Chapter 3

Modeling of power system in PSCAD/EMTDC program

3.1 Introd!tion PSCAD/EMTDC
Electromagnetic Transient including DC (EMTDC) is an implementation of
the EMTP type, initially designed for the solution of ac-dc power systems analysis
!t includes models of "arious physical components contained in functional modules
!t is a related software pac#ages that pro"ide the user with a "ery fle$i%le power
systems electromagnetic transient simulation tool EMTDC is the software, which
actually performs the electromagnetic transient analysis on the user defined power
system &hile Power 'ystems Computer (ided Design (P'C(D) is the software that
uses the graphical interface The interface %etween P'C(D and EMTDC is shown in
)igure *+ ,-+---.
)igure *+ P'C(D graphic user interface to EMTDC ,-+.
The general steps that would %e re/uired to create a new power system model,
perform a simulation, analy0e results and %riefly description of each module is shown
as following1
- )ile Manager1 This module allows the user organi0e many pro2ects and cases
which ultimately will %e created into the data%ase
- Draft1 This module allows the user to graphically s#etch power system circuit
to %e simulated (nd all parameters associated with the particular component are
entered into the special menu associated with the component3s icon
- T-line4Ca%le1 Two special modules ha"e %een written to handle the comple$
computations which is re/uired to generate data for the o"erhead transmission line
modules and ca%le modules
- 5un Time1 This module allows the user to monitor and interact with the power
system simulation %y two way, one is the EMTDC simulation that runs until
simulation finish time is reached and the other one is real time digital simulator
( 5TD') 'imulation runs until the operator decides to stop it 6raphical icons of
meters, sliders and also the simulation %y initiating a fault se/uence through a push
%uttons are used on interface The run time co"er the operation of EMTDC with on
line graphical output displays under run time &hen the data input file and the
D'D78 and D'9:T su%routines ha"e %een assem%led automatically %y Draft or
manually %y the user, 5un time will compile and lin# D'D78 and D'9:T
su%routines to EMTDC, run, display output, allow for '8(P';9T files to %e written,
ena%le restarts from '8(P'9T files and pro"ides for on line ad2ustment for
parameters during the run with graphical icons of potentiometers, push %uttons and
switches
- Multi Plot1 This module is used to plot and directly analy0e (%y )ourier
analysis, rms "alues, harmonic distortion etc) the data generated %y the EMTDC
simulation and allows multiple graphs to %e com%ined and displayed on a common
page ,-+.
3.1.1 Typi!al Stdies "sing PSCAD/EMTDC
EMTDC is software %ased electromagnetic transient simulation tool which can
%e accessed through P'C(D The user is a%le to assem%le "irtually and concei"e
power system %y using %uilding %loc#s a"aila%le from supplied li%raries, or from user
*<
generated components 9ne of EMTDC3s strengths lines is its a%ility to model
comple$ power systems which may include ;=DC transmission schemes and their
associated controls with relati"e ease The simulation of studies routinely conducted
using EMTDC include ,-*-->.1
+ 6eneral power system electromagnetic transient studies
- DC transmission configuration and controls
* Effect of )(CT' de"ises
> 'ynchronous and induction machine torsion effects and self e$citation
? 'tatic compensators
@ 8on-linear control systems
< Transmission line and ca%les
A Transformer saturation studies such as ferroresonances and core saturation
insta%ility
B De"elopment of new control system concepts
+C 'teep front surge analysis
3.1.# $hat PSCAD/EMTDC !an %e sed for
9ne of the ways understanding the %eha"ior of a complicated system is to
study its response when su%2ected to distur%ances or parametric "ariations 'imulation
is one way of producing these responses !n power systems, these responses can %e
studied %y o%ser"ing either the time domain instantaneous "alues, time domain rms
"alues, or the fre/uency components of response
P'C(D4EMTDC is the most suita%le of simulating the time domain
instantaneous response, also popularly #nown as electromagnetic transients of
electrical systems )ollowing are some of the common components used in system
studied using P'C(D4EMTDC ,---->.1
5esistors (5), inductors (D) and capacitors (C)
Mutually coupled windings such as transformer
Distri%uted fre/uency dependent transmission lines and ca%les
Current and "oltage sources
'witches and %rea#ers
Diodes, thyristors and 6T93s
*A
(nalogue and digital control functions
(C machines, e$citers, go"ernors, sta%ili0ers and inertial models
Meters and measuring functions
6eneric DC and (C controls
;=DC, '=C, and other )(CT' de"ices
The power of EMTDC is tremendously increased %y its state of the art P'C(D
graphical user interface P'C(D allows the user to assem%le the circuit, run the
simulation, analy0e the results, and manage the data in a completely integrated
graphical en"ironment Together, P'C(D4EMTDC is a "ery efficient tool for
electromagnetic transient simulation of power systems
3.# E&ipments Modeling in PSCAD/EMTDC Program
3.#.1 Transmission 'ine Modeling
There are three %asic transmission line modeling techni/ues in EMTDC1 P!
sections, the Eergeron Model, and )re/uency-Dependent Dine Models The
re/uirements of the study will determine which of the three models is suita%le
( simple Pi section model will gi"e the correct fundamental impedance, %ut
cannot accurately represent other fre/uencies unless many sections are used (which is
inefficient) !t also cannot accurately represent the fre/uency dependent parameters of
a line (such as s#in effect) !t is suita%le for "ery short lines where the tra"eling wa"e
models cannot %e used
The Eergeron model represents the D and C elements of a Pi section in a
distri%uted manner (not using lumped parameters li#e Pi sections) !t is roughly
e/ui"alent to use an infinite num%er of Pi sections e$cept that the resistance is lumped
(+4- in the middle of the line, F at each end) Di#e Pi sections, it also accurately
represents the fundamental fre/uency !t also represents impedances at other
fre/uencies, e$cept that the losses do not change This model is suita%le for studies
where the fundamental fre/uency load-flow is most important (ie relay studies)
The )re/uency-Dependent Dine Model represents the fre/uency dependence of
all parameters This model ta#es longer to run than the Eergeron model, %ut is
necessary for studies re/uiring a "ery detailed representation of the line o"er a wide
*B
fre/uency range )re/uency dependent models can %e sol"ed using modal techni/ues
or using the more ad"anced phase domain techni/ues
The most accurate of these is the fre/uency dependent model, which represents
all fre/uency dependent effects of a transmission line, and should %e used whene"er
in dou%t &hen using Eergeron model, impedance4admittance data can also %e
entered directly to define the transmission corridor, for fre/uency dependent models
detailed conductor information (ie line geometry, conductor radius) must %e gi"en
This thesis ha"e %een chosen the fre/uency dependent model for the modeling
of ?CC #= transmission system 8am Theun - 5oi Et - , the description of this
model shown in chapter - section -->- ,---->.
3.#.1.1 The (re&en!y Dependent 'ine Model
The )re/uency Dependent Dine Model is %ased on the theory de"eloped in
,B. !n order to arri"e at the time domain formation of the line e/uations, it is
con"enient to first wor# in the fre/uency domain, where an e$act solution for a gi"en
fre/uency is possi%le
Consider the following circuit of a transmission line as seen from the
terminations1 as show in )igure *-

)igure *- The tra"eling wa"e fre/uency dependent line model ,--.
)or a gi"en fre/uency, the "oltage and currents at one end of the line may %e
represented in terms of the "oltage and current at other end %y 1
( ) cosh, ( ) . ( ) ( )sinh, ( ) . ( )
k m c m
V L V Z L i
, (*+)
sinh, ( ) .
( ) ( ) cosh, ( ) . ( )
( )
k m m
c
L
i V L i
Z

, (*-)
>C
where1
( ) ( ) ( ) Y Z 1 Propagation constant
( ) ( ) 4 ( )
c
Z Z Y 1 'urge impedance
( ) Y G j C +
1 'hunt admittance of the line
( ) Z R j L +
1 'eries impedance of the line
6 1 'hunt conductance of the line
C 1 Capacitance of the line
Ey introducing the forward and %ac# ward tra"eling wa"e functions
k
F
and
k
B

in the node k from )igure **
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k k C k
F V Z i +
, (**)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k k C k
B V Z i
, (*>)
and similarly at node m
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
m m c m
F V Z i +
, (*?)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k m c m
B V Z i
(*@)
'u%stituting e/uation (*>) into e/uation (**) gi"es1
( ) ( ) - ( )
k k k
F V B
, (*<)
(nd similarly,
( ) - ( ) ( )
m m m
F V B
, (*A)
)or e/uation ( *+) and (*-) ( and their e/ui"alents at node m ) can now %e e$pressed
in terms of the forward and %ac#ward tra"eling functions
( ) ( ) ( )
k m
B A F
, (*B)
( ) ( ) ( )
m k
B A F
, (*+C)
where 1
( )
+
( )
cosh, ( ) .sinh, ( ) .
L
A e
L L

, (*++)
( ) A
is #nown as the propagation constant and is a comple$ num%er The real part

is the attenuation constant, and the imaginary part

is phase constant
>+
)igure ** )re/uency Dependent e/ui"alent line model ,--.
E/uation ( *B ) and ( *+C ) relate the source
( )
k
B
with the m side /uantities
( )
m
V
and
( )
m
B

!ntroducing in node k
( ) ( ),- ( ) ( ).
k m m
B A V B
, ( *+- )
(nd similarly in node m
( ) ( ),- ( ) ( ).
m k k
B A V B
, ( *+* )
E/uation ( *++ ) and ( * +* ) are represented in )igure ** in the time domain
The pro%lem howe"er, is the multiplication in e/uation ( *+* ) ( multiplication of
fre/uency domain %ecomes con"olution in the time domain
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t
m m
A B A u B t u du

( *+> )
The e/uation (*+>) is tra"eling time (t) %ecause an impulse on one end of line
will not reach the other end until G second The tra"eling time is calculated using the
imaginary term

of the propagation constant This e/uation is still in a "ery

incon"enient form for a time domain solution %ecause with each time step, more and
more terms of the con"olution integral must %e e"aluated )ortunately, the
con"olution can %e computed in a recursi"e form suita%le for time domain solution
&ith the reference to the P'C(D4EMTDC line model, the selected transmission
line models are transposed fre/uency dependent phase model %ased on tra"eling time
and characteristic impedance of the line The ?CC #= dou%le circuit lines %etween
8am Theun - (8T8-) to 5oi Et - (5E-) su%stations with *C>? #m length of the line
is di"ided into two parts The +*? #m line from 8T8- '=H with <B? MCM (C'5
of conductor is di"ided into ? sections, the +@B? #m line from '=H-5E- with +,-<-
>-
MCM (C'5 of conductor is di"ided into +* sections !t is illustrated in (ppendi$ E,
)igure E-- - E-*
The input data re/uired %y each section for e$ampleI section length, phase
transformation data, tower configuration and ground conducti"ity are shown in ta%le1
*+
Ta%le1 *+ Data input for transmission line model
Tower configuration
- 5elati"e J position of tower center on right of way
- 'hunt conductance
- 8um%er of conductors
- 'how graphic of conductor sag
- !s this circuit ideal transpose
- ;ow many ground wires
- Estimate ground wires
'ym%ol
( m )
( s4m)
( 7es48o)
( 7es48o)
( 7es48o)
( 7es48o)
Conductors data
- Conductor radius
- Conductor DC resistance
- 'ag of all conductor
- 8um%er of su%-conductors in a %undle
- Eundle configuration ( 'ymmetrical or non symmetrical )
- 'how %undle graphics
- ;ori0ontal coordinate and height distance
- Phase48ode connection information
( m )
( 4#m)
( m)
( 7es48o)
( 7es48o)
( J47)
6round wires data
- 8um%er of ground wires
- 6round wires radius
- 6round wires DC resistance
- 'ag of all ground wires
- ;ori0ontal coordinate and height distance
(m)
( 4#m)
( m )
( J47)
9ther data
- Dength of line
- Tline interface component and Tline info Component
- 'teady state fre/uency
- 6round resisti"ity
(#m)
(;0)
()
>*
The data preparation and input data in the selected transmission model can %e
e$plained )or the ?CC #= dou%le circuits from 8am Theun - su%station to
'a"anna#het 2unction (8T8- '=H), the representation is shown in )igure *? with
the following step
- 'elect the Tline !nterface Component and Tline!nfo Component from
Master Di%rary
- 8ame the circuit as 8T8--'=H for %oth Tline !nterface Component and
Tline!nfo Component
- (ssign the line parameter for Tline!nfo Component and tower
configuration according to the e$isting of ?CC #= transmission line 8am
Theun - 'a"anna#het 2unction (8T8 - 5E -)
Tline !nterface Component at the sending end and the recei"ing end of the ?CC #=
transmission line 8am Theun - 'a"anna#het 2unction
>>
Edit parameter of Tline !nfo Component for the ?CC #=
)igure *> Tline !nterface and Tline !nfo Conponent for 8am Theun - 'a"anna#het
Hunction model
The ?CC #= dou%le circuits from 'a"anna#het 2unction to 5oi Et - su%station,
('=H 5E-) can also %e represented as shown in )igure *? with the similar step
Tline !nterface Component at sending end and recei"ing end of the ?CC #=
dou%le circuits transmission line 'a"anna#het 2unction 5oi Et -
>?
Edit parameter for Tline !nfo '=H-5E-
)igure *? Tline !nterface and Tline !nfo Component for 'a"anna#het Hunction 5oi
Et - model
3.#.# Transformer modeling
The thesis there is two selected transformer models The single phase
model is used for single phase step up power transformer at 8am Theun - su%station
and step up power from generator +A #= connecting with single phase step up power
transformer +A4 ?-? #= The three phases model is used for three phases step down
power autotransformer at 5oi Et - su%station and step down power from line ?-? #=
- ->- #=--- #= "ia the 5oi Et - su%station
Transformer models as shown in )igure *@ are represented in detail with the
following information re/uired for the P'C(D4 EMTDC transformer components1
- Transformer M=( rating
- &inding configuration and winding "oltage
- Transformer tap change range and normal setting
>@
- Dea#age reactance %etween windings (this information can %e o%tained from
the load flow data used in system operating studies, if not readily a"aila%le
from the name plate data )
- Knee point of transformer core saturation characteristic in per unit of rate flu$
or "oltage
- Estimated saturated air core reactance of transformer and winding it is %ased
on
- Eased operation fre/uency
)igure *@ 'ingle and three phases transformer model in P'C(D4EMTDC
3.#.3 )enerator modeling
The generator can %e represented %y the infinite source series with
su%transient impedance matri$ The su%transient matri$ can %e %uilt %y the same
procedure as the three phases transformer as following1
- Positi"e se/uence impedance (J+)
- 8egati"e se/uence impedance (J-)
- Lero se/uence impedance (Jo)
- Ease M=( (three phases)
- Ease "oltage (D-D rms)
- 'ource impedance type
><
Euild the matri$ ,J. from the short-circuit input reactance The matri$ contains
*** su%-matri$es of the form

S m m
m S m
m m S
X X X
X X X
X X X
1
1
1
]
1
, (*+?)
where
S
X
is the self reactance of each phase, and
m
X
is the mutual reactance among
the three phases (s in any other networ# three-phase networ# component, from
)igure *<, these self and mutual reactances are related to the positi"e and 0ero
se/uence "alues
+
X
and
C
X
%y1
C +
( - )
*
S
X X
X
+
, (*+@)
C +
( )
*
m
X X
X

(*+<)
)igure *< Three phases J- matri$ source
3.#.+ Srge Arrester Modeling
Linc o$ide or metal o$ide surge arresters are highly non-linear resistance,
with an almost infinite slope in the normal "oltage region and almost hori0ontal slope
in the o"er"oltage protection region The common form of the e$ponential function,
descri%ing the protecti"e characteristic of arrester, is as follows1

m
ref
V
I k
V
_

,
, (*+A)
where
ref
V
is the reference "oltage used to pre"ent the numerical o"erflow of the
e$ponential term for large "oltage "alues, k and m are constant "alues ( typical "alue
for m e/ual -C to *C )
>A
'urge arrester is characteri0ed with a nonlinear "oltage "ersus resistance
characteristic The model will %e presented %y entering points on the =-!
characteristic, or the default characteristic may %e applied !t is suita%le for designing
switching surge, temporary o"er"oltage protection as shown in )igure *A
)igure *A 'urge arrester model in P'C(D4EMTDC
3.#., Cir!it -rea.er Modeling
The circuit %rea#ers are modeled as simple time controlled switches in the
P'C(D4EMTDC program as shown in )igure *B The program allows "arious
options to "ary the closing time ranging from one-shot deterministic closings to
>B
multiple shot statistical closings )or the statistical switching simulations, the
characteristics of the mechanical operating parts are modeled %y a random pole
spreading with a standard de"iation for the three phase %rea#er operating times
5andomly generated switch closing times "arying are also used to account for random
operation at any point on the power fre/uency wa"eform
The component allows simulation of single phase circuit %rea#er operation The
M9penN and MCloseN resistance of the %rea#er is specified along with its initial state !f
the input is C, the %rea#er will close !f the input +, the %rea#er will open The %rea#er
current may %e la%eled and monitored "ia an output channel if desired ( pre-insertion
and post-insertion resistor may %e represented if re/uired The data input for circuit
%rea#er model is shown in ta%le1 *-
Ta%le1 *- Parameter input for circuit %rea#er model
Configuration
- Erea#er name ( the name should %e the same as the output signal
la%el of the %rea#er logic component
- 9pen possi%le if current flowing
- :se pr-insertion resistance
'ym%ol
( 7es48o)
( 7es48o)
Erea#er main data
- Erea#er close resistance
- Erea#er open resistance (Enter large "alue than close resistance)
()
()
Pre-!nsertion data
- Pre-insertion resistance 1
- Time delay for closing %rea#er
- Time delay for %ypassing pre-insertion
(sec)
(sec)
?C
)igure *B Circuit %rea#er models in P'C(D4EMTDC
3.#./ Shnt 0ea!tor Modeling
'hunt 5eactors in the studied ?CC #= system are modeled %y simple
lumped element The locations of shunt reactors are identified The neutral reactors
are installed in the neutral of the shunt reactors as presented in )igure *+C
)igure *+C Configuration of line connected shunt reactors with a neutral reactor
The shunt reactance "alue of **?? M"ar line shunt reactor at 8am Theun - side
per circuit and -*?? M"ar line shunt at 5oi Et - side per circuit can %e calculated
from the rate capacity with %ased "oltage ?-? #= as following e/uation *+B1
)or shunt reactor rate of M"ar
5eactance
-
( , .)
( r)
Voltage kV
X
Base Mva
(*+B)
3.#.1 'oad Modeling
?+
The e$ternal grid connecting with autotransformer ?-?4->-4-- #= at 5oi
Et - su%station are considered in load model The e$ternal e/ui"alence networ# is
employed to reduced the rest of the 5oi Et - su%station ?CC4-*C #= The complete
e$ternal networ# will %e reduced to a "oltage source %ehind a The"enin e/ui"alent
matri$ of L
e/
The L
e/
is o%tained %y initiali0ing a three phases fault at the respecti"e
%us and o%taining the se/uence impedances at the faulted %us The e/ui"alent source
from (ppendi$ (B is used for this study The magnitude and phase angles of all
"oltage sources are found from a load flow program
3.3 Initial Condition of Program
There are generally two ways to start a simulation1 start from time t O CC with
no initial conditions or start with pre-calculated initial conditions imposed on some or
all elements !n this study, starting a simulation with initial conditions is achie"ed %y
using a 'napshot )ile This can %e accomplished in program %y ta#ing a snapshot at a
time 2ust pre"ious to the switch opening 'u%se/uent runs could %e started from this
snapshot file, which would ha"e stored, among other "alues, the current flowing in the
inductor at the time of the snapshot (ll studied cases start at steady state condition %y
the used of snapshot feature
3.+ The A!!ra!y of the Models
To analysis of the studied system with the simulation, the models must %e
"erified (ll these sophistications in the simulation techni/ues increase considera%ly
the comple$ity and potential "alue of the studies, %ut this of little practical use
without accurate MinputN data related to the transient %eha"ior of actual system
elements Therefore, the caution of the model is "ery important and in this thesis, the
accuracy of the model is chec#ed for "alidity with the following cases1
- Comparison with T8( case study for line energi0ing of the Mae Moh to Tha
Ta Ko circuit + ,@., ,A.
2 Comparison with line energi0ation o"er"oltage study report of E6(T on the
?CC #= transmission line 8am Theun - to 5oi Et - pro2ect ,-.
3.+.1 Comparison with T3A !ase stdy for line energi4ing of the Mae Moh
to Tha Ta 5o !ir!it 1
The switching o"er"oltage of ?CC #= Mae Moh (MM *) to Tha Ta Ko
(TTK) circuit + in case of line energi0ation was ta#en from T8( case study to
?-
compare with the result The purpose is to chec# the accuracy of the selected models
and the reference case (MM* TTK) is /uite similar to the studied system (8T8-
5E-) ,@-A. The networ# of MM* TTK circuit + is shown in )igure *++
)igure *++ 'ingle line diagram Mae Moh ThaTaKo circuit +
(ll e/uipments are represented in ?CC #= transmission line Mae Moh * to
ThaTaKo circuit + with the following detail1
- 6enerator model is the %asic The"enin "oltage sources, three phases $ matri$
and short circuit impedance
- Transformers modeled1 )or each transformer is represented in detail with this
e$iting information1 M=( rating &inding configuration and "oltage, tap
change ranges and normal setting, lea#age reactance %etween windings Knee
point of transformer core saturation is characteristic in per unit of rate flu$ or
"oltage, and estimated saturated air core reactance
- Transmission line model1 The selected transmission line models are distri%uted
parameter models %ased on the tra"eling time and characteristic impedance of
the line The section of ?CC #= line Mae Moh ThaTaKo are presented %y
untransposed fre/uency dependent line model
- Circuit %rea#er model1 the locations of the circuit %rea#ers that will %e
switched are identified on the studied system 9ther parameters of the circuit
%rea#er are determined
- (rresters models1 the installed location and rating of surge arresters are
pro"ided The ma$imum ratings and particular the energy a%sorption
capa%ility is determined with these studies
?*
- 'hunt reactors models1 the location of shunt reactors is identified This is
included whether They are line connected or %us connected
3.+.# 0eslts of the Stdies
The studied line energi0ation case ?CC #= transmission line Mae Moh to
Tha Ta Ko circuit + is shown in )igure *++

Phase (
)igure *+- MM *-TTK circuit + wa"eform from P'C(D4EMTDC (() and T8( (E)
The T8( result and P'C(D4EMTDC result show relati"ely the similar
wa"eform with the same condition for %rea#er operation as shown in )igure *+-
3.+.3 Comparison with line energi4ation o6er6oltage stdy report of E)AT
on the ,77 .8 transmission line 3am Then # to 0oi Et # pro9e!t
The EMTP study is conducted to in"estigate the switching o"er"oltage
occurring during switching of the line circuit %rea#er on each side of the ?CC #=
transmission line %etween 8am theun - pro2ect and E6(T3s networ# at 5oi Et -
Phase E
Phase C
( () (E)
1.1,7 p.
?>
su%station The initial study is for E6(T planning de"elopment %efore the pro2ect
starting ,-. The Dig'!DE8T software program was used for the study (fter
confirmation of the selected model from the pre"ious section, the studied system is
represented with the e$isting parameter and information related to E6(T studied
case The simulation is performed in three steps as follows1
Step 1 1 Prior to the switching action commencing , E6(T3s system is in a
normal steady state operating condition (ll circuit %rea#ers at %oth ends of
these two circuits are opened and all generators at 8am Theun - Power Plant are
off line
Step # : (ll generators of 8am Theun - Power Plant are running at no load
synchronous speed while all line circuit %rea#ers at %oth ends of two circuits are
still open
Step 3 1 9ne set of line circuit %rea#ers on one circuit of the dou%le circuit lines
at 8am Theun - end is closed
Ta%le1 ** 'imulation results from Dig'!DE8T and P'C(D4EMTDC program
Detail
Dig'!DE8T simulation
of E6(T
P'C(D4EMTDC
simulation
Energi0ed from 8am Theun - Power Plant
Ma$imum 9"er"oltage ( #=) -A+<-+B -A+<C*C
Point 5ecei"ing end at 5E - 5ecei"ing end at 5E -
Phase C C
Time closing of CE ( sec ) CC-C CC-C
The recei"ing end "oltage from EMTDC simulation was recorded and compared
with the corresponding result of Dig'!DE8T simulation The comparison "alues are
shown in ta%le1 **
The wa"eform of Dig'!DE8T and P'C(D4EMTDC simulation are shown in
)igure *+* and *+> The wa"eform of the "oltage at the recei"ing end 5oi Et -
su%station from %oth simulations are almost identical with similar highest "oltage
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)igure *+* The "oltage wa"eform of P'C(D4EMTDC simulation
)igure *+> The "oltage wa"eform of Dig '!DE8T simulation
3., Con!lsion for the A!!ra!y of the Models
The accuracy of the P'C(D4EMTDC modeling program of the system
components as well as lines, transformers, generators, circuit %rea#ers, shunt reactors,
surge arresters, loads are presented %y ta#ing into account the saturation of
transformer, shunt reactor and surge arresters The raw data has to %e con"erted to the
suita%le "alue %efore input to the program
The accuracy of the model with T8( case Mae Moh to Tha Ta Ko, the results
from simulation are similar This comparison is ta#ing the selected e/uipments model
and methodology of the studied for impro"ement of the selected model in case of
8am Theun - to 5oi Et -
The accuracy of the model with comparison of line energi0ation o"er"oltage
EMTP study report of E6(T on the ?CC #= transmission line 8am Theun - to 5oi Et
- pro2ect, the simulation from P'C(D4EMTDC and Dig'!DE8T program are in good
agreement
!n case of the model "erification, it can %e concluded that the analysis of
transient o"er"oltage used P'C(D4EMTDC program in case Mae Moh to Tha Ta Ko
the ma$imum o"er"oltage are the same "alues and comparison with line energi0ation
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study report of E6(T on 8am Theun - to 5oi Et - The ma$imum o"er"oltages from
%oth are similarly The simulation had the identical system configuration as the
reference case The "oltage wa"eforms are almost identical, the comparisons gi"e
satisfactory results, further confirming the accuracy of the simulation model and used
parameters Therefore, the selected models in this thesis are accuracy and can %e used
for analysis of the proposed system
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