Chapter #23 Identifications Thomas Nast A cartoonist who opposed Boss Tweed Horace Greely Greely was a journalist

who wrote about politics and founded the Liberal Republican party. Roscoe Conkling Leader of the Stalwart faction, Horace Greely is a Republican politician. James G. Blaine A presidential candidate who was flexible Samuel Tilden Samuel Tilden ran for president with help from his fame from his years as a lawyer. Charles J. Guiteau An American preacher who was blamed for attempting to kill President Garfield. Hard or Sound Money money given to a candidate to help the candidates campaign. Gilded Age A period of time marked by Mark Twain as political corruption was everywhere after the Civil War. Bloody-Shirt A type of presidential campaign that would have supporters wave a bloody shirt Tweed Ring A group of people connected with Tweed who were very powerful and controlled New York City until 1870 through bribery. Credit Mobilier Scandal A scandal involving the government and having the congressmen bribed. Discovered by New York Times. Whiskey Ring A scandal where barrels were undercounted so there would not be as much tax. Congress also took bribes and this ruined the reputation of Congress. Resumption Act This was a law in the U.S. that restored the United States back to the gold standard. Crime of '73 This was the fourth Coinage Act that was passed by congress and it embraced the Gold standard Bland-Allison Act Stated that congress should start to use silver and put it into the economy. Half-Breed People who disagreed with the Conklingites and the spoils system Compromise of 1877 The compromise ended Reconstruction, removed Federal troops from the south, and settled the conflict of the presidential election of 1876. Civil Service Reform The Civil Service Reform was when Congress tried to clean the Grant administration and hire people who could be trustworthy.

Pendleton Act A federal law created in 1887 saying that government jobs should be for people who are trustworthy and of merit. "Billion Dollar" Congress Billion Dollar Congress was when Congress spent billions of dollars in order to pass the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890. Chapter #23 Guided Reading Questions The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt 1 Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win? General Grant was not really good president material because he was only elected because of his efforts in the war. His own party also did not all agree with his ideas of military reconstruction and other people wanted greenbacks again. The Era of Good Stealings Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden 2. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain. The quote is used to show how corrupt America is. There was a lot of corruption in Americas politics. Boss Tweed controlled political machines and had people vote for certain people while in return giving new immigrants jobs and housing. Thomas Nast was a person who drew cartoons and noticed the corruption and drew cartoons of the corruption. A Carnival of Corruption Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap 3. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration. The Credit Mobilier and Whiskey Ring were both scandals that took place during Grants presidency. The Credit Mobilier created a fake company in order to trick Congress and give even more money while certain congressmen were also given bribes in order to keep everything quiet. Whiskey Ring had the whiskey in barrels undercounted so there would be less tax. The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872 Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley 4. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate? Depression and Demands for Inflation Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Soft-money, BlandAllison Act 5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency? Greenbacks are known as soft-money. People wanted greenbacks so that they could pay the debts that they owed but some other people wanted hard money. The Resumption Act of 1875 returned America back to the gold species and currency. Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, Half-Breeds, James G. Blaine

6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues? Both parties were fighting for power during the Gilded Age. The Republicans wante dto lead the country with morals but the Democrats saw that this was not needed. Republicans were supported by the North while the Democrats were supported from the South. The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876 Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden 7. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt? The results of the 1876 election were in doubt because the two candidates running were Rutherford B. hayes and Samuel J. Tilden, both from different parties. The winner of the election was actually dependent on who counted the votes. If a Republican counted the votes then Tilden would win. The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883), 8. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans? The Compromise of 1877 stopped Reconstruction. The Electoral Count Act also set up people for the Senate, House of Representatives, and Supreme Court while David David was almost the first man to have the power to select a president and African Americans didnt have any equality after the Civil Rights Cases of 1883. Chapter #24: Industry Comes of Age Big Picture Themes 1. Before the Civil War, railroads had become important. After the war, railroads boomed and were critical to the nation. Railroads, along with steel, were to be the skeleton on which the nations economy would be built. 2. A class of millionaires emerged for the first time ever. Tycoons like Carnegie and Rockefeller made fortunes. This type of wealth was championed by Social Darwinism where the strong win in business. 3. Unfortunately, many of the mega-industries, like railroads, grew at the expense of the little mans interest. As businesses, they were out to make money, and they did. But the working man cried foul. 4. To right these wrongs, the beginnings of anti-trusts began (to bust the monopolies) and organized labor got a jumpstart (although they were still rather ineffective). Chapter #24: Identifications Government Subsidies Land given to railroad owners who were willing to build railroads Transcontinental Railroad A railroad that connected the West with the East and allowed for expansion to the west of North America. Cornelius Vanderbilt A railroad robber barron who first worked with steam boats but switched to railroads later on. Jay Gould A wealthy man who controlled the economy through partnerships on the railroad

Interstate Commerce Commission Was intended to control the prices to make more money but actually instead resulted in lowering competition. Vertical Integration A method of buying the suppliers of a certain industry and area such as buying the raw material sources Horizontal Integration A monopoly and buying competing companies that sell same items and things. J.P. Morgan A banker who was the first billionaire. Bought out Carnegie Steel later on Sherman Anti-Trust Act An act that was meant to stop trusts but it could not differ between good and bad trusts so it was not very effective. Yellow Dog Contracts Weakened the strikes. Workers were made to sign this stating that they would not join a union until they got a job. Blacklists A list written by workers and employers who could not work well and cooperate. Haymarket Square incident A bombing incident that occurred during a strike that damaged the unions image. Chapter #24 Guided Reading Questions The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse Know: Land grants 1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads? An advantage of government subsidies was that the railroad constructions were made possible through the aid of government. A disadvantage of railroads was that the land grants allowed the people who constructed the railroads to have control over the lands around the railroad tracks. Spanning the Continent with Rails Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford 2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built. The first transcontinental railroad was built from the west coast to the east coast with both sides connecting at the middle and driving a golden stake down into the ground. The Chinese immigrants started from the west coast while the Irish immigrants worked their way from the east coast. Binding the Country with Railroad Ties Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill 3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans. Railroads helped Americans by expanding their opportunities to move to the west and into the new undiscovered lands. The land is good for agriculture that can be traded for goods from the East. Railroads also hurt Americans in over speculation. Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars

4. What technological improvements helped railroads? Steel tracks from Britain allowed for heavier things to be supported on the tracks and was used by Cornelius Vanderbilt. The air break and a gauge of track width also helped. Revolution by Railways Know: Time Zones 5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole? Railroads transformed America into an industrial country. As the west was also opened up through easier travel by railroads, there would be more job openings and increased amounts of land. America also created time zones to help organize the railroads. Wrongdoing in Railroading Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools 6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of? Railroads are guilty for using the stock markets and buying high for huge amounts of money gained. This method is known as Stock Watering and it was used by some people and the Railroads would join together in order to get richer for everyone. Government Bridles the Iron Horse Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission 7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation? Interstate Commerce Act was passed by the Supreme Court that created the Interstate Commerce Commission . The ICC controlled the economy and regulated it and would be a big task for the government to manage. Miracles of Mechanization Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison 8. What factors made industrial expansion possible? Mesabi Range is an abundant amount of iron that would be used to power Americas factories. The large number of immigration allowed for many to hire cheaply in the West and East. Thomas Edison also perfected the light bulbs that would allow for workers to work at night or in the dark. The Trust Titan Emerges Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate 9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits? Businesses used different methods such as Vertical and Horizontal Integration in order to maximize profits. Carnegie used Vertical Integration while Rockefeller used Horizontal Integration. The Supremacy of Steel Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process 10. Why was steel so important for industrialization? Steel was important for industrialization because it was a necessary material for many of the things created during the industrial revolution. It was used for building railroads and more and railroads allowed for easier transportation of many materials across the nation which allowed for faster industrialization. Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel Know: Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan

11. Briefly describe the careers of Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan. Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan were both part of the group of rich robber barrons. Carnegie owned the steel industry and was extremely wealthy. J.P. Morgan worked in the banking area and became the first billionaire and bought out Carnegie Steel. Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose Know: Kerosene 12. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy? Rockefeller bought out other competing oil companies so he could control the oil industry. He also used the large number of companies and lowered his own prices so that his competitors would eventually lose money and go out of business. The Gospel of Wealth Know: Social Darwinism 13. How did the wealthy justify their wealth? The wealthy justified their wealth through Social Darwinism, stating that the most fit of the people would have the most money and material wealth. Government Tackles the Trust Evil Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act 14. What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts? The people who opposed the trusts appealed to the Supreme Courts at first but later appealed to Congress because Supreme Court ruled it as constitutional. The Sherman Anti-Trust act tried to stop restrictions but it didnt have any power and the act later threatened monopolies and gained power. The South in the Age of Industry 15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing? Southerners were not very successful at industrialization because they are new to industry. They were originally agriculturally based and they are not used to the industrial ways. The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America 16. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans. The positive effect of the industrial revolution on working Americans is that there is a high supply of jobs and it is near impossible for somebody to be unemployed. There is also lots of land and also more time to relax. The negative side is that there were strict rulings and that the employers could control the lives of the workers. In Unions There is Strength Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town 17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"? Employers had a lot of control over the workers. Yellow Dog Contract strengthened the employers power even more saying that workers had to have a job before joining a union. Black lists allowed employers to write down anybody who was uncooperative. Labor Limps Along Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor 18. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor.

The National Labor Union did not really get anything during its time while the Knights of Labor was successful. Both groups had the same goals but Knights of Labor did not fall apart like the National Labor Union did. Unhorsing the Knights of Labor Know: Haymarket Square 19. What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor? The Knights of Labor was open toward a number of workers and this leads to more workers who are skilled to the American Federation of Labor. Skilled workers wanted more from employers and they wanted to be different from unskilled workers. The AF of L to the Fore Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop 20. How was the AFL different from previous unions? The American Federation of Labor was only for the skilled workers so it was more advanced and elite than other groups. Samuel Gompers was the president and he led many strikes that were very successful. Makers of America: The Knights of Labor Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly 21. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas? Knights were revolutionary in their ideas in that they didnt care about race or gender while the other unions did. Mother Jones is the organizer of the women and Terence Powderly is a radical who wanted workers to make their own businesses. Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight 22. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America? Common people could more easily bump up their statuses in industrial America. There was lots of freedom and opportunities. The west was also basically giving away land to anybody who wanted it. Chapter #25: America Moves to the City Big Picture Themes 1. Cities grew because factories grew. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities. 2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corrupton, and nativism (anti-immigrant feelings). 3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacksWashington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects. 4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The new woman was idealized by the althletic, outgoing Gibson Girl. Chapter #25 Identifications Florence Kelley Florence Kelley had a large understanding of socialism and wanted to fight for the welfare of anybody who was neglected

Mary Baker Eddy A founder of the Christian Science William James A philosopher and psychologist Henry George An American writer who supported land value tax or single tax on land. Horatio Alger A writer of stories for boys who worked hard and overcame poverty and poorness. Mark Twain Samuel Clemens is Mark Twains real name but he used Mark Twain for whenever he wrote. He wrote social satire. Nativism Nativism disliked the immigrants and treated them badly. Philanthropy Philanthropy boosted education because of the large donations that came from industrial millionaires. Social Gospel Social Gospel is preached by Gladden and Rauschenbusch and supported the attack on social issues, which showed how Christianity would lead to socialism Settlement House A settlement house is where women were able to show their beliefs and try to reform the social structure. Women's Christian Temperance Union The Womens Christian Temprance Union was created to stop any drinking of alcohol. Eighteenth Amendment The 18th Amendment stopped the creation, transportation, and sale of alcohol. The Urban Frontier Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements 1. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's? Cities boomed and filled with people because of Louis Sullivan who created skyscrapers which allowed for people to live in a small area of land. Department Stores also attracted middle class people. The New Immigration 2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants? Old immigrants were protestant and catholic and they could read things. After 1880 is when the immigrants are considered new. New immigrants came mostly from the south and eastern Europe and they worked in industrial jobs in cities instead of farming. Southern Europe Uprooted 3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers? New Immigrants came to America in large numbers because Europe started to become crowded and it was running out of space for people. Immigrants also came to America for jobs and a better life with more opportunities. Makers of America: The Italians

Know: Birds of Passage, padron 4. How did Italian immigrants live their lives in America? The Immigrants lived in tenements or wooden apartments. They were also paid very little and worked in dirty factories and earned really low wages. Reactions to the New Immigration Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley 5. How did political bosses help immigrants? Political bosses helped immigrants find places to live and jobs for the immigrants. They did this in order to gain the support of the immigrants so the immigrants could vote for certain people of the political bosses. Narrowing the Welcome Mat Know: Nativists, Anglo-Saxon, American Protective Association, Statue of Liberty 6. In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty? The words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty welcomed anybody and any new people but the recent laws that were passed a while ago during the time period stopped immigration so they were both welcoming yet stopping immigration. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA 7. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor? The Catholic leaders hired had a growing power and influence to aid in the reform movements. YMCA is a city program that helped anybody who was down on his luck and needed some help. Darwin Disrupts the Churches Know: Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, Fundamentalists, Modernists, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll, 8. What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches? Charles Darwins theory on evolution proved that the church was wrong. The clergymen of the church were kicked out and many people started to not believe in the churches anymore. The Lust for Learning Know: Normal Schools, Kindergarten, Chautauqua 9 What advances took place in education in the years following the Civil War? There was more public education and schools available. There was also the idea of elementary schools that would be supported by taxes and textbooks were also provided by the tax money. Kindergartens also started to be supported by people. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP 10. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Washington did not challenge the white supremacy and it supported education and better economy. Du Bois also wanted equality for the blacks in society, economy, and life. The Hallowed Halls of Ivy Know: Vassar, Howard, Morrill Act, Land Grant Colleges, Hatch Act 11. What factors allowed the number of college students to dramatically increase? Many people started to enroll in college because of the land grants that allowed for schools to

thrive during the twentieth century. Philanthropy also allowed many schools to be funded by donators. The March of the Mind Know: William James 12. Describe some of the intellectual achievements of the late 1800s. Some intellectual achievements of the late 1800s included better health of the public. There was better sanitation and the schools had better selections of classes. The Appeal of the Press Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism 13. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content? The ability to produce newspapers inexpensively changed the contents by appealing to the mass of people who could afford the newspapers. The content was filled with sex, scandal, rumor, and other subjects. Apostles of Reform Know: Edwin L. Godkin, Henry George, Edward Bellamy 14. How did writers in the 1870's and 1880's try to address the problems of their time? The writers of the 1870s and 1880s tried to address the problems of their time by supporting and calling for action. They wanted social reform and civil service reform. They also wanted economic growth. Postwar Writing Know: Dime novels, Horatio Alger, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson 15. Did the trends in writing after the Civil War make it a good period for literature? Explain. The literature and texts after the Civil war had accurate and fantastic historical information that made the writing seem good for its period. Literary Landmarks Know: Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, Frank Norris, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Charles W. Chestnut, Theodore Dreiser. 16 What did many writers in the late 1800's have in common? The writers in the 1800s such as Stephen Crane, William Dean, Howells, Mark Twain started to write about the period they were experiencing. They wrote about teir society and the industrial society and the world around them. The New Morality Know: Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock 17. What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality? Victoria Woodhull and Anthony Comstock were people who were the ones to bring light to the battle that was raging over sexual morality. Families and Women in the City Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells 18. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement? A new leader was found and her name was Carrie Chapman Catt and she wanted to give women the right to vote if they are going to still go with the normal and traditional way of their duties as home carers and mothers. Women also were responsible for the education of the

children but they need power in the city and they needed a voice in the boards in order to be able to help the future generation children and the houses. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton 19. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's? Social causes that women were involved in the 1800s was the cause of Womens Suffrage which women fought for the right to vote. They were also involved in temperance and prohibition which opposed consuming alcohol and animal protection. Artistic Triumphs Know: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, George Inness, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Metropolitan Opera House, Henry H. Richardson, Columbian Exposition 20. Why is this section titled "artistic triumphs?" Many of the artists were troubled and they had lots of conflicts but the artists were able to come through and win the battle and conflicts they faced. The Business of Amusement Know: Vaudeville, P.T. Barnum, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, James Naismith 21. What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900? Sports and many other types of recreation became popular during the period of 1870 to 1900. Some sports included baseball, football, croquet, boxing, bicycling, basketball, and many shows including the Wild West shows, circuses, minstrel shows, and more for the entertainment of the people. Chapter #26.1 The Great West Big Picture Themes 1. Native Americans out West faced two options: agree to settle on a reservation or fight the U.S. Army as hostiles. Some chose reservations, others to fight, but all were cleared out. . Chapter #26.1 Identifications Sitting Bull Sitting Bull was a man who led his people of Native Americans against the U.S. Government and its policies George A. Custer George A. Custer led an expedition and discovered gold in the Sioux reservation for the Native Americans Chief Joseph Attempted to be equal with Sitting Bull and he surrendered his tribe after trying to migrate towards Canada. Sioux Wars Fort Laramie was attacked and the Sioux Wars were started there. This was a number of attacks and conflicts between the Native Americans and the United States. Ghost Dance Ghost Dance gathered other Indians and the Dance was said to have had gotten rid of white men and return the buffalo that was getting killed off in masses by the Americans. Dawes Severalty Act

The Dawes Severalty Act said that the lands originally for the Indians were actually for the certain families instead of the entire tribe itself. Battle of Wounded Knee A battle between the United States and Indians where Ghost Dance was rebuked and where many Indians and American soldiers were killed.

Chapter # 26.1 Guided Reading Questions The Clash of Cultures on the Plain Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry 1. Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans. The Americans tried to move into the West by going into the Indian Territory but they faced Sioux. The Government of the United States, however, moved the Native Americans into small territories or reservations, lands made just for Indians. Receding Native Americans Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo 2. How was the West "won?" The Sioux party tried to stop the construction of the Bozeman trail and this caused the start of the war. George Armstrong Custer led an expedition into the Sioux territory where he stated to have found gold. The Battle of Little Big horn was where the Seventh Cavalry was attacked to nothing and defeated. Chief Joseph surrendered his Indians in hopes that he can come to an agreement with Sitting Bull. Bellowing Herds of Bison Know: Buffalo Bill Cody 3. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand? The Buffalo was reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand because of the Americans. Native Americans would not waste any single part of the Buffalos and they would even eat the meat and use the hides and bones while the Americans killed off Buffalo without much care and they only wanted the hide. The End of the Trail Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act 4. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans? People started to notice the bad treatment of Native Americans after Helen Hunt Jacksons book was published. The Dawes Act gave lands to individual families instead of the tribes. The Reorganization Act also tried to bring back the Native Americans old ways and traditions. Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators 5.. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West? Forty-niners moved to the Rockies looking for precious metals. Pikes Peak or Bust would be written and inscribed on many of their wagons. Comstock Lode was where much of the gold and silver was found and this attracted many pioneers who brought wealth into the West.

Makers of America: The Plains Indians 6. How was the cu1lture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people? Men would be sent out to gather resources for clothing and food and hunt for buffalo. The horses allowed the Plain Indians to travel and move faster and better and help them hunt more efficiently. This also drove competition between tribes in order to hunt for resources and supplies. Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok 7. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's? Cattle Ranching was very profitable by the hides and skin. The meat was not really that great and profitable because it could not be transported but it was able to be transported later on with the help of railroads and trains. The Farmers Frontier Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden 8. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains? Homestead Act gave small farmers a decent life on the plains by basically having a policy of giving out free land. All the farmers had to do was pay the government a really small amount of money and live on the land for a few years while improving it and the land was theirs. The Far West Comes of Age Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone 9. What were some milestones in the closing of the West? There was the addition of six states so that the Republicans would be able to get more votes. Sooners entered the Oklahoma land and boomers entered when it was open. Yellowstone is also opened by the government and it is the first national park that is opened by the government. The Fading Frontier Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington 10. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States? Frontiers aided in starting civilizations for the lands that were not discovered yet. Francis Parkman and Mark Twain are American writers who will be remembered for their works while George Catlin and Frederic Remington are painters who aided in the pioneer movement. Chapter #26.2 Agricultural Revolution and Populism Big Picture Themes 1. Miners looking for silver and/or gold fled to Colorado and Nevada seeking quick fortune. A few found it, the vast majority didnt. 2. Cattle became king in Texas as cowboys drove herds north to the Kansas railroads and reaped quick money. 3. Farmers struggled out west due to several problems: weather, insects, high mortgage rates, high railroad shipping rates, and low prices for their crops. 4. The farmers struggles led to the Peoples (or Populist) Party. This party sought cheap money (or silver money) in order to create inflation and thus make it easier to pay off debts. Chapter #26:2 Identifications Joseph F. Glidden The American farmer who was the one to patent barbed wire

James B. Weaver A politician of the House of Representatives and he ran for president two times Oliver H. Kelly Was the leader of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. Mary Elizabeth Lease An American writer who supported the womans suffrage movement but she was better known for her contribution in the Populist Party. Comstock Lode A bundle of silver ore that is in a peak in Virginia Range in Nevada. It was one of the first major findings of silver ore in the U.S. Long Drive Long Drive is the movement of cattle from the plains to towns. Homestead Act Promised ownership of a 160 acre piece of land to citizens Patrons of Husbandry A group of farmers who wanted better treatment Granger Laws Laws that were passed that established the maximum freight and passenger rates of the railroad and trains. Farmers' Alliance A group of farmers who got together to stop the effects of the crop-lien system after the Civil War. Populists A member of a political party that supports the ideas of the common people. Jacob S. Coxey An American politician who led the Coxeys Army march of men who were unemployed down to Washington D.C. Williams Jennings Bryan A lawyer and politician who supported free silver Bimetallism The idea of using both silver and gold species as currency. Free Silver Indicating the movement of the free coinage of silver for the currency Depression of 1893 An economic depression that was caused by overbuilding of the railroads and bank failures and over speculation. Cross of Gold Speech A speech given by William Jennings Bryan talking about the gold standard and how many farmers were in debt. Chapter #26.2 Guided Reading Questions The Farm Becomes a Factory Know: Montgomery Ward, Combine

1. Explain the statement, "The amazing mechanization of agriculture in the postwar years was almost as striking as the mechanization of industry." The Civil War was the first modern war in which the strength of industry and technology were major components. The technology of agriculture and how advanced it has become is as amazing as the advancement of the industry. Deflation Dooms the Debtor Know: Deflation 2. What problems faced farmers in the closing decades of the 19th century? The farmers became stuck to the one crop economy in which they chose to plant cash crops only such as wheat or corn. In 1870, the lack of currency and money caused the prices of the crops to go down and the prices to deflate. Unhappy Farmers 3. How did nature, government, and business all harm farmers? The soil that was once considered good was starting to lose its nutrients and becoming bad. The floods cause erosion in the soil and many droughts occurred during the summer. Farmers had to sell their products for really low prices while they bought really high priced goods. The Farmers Take Their Stand Know: The Grange, Cooperatives, Greenback-Labor Party, James B. Weaver 4. How did the Grange attempt to help farmers? The Grange attempted to help the lives of farmers through educational, social and other ways. The Grange organized the crops and they helped the farmers decide what they needed to grow and what to grow for the best profit and receive optimal payment. Prelude to Populism Know: The Farmers Alliance, Mary Elizabeth Lease 5. What steps did the Farmers Alliance believe would help farmers? The Farmers Alliance used the gins and free mills that small farmers could use and they believed that the income taxes would help the farmers. Coxeys Army and the Pullman Strike Know: Coxeys Army, Eugene V. Debs, Pullman Palace Car Company 6. Why did President Cleveland send in federal troops during the Pullman Strike? President Cleveland sent federal troops to stop the Pullman strike because the railroad workers were disruptive as they stopped trains and trains were important for trade and transportation in the United States. Golden McKinley and Sliver Bryan Know: Mark Hannah, William McKinley, William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold speech 7 Was William McKinley a strong presidential candidate? Explain. William McKinley was a strong presidential candidate because of the issues he faced. He supported the gold standard in times of inflation in the economy and he had aspects in him that his opponent, William Jennings Bryan, did not have. Class Conflict: Plowholders versus Bondholders Know: Fourth Party System 8. The free-silver election of 1896 was probably the most significant since Lincolns victories in 1860 and 1864. Explain. The election of 1896 was between the Republican partys William McKinley against the

Democratic partys William Bryan. The campaign stopped the third party system and started the fourth party system. After McKinley was nominated, the Southern and Western delgates wanted to put into action the free silver ideas that they had in mind. Republican Standpattism Enthroned Know: Dingley Tariff Bill 9. Did McKinley possess the characteristics necessary to be an effective president? McKinley did possess the characteristics necessary to be an effective president. He had the Dingley Tariff which increased tariffs. The tariff also showed that McKinley kept his word after he was elected president as well. Varying Viewpoints: Was the West Really Won? Know: Frederick Jackson Turner 10. Which criticism of the Turner Thesis seems most valid? Explain The Turner Thesis is American about growth of the American economy and how traditions resulted from the wilderness. The most influential criticism of the Turner Thesis was that the ethnic and racial confrontation of the argument as he believed that the region was caused by the wars with the Native Americans and the bad treatment of them.