JUSTIN[Type the document THE ATOM FOR MErdmier ARIOP476 PART 1 (KING UK10)| Justin subtitle]

The Atoms History

So, let us hop into our TARDIS and take a trip back to Greece. When you ask, well around 460 B.C. when a Greek philosopher proposed the idea that all things were made up of smaller units. And that eventually, it had to stop somewhere, so he named these unites atoms. But at the time, such ideas werent liked. Aristotle himself dismissed the idea, and his followers doing the same. The cease of the exploration into what the matter of the universe was made of did not end until around 2000 years later. It was in the 1800s when an English chemist, John Dalton, had

proposed the idea once more. He had been doing tests in his laboratory, and found compelling evidence leading straight to the idea that matter is made up of small useable units. Although he had not known what they were, he kept researching, and sharing his work. Eventually, in 1897, and English physicist by the name of J.J. Thomson discovered the electron. This is where the first model of the atom came in. It looked like a modern golf ball, a sphere with dimples (electrons). The sphere was believed to be positive, while the dimples were negative. It was compared to raisins stuck in pudding. In 1900, a German scientist in Berlin came up with the term of quanta, or the measure of energy an atom gives off when vibrated. When you vibrate an object to get these quanta, its like heating

something up until it glows. Most scientists thought of quanta to behave like waves, but Einstein believed differently. He proposed that in fact quanta behaved like individual particles, which later became to be known as photons. Soon, it was discovered that atoms not only emit photons, but also absorbed them. Einstein wrote a paper on it naming it the photoelectric effect. It was found and published in 1905 that when an atom takes in a photon, it releases an electron. Einstein received a Noble Prize for his works of the photoelectric effect in 1921. Now what about the electron cloud, when did this come into play? Well it was until 1911, everyone thought an atom was a single sphere. But a physicist, Ernest Rutherford, made one of the most beloved and famous

experiments in the study of atoms. He took a golden sheet of foil, and shot alpha rays through them. He found that, instead of the rays being bounced directly back as they should of, most went right through. With this, he concluded that there must have been empty space around the nucleus. He proposed the modern model of the atom; negative electrons orbit a positive nucleus, much like a solar system.

Sublevels, Orbitals, Orbits

Now I will give a detailed explanation the best I can. As you know, electrons dont just float around a nucleus. They are in levels, orbiting the nucleus. These orbitals are called levels, which can be broken up into sublevels. Each level is known as level 1, level 2, level 3 and so forth. And if youve taken some form of chemistry, then this might make since. On each level, you place an electron. If you look at the diagram below, youll understand. Level one has one sublevel; level 2 has

two sublevels, etc.

Sources
Atoms http://www.nobeliefs.com/atom.htm

Levels, Sublevels, Orbitals, and Electrons!!! http://web.gccaz.edu/~ksmith8/rev13 0_files/workch5.pdf