FOUR COLOR THEOREM EXPLAINED BY ELECTRICAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES ?

Giuseppe Parise (S.M IEEE)

Electrical Engineering Dept. University La Sapienza Via Eudossiana 18 Roma Italy parise@ieee.org

Abstract In human reasoning and multi-modal information processing, the diagrams offer a visual clarity in examining spatial constraints. Special diagrams like transitions maps are introduced for assisting the elaboration of operational procedures and for helping the training of operators. Adding visual-logic weights like values, colors or level curves, the diagrams assist better in recognizing conditioned inferences and in elaborating correctly procedures. The transitions maps extend the Euler-Venn diagrams and concur to an explanation of the four-color theorem.

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES OF INFERENCES AND RISK EXPOSURE

CONDITIONED

In the need for detailed design documentation of a power system, it is clear that operational procedures play a relevant role during the life cycle. Considering that a procedure is a set of instructions to be followed in a precise sequence complying with the influences and conditions among the elements, a power system requires generally operational procedures for safety and for integrity. The change of the energization status for normal system operations or for reacting to a fault requires a procedure. So the risk exposure can be defined not only by the correctness of procedure sequence but also by the reaction time [1]. It is a problem of conditioned inference among elements in a operation. Safety configurations and accurate plans allow a guaranteed risk reduction so that in contingencies a competent operator can operate the power system properly. To this intend, a mathematical model and an appropriate methodology (Parises program [2,3,4]) have been suggested to define the procedures which lend themselves to solution by computer. The aim of this methodology is enhancing safety by a risk reduction. The risk reduction consists essentially in a compression of the operating time to the minimum possible, related to the specific system configurations, the available elements and the special contingencies.

Basic electric node: standby service and sources family. Let's consider a basic electric system (figure 1) of a node with three generators V and loads connectible through switching means SM: each load/generator is an elementary working zone WZ; V is the logic identification ID of each source and the symbol V of its existence(1)( ID = 1 V). Among the n sources converging on a node N or on a zone of the system ZOS, the designer has to define and the operator has to know the admissible operational sets, being the intersections conditioned and not independent. In other words, following the initial studies, all the prospective sources sets of the node need the validation and also the authorization by the short
a)

VA

VB

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N
IS IS

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IS

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SM

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SM

LO A D

LO AD

LO A D

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b)

VA
WZ
GS G GS G

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C
IS IS

node

N SM(1) SM(0) SM(0K ) SM(-1)

WZ
G GS
LOAD

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LOAD

GS
LOAD

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LOAD

Figure 1. Basic electric node: the schemes adopt the IEEE symbol for the sources switch , the IEC symbol for other switches; scheme a) shows a node N with three sources; scheme b) shows the same node highlighting working zones WZs with switch means SM () in the statuses: connected 1, open 0, open locked 0k and grounded G having to be also locked.

circuits and the load flow analysis. Among n-sources convergent on a node N, if psources (2 pn) are able to the parallel (p-sources of a same family ID), generally m-members (m p) are connectible in parallel, owing to the power system is sized to their intersections complying with load flow

-open, disconnected or status zero; symbol 0, equivalent to the OFF status of the reset condition, that is a reference basic status. Note that grounded status (GON) is equivalent to a source, but is not considered in integrity procedures, related to the energized statuses ESs of a node discussed in the paper.
0 0

II III II II

0 0 0 0

b)
1W
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NODE BUS SIDE 1

NOR a)

I 1

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ExOR b)

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1S
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CW

CS

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+2AND

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+3AND

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2B

2S
NODE BUS SIDE 2

Figure 2. Classic problem of conditioned inference among elements in an operation: a) the man in the boat has to move a wolf W, a sheep S and a box of cabbage B to the other side of a river; b) the equivalent electric scheme: the C switches simulate the boat

Figure 3 the EVD for three sources convergent on a node show all the intersections nobody 0, singles I, couples II and triplet III: a) shows active nobody all ones without color and ID =0; b) shows admissible single sets, colored and with ID m=1 (I=1, II=0 and by Hellys theorem III=0); c) shows a sets family with m=2 members; c)shows a sets family with m=3.

and short circuit studies. Note that for the procedures two essential aspects have to be known the existence (1) of the sources (ID) and their m order of family members: each m-source has the ID equal to the ratio 1/m so that all m-ones simultaneously connected fill completely the ID 1 V. The status of an elementary WZ shown in the figure 1 can be defined: -connected to source, symbol +1, ID V, equivalent to the ON status of the energized or live condition (1V); if it is energized by m >1 connectible sources, symbol +1/m for each intersecting source switch of the m members that is connectible up to 1V= m 1/m V (see figure 3c,d);

Node - double bus: simultaneous service in the power system To allow the simultaneous service of independent sources, let's consider the basic electric system (figure 2) of two busses for a node and on each bus three generators W, B and S can converge, knowing for instance that W and B are of the same family and S is independent. The integrity procedure is a problem of conditioned inference among elements in an operation, equivalent to the classic well known logic case of the man in the boat that has to move n=3 elements, a wolf W, a sheep S and a box of cabbage B to the other side of a river. Man can take only one of these with him at a time and knows that the unguarded wolf will eat the sheep and the unguarded sheep will eat the cabbage. In other words W and B are compatible or of the same family (p=m=2), S has to remain independent.

EXTENDED EULER-VENN TRANSITIONS MAPS

DIAGRAMS

EVDS:

The operation on power systems and on each source node requires adopting integrity procedures. The instructions of procedures can be related to the binary logic connectives adopting Boolean-informatics notations. Many visual languages, using maps and diagrams, have emerged for expressing time-spatial relationships between point sets in correlation with objects in some other domain, like sources and source switches for energizing system nodes. Extended Euler-Venn diagrams EVDs, point sets like circles, can be used to study the transitions between statuses of energizing of power system nodes or working zones that need certain procedures in the step-statuses avoiding hazards for the operators safety. EVDs exploit topological properties of enclosure, exclusion and intersection to represent subsets, disjoint sets and set intersections respectively. The figure 3 shows the reference case for a planar diagram of three circles in correlation with three sources convergent on the node N of figure 1 that allows visualizing their intersections. The node N has a bus system only that allows a common intersection way: among the sources the bus closed as a ring would offer also a direct contact between the

sets-sources are more than three and the system cannot represent possible situations: it should be necessary use no-convex sets like blobs to represent the direct mutual intersections between each couple (see figure 4). The EVD assists to transcribe by the Boolean notations the complete procedure for a sources node: figure 3a allows to visualize directly for the node of n=3 sources, A, B and C, the parity-reset condition like the NOR vector, the three single sets of the ExOR matrix, the three couple sets of the 2AND matrix and the triplet of the sources of the 3AND vector. In conclusion, EVDs allow an easy visualizing of all inferences, but the full reading is correct only for transcribing the procedure for a case of all sources of a same family ( in fig. 3a and 3d, n=p=m=3), therefore reading criteria are needed for avoiding incorrect inferences. Reading criteria of diagrams: the four color theorem. The expressive power of the topological relations in maps and diagrams can offer information, but needs to avoid incorrect inferences. Visual languages have to display the ON status like existent, active, admissible, but also the opposite OFF status like empty, wrong, inadmissible, that generally constitutes the visual reference background.

Figure 4. The intersections of couple among four sets need a spatial 3D diagram

extremity A and C. The figure 3a shows all the kinds of sets, the empty set 0, the exclusion single sets I, the intersections couples II and the triplet III. It is relevant to note that the circles present intersections always internal to the same circles and so the intersections have to be considered prospected and basically empty point sets, as it will be highlighted in following. The planarity constraints restrict the expressive power of the system at the maximum of n = 3, when the

Figure 5. The USA states are colored using no more than four colors on the white plan.

For a detailed design of a power system, two essential aspects have to take care: the criticism in evaluating the existence/admissibility of intersections and in defining their order of level. Adding visual-logic weights like values, colors or level curves, the diagrams assist better in recognizing conditioned inferences and in elaborating correctly procedures.

At this aim, to solve the problem for a correct and guided reading, the Parises program suggests to extend the EVDs, by an analytical way, assigning logic value (see figure 3b, c, d) and a logic ID to map-zones and /or assigning a color level or representing them by concentric level curves (transitions maps). The criterion of reading the EVD based on assigning a color level has to follow the four-color theorem that applies in identifying the zones of a map or diagram, like a geographical map. Criticism criterion and intersections order. As criterion in defining the existence of the intersections on the OFF status of background, the rules of four color theorem specify: - two zones are called adjacent if they share a border segment, not just a point, - the change of color (contrast) has to apply in such a way that two adjacent zones dont receive the same color, - the aimed result is to minimize the number of the used colors and, for each need of a change, it is mandatory to reset memory and to try using one of already available colors. In conclusion, note that reading a map by the introduced criterion, two adjacent zones claim distinction as color, while two zones, that share just a point or without contact, can assume the same color. The rule of the same time for the same place-set, compels to define adjacent sets in a map as distinct sets, by contrast of color, but recycling the color choose if possible (memory less). On the basis of these rules, (Figure 5) the theorem shows that no more than four color contrasts, in addition to the background color empty set, are sufficient to complete every map. A Parises explanation of the theorem is based on considering that in a planar map the maximum number of zones having direct mutual contacts are limited to three zones only. Among three elements a ring is sufficient to play the same role of the network needed for more than three elements (see figure 4). A fourth zone is picked out that a zone having contacts, internal or external, with each zone of the triplet. This performance of the fourth zone is equivalent to that one of the background plan. Consequently, in each map locally it is possible recognize adjacent sets that constitutes a pool of no more than four kinds or levels of set contrasting among themselves and with the background base level (color b), the OFF set. The comprehensive pool present four sets that require four levels of color

contrasts for a complete distinction from the OFF level or color b of the base (figure 6): - a first set as reference ON set, which defines the first level, color f; - a second set, which is in spatial contact with the ON and OFF sets; it defines the second level, color s; - a third set, which is in spatial contact with the OFF set and contacting the couple long the same border segment (reaction contact) or long two no-contiguous border segments (spin contact); it defines the third level, color t; - a fourth set, which is in spatial contact with a reaction triplet like a boundary or in spatial contact with a spin triplet like an hole, seeming deep to the plan level; it defines the boundary/hole color level (color b/h). The hole set could assume the color b (hole option). The pools are cyclic in every map: the zones could be constituted by series pulsating of ON-OFF colors, by chessboards of couples of the color f and s, by arrays of couples f-s and shifted couples t-h, by triplets of pool. The fourth set like a boundary/hole can add information on the side of background as triplets seeming divergent away from you across the background (figure 6). Ordered color changes/inversions between the zones are however possible, as it is possible analyzing in the figure 5 . Euler circles and internal intersections: exclusivity criteria. In the diagrams the geometric contacts between the sets are intersections compelling distinction and consequently they could be recognized as entities. For analyzing properly them the approach guaranteeing error risk less is that in reading the EVDs the intersections have to be basically distinguished as empty sets. Note that, for the 2-dimensional case, if every intersections of a level of n-convex zones are no empty, then all the higher levels of intersections are no empty. This statement, known as Helly's Theorem [5], is a risk for safety procedures; the operator has to recognize all the inferences that he has to evaluate with criticism. In other words and in a easy approach, if in a node three sources are convergent and they can be connected two for time, they are obviously connectible together, also if it could be not admissible, with high risk for safety procedures (Hellys risk).

As already noted, the Euler circles, representing the sets in EVDs, have the property of mutual intersections with just a point towards the empty zone. The criterion of the four color theorem allows to analyze and read the EVDs defining just only the base color b and the first level (color f), all the intersections among the Euler circles are like holes of color base, like empty sets (intersections II=III=0, figure 3b). The intersections of higher level remain empty applying the Hellys theorem avoiding to assume alternatively the color b (II=b) and f (III=f), in a pulsating series. In conclusion, on the basis of these criteria, the operational procedures can be transcribed with the truth tables that are operational vectors and matrices, limited to the true rows, defining exclusivity matrixes related to the ON statuses and changing all the ONs in OFFs to convert them in reset matrixes [3], lending to software programming. Considering the reference figure 3, the correct transcription of the procedure, by Boolean notations, keeps on the rule of the operational exclusivity NAND and the rule of the intersections always empty if not authorized.
b f b f f f

exclusivity rule that is each source at a time can be always connected separately. Empty intersections not authorized. The additional instructions of multiple-exclusivity are correct only for the case of p-sources of the same family and up to the simultaneous connectible m-members [4], adding from +2AND matrix to +mAND vector ( adding the matrix +2AND, fig. 3c, in the case of p=3 and m=2, adding the vector +3AND, fig.3d in the case p=m=3). The switching over between configurations could be on a live-transfer (make-before-break) or dead transfer (make-after-break) or combinations of different types at different speeds (fast/slow transfer).
white transition
B

white transition B

B A B C A A C C

A red transition

red transition

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m=3

b f s b f s b
f s b/h t

b f s b t f s t f s s f f s s f

Figure 7 shows for three sources convergent on a node the EVD and the transitions map of three circles related to a m=3 family and on the zero circle. Alternative paths of transition are shown from a status to another one: white transition with blackout and red transition without blackout.

b f
b/h

Figure 6 explains the four-color theorem, showing set pools from the case of single set to the comprehensive pool with the fourth set boundary or hole.

Operational exclusivity NAND=NOR+ExOR. The parity-reset condition (NOR vector, fig. 3a) is always true for functionality and safety needs and the transitions to the single sets of the ExOR matrix (fig. 3b) are always admissible complying with the

Transitions maps A previous paper [4] has introduced transitions maps, as extension of Euler-Venn diagrams, to offer a visual clarity in examining spatial constraints and in recognizing correct inferences (figure 7). The transitions map of n-sources, convergent on the node N, is constituted by n+1 zones like concentric circles, so exclusively internal holes (figure 7 b). These maps highlight the OFF-zero zone, the exclusive zones, the intersection zones of source ways between couples, triplets and so on till reaching the admitted intersection zones of all the energizing ways. The zero and first concentric circles are related to the NOR vector and the ExOR matrix always admissible. The higher m-circles are related to the +mAND vectors/matrices of the m sources, members of the same family , and so they need authorization. The transitions map solves the planar limits of the triplet, allowing to consider nodes with number of sources higher than three (n >3). In each concentric

level dedicated to an intersection order, the elements are considered adjacent logically, overcoming the need of sharing a common border segment. Each intersection order or concentric level, if authorized, can be considered in its whole or limited to the fitted sector (fig. 8).
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1/2 W 0 1 B 1/2 0
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value/ID logic of sources, for a generic EVD the intersection sets are always empty sets and the authorized intersections are exclusively related to the sources of the same family and up to the admissible m- members. Like synthetic way, to solve the problem of a guided reading of EVDs, the Parises program suggests assigning a logic ID to admissible statuses and mapping the intersections as concentric zones by level curves. The program introduces the transitions map of concentric level curves, related to the logic functions NOR, ExOR, AND.
Bibliography [1] G. Parise, L. Martirano, Contacts And Not Collisions With Electrical Equipment: A New Approach Of The Electric Risk Assessment 2004 IEEE-IAS I&CPS Technical Conference Clearwater FL USA May 3-5. [2] G.Parise, E.Hesla Clearing Procedures In Electrical Installations: The Electrical Status Space, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications vol. 38 May/June 2002 [3] G.Parise, E.Hesla The Sources Sets For Operational Procedures 2006 IEEE-IAS ICPS Tech. Conf. Dearborn, MI, April 30 May 3, 2006 [4] G.Parise, E.Hesla Transitions maps for integrity in operational procedures of electrical installations IEEEIAS ICPS Tech. Conf. Edmonton, CA May 6-10, 2007 [5] Danzer, L., Grnbaum, B., & Klee, V. (1963). Hellys Theorem and its Relatives Providence American Mathematical Society. [6] NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee Workplaces, 2004 Edition [7] 902-1998 IEEE Guide for Maintenance, Operation and Safety of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems. [8] R. Galvagni Decisional problems and uncertain logic Master in Safety and Industrial Protection- University of Studies La Sapienza - Roma 1997
Giuseppe Parise (M'82-SM'03) He was born in Luzzi (Cosenza), Italy, on September 3, 1947. In 1972 he received his degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Rome. He has been at Department of Electrical Engineering of the University of Rome "La Sapienza" ever since 1973, is currently a Full Professor and scientific chair of the Research Unit in Electrical Power Systems. His research, professional and consulting activities cover power systems design, planning, safety, security, electro-forensic engineering and energy management. He has authored about 160 papers. Since 1983, he has been a member of Superior Council of Ministry of Public Works. He is active in IEEE\IAS as Member at Large of Executive Board, member of subcommittees, in CEI (ltalian Electrical Commission), in AEIT (Electrical Italian Association), he is President of AEIT Romes Section and President of Romes Electrical Professional Engineering Committee. Since 1975 he has been a Registered Professional Engineer.

WB

Figure 8. shows the admissible sets of each one of the two sides of the node N in the sample of fig.2 with n=3 sources W,B,S: p=m= 2 W and B connectible together, S independent. The intersections not admissible are shown empty in the EVD and like marked zones in the transitions map.

On these maps it is easier to analyze visually the procedures simulating the transitions from a sourceset to another one, with radial paths, orthogonal to the circles and able to move in two directions. For reading the maps, the operator has to apply two criteria: - the single exclusivity, ever of basis, that considers always the n-sets/sources as independent (exclusivity rule, m=1); - and if authorized by validation criteria, the family or multiple-exclusivity knowing in advance the number (m>1) of the exclusive members. The single exclusivity considers each point set at the same time, independent sets corresponds to independent times; the intersections remain recognized as empty sets. The multiple exclusivity needs considering the intersections properly constrained or authorized like sub-sets of common points, with memory of the past events, cumulating multiple identities in the same time. Differential logic and dynamic systems deal about mappings between different elements that develop through time, transformed in spatial-visual levels. CONCLUSIONS Euler-Venn diagrams EVDs can be used to study the transitions between statuses of energizing of power system nodes or working zones that need certain procedures in the step-statuses. Generalizing the definition of energized statuses ESs based on the