1

One or Two Chichilticale? The Red House and The Expeditions of Niza, Daz, Alarc n and Coronado!

"ichel NA##$NO
%&, rue #ouis 'arnera( )&*)) Nice, +rance

A,stract The first time the word Chichilticale appeared in history was in a letter written in August 1540 by Francisco V !ue de Coronado to the "iceroy #endo a$ %ince that time& scholars ha"e proposed numerous "arious locations for this place$ 'n (00) *ugent +rasher has claimed to ha"e found the camp of Coronado at ,uy-endall ruins and ha"e identified it to Chichilticale$ .is arguments are con"incing& and few doubts remain about his finding of Coronado/s camp$ 's it the end of the story0 This paper focuses on the e1istence of two Chichilticale& one common to the e1peditions of Fray #arcos de *i a in 1523& #elchior 45a in 152361540& and .ernando de Alarc7n in 1540$ And a second one& the camp found by *$ +rasher& used by Coronado and his army$

Resu-en 8a primera "e !ue apareci7 la palabra Chichilticale en la historia fue en una carta escrita en agosto de 1540 por Francisco V !ue de Coronado al "irrey #endo a$ 4esde entonces& los

in"estigadores han propuesto numerosas ubicaciones diferentes para este lugar$ 9n (00) *ugent +rasher ha afirmado haber descubierto el campamento de Coronado en las ruinas de ,uy-endall y haberlo identificado a Chichilticale$ %us argumentos son con"incentes& y !uedan pocas dudas acerca de

( su descubrimiento del campo de Coronado$ :9s el fin de la historia0 9ste art5culo se centra en la e1istencia de dos Chichilticale& una comuna a las e1pediciones de Fray #arcos de *i a en 1523& #elchior 45a en 152361540& y .ernando de Alarc7n en 1540$ ; una segunda& el campamento encontrado por +rasher& utili ado por Coronado y su e<=rcito$

$ntroduction >n August 2& 1540& Francisco V !ue de Coronado wrote a letter to the "iceroy Antonio de #endo a& from the city of ?ranada& in the pro"ince of C5bola& in fact from one of the @uni "illages he had <ust con!uered$ 'n this letter he wrote AV !ue de Coronado& 1540BC I set out from Los Corazones and kept near the seacoast as well as I could judge, but in fact I found myself continually farther off, so that when I reached Chichilticale I found that I was fifteen days journey distant from the sea, although the father provincial had said that it was only 5 leagues distant and that he had seen it !e all became very distrustful, and felt great an"iety and dismay to see that everything was the reverse of what he had told to #our Lordship $he Indians of Chichilticale say that when they go to the sea for fish, or for anything else that they need, they go across the country, and that it takes them ten days% and this information I have received from the Indians appears to me to be true $he sea turns towards the west directly opposite Los Corazones for &' or &( leagues, where I learned that the ships of #our Lordship had been seen, which had gone in search of the port of Chichilticale, which the father said was on the thirty)fifth degree 9nglish translation ADinship& 1E3FB$ The analysis of this paragraph gi"es us lot of useful informationC Coronado& while wanting to stay close to the coast& found himself continually farther off& and reached Chichilticale at a distance of 15

2 days from the seaG Fray #arcos de *i a -new about Chichilticale& which he thought to be close to the sea& and located it at 25 degrees of latitudeG and Coronado e1pected Chichilticale to be a port$ Chichilticale candidate locations >ne of the first locations proposed for Chichilticale has been the ruins of Casa ?rande Anow Casa ?rande Huins *ational #onument& Coolidge& Ari onaB$ This proposal& by the Iesuit 9usebio ,ino A,ino& 1F3361)10B& meets the criteria for a JportK& Casa ?rande being located close to the ?ila and being accessible by ship from the ?ulf of California& the Colorado mouth and the Colorado L ?ila confluence$ And the color of Casa ?rande is pin- L red& in accordance with the *ahuatl words JChichilteK& red& and JCalliK& house& which gi"e the etymology of Chichilticale$

Illustration &* Casa +rande, by ,d -chieffelin, &..' Casa ?rande has been widely adopted in the 13th century by authors such as 9$ I$ %!uier& .$ C$ #organ& .ubert .$ +ancroft AHiley& 13E5B until a strong criticism by A$ +andelier& who remar-ed that the surroundings of Casa ?rande didn/t meet the descriptions of Chichilticale by members of the Coronado/s e1pedition such as CastaMeda de *a<era and Iuan de Iaramillo$

4 +andelier proposed for Chichilticale a ruin in the Fort ?rant area& west& or south of Fort ?raham and the Ninaleno #ountains A+andelier& 1E3(C40E6403B$ 9mil .aury& .erbert +olton& Dilliam A$ 4uffen and Dilliam ,$ .artmann ha"e proposed a close location Aor maybe the same location as +andelierB& a %alado ruin -nown as Hanch )F A4uffen and .artmann& 133)B$ 'n his unpublished JHoc-y #ountain 8ibraryK& Francis D$ Cragin identified Chichilticale to a ruin seen by 8ieut$ D$ .$ 9mory and Capt$ A$ H$ Ionhston in 1E4F& on the south side of the ?ila& near the >ctober 20 noon camp of Colonel ,earny/s Army of the Dest& in its march down the ?ila$ .e located Chichilticale on the top of a hill& close to the ghost city of ?eronimo ACragin& 131FCsupplement to chapters 1& ( and 2B$

Illustration (* /iew up the +ila 0iver from the high)perched ruin of Chichilticalli, by 1 Cragin, &2&3 Carroll 8$ Hiley has proposed two locations for Chichilticale& one on the %alt Hi"er& JHiley DestK& on the Coronado/s route fa"ored by Albert %chroeder& and another one on the upper ?ila& JHiley 9astK&

5 on a "ariant route by Charles 4i Neso AHiley& 13E5B$ 't was in %eptember (004 that *ugent +rasher began his in"estigations on the ground in search of Chichilticale$ These in"estigations had been preceded by a thorough analysis of all the original %panish documents about Coronado and Chichilticale& arranged in chronological order$ This study had con"inced him that Coronado& on his way to C5bola& had turned to the right AeastB at 8ewis %pring& and that the slope that the army had to climb followed +lue Cree-$ 'n the beginning of (00F& his team became con"inced they had disco"ered the campsite of Coronado and his army at Chichilticale$ .e locates Chichilticalli on the ,uy-endall ruins on the route from Ores Aor 8os Cora onesB& %onora& to Dilco1& Ari ona$ .is disco"eries ha"e been the sub<ect of se"eral publications A+rasher& (00)B& A+rasher& (003B& A+rasher& (011B and are detailed in his own website& chichilticale$com$ The e1ca"ations which followed the disco"ery yielded numerous %panish artifacts& spread out o"er a large area& a sign that for decades one or more %panish armies used this site as their camp$ This attribution to Coronado/s e1pedition actually rests on a fragment of a coin& dated between 143) to 1504& an iron ferrule of a lance and a piece of rusty iron identified as a crossbow bolt head in forged iron$ The other artifacts& nails& clasps& needles& tools& eyelets& horseshoes& chain mails& are not typical of Coronado/s e1peditions$ The most con"incing indication of Coronado/s presence on this site is without doubt this single crossbow bolt head which was found$ 't could seem a wea- indication to date the site and affirm that Coronado camped there$ +ut it must be ta-en into account that places li-e .awi-uh& +ernalillo and Albu!uer!ue& where copper crossbow bolt heads were found& are places of %panish6'ndian confrontationG it is normal to find there the bolt heads used in combat$ And the %paniards too- ad"antage of the halt at +lanco Canyon to replenish their pro"isions and hunt bisonC again it is normal to find here a number of these artifacts$

F 'n contrast& ,uy-endall was an encampment site& without confrontation or huntingC the %paniards had no reason to handle their crossbows and therefore lost few of their bolt heads$ And one may consider that& at the beginning of their e1pedition& they still had %pain made forged iron bolt heads& that they replaced with copper arrowheads made en route& as their original munitions diminished$ Finally& one should not forget that the ,uy-endall site was not disco"ered by chance& but after a documentary analysis which permitted to restrict the area to in"estigateC this analysis and the artifacts which were disco"ered are enough to pro"e that Coronado and his army did camp at ,uy-endall& on the way to C5bola$ .ere is the map of the candidate locations for Chichilticale and their positions relati"ely to C5bolaC

Illustration 4* C5bola and the candidate locations for Chichilticale Coronado/s e1pedition had been preceded by a reconnoiter leaded by #elchior 45a & sent by #endo a to chec- the "eracity of Fray #arcos/ relation$ Heturning to #e1ico City& he had <oined Coronado/s army at Culiacn and sent an emissary to #endo a& Iuan de @ald5"ar& with his report$

) This report is indirectly -nown& through a letter of #endo a to Charles V& dated April 1)& 1540& sent from Iacona A#endo a& 1540B$ This report doesn/t mention the name of Chichilticale$ De -now howe"er& from @ald5"ar/s testimony& that 45a did reach Chichilticale& and that Chichilticale was at a distance of F0 to )0 leagues A200 to 250 -mB from C5bolaG the two estimates come from three different "ersions of @ald5"ar/s testimony A@ald5"ar& 1544B$ The distance estimate of 200 to 250 -m& from Chichilticale to C5bola& dis!ualifies Hiley Dest& ?eronimo& Hanch )F and Hiley 9ast& which are too close from .awi-uhC within this range& we ha"e only Casa ?rande and ,uy-endall ruins$ Niza.s Chichilticale The most astonishing is that& according to Coronado& *i a -new about Chichilticale& while he doesn/t mention it in his own relation A*i a& 1523B$ This is not surprisingC se"eral indices show that his relation has been strongly censored or altered& probably under the influence of #endo a who didn/t want to gi"e precious information to his competitors for the con!uest of C5bola& .ernn Cort=s& .ernando de %oto and Nedro de Al"arado A*allino& (01(C(116(1(B$ And this is probably the same for 45a reportC being afraid of a lea-& #endo a did censor the information& e"en in a letter to Charles VP Among the important information gi"en by Coronado& we learn that Fray #arcos thought that Chichilticale was 5 leagues& or (5 -m& distant from the sea& and located at 25 degrees of latitude$ This reminds a paragraph of Fray #arcos/ relation A*i a& 1523BC 6ere I learnt that the coast turns to the west, almost at a right angle, because until I reached the entrance of the first desert which I passed, the coast always trended toward the north 7s it was very important to know the direction of the coast, I wished to assure myself and so went to look out and I saw clearly that in latitude 45 degrees it turns to the west I was not less pleased at this discovery than at the good

E news I had of the country$ 9nglish translation A+aldwin& 13(FB$ This paragraph seems so to be related to Chichilticale$ .owe"er& it doesn/t gi"e directly the location of Chichilticale& since there is no e"idence of the coast turning west at 25 degrees& or Fray #arcos ha"ing been close to the sea& at a distance of (5 -m& in this latitude$ +ut& at 22 degrees& we find Casa ?rande& close to the ?ilaG the ?ila flows west& and& at some (5 to 20 -m far from Casa ?rande& the "alley of the ?ila considerably widens$ .ad Fray #arcos seen the ?ila at Casa ?rande on a day of flood& he could ha"e well belie"ed to see the estuary of a ri"er <oining the sea$

Illustration 8* -atellite view of Casa +rande and +ila valley 9photograph* :7-7; This matches well the fact that Fray #arcos would ha"e seen the coast turning west& and his location of Chichilticale at a distance of 5 leagues from the sea$ .owe"er& the latitude of Casa ?rande is close to 22 degrees& not 25$ A common e1planation is

3 that 1Fth century na"igation instruments had a poor precision& but it should be noted that Olloa ga"e a "ery good estimate of the latitude of the JAnc7n de %an Andr=sK& the mouth of the Colorado$ %o& Fray #arcos may ha"e mista-ingly e"aluated the latitude of Casa ?rande at 22 degrees& or it is also possible that the "alue of 22 has been altered in 25 in his relation& once more to a"oid to gi"e precious information to #endo a competitors$ +ut what about +andelier/s criticism0 .e wrote A+andelier& 1E3(C40EBC 1urther on he <Casta=eda de :ajera> writes* ?$he name of Chichilticale was formerly given to this place, because the priests found in the vicinity a house that had been inhabited for a long time by a people that came from C5bola $he soil of that region is red $he house was large, and appeared to have served as s fortress It seems it was anciently destroyed by the inhabitants @ 7gain in another place* ?7t Chichilticale the country is no longer covered with thorny trees, and its aspect changes @ $he soil around Casa +rande is of a glaring white, vegetation is particularly thorny, and remains so for a long distance towards the north $he few mountains where Conifers grow are distant, and their aspect no different from that of ranges farther south $he description of Casta=eda cannot, therefore, apply to Casa +rande This remar- is absolutely pertinent& and ' agree with +andelierC since CastaMeda did not see Casa ?rande& but ,uy-endall ruins/ JHed .ouseK& his description cannot match Casa ?rande$ De ha"e already seen that Coronado could not follow the coast as he wanted& but was forced to go farther off$ #oreo"er& Iuan de Iaramillo reports that the army turned east AIaramillo& 15F0BC !e went down this stream two days, and then left the stream, going toward the right to the foot of the mountain chain in two days journey, where we heard news of what is called Chichiltiecally 9nglish translation ADinship& 1E3FB$

10 De ha"e so two direct testimonies& from Coronado and Iaramillo& which report that the army followed a east path& far from the coast& while Fray #arcos de *i a tried to follow the coast& as instructed by #endo a A#endo a& 152EB$ 't is a strong indication that *i a and Coronado followed two different paths& and then reached two different Chichilticale$ Therefore& +andelier/s criticism applies only to Coronado/s <ourney& and not to Fray #arcos/ one$ Casa ?rande& as a location for Fray #arcos/ Chichilticale& matches effecti"ely all the criterionsC it is a JHed .ouseK& with e1ternal pin- color& matching *ahuatl etymology it is in the good distance range of C5bola& it is connected to the sea& "ia the ?ila and the Colorado& and could be called a JportK& in 1540& circa a century and a half after its building& the house and its surrounding compound& -nown as Jcompound AK& were probably in a much better condition than today and could ha"e offered a shelter to %paniards& e"en against potentially hostile 'ndians& and Casa ?rande could ha"e been considered as a good rear base camp&

Illustration 5* +round plan of Casa +rande Compound 7, by Cosmos Aindeleff, &.23

11 when one follows the coast& one has more chances to reach Casa ?rande than ,uy-endall& and Fray #arcos had been ordered by #endo a to follow the coast& after Casa ?rande& in the direction of the Colorado& the ?ila "alley enlarges Ait has some 5 to F -m width at some (5 -m from Casa ?randeB& and this could e1plain the sentence Jat 25Q the coast turns westK& Fray #arcos ha"ing been confused and ha"ing belie"ed it was an estuary$ All the criterions are matched& and +andelier/s criticism is no longer "alid once we consider there are two ChichilticaleC Casa ?rande is Fray #arcos/ ChichilticaleP This allows completing the <ourney and calendar of Fray #arcos de *i a& assuming that he left Culiacn on February )& 1523& as written by Coronado to #endo a& and not on #arch E& as Fray #arcos reported in his relation A*allino and .artmann& (002B$

Illustration 3* 1ray Aarcos journey and calendar RFor a complete <ustification of this <ourney and calendar& see A*allino& (01(C(106(4FB$S

1( Daz and Alarc n.s Chichilticale Alarc7n/s e1pedition was not an anne1 to Coronado/s one& but a full part of the pro<ect of the con!uest of C5bola$ .e brought in his "essels most of the hea"y luggage& tools and personal effects of the members of Coronado/s army& and he had to meet them at Chichilticale$ 'n the pro<ect of the con!uest and the settlement of C5bola& Chichilticale was intended to ser"e as a rear base camp& to offer a shelter to %paniards and to facilitate the transports between *ew %pain and C5bola& because it was located close to C5bola by land& and supposed to be close to the sea$ Alarc7n/s testimony should be used "ery carefullyC there are e"idences of translation errors in the 'talian te1t& and it appears to be "ery confusing& e"en contradictory& in se"eral placesG this te1t alone doesn/t allow building strong conclusions$ %o& we will satisfy to use it to gi"e indications only& -nowing that it opens the door to "ery different interpretations$ Alarc7n could not use his "essels to na"igate in the ?ilaG he left them in the mouth of the Colorado& and he used small sailing boats which he had disembar-ed from his "essels& to go deeper in the lands$ +ut where did he go0 De -now from CastaMeda de *a<era that #elchior 45a & coming bac- from C5bola in 1540 6 1541& decided to reconnoiter the Colorado& instead of ta-ing command of Culiacn ACastaMeda de *a<era& 15F0B$ .e reached the confluence of the ?ila and the Colorado& where he heard of Alarc7n/s boats& and found a letter& buried by Alarc7n& some 15 leagues& or )5 -ilometers& up the mouth of the Colorado& or& appro1imati"ely& (0 -ilometers before the ?ila and Colorado confluence$ This gi"es a first estimate& Alarc7n went near the confluence of the ?ila and the Colorado& in the "icinity of today ;uma$ There are se"eral indications that Alarc7n may ha"e reached Casa ?rande "icinity$ At the end of his relation he reports AAlarc7n& 1540B ?I navigated eighty)five leagues up the river, where I saw and learned everything I have reported@ 9ighty6fi"e leagues& or appro1imati"ely 4(5

12 -ilometers& this is enough to go from the mouth of the Colorado to Casa ?rande "icinity& na"igating the ?ila after its confluence with the Colorado$ .e met an 'ndian who had gone to C5bola& and he ?reBuested him then that he would say how many days far was the kingdom of Cevola, said along that river, and the man replied that there was a space of ten days without a house, and from there he did not give an estimate, because there were peopleK AAlarc7n& 1540B$ The 'talian te1t is a bit fu y& and the meaning of the end of the sentence is not "ery clear$ Among the possible interpretations& ' understand it as Jhe did not gi"e an estimate& because there were people of C,olaK& and this meansC after the space of ten days without a house you are in the territory of C5bola& and meet its inhabitants$ Nrecisely& Casa ?rande is at a distance of ten days march of C5bola$ Alarc7n decided to go bac- to his "esselsC ?6aving told the old man and the others that I would go back, and leaving them the best satisfied as possible, though they always said that I was leaving for fear, I went back to Cevola by the river, and the journey I had made up the river, against the water, in fifteen and a half days, I made it on the return in two days and a half because the flow was large and very fast@ AAlarc7n& 1540B$ De ha"e here an e1ample of the translation errors in the 'talian te1tC Alarc7n could not go bac- to C5bola& because he had no gone to C5bola first$ 't is generally assumed that the sentence should be read ?I went back to my vessels by the river, and the journey I had made up the river, against the water, in fifteen and a half days, I made it on the return in two days and a half because the flow was large and very fast@$ 't/s a pity Alarc7n doesn/t gi"e a direct estimate of his speed$ +ut we can estimate it indirectlyC he needed two days and half& or si1ty hours& to go bac- to his "essels& stayed at the mouth of the Colorado$ 'n si1ty hours& he had so tra"elled the E5 leagues or 4(5 -ilometers which he mentioned& and this corresponds to a speed of ) -ilometers per hour& or ( meters per second$ This is a reasonably fast speed

14 for the flow of a ri"er& and not an impossible one$ De also note that ) -m per hours is <ust slightly higher than a pedestrian speed& and effecti"ely Alarc7n reports that people wal-ed along the ri"er to spea- with him and con"ince him to stay$ %o& si1ty hours do seem a reasonable time to tra"el on the ri"er on 4(5 -ilometers& or from the distance between Casa ?rande and the mouth of the Colorado$ At this stage of our thin-ing& we ha"e strong indications& from Alarc7n/s report& that he could ha"e reached Casa ?rande "icinity$ +ut& as we said& his report& or at least its 'talian translation& is not clear enough to build conclusions$ De will so loo- for other indications of Alarc7n/s presence in the "icinity of Casa ?rande$ For this& we will refer to 9steban/s death& as reported by Fray #arcos de *i a& Coronado& CastaMeda de *a<era& Iuan de Iaramillo and Alarc7n$ 9steban was a blac- sla"e& who followed his master Andr=s 4orantes in the Americas$ 4orantes and 9steban were members of the Nnfilo de *ar"e / catastrophic attempt to con!uer Florida$ They sur"i"ed the shipwrec-& were made prisoners by the 'ndians& and& after se"eral years of capti"ity& <oined Cabe a de Vaca in his return to *ew %pain$ 9steban had been bought by #endo a from 4orantes& and sent with Fray #arcos de *i a in his disco"ery e1pedition& because of his ability to negociate with 'ndians and his -nowledge of the territories in the *orth of *ew %pain$ The first to report 9steban/s death was Fray #arcos in his relationG he reports about fresh news& but gi"es in fact no precise details on the way 9steban had been -illed A*i a& 1523BC -o he <,steban> continued his journey till he arrived at the city of C5bola, where he found people who would not consent to let him enter, who put him in a big house which was outside the city, and who at once took away from him all that he carried, his articles of barter and the turBuoises and other things he had received on the road

15 from the Indians $hey left him that night without anything to eat or drink either to him or to those that were with him $he following morning my informant was thirsty and went out the house to drink from a nearby stream !hen he had been there a few moments he saw -tephen fleeing away, pursued by the people of the city and they killed some of those who were with him <C> Continuing our journey, at a days march from C5bola, we met two other Indians, of those who had fone with -tephen, who appeared bloody and with many wounds 9nglish translation A+aldwin& 13(FB$ CastaMeda mentions& about 9steban/s death ACastaMeda de *a<era& 15F0BC $hey lodged him <,steban> in a little hut they had outside their village, and the older men and the governors heard his story and took steps to find out the reason he had to come to that country 1or three days they made inBuiries about him and held a council $he account which the negro gave them of two white men who were following him, sent by a great lord, who knew about the things in the sky, and how these were coming to instruct them in divine matters, made them think that he must be a spy or a guide from some nations who wished to come and conBuer them because it seemed to them unreasonable to say that the people were white in the country from which he came and that he was sent by them, he being black Desides these other reasons, they thought it was hard of him to ask them for turBuoises and women and so they decided to kill him $hey did this, but they did not kill any of those who went with him 9nglish translation ADinship& 1E3FB$ 8i-e Fray #arcos& CastaMeda reports the detail of the hut outside the city where 9steban had been -ept prisoner$ .e gi"es more reasons for 9steban/s death than Fray #arcos& but still no detail on the way 9steban has been -illed$

1F Iaramillo gi"es a "ery short relation of 9steban/s death AIaramillo& 15F0BC 1rom here we came in two days journey to the said village, the first of C5bola $he houses have flat roofs and walls of stones and mud, and this was where they killed -teve 9,stebanillo;, the negro who had come with Eorantes from 1lorida and returned with 1riar Aarcos de :iza 9nglish translation ADinship& 1E3FB$ Coronado gi"es some reasons for the death of 9steban& and mentions that his death is sure because he has found some of the things he had brought with him$ Coronado had <ust con!uered .awi-uh& the @unis were well obliged to admit 9steban/s death& but they didn/t gi"e him any details on the way they -illed 9steban AV !ue de Coronado& 1540BC $he death of the negro is perfectly certain, because many of the things which he wore have been found, and the Indians say that they killed him here because the Indians of Chichilticale said that he was a bad man, and not like the Christians, because the Christians never kill women, and he killed them, and because he assaulted their women, whom the Indians love better than themselves $herefore, they determined to kill him, but they did not do it in the way that was reported, because they did not kill any of the others that came with him 9nglish translation ADinship& 1E3FB$ The first details about 9steban/s death and the way he was -illed are gi"en by #elchior 45a & in 1523 6 1540& when he was sent by #endo a to confirm what Fray #arcos had reported$ De -now from @ald5"ar/s testimony A@ald5"ar& 1544B that 45a had reached Chichilticale& and it is from Chichilticale inhabitants that he had got these informations$ 45a / report is -nown only from #endo a A#endo a& 1540BC $he death of ,steban, the :egro, took place the way the 1ather, 1ray Aarcos, described to your Lordship, which is why I did not mention it here, e"cept that people of C5bola have told those of this village and its vicinity that, if Christians were to

1) come, they should not be regarded as special beings, but to kill them, because they are mortal, saying they had learned that and they kept the bones of the one who had come, and that if they didnt dare to do so, they had to send a message to those of C5bola, which would come and act in their place I can very easily believe that this actually took place, and there has been communication between these villages because of the coldness with which we were received and the sour faces we were shown %o& the @unis& after ha"ing -illed 9steban& -ept his bones to pro"e his mortality and the one of those who would follow him$ This detail is confirmed by Alarc7n AAlarc7n& 1540BC I asked him the reason why he <,steban> was dead, and he told me that the lords of Cevola had asked him if he had other brothers* he answered them that he had an infinite number, and that they had many weapons with them, and that they were not far away of them $his heard, many lords began to concert and gave advice to kill him, so that he could not give news to his brothers about where they were, and for this reason they killed him and cut him in many parts, which were divided among all those lords to remind them he was, for sure, dead De ha"e so two groups of informationsC Fray #arcos& Coronado& CastaMeda de *a<era and Iaramillo report 9steban/s death& propose some reasons for his death& but don/t gi"e any precise detail about the way @unis -illed 9stebanG 45a and Alarc7n are the only ones to report that& after his death& 9steban has been dismembered& and his bones -ept by the principals of the @unis$ This shows that 45a and Alarc7n got this information from the same source& the same location& a place that Coronado& CastaMeda and Iaramillo didn/t cross$ 45a learned this at Chichilticale& so did Alarc7n$ +ut the only Chichilticale candidate location which Alarc7n could ha"e reached with his

1E sailing boats is Casa ?rande& not ,uy-endall siteP And so& 45a / and Alarc7n/s Chichilticale could well be Casa ?rande$ This reinforces the result of the analysis of Alarc7n/s report& and gi"es supplementary indications that 45a & in 1523 T 1540& and Alarc7n& in 1540& reached Chichilticale T Casa ?rande$ How can Coronado and his ar-( ha/e ta0en 1u(0endall red house for Chichilticale? ' suggest here a "ery simple e1planationC when %paniards& Fray #arcos de *i a and #elchior 45a & ha"e heard of Chichilticale for the first time& they understood it as a proper noun& the noun of an old fortified "illage$ Dhen Coronado and his e1pedition were forced to go east and to abandon the path followed in 1523 by Fray #arcos& they as-ed the 'ndians they met the way for Chichilticale$ The 'ndians understood that they as-ed their way for Ja red houseK or Jthe red houseK& an association of common nouns& the *ahuatl being a lingua franca in the territories of the *orth$ And they answered Coronado by showing him the way to a red house they -new& then built on ,uy-endall site$ The impossibility for Coronado and his army to follow the same path as Fray #arcos& this confusion between a proper noun and a couple of common nouns& Alarc7n/s necessity to let his "essels at the mouth of the Colorado and his fear to lea"e his small sailing boats and to reach C5bola by land are at the origin of a failed meeting at Casa ?rande& the rear base camp which was intended to ser"e the settlement of C5bola$ Conclusion Archaeological e"idences pro"e that Coronado/s Chichilticale was the Jred houseK built on ,uy-endall site$ 4ocuments analysis pro"es that Fray #arcos/ Chichilticale was Casa ?rande and gi"es strong indications that 45a and Alarc7n reached Casa ?rande or its "icinity$ This allows proposing the following map for C5bola and Uui"ira %panish e1plorationsC

13

Illustration F* -panish e"plorations, C5bola G Huivira RFor a complete <ustification of this map& see A*allino& (01(C)3635B$S

(0 References Alarc7n& .ernando de 1540 Hela ione della na"iga ione e scoperta che fece il capitano Fernando Alarcone$ Colima& *ew %pain& 1540$ %panish original lost& -nown only from an 'talian translation in :avigazioni e viaggi 2& by ?io"anni +attista Hamusio& 155F& Venice& 'taly$ +andelier& Adolphe F$ 1E3( Final Heport of 'n"estigations Among the 'ndians of the %outhwest Onited %tates& Nart ''$ 1E3(& Iapers of the 7rchaeological Institute of 7merica& American %eries& 'V& Cambridge$ +aldwin& Nercy #$ 13(F 4isco"ery of the %e"en Cities of Cibola +y the Father Fray #arcos de *i a$ 6istorical -ociety of :ew Ae"ico Iublications in 6istory 1A*o"ember 13(FB$ +rasher& *ugent (00) The Chichilticale Camp of Francisco V !ue de CoronadoC The %earch for the Hed .ouse$ :ew Ae"ico 6istorical 0eview E(62AFall (00)B$ (003 The Hed .ouse Camp and the Captain ?eneral$ The (003 Heport on the Coronado 91pedition Campsite of Chichilticale$ :ew Ae"ico 6istorical 0eview E461ADinter (003B$ (011 The Coronado 91ploration Nrogram$ A *arrati"e of the %earch for the Captain ?eneral$ 'n $he Latest !ord from &58'* Ieople, Ilaces, and Iortrayals of the Coronado ,"pedition& by Hichard Flint and %hirley Cushing Flint& (011& Oni"ersity of *ew #e1ico Nress& Albu!uer!ue$ CastaMeda de *a<era& Nedro de 15F0 0elaciJn de la jornada de C5bola compuesta por Iedro Casta=eda de :ajera donde se

(1 trata de todos aBuellos poblados y ritos, y costumbresC >riginal circa 15F0 is lost& te1t is -nown from a copy dated 153F$ *ew ;or- Nublic 8ibrary& Hich Collection& no$ F2$ Cragin& Francis D$ 131F 0ocky Aountain Library& 131F& unpublished manuscript& Colorado %prings Nioneers #useum$ 4uffen& Dilliam A$ and .artmann& Dilliam ,$ 133) The )F Hanch Huin and the 8ocation of Chichilticale$ 'n $he Coronado ,"pedition to $ierra :ueva* the &58' ) &58( 0oute 7cross the -outhwest& by Hichard Flint and %hirley Cushing Flint& 133)& Oni"ersity Nress of Colorado& *iwot$ Iaramillo& Iuan de 15F0 0elaciJn del capitKn Luan de Laramillo de la entrada Bue hizo 1rancisco /KzBuez, de Coronado a C5bola y a Huivira$ Archi"o ?eneral de 'ndias& Natronato& 8ega<o (0& *$5& H$E$ ,ino Aor Chini& ,uhneB& 9usebio F$& %I 1F3361)10 1avores Celestiales de LesMs y de Aar5a -ant5sima y del glorios5simo apJstol de las Indias, -an 1rancisco Navier, e"perimentados en las nuevas conBuistas y nuevas conversiones del nuevo reino de la :ueva :avarra de esta 7mOrica septentrional incJgnita y paso por tierra a la California, en treinta y cinco grados de altura Dritten from 1F33 to 1)10$ First %panish publication in Las misiones de -onora y 7rizona by Francisco Fernnde del Castillo and 9milio +Vse& 1312613((& 9ditorial Cultura& #e1ico City& #e1ico$ #endo a& Antonio de 152E Instrucciones a 1ray Aarcos de :iza$ Archi"o ?eneral de 'ndias& Natronato& 8ega<o (0& *$5& H$10$ These instructions& dated from 152E& are <oined to Fray #arcos de *i a

(( account of his <ourney$ 1540 Carta a Carlos /, &F de abril de &58', de Lacona $ Archi"o ?eneral de 'ndias& Natronato& 8ega<o 1E4& H$ 21$ %panish transcription and 9nglish translation in Eocuments of the Coronado ,"pedition, &542)&58(, by Hichard Flint and %hirley Cushing Flint& (005& %outhern #ethodist Oni"ersity Nress& 4allas$ *allino& #ichel (01( 1ray Aarcos de :iza &825)&55. 1rPre Aarc de :ice Q la poursuite de lutopie franciscaine au" Indes Rccidentales$ Sdition intOgrale 9lectronic boo-& (01(& *ice& France$ The electronic boo- can be freely downloaded from the 'nternet Archi"e& httpCLLwww$archi"e$orgLdownloadLFray#arcos4e*i a'ntL$ Nrinted copies are a"ailable from 8ulu$com$ *allino& #ichel and .artmann& Dilliam ,$ (002 A %upposed Franciscan 91ploration of Ari ona in 152EC The >rigins of a #yth$ Tiva FE& no$ 4& (002$ *i a& #arcos de& >F# 1523 0elaciJn de 1r Aarcos de :iza a la provincia de Culuacan en :ueva ,spa=a, &542$ Archi"o ?eneral de 'ndias& Natronato& 8ega<o (0& *$5& H$10$ Transcription by Ierry H$ Craddoc- in 0omance Ihilology 52AFall 1333BCF3611E$ Hiley& Carroll 8$ 13E5 The 8ocation of Chichilticale$ 'n -outhwestern Culture 6istory* Iapers in 6onor of 7lbert 6 -chroeder$ 13E5& Napers of the Archaeological %ociety of *ew #e1ico& 10$ V !ue de Coronado& Francisco 1540 Hela ione che mandW Francesco V !ue de Coronado& capitano generale della gente che fu mandata in nome di sua #aestX al paese nuo"amente scoperto$ ?ranada& pro"ince

(2 of C5bola& August 2& 1540$ %panish original lost& -nown only from an 'talian translation in :avigazioni e viaggi 2& by ?io"anni +attista Hamusio& 155F& Venice& 'taly$ Dinship& ?eorges N$ 1E3F The Coronado 91pedition& 15406154($ 'n 1ourteenth 7nnual 0eport of the United -tates Dureau of ,thnology to the -ecretary of the -mithsonian Institution &.2()24& *14& Nart 1& ?o"ernment Nrinting >ffice& Dashington& O%A& 1E3F$ @ald5"ar& Iuan de 1544 $estimonio, (( de agosto de &588, +uadalajara$ Archi"o ?eneral de 'ndias& Iusticia& 8ega<o (F) and Iusticia& 8ega<o 10(1& *$ (& Nie as 4 and F$ %panish transcription and 9nglish translation in +reat Cruelties 6ave Deen 0eported, $he &588 Investigation of the Coronado ,"pedition& by Hichard Flint& (00(& %outhern #ethodist Oni"ersity Nress& 4allas$

(4 Cop(ri2ht "ichel Nallino 3)%4! 5u,lished under Creati/e Co--ons license6 7Attri,ution 8 5as d.9tilisation Co--erciale 8 5as de "odification *!) +rance :CC ;<8NC8ND *!) +R=> see http6??creati/eco--ons!or2?licenses?,(8 nc8nd?*!)?fr?

Notes a,out pu,lic do-ain ite-s! Dinship/s translation of Coronado& %chieffelin photograph of Casa ?rande& #indeleff/s plan of Casa ?rande compound A& are in the public domain& as per O% law& ha"ing been published before 13(2$ Francis D$ Cragin died in 132)& and his wor- remained unpublished until (001& when the Colorado %prings Nioneers #useum& to which he had be!ueathed his wor-& digiti ed it and published it on its website$ .is wor- benefited so of an e1tension of copyright that lasted )0 years after his death& as per O% law& and has been in the public domain since (00)$ +aldwin/s translation has been published in 13(F& in a re"iew without any mention of copyright& at a time when O% law as-ed for an e1plicit printed mention to ha"e a "alid copyright$ 't is so in the public domain& as per O% law$ *A%A/s photograph of Casa ?rande and the ?ila "alley is in the public domain& as per O% law& as any wor- by a federal agency$