushes and sand papers, or by a roto-stripper or abrasi!e heel, ho e!er this is not suitable for detailed areas.

Sandblasting is an effecti!e method of cleaning cast iron, et blasting, i.e.# grit applied ith a high pressured ater spray, or the use of a needle gun are preferable methods for in situ cleaning. "hese abrasi!e methods are inappropriate for soft rought irons# flame cleaning follo ed by the use of a ire brush is the most suitable method. "o top :oinery

:oinery forming an integral part of the building can include such external features as cupolas, balustrades of roof platforms;balconies, ornamental bargeboards, ea!es, cornices, indo and surrounds, doors and door cases, porches. "he fundamental principle to adopt in restoring the historic $oinery is to replace only hat is necessary, using timber of matching species and type of grain. Where ne pieces are required they should be carefully $ointed, using the same technique as as used for the original. "imber should be fully seasoned. %n important principle is that the moisture content of the timber used in $oinery or-s should match the old. "his is necessary to a!oid differential mo!ement bet een old and ne and consequently distortion.

't is particularly important hen restoring car!ed or moulded sections of $oinery to ensure that the maximum amount of original material is retained. Where replacement is una!oidable, the ne orshould follo the existing or- precisely. % section of the original timber must be -ept ithin the structure for future reference.

Where restoration is carried out to indo s, only those sections that are decayed sufficiently seriously should be replaced# holesale rene al for the sa-e of con!enience or economy should al ays be a!oided. "he profiles of decayed sections of gla.ing bars, etc# hich need splicing should be copied exactly and be precisely married into the existing or-. When the complete replacement of a badly decayed indo is necessary, the existing design should be reproduced exactly. examples of good scarfing

examples of poor scarfing and replacement

"o top Restoration of 8lass

<istorically important gla.ing, hether painted, stained, or plain, is a $ob for a specialist conser!ator. *articular attention should be gi!en to the follo ing points of detail= "he strength, texture, type and tone of putty used in re-gla.ing "he method of fixing the glass "o top Render Restoration of external render or stucco and limited areas of rene al. "here should be a presumption against total or substantial rene al, unless una!oidable. 'f render has been remo!ed to the detriment of the performance and appearance of the building, its reinstatement may be the most appropriate form. 1ther or-s include the restoration of applied details and features, such as cornices, string courses, indo architra!es, columns, pilasters, 4rusticated5 rendering etc. "hese should be restored ith care and accuracy to the historic form or profile, and as nearly as possible to the historic composition. 8lass Reinforced plastic (8R*) or similar replacement mouldings are not acceptable but certain proprietary in situ resin-based techniques may be appropriate. "o top )leaning of stone or- ; bric- or"he retention and careful conser!ation of all historically important indo s fittings. "he retention and reuse of any original hand made glass. )onsideration to the colour of ne glass

,iaison bet een gla.ier and the mason, blac-smith or carpenter, (as appropriate) is extremely important.

"he external cleaning of stone or- and bric- or- is only neccessary here there is such a build-up of dirt, paint or resin coatings on the surface that it must be remo!ed in order to assess the extent of necessary restoration, or here the surface build-up is damaging the fabric of the building through chemical action. )leaning for cosmetic reasons is not appropriate. %ny cleaning must be underta-en to a suitable specification and carried out by specialist conser!ation contractors. "o top *aint % lime ash or microsilicate paint finish (e.g. >eim) is suitable for all ne render. 7rilliant hite is a modern colour and is seldom appropriate for historic buildings. 1paque microporous paint finishes are recommended for $oinery. ,ead paint may be used on grade '' buildings, sub$ect to an appropriate licence being obtained. "ransparent stains are only appropriate here there is e!idence of a pre!ious !arnish finish.

Energy efficiency in architecture: An overview of design concepts and architectural interventions

buildings, as they are designed and used today, contribute to serious en!ironmental problems because of excessi!e consumption of energy and other natural resources. "he close connection bet een energy use in buildings and en!ironmental damage arises because energy intensi!e solutions sought to construct a building ? meet its demands for heating, cooling, !entilation ? lighting cause se!ere depletion of in!aluable en!ironmental resources. <o e!er, buildings can be designed to meet occupant5s need for thermal and !isual comfort at reduced le!els energy ? resources consumption. (nergy resource efficiency in ne constructions can be effected by adopting an integrated approach to building design. "he primary steps in this approach ould be to= 'ncorporate solar passi!e techniques in a building design to minimise load on con!entional systems (heating, cooling, !entilation and lighting) *assi!e systems pro!ide thermal and !isual comfort by using natural energy sources and sin-s e.g. solar radiation, outside air, s-y, et surfaces, !egetation, internal gains etc. (nergy flo s in these systems are by natural means such as by radiation, conduction, con!ection ith minimal or no use of mechanical means. "he solar passi!e systems thus, !ary from one climate to the other e.g. in a cold climate an architects5 aim ould be design a building in such a ay that solar gains are maximised, but in a hot climate his primary aim ould be to reduce solar gains, maximise natural !entilation and so on. Design energy-efficient lighting and <6%) systems (heating, !entilation and air-conditioning) 1nce the passi!e solar architectural concepts are applied to a design, the load on con!entional systems (<6%) and lighting) is reduced. +urther, energy conser!ation is possible by $udicious design of the artificial lighting and <6%) system using energy efficient equipments, controls and operation strategies. @se rene able energy systems (solar photo!oltaic systems; solar ater heating systems) to meet a part of building load "he pressure on the earth5s nonrene able resources can be alle!iated by $udicious use of earth5s rene able resources i.e. solar energy. @se solar energy for meeting electrical needs for a building can further reduce consumption of con!entional forms of energy. @se lo energy materials and methods of construction and reduce transportation

energy %n architect also should aim at efficient structural design, reduction of use of high energy building material (glass, steel etc.) and transportation energy and use of lo energy buildings materials. "hus in brief, an energy efficient building balances all aspects of energy use in a building= lighting, spaceconditioning and !entilation, by pro!iding an optimised mix of passi!e solar design strategies, energyefficient equipments and rene able sources of energy. @se of materials ith lo embodied energy also form a ma$or component in energy-efficient building design.

,andscaping= ,andscaping is an important element in altering the microclimate of a place. *roper landscaping reduces direct sun from stri-ing and heating up of building surfaces. 't pre!ents reflected light carrying heat into a building from the ground or other surfaces. ,andscaping creates different airflo patterns and can be used to direct or di!ert the ind ad!antageously by causing a pressure difference. %dditionally, the shade created by trees and the effect of grass and shrubs reduce air temperatures ad$oining the building and pro!ide e!aporati!e cooling. *roperly designed roof gardens help to reduce heat loads in a building. % study sho s that the ambient air under a tree ad$acent to the all is about / A) to /.B A) lo er than that for unshaded areas, hich reduces heat gain by conduction.

"rees are the primary elements of an energy-conser!ing landscape. )limatic requirements go!ern the type of trees to be planted. *lanting deciduous trees on the southern side of a building is beneficial in a composite climate. Deciduous plants such as mulberry or )hampa cut off direct sunduring summer, and as these trees shed lea!es in inter, they allo the sunto heat the buildings in inter.

7uilding form ;surface-to-!olume ratio= "he !olume of space inside a building that needs to be heated or cooled andits relationship ith the area of the en!elope enclosing the !olume affects thethermal performance of the building. "his parameter, -no n as the S;6(surface-to-!olume) ratio, is determined by the building form. +or any gi!enbuilding !olume, the more compact the shape, the less asteful it is in gaining;losing heat. <ence, in hot, dry, regions and cold climates, buildings arecompact in form ith a lo S;6 ratio to reduce heat gain and losses respecti!ely. %lso, the building form determines the airflo pattern a round thebuilding, directly affecting its !entilation. "he depth of a building also determines the requirements for artificial lighting greater more the depth, higherthe need for artificial lighting.

,ocation of

ater bodies=

Water is a !ery good modifier of microclimate. 't ta-es up a large amount ofheat in e!aporation and causes significant cooling especially in a hot and dryclimate. 1n the other hand, in humid climates, ater should be a!oided as itadds to humidity.Water has been used !ery effecti!ely as a modifier of microclimate in theW%,2' building complex at 7hopal.

1rientation=
7uilding orientation is a significant design consideration, mainly ith regard to solar radiation and ind.'n predominantly cold regions, buildings should be oriented to maximi.e solar gain# the re!erse is ad!isable for hot regions. 'n regions here seasonal changes are !ery pronounced, both the situations may arise periodically. +or a cold climate, an orientation slightly east of south is fa!oured (especially CBAeast of

south), as this exposes the unit to more morning than afternoon sun and enables the house to begin to heat during the day."his has been amply demonstrated in the 2,% hostel building at Shimla.Similarly, ind can be desirable or undesirable. Duite often, a compromise is required bet een sun and ind orientations. With careful design, shading and deflecting de!ices can be incorporated to exclude the sun or redirect it into the building, $ust as ind can be di!erted or directed to the extend desired.

7uilding en!elope and fenestration=

"he building en!elope and its components are -ey determinants of theamount of heat gain and loss and ind that enters inside. "he primary elements affecting the performance of a building en!elope are (a) 2aterials and construction techniques, (b) Roof, (c) Walls, (d) +enestration and shading, and (e) +inishes.