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Optimal Placement of STATCOM to Voltage Stability Improvement
and Reduce Power Losses by Using QPSO Algorithm


Haniyeh Marefatjou
1
, Iman Soltani
2


1,2
Electrical Engineering Department, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran


Abstract
Power systems operation becomes more important as the load demand increases all over
the world. This rapid increase in load demand forces power systems to operate near critical
limits due to economical and environmental constraints. The objective in power systems
operation is to serve energy with acceptable voltage and frequency to consumers at
minimum cost. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices have
been proposed to be effective for controlling power flow and regulating bus voltage in
electrical power systems, resulting in an increased transfer capability, low system losses,
improved stability and increased maximum loading parameters. This paper studies the
important power system phenomenon and voltage stability by using continuation power
flow method, so we have focused on increasing stability and maximum loadability of a
system by considering the optimal location of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)
devices in power system. Identification of a suitable location for installation of (FACTS)
costly device is a vital task; several criteria are to be satisfied before selecting the best
location. One type of (FACTS) devices, static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) can
be installed on buses and transmission lines. The main aim of this paper is to enhance
voltage stability and to increase loadability by location STATCOM based on Quantum
behaved Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO) algorithm. In order to validate the
usefulness of the approach suggested here is, a case study using a 24-bus power system is
presented and discussed. Simulation is done with PSAT in MATLAB. Continuation Power
Flow is was implemented using Newton Raphson method.


1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the increase in peak load demand and power transfers
between utilities has elevated concerns about system voltage security [1].
Power systems operation becomes more important as the load demand
increases all over the world. This rapid increase in load demand forces
power systems to operate near critical limits due to economic and
environmental constraints. The objective in power systems operation is to
serve energy with acceptable voltage and frequency to consumers at
minimum cost. Reliability and security are also important parameters for
power systems and should be satisfied. By reliability, it is meant that the
system has adequate reserves in the face of changing energy demand.
By security, it is meant that upon occurrence of a contingency, the
system could recover to its original state and supply the same quality
service as before. All these objectives can be achieved by proper planning,
operation and control of power generation and transmission systems.
Received: 23 Mar 2013
Accepted: 21 May 2013

Keywords:
Contination Power Flow
Voltage Stability
Maximum Loading Parameter
STATCOM
Particle Swarm Optimization
Correspondence:
I. Soltani

Electrical Engineering
Department, Imam Khomeini
International University, Qazvin,
Iran.
106 | P a g e H. Marefatjou, I. Soltani

Since generation and transmission units have to be operated at critical limits voltage stability
problems may occur in power system when there is an increase in load demand. Voltage instability is
one of the main problems in power systems. In voltage stability problem some or all buses voltages
decrease due to insufficient power delivered to loads. In case of voltage stability problems, serious
blackouts may occur in a considerable part of a system [2]. This can cause severe social and economic
problems[2]. In fact, more than 50 cases of voltage instability or voltage collapse were reported all over the
world between 1965 and 1996. For example, a voltage collapse in the North American Western Systems
Coordinating Council system on July 2, 1996, resulted in service interruptions to more than 6 million people
[2]. When the necessity of electricity to industry and community in all fields of the life is considered, the
importance of a blackout can be understood more easily. Therefore, special analysis should be performed in
order to examine the voltage stability in power systems[3]. The only way to save the system from voltage
collapse is to reduce the reactive power load or add additional reactive power prior to reaching the point of
voltage collapse [2]. Voltage collapse phenomena in power systems have become one of the important
concerns in the power industry over the last two decades, as this has been the major reason for several major
blackouts that have occurred throughout the world [4]. Point of collapse method and continuation method
are used for voltage collapse studies [5]. Of these two techniques continuation power flow method is used
for voltage analysis. These techniques involve the identification of the system equilibrium points or voltage
collapse points where the related power flow Jacobian becomes singular [6,7]. The most common methods
used in voltage stability analysis are continuation power flow, point of collapse, minimum singular value
and optimization methods[3]. With the rapid development of power system, especially the increased use of
transmission facilities due to higher industrial output and deregulation, it becomes necessary to explore new
ways of maximizing power transfer in existing transmission facilities, while at the same time maintaining
the acceptable levels of the network reliability and stability. On the other hand, the fast development of
power electronic technology has made FACTS (flexible AC Transmission system) promising solution of
future power system. FACTS controllers such as Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static
VAR Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), Static Synchronous Series
Compensator (SSSC) and Unified Power Flow controller (UPFC) are able to change the network parameters
in a fast and effective way in order to achieve better system performance [8], [9], [10], [11]. These
controllers are used for enhancing dynamic performance of power systems in terms of voltage/angle stability
while improving the power transfer capability and voltage profile in steady-state conditions [12],[13], [14],
[15], [16].
The phenomena of voltage collapse have been observed in power systems and analyzed extensively
during the two past decades. Many analysis methods have been proposed and currently used for the study of
this problem [17-19]. Most of these techniques are based on the identification of system equilibrium where
the corresponding Jacobins become singular. These equilibrium points are typically refers to as points of
voltage collapse and can be mathematically associated to saddle-node bifurcation [20-21]. There are two
types of voltage stability based on simulation time; static voltage stability and dynamic voltage stability.
With continuous increase in power demand, and due to limited expansion of transmission system, modern
power system networks are being operated under highly stressed conditions. Traditionally shunt and series
compensation is used to maximize the transfer capability of a transmission line [22].
As the load increases, power utilities are looking for ways to maximize the utilization of their existing
transmission systems, therefore controlling the power flow in the transmission lines is an important issue in
planning and operating of power system. By using FACTS devices, it is also possible to control the phase
angle, the voltage magnitude at chosen buses and/or line impedances of transmission system [23].
This paper deals with the application of Quantum behaved Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO) for
finding the optimal location of the STATCOM with the consideration of total power loss reduction in the
power system. So in section (2) of this paper the concept of voltage stability phenomena is described.
Voltage stability can be analyzed by using bifurcation theory, so in section (3) we focus on Newton Raphson
method and in section (4) we focus on bifurcation theory and in section (5) we focus on Continuation Power
Flow method, one of the methods used in voltage stability analyze. The rest of the sections are organized as
follows: in section (6) modeling of STATCOM is presented. We focus on Quantum behaved Particle Swarm
Optimization in section (7) The Case Study and simulation result are presented in section (8) .Finally
conclusion is discussed in section (9).
Journal of Science and Engineering Vol. 2 (2), 2013, 105-119 P a g e | 107

2. VOLTAGE STABILITY
Power system stability can be divided into two as voltage stability and rotor angle
stability. Rotor angle stability is the ability of interconnected synchronous machines of a power system to
remain in synchronism [19]. In this kind of stability, power-angle equations are handled since
power output of a synchronous machine varies as its rotor oscillates. Voltage stability is the ability of
a power system to maintain steady acceptable voltages at all buses in the system under normal operating
conditions and after being subjected to a disturbance [19]. Voltage stability can be attained by sufficient
generation and transmission of energy. Generation and transmission units have definite
capacities that are peculiar to them. These limits should not be exceeded in a healthy power system.
Voltage stability problem arises when the system is heavily loaded that causes to go beyond limitations of
power system. A power system enters a state of voltage instability when a disturbance, increase
in load demand power or change in system condition causes a progressive and uncontrollable
decline in voltage. The main factor causing instability is the inability of the power system to meet the
demand for reactive power [19].

2.1. Factors Affecting Voltage Stability
The main reason for voltage instability is the lack of sufficient reactive power in a system. Generator
reactive power limits and reactive power requirements in transmission lines are the main causes of
insufficient reactive power.

- Reactive power limits of generators
Synchronous generators are the main devices for voltage control and reactive power control in power
systems. In voltage stability analysis active and reactive power capabilities of generators
play an important role. The active power limits are due to the design of the turbine
and the boiler. Therefore, active power limits are constant. Reactive power limits of generators are
more complicated than active power limits. There are three different causes of reactive power limits that are;
stator current, over-excitation current and under-excitation limits. The generator field current is limited by
over-excitation limiter in order to avoid damage in field winding. In fact, reactive power limits are voltage
dependent. However, in load flow programs they are taken to be constant in order to simplify analysis [24].

- Transmission lines
Transfer of active and reactive power is provided by transmission lines. Since transmission lines are
generally long, transfer of reactive power over these lines is very difficult due to significant
amount of reactive power requirement[2].

2.2. Voltage Collapse [19]
Voltage collapse is the process by which the sequence of events accompanying voltage instability leads
to a low unacceptable voltage profile in a significant part of system. When a power system is subjected to a
sudden increase of reactive power demand, the required demand is met by the reactive power reserves
supplied from generators and compensation devices. Most of the time, this can be achieved since there
are sufficient reserves. Sometimes, it is not possible to meet this rapid increase in demand due to
combination of events and system conditions. Thus, voltage collapse and a major breakdown of part or all of
the system may occur. There are some countermeasures that can be taken against voltage instability.
Automatic voltage regulators (AVRs), under-load tap changers (ULTCs) and compensation devices are
common ways to keep bus voltage magnitude in acceptable ranges[19].







108 | P a g e H. Marefatjou, I. Soltani

3. NEWTON RAPHSON SOLUTION METHOD FOR POWER FLOW


Figure 1. A typical bus of the power system

Power flow equation:
Applying KCL to this bus results in:


(1)


(2)

The real and reactive power at bus i is :


(3)


(4)

Substituting for Ii in (2) yields:


(5)


Equation (5) is an algebraic non linear equation which must be solved by iterative techniques Power
flow equations formulated in polar form. For the system in Fig.1, can be written in terms of bus admittance
matrix as:


(6)


Expressing in polar form;


(7)


Substituting for I
i
from Eqn.7 in Eqn. 4


(8)


(9)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0 1 1 2 2
0 1 2 1 1 2 2
i i i i i i i in i n
i i i i in i i i in n
I y V y V V y V V y V V
I y y y y V y V y V y V
= + + + +
= + + + +
0 1
,
n n
i i ij ij j
j j
I V y y V j i
= =
= =

i i i i
P jQ V I
-
+ =
i i
i
i
P jQ
I
V
-

=
0 1
,
n n
i i
i ij ij j
j j
i
P jQ
V y y V j i
V
-
= =

= =

n
i ij j
j
I Y V
=
=

1
n
i ij j ij j
j
I Y V u o
=
= Z +

1
n
i i i i ij j ij j
j
P jQ V Y V o u o
=
= Z Z +

1
cos( )
n
i i ij j ij i j
j
P V Y V u o o
=
= +

1
Journal of Science and Engineering Vol. 2 (2), 2013, 105-119 P a g e | 109


(10)

Expanding Eqns. 9&10 in Taylor's series about the initial estimate neglecting h.o.t. we get:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
( ) ( )
2 2
( )
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
( ) ( )
2
( )
k k k k
k k
n n
k
k k k k
n n n n
k k
k
n n
n
k
k k
k k
n
k
n
P P P P
V V
P
P P P P
V V
P
Q
Q Q
Q
o o
o o
o o
| | c c | | c c
| |
c c c c
| |
| |
( A
| |
(
c c c c | |
(
| |
c c c c (
A \ . \ .
=
(
A
c c (
(
c c
(
A (

( )
2
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
k
k
n
k k k
n
k
n
k k k k
n n n n
k k
n n
V Q Q
V V
V
Q Q Q Q
V V
o
o
o o
(
(
(
(
(
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
A (
(
(
(
A | | c c | |
(
(
| |
( c c (
| |
(
(
| |
(
A (
| |
(
c c c c | |
(
| |
c c c c
( \ . \ .




(11)


The Jacobian matrix gives the linearized relationship between small changes in
i
(k)
and voltage
magnitude [V
i
k
] with the small changes in real and reactive power P
i
(k)
and Q
i
(k)
:


(12)


The diagonal and the off-diagonal elements of J1 are:


(13)


(14)

Similarly we can find the diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J2,J3 and J4 . The terms P
i
(k)
and Q
i
(k)

are the difference between the scheduled and calculated values, known as the power residuals.


(15)


(16)

(17)

(18)

Orientation [25],[26]:
1. For Load buses (P,Q specified), flat voltage start. For voltage controlled buses (P,V specified), set
equal to 0.
2. For Load buses, P
i
(k)
and Q
i
(k)
are calculated from Eqns.9&10 and P
i
(k)
and Q
i
(k)
are calculated
from Eqns. 15 & 16.
3. For voltage controlled buses, and P
i
(k)
and P
i
(k)
are calculated from Eqns. 9&15 respectively.
4. The elements of the Jacobian matrix are calculated.
5. The linear simultaneous equation 12 is solved directly by optimally ordered triangle factorization and
Gaussian elimination.
6. The new voltage magnitudes and phase angles are computed from (17) and (18).
7. The process is continued until the residuals P
i
(k)
and Q
i
(k)
are less than the specified accuracy i.e.

sin( )
n
i i ij j ij i j
j
Q V Y V u o o
=
= +

1
1 2
3 4
J J P
V J J Q
o A A ( ( (
=
( ( (
A A

cos( )
i
i ij j ij i j
j
i
P
V Y V u o o
o
=
c
= +
c

1
sin( )
i
i ij j ij i j
j
P
V Y V u o o
o
c
= +
c
( ) ( ) k sch k
i i i
P P P A =
( ) ( ) k sch k
i i i
Q Q Q A =
( 1) ( ) ( ) k k k
i i i
o o o
+
A = +A
( 1) ( ) ( ) k k k
i i i
V V V
+
A = +A
110 | P a g e H. Marefatjou, I. Soltani


(19)


4. BIFURCATION THEORY
Bifurcation theory is used to describe changes in the qualitative structures of the phase portrait when
certain system parameters change. Local bifurcations can be studied by analyzing the vector differential
equations near the bifurcation equilibrium points. Voltage collapse in power systems can be predicted by
identifying parameter values that lead to saddle-node bifurcations. In order to present the characteristic of
bifurcation, Equation 20 is considered.

( )

(20)

In differential Equation 1, x is the state variable and is a parameter. There is a point called
equilibrium point where (

) . For this value of the linearization of ( )is singular.

Figure 2 is obtained for( ), as changes. When there is a saddle node point. For ,
there is no equilibrium whereas for there are two equilibrium points as stable and unstable
points[27,28].


Figure 2. Bifurcation diagram for f(x, )[29]

5. CONTINUATION POWER FLOW
The conventional power flow has a problem in the Jacobian matrix which becomes singular at the
voltage stability limit. This problem can be overcome by using continuation power flow [30]. Figure
3.shows the predictor corrector scheme used in the continuation power flow.


Figure 3. The predictor corrector scheme[19]

From the Newton-Raphson, load flow equations can be written as:


( ) ( ) k k
i i
P Q c c A s A s
Journal of Science and Engineering Vol. 2 (2), 2013, 105-119 P a g e | 111


N
1 h
0 ) cos(
ij
Y -
i
P
=
=
ij j i j
V
i
V u o o (21)

N
1 h
0 ) sin(
ij
Y -
i
Q
=
=
ij j i j
V
i
V u o o

(22)

The new load flow equations consist of load factor are expressed as:

)
i
cos
base
S
Li
(K
L0
P
Li
P |
A
+ =
(23)
)
i
s
base
S
Li
(K
L0
Q
Li
Q | in
A
+ =

(24)

Where:

=original load at bus i, active and reactive power respectively

= multiplier to designate the rate of load change at bus i as changes

= a given quantity of apparent power which is chosen to provide appropriate scaling of

The power flow equations can be written as:

0 ) V, , ( = c F
(25)

Then the active power generation term can be modified to:

) 1 (
G0
P
Gi
P
Gi
K + + =
(26)

Where:

= The initial value of active power generation

= the active power generation at bus i

KG i = the constant of changing rate in generation
To solve the problem, the continuation algorithm starts from a known solution and uses a predictor-corrector
scheme to find subsequent solutions at different load levels [31].

6. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR
The static synchronous compensator, or STATCOM, is a shunt connected FACTS device. The
configuration of STATCOM used in this paper is shown in Fig.4.


Figure 4. Configuration of a STATCOM

It generates a balanced set of three phase sinusoidal voltages at the fundamental frequency, with rapidly
controllable amplitude and phase angle. This type of controller can be implemented using various topologies.
However, the voltage-sourced inverter, using GTO thyristors in appropriate multi-phase circuit
configurations, is presently considered the most practical for high power utility applications. A typical
application of this type of controller is voltage support [32]. In addition to this, this controller has a coupling
transformer and a dc capacitor. The control system can be designed to maintain the magnitude of the bus
voltage constant by controlling the magnitude and/or phase shift of the VSC output voltage [33]. Few papers
112 | P a g e H. Marefatjou, I. Soltani

address the issue of how to model STATCOM for load flow calculation. It is traditionally modeled for
power flow analysis as PV or PQ bus depending on its primary application. The active power is either set to
zero (neglecting the STATCOM losses) or calculated iteratively. In a load flow calculation, a STATCOM is
typically treated as a shunt reactive power controller assuming that it can adjust its injected reactive power
to control the voltage at the Statcom terminal bus. Fig.5 depicts a Statcom and the traditional simple model
used in this paper for load flow calculation. In this model reactive power load at bus i, jQi , is combined with
Statcom reactive power output jQc and therefore power varies as |Vi|. This model is essentially a PV bus
with the STATCOM's active power output set to zero.

Figure 5. Model of STATCOM in load flow calculation

7. THE BASIC PSO CONCEPT
PSO is an evolutionary computation technique for optimization of continuous nonlinear function. Its
key advantages are the ability to escape from local maximum, easy implement and fast convergence.
In PSO algorithm, each particle of a swarm evaluates at different points in a D-dimensional search
space and moves with a velocity according to its own previous best position (Pbest) and its group
'
s previous
best position.
In this process, every particle in the swarm interacts with its neighbors and converges towards the
global best position (where the cost function has minimum value) in the search space within a short time.
PSO consist of a swarm of particles and each particle represents a candidate solution for the
optimization problem.Each particle is given with two vectors of position and velocity.The search space is
D-dimensional and the position of the i
th
particle can be represented by a D-dimensional vector
( )
T
iD i i i
x x x X ,..., ,
2 1
=
and the velocity of this particle is
( )
T
iD i i i
v v v V ,..., ,
2 1
=
. Each particle adjusts its
trajectory toward its own best previously visited position
T
iD i i i
p p p P ) ,..., , (
2 1
=
and the global best position
of the found swarm
T
gD g g g
p p p P ) ,..., , (
2 1
=
. The particles are updated according to the following equations:


(27)

(28)

Where
N i ,..., 2 , 1 =
,
N
is the swarm size, and
D
is total dimension number of each particle.
w
is
called the inertia weight that controls the impact of previous velocity of particle on its current one.
1
r
And
2
r
are independently uniformly distributed random variables with range (0,1).
1
c
and
2
c
are the
acceleration constant. A linearly decreasing inertia weight from maximum value
max
w
to minimum value
min
w
, as reflected in Eq. (29), is used to update the inertia weight as following:


(29)

Where
max
k
the maximum is number of iterations and
k
is the iteration number.
) ( ) (
2 2 1 1 id gd id id id id
x p r c x p r c v w v + + =
id id id
v x x + =
max min max max
/ ) ) (( k k w w w w
k
=
Journal of Science and Engineering Vol. 2 (2), 2013, 105-119 P a g e | 113


7.1. Quantum Behaved Particle Swarm Optimization (Qpso)
The main disadvantage of PSO is that global convergence cannot be guaranteed. In the Quantum model
of a PSO, the state of a particle is depicted by wave function
( ) t x,

, instead of position and velocity. The

dynamic behavior of the particle is widely divergent from that of the particle in tradiational PSO systems in
that the exact values of
X
and
V
cannot be determined simultaneously. We can only learn the probability
of the particle
,
s appearing in position
x
from probability density function
2
,t x

,the form of which

depends on the potential field the particle lies in. The particles move according to the following iterative
equation:


(30)

(31)

Where


(32)

(33)

Best
m
Is the Mean Best position defined as the mean of all best positions of the population,
k
,
u
and
|
are random number distributed uniformly on [0,1] respectively. Considering that the number of iterations
and population size are common requirements in every evolutionary algorithm,
|
, called
Contraction-Expansion coefficient, is the only parameter in QPSO aigorithm. It can be tuned to control the
convergence speed of the algorithms.QPSO is very easy to be understood and implemented and it has
already been tried and tested in various standard optimization problems with excellent results Moreover,
QPSO aigorithm is proven to be more effective than traditional aigorithms in most cases. In the current work,
an attempt has been made to make use of QPSO algorithm in a more complicated multi objective
optimization problem in the field of composite laminate structure and compare its performance with that of
the classical PSO algorithm [36].
The QPSO algorithm described in preceding section is now applied to find the maximum loading
parameter system.

7.2. Objective Function
The objective function which we have assumed is

F = {F1, F2 }

The functions F1, F2 are defined and used in optimization process.

F = 1F1 + 2F2 + +n Fn (34)

In our study, the fitness function is defined as a sum of three terms with individual criteria. The first part
of the objective function concerns the voltages level. It is favorable that buses voltages be as close as
possible to 1 p.u. Equation (2) shows the voltage deviation in all buses.


(35)

Where n b is the number of buses and Vi is the voltage of bus i .
5 . 0 ) / 1 ln( ) (
) 1 (
> =
+
k if u X mBest P X
t i t
|
5 . 0 ) / 1 ln( ) (
) 1 (
< + =
+
k if u X mBest P X
t i t
|
i i i
gBest pBest P + = ) 1 (

=
=
N
i
i
pBest
N
mBest
1
1
( ) | |
2
1
2
1
1

= =
i V
V F F
114 | P a g e H. Marefatjou, I. Soltani

The second one is related to power system total loss and minimizing it in power systems that are given
by:

PLk = Psending Precieving
FL = PL-total = Floss =Plk
(36)

Where Plk indicates the loss in line ending to buses l and k, and PL = Floss represents the total loss of
power network.

8. CASE STUDY AND SIMULATION RESULT
We have 24 buses voltage, one of them is a best position of STATCOM for Maximum loading
parameter. It can be get the most optimal bus to install STATCOM are buses 19,9 and 3 respectively. Buses
19, 9 and 3 are the highest value loading. Therefore with installation STATCOM in these buses can be to
have the lowest power losses. 24-bus test system is used to assess the effectiveness of STATCOM model
developed in this paper. Fig.6 show the single line diagram of system, with 230 kv and 100MVA base has
been considered. The flowchart of the QPSO algorithm for Optimal Placement of STATCOM to Voltage
Stability Improvement, Loadability Enhancement and Reduce Power Losses is shown in Fig. 7.


Figure 6.single line diagram of system

Simulation results are given in table 1-3. From Table 1 it can be get the most optimal bus to install
STATCOM are buses 19, 9 and 3 respectively. Buses 19, 9 and 3 are the highest value loading. Therefore
with installation STATCOM in these buses can be to have the lowest power losses. Power losses can be seen
in table 2 for 4 conditions.


Journal of Science and Engineering Vol. 2 (2), 2013, 105-119 P a g e | 115


Fig.7. The flowchart of the QPSO algorithm

Table1. Loading Parameters For Two Methods
BUS Newton Raphson method QPSO(with STATCOM)
1 2.4236 2.4278
2 2.4236 2.4278
3 2.7479 2.7485
4 2.6511 2.6545
5 2.6173 2.6195
6 2.6429 2.6456
7 2.4236 2.4296
8 2.5813 2.5865
9 2.8324 2.8369
10 2.6258 2.6287
11 2.4053 2.4099
12 2.2687 2.2696
13 2.2374 2.2398
14 2.314 2.3159
15 2.1839 2.1898
16 2.1839 2.1898
17 2.2059 2.2089
18 2.1839 2.1898
19 2.9536 2.9852
20 2.3809 2.3856
21 2.1839 2.1898
22 2.1839 2.1898
23 2.1839 2.1898
24 2.1839 2.1898


Start
Initialization of particles(buses voltage)
Evaluate fitness function(Power losses) f
i
(t-) and f
i
(t)
according to (-)
Finding of the pi,best:pi,best=MAX{fi(t-),fi(t))}, i=,,...,N
Finding of the g
best
:g
best
=MAX{ p
i,best
i=,,...,N}
Updating of the velocities and position according () - ()
Convergence critenia
satisfied?
Output:Gbest(bus number),fgbest(Power losses)
End
Yes
No
116 | P a g e H. Marefatjou, I. Soltani

Table2. Total Losses for 24-bus test system with and without STATCOM For Two methods
Newton Raphson method QPSO
Without STATCOM 32.8471 32.8471
With STATCOM at bus 19 31.5788 31.2438
With STATCOM at bus 9 31. 6943 31.5463
With STATCOM at bus 3 31.7005 31.6995

In table 3, Contination Power Flow results for without STATCOM and with STATCOM at bus 19 are
given. With installation STATCOMA bus 19, voltage magnitude is increased. Figures 8 and 9 represent the
same issue.

Table3. Voltage magnitude and phase angle for 24-bus test system with and without STATCOM (CPF)
Bus Without STATCOM With STATCOM at bus 19
V(PU) Ang(rad) V(PU) Ang(rad)
1 1.035 -0.76888 1.035 -0.76884
2 1.035 -0.77158 1.035 -0.77115
3 0.5903 -0.61222 0.60842 -0.63167
4 0.80263 -0.82309 0.8056 -0.8295
5 0.85724 -0.83475 0.86774 -0.83354
6 0.7182 -0.96762 0.77802 -0.95841
7 1.025 -0.78002 1.025 -0.77794
8 0.81176 -0.91671 0.81476 -0.91781
9 0.73104 -0.59943 0.73521 -0.6077
10 0.75318 -0.71799 0.7747 -0.7181
11 0.85284 -0.19053 0.85476 -0.19317
12 0.80069 -0.12886 0.80197 -0.13153
13 1.02 0 1.02 0
14 0.98 -0.03315 0.98 -0.03163
15 1.014 0.51358 1.014 0.5275
16 1.017 0.4661 1.017 0.47792
17 1.0288 0.6485 1.0292 0.66336
18 1.05 0.70405 1.05 0.71993
19 1.009 0.39986 1.0226 0.40958
20 1.0292 0.42077 1.029 0.4298
21 1.05 0.73849 1.05 0.75506
22 1.05 0.96385 1.05 0.98339
23 1.05 0.46034 1.05 0.4694
24 0.7224 0.24603 0.73277 0.26142


Figure 8. PV curves for test system without FACTS

Journal of Science and Engineering Vol. 2 (2), 2013, 105-119 P a g e | 117


Figure 9. PV curves for test system with STATCOM at bus 19

9. CONCLUSION
FACTS devices prove to be an effective remedy in enhancing system voltage stability. And increase
maximum loadability margin, but due to high cost of (FACTS) controllers their placement should be such as
to improve both static and dynamic voltage stability. So FACTS Devices installed localization studies is
important because prevent additional costs. This paper shows the effect of placing STATCOM on improving
voltage stability, So in this paper, used QPSO algorithm for optimal location of STATCOM. The presented
method is applied to 24-Bus sample test system. Simulation is done by using PSAT software which is a one
of the toolbox of MATLAB software and QPSO algorithm. Simulation result show that the bus 19 is ehe
best place to install statcom respectively, because these buses have a highest loadability and therefore are the
best terms of the voltage stability also in these buses have the lowest power losses. Normally the value of
loading parameters is 2.1075 While the Asttkam be installed at bus 19 (best) value of 2.9536 is fruiting,
means 40.14% increase in our Landa. Power losses is 32.8471 in normal amounts, while in the best case,
this value is reduced to 31.2438. Means we have 5.13 percent loss. The results presented in this paper clearly
show how STATCOM can be used to increase system loadability in practical power systems. Based on
simulation results obtained in the paper can conclude that, STATCOMcan increase system loadability or
margin to voltage collapse.

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Please cite this article as: H. Marefatjou, I.Soltani, (2013), Optimal Placement of STATCOM to Voltage Stability Improvement and Reduce Power Losses
by Using QPSO Algorithm, Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol. 2(2), 105-119.