S.P.

MANDALIS

R. A PODAR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND ECONOMICS MATUNGA, MUMBAI-400 019.

A PROJECT REPORT ON BUSINESS POLICIES, TAKING TOYOTA AS AN EXAMPLE SUBMITTED BY PRITHVI ACHARYA M.COM (SEM. I): ECONOMICS SUBMITTED TO UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI 2013-2014 PROJECT GUIDE Prof. Dr. (Mrs) Vinita Pimpale

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.Prithvi Acharya of M.Com ( Business Management) Semester I (2013-2014) has successfully completed the project on MARKETING STRATEGIES under the guidance of Prof. Dr. (Mrs) Vinita Pimpale.

Project Guide/Internal Examiner Examiner Prof. _______________________ ________________________ Prof.

External

Dr. (Mrs) Vinita Pimpale Vasudevan Course Co-ordinator

Dr.(Mrs) Shobana

Principal

Date-

Seal of the College

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge the valuable assistance provided by S. P Mandalis R. A. Podar College of Commerce & Economics, for two year degree course in M.Com. I specially thank the Principal Dr.(Mrs) Shobana Vasudevan for allowing us to use the facilities such as Library, Computer Laboratory, internet etc. I sincerely thank the M.Com Co-ordinator for guiding us in the right direction to prepare the project. I thank my guide Prof. Dr. (Mrs) Vinita Pimpale who has given his/her valuable time, knowledge and guidance to complete the project successfully in time. My family and peers were great source of inspiration throughout my project, their support is deeply acknowledged.

Signature of the Student

DECLARATION
I, Prithvi Acharya of R. A. PODAR COLLEGE OF

COMMERCE & ECONOMICS of M.Com SEMESTER I, hereby declare that I have completed the project MARKETING

STRATEGIES in the academic year 2013-2013 for the subject STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT.

The information submitted is true and original to the best of my knowledge.

Signature of the Student

INDEX 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Introduction RETAIL INDUSTRY IN INDIA Objective Overview of Retail Industry Evaluation of Indian Retail Market Growth in Indian Retail Sector COMPANY PROFILE(BIG BAZAAR) History Lines of business of Big Bazaar Time line Schemes and Innovations REVIEW OF LITERATURE Meaning of Marketing Importance of Marketing Marketing Mix Marketing Strategies Types of strategies RESEARCH METHEDOLOGY Sources of data for Marketing Strategies Scope and use Research and objective DATA ANALYSIS Marketing analysis of Big Bazaar Marketing Strategies of Big Bazaar IMC IMC components of Big Bazaar CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENADATION BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 1-2 2-3 3

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6 7

4-5 5-6 6-8 8-9

10 10-12 12 13-14 14-15

15-16 16-17

18-20 21 22 23-24 25-26 27

BUSINESS POLICIES

Introduction

A policy is a principle or protocol to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a procedure[1] or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by the Board of or senior governance body within an organization whereas procedures or protocols would be developed and adopted by senior executive officers. Policies can assist in both subjective and objective decision making. Policies to assist in subjective decision making would usually assist senior management with decisions that must consider the relative merits of a number of factors before making decisions and as a result are often hard to objectively test e.g. work-life balance policy. In contrast policies to assist in objective decision making are usually operational in nature and can be objectively tested e.g. password policy.[citation needed]

The term may apply to government, private sector organizations and groups, and individuals. Presidential executive orders, corporate privacy policies, and parliamentary rules of order are all examples of policy. Policy differs from rules or law. While law can compel or prohibit behaviors (e.g. a law requiring the payment of taxes on income), policy merely guides actions toward those that are most likely to achieve a desired outcome.[citation needed] Policy or policy study may also refer to the process of making important organizational decisions, including the identification of different alternatives such as programs or spending priorities, and choosing among them on the basis of the impact they will have. Policies can be understood as political, management, financial, and administrative mechanisms arranged to reach explicit goals. In public corporate finance, a critical accounting policy is a policy for a firm/company or an industry which is considered to have a notably high subjective element, and that has a material impact on the financial statements.[citation needed]

Business Policy Business Policies are guidelines developed by an organization to govern its actions. The policies are the framework within which all decisions must be made. Business policy defines the scope within which decisions can be made by the lower level executives and subordinates. These decisions can be made without reference to the top level management to deal with day-to-day problems/routines on their own. Business policy also deals with acquisitions of resources with which an organizations objectives and goals can be achieved. Business Policy also defines the roles and responsibilities of top level management, the significant issues that affect the organizations success and the decisions affecting the organization in the long run.

Main features of the Business Policy:

Specificity: Policy should be clear, lucid and specific. Lack of clarity or uncertainty could lead to improper implementation of policy.

Reliability/Uniformity: Policy must be unambiguous. Unnecessary jargons and connotations should be avoided. Misunderstandings should not creep in to adhere to the policy.

Appropriateness: Policy should be appropriate to the organizational goals. Simplicity: Policy should be simple in language for everyone to understand and follow. Inclusivity/Comprehensiveness: Policy should be comprehensive to cover the full gamut of organizational requirements.

Flexibility: Policy should be flexible for application and operation. It should be wide in scope for managers and middle level officers to implement them routinely.

Stability: Policy must be stable, so that indecisiveness and uncertainty can be eliminated when looking for guidance.

Difference between Policy and Strategy:

Policy is different from strategy and they are not inter-changeable in use. Policy is a blue-print of the organization for day-to-day routine activities; while strategy refers to those organizational decisions which have not been dealt with before in the same form.

Policy formulation is the responsibility of top management; strategy formulation and implementation is done by senior and middle level management.

Policy is routinely practiced for efficient and effective running of the organization; strategy deals with strategic decisions.

Policy is concerned with thoughts and action; strategy is mostly action. A policy is what is and what is not done; strategy is the methodology used to achieve a target as enunciated by policy. Business Policy is a basic document on which the whole organization revolves and evolves.

IMPACT Intended effects[edit source] The intended effects of a policy vary widely according to the organization and the context in which they are made. Broadly, policies are typically instituted to avoid some negative effect that has been noticed in the organization, or to seek some positive benefit.[citation needed] Corporate purchasing policies provide an example of how organizations attempt to avoid negative effects. Many large companies have policies that all purchases above a certain value must be performed through a purchasing process. By requiring this standard purchasing process through policy, the organization can limit waste and standardize the way purchasing is done.[citation needed] The State of California provides an example of benefit-seeking policy. In recent years, the numbers of hybrid cars in California has increased dramatically, in part because of policy changes in Federal law that provided USD $1,500 in tax credits (since phased out) as well as the use of high-occupancy vehicle lanes to hybrid owners (no longer available for new hybrid

vehicles). In this case, the organization (state and/or federal government) created an effect (increased ownership and use of hybrid vehicles) through policy (tax breaks, highway lanes).[citation needed]

Unintended effects[edit source] Policies frequently have side effects or unintended consequences. Because the environments that policies seek to influence or manipulate are typically complex adaptive systems (e.x. governments, societies, large companies), making a policy change can have counterintuitive results. For example, a government may make a policy decision to raise taxes, in hopes of increasing overall tax revenue. Depending on the size of the tax increase, this may have the overall effect of reducing tax revenue by causing capital flight or by creating a rate so high that citizens are deterred from earning the money that is taxed. (See the Laffer curve.)[citation needed] The policy formulation process typically includes an attempt to assess as many areas of potential policy impact as possible, to lessen the chances that a given policy will have unexpected or unintended consequences. Because of the nature of some complex adaptive systems such as societies and governments, it may not be possible to assess all possible impacts of a given policy.[citation needed]

POLICY CYCLE

In political science, the policy cycle is a tool used for the analyzing of the development of a policy item. It can also be referred to as a "stagist approach", "stages heuristic" or "stages approach".[2] It is a fiction rather than the actual reality of how policy is created, but has been influential in how people look at policy in general.[3] It was developed as a theory from Harold Lasswell's work. One standardized version includes the following stages: 1. Agenda setting (Problem identification) 2. Policy Formulation

3. Adoption 4. Implementation 5. Evaluation An eight step policy cycle is developed in detail in The Australian Policy Handbook by Peter Bridgman and Glyn Davis: (now with Catherine Althaus in its 4th and 5th editions) 1. Issue identification 2. Policy analysis 3. Policy instrument development 4. Consultation (which permeates the entire process) 5. Coordination 6. Decision 7. Implementation 8. Evaluation

The Althaus, Bridgman & Davis model is heuristic and iterative. It is intentionally normative and not meant to be diagnostic or predictive. Policy cycles are typically characterized as adopting a classical approach. Accordingly some postmodern academics challenge cyclical models as unresponsive and unrealistic, preferring systemic and more complex models.[4] They consider a broader range of actors involved in the policy space that includes civil society organisations, the media, intellectuals, think tanks or policy research institutes, corporations, lobbyists, etc.

CONTENT

Policies are typically promulgated through official written documents. Policy documents often come with the endorsement or signature of the executive powers within an organization to legitimize the policy and demonstrate that it is considered in force. Such documents often have standard formats that are particular to the organization issuing the policy. While such formats differ in form, policy documents usually contain certain standard components including[citation needed] :

A purpose statement, outlining why the organization is issuing the policy, and what its desired effect or outcome of the policy should be.

An applicability and scope statement, describing who the policy affects and which actions are impacted by the policy. The applicability and scope may expressly exclude certain people, organizations, or actions from the policy requirements. Applicability and scope is used to focus the policy on only the desired targets, and avoid unintended consequences where possible.

An effective date which indicates when the policy comes into force. Retroactive policies are rare, but can be found.

A responsibilities section, indicating which parties and organizations are responsible for carrying out individual policy statements. Many policies may require the establishment of some ongoing function or action. For example, a purchasing policy might specify that a purchasing office be created to process purchase requests, and that this office would be responsible for ongoing actions. Responsibilities often include identification of any relevant oversight and/or governance structures.

Policy statements indicating the specific regulations, requirements, or modifications to organizational behavior that the policy is creating. Policy statements are extremely diverse depending on the organization and intent, and may take almost any form.

Some policies may contain additional sections, including:

Background, indicating any reasons, history, and intent that led to the creation of the policy, which may be listed as motivating factors. This information is often quite valuable when policies must be evaluated or used in ambiguous situations, just as the intent of a law can be useful to a court when deciding a case that involves that law.

Definitions, providing clear and unambiguous definitions for terms and concepts found in the policy document.[citation needed]

Policy addresses the intent of the organization, whether government, business, professional, or voluntary. Policy is intended to affect the 'real' world, by guiding the decisions that are

made. Whether they are formally written or not, most organizations have identified policies.[citation needed] Policies may be classified in many different ways. The following is a sample of several different types of policies broken down by their effect on members of the organization.

Distributive policies Distributive policies extend goods and services to members of an organization, as well as distributing the costs of the goods/services amongst the members of the organization. Examples include government policies that impact spending for welfare, public education, highways, and public safety, or a professional organization's benefits plan.

Regulatory policies Regulatory policies, or mandates, limit the discretion of individuals and agencies, or otherwise compel certain types of behavior. These policies are generally thought to be best applied when good behavior can be easily defined and bad behavior can be easily regulated and punished through fines or sanctions. An example of a fairly successful public regulatory policy is that of a speed limit.

Constituent policies Constituent policies create executive power entities, or deal with laws. Constituent policies also deal with Fiscal Policy in some circumstances.[citation needed]

Miscellaneous policies[edit source] Policies are dynamic; they are not just static lists of goals or laws. Policy blueprints have to be implemented, often with unexpected results. Social policies are what happens 'on the ground' when they are implemented, as well as what happens at the decision making or legislative stage.

When the term policy is used, it may also refer to:

Official government policy (legislation or guidelines that govern how laws should be put into operation)

Broad ideas and goals in political manifestos and pamphlets A company or organization's policy on a particular topic. For example, the equal opportunity policy of a company shows that the company aims to treat all its staff equally.

The actions the organization actually takes may often vary significantly from stated policy. This difference is sometimes caused by political compromise over policy, while in other situations it is caused by lack of policy implementation and enforcement. Implementing policy may have unexpected results, stemming from a policy whose reach extends further than the problem it was originally crafted to address. Additionally, unpredictable results may arise from selective or idiosyncratic enforcement of policy.

Types of policy analysis include:

Causal (resp. non-causal) Deterministic (resp. stochastic, randomized and sometimes non-deterministic) Index Memoryless (e.g. non-stationary) Opportunistic (resp. non-opportunistic) Stationary (resp. non-stationary)

These qualifiers can be combined, so for example you could have a stationary-memorylessindex policy.

TYPES

Company Policy Personnel Policy Human resource policies Privacy policy Environmental Policy Health policy Information policy Social policy

PERSONNEL POLICY

Human resources staffs are tasked with keeping up-to-date personnel policies for the companies they work for. These policies govern how a business is run, from hiring and termination to policies for sexual harassment and forms of workplace discrimination. Personnel policies are given to new employees to review, and they are often asked to sign a statement saying that they read and understand the policies. Policies and procedures vary from company to company, but certain elements are common.

Training and Orientation Once hired, employees typically go through an orientation and training process to learn about their new employer and how their job function fits into the overall goals of the business. During this time, employees may attend training sessions, shadow other employees, get assigned a mentor or participate in a virtual training session provided by the company. It's necessary to include training and orientation procedures in personnel policies so new employees understand and are prepared for their new positions.

Employee Benefits Companies offer employees a diverse set of benefits, including everything from health, dental and vision coverage to short-term disability coverage, a 401k plan, life insurance, employee housing grants and tuition reimbursement. Some companies also work in conjunction with local businesses to provide discount cards and rates to their employees. Listing employee benefits within personnel policies informs employees about all the options the company offers.

Work Schedule, Breaks and Leave Whether a company offers flexible schedules or employees work in shifts, personnel policies provide guidelines for when an employee should report to the office for work and when he should leave. Personnel policies also detail the rules for taking lunch hours and other breaks. These policies also include the procedures for calling in sick, information on jury duty and how time off for bereavement is handled.

Salaries and Pay Schedule While employees at your company will likely have diverse salaries, including salary ranges or a salary scale in personnel policies, where applicable, will give employees an idea of how much money they can potentially make if promoted. Whether paid weekly, biweekly or monthly, employees should have written documentation that outlines their pay schedules. Include information about direct deposit if it's an option offered by your company.

Performance Reviews and Promotions Employee performance reviews vary based on the company and industry, so your personnel policy should tell employees about the procedures your company follows. It should say when reviews take place and the methods used to conduct them. The policy should also explain what the reviews are used for and how they may affect promotions.

Terminating Employment Personnel policies should state how employees or employers can terminate employment at a company. The policies will outline how much advance notice must be given and in what format, as well as information on severance packages, returning company keys and equipment and ending access to company records.

PRIVACY POLICY A privacy policy is a statement or a legal document (privacy law) that discloses some or all of the ways a party gathers, uses, discloses and manages a customer or client's data. Personal information can be anything that can be used to identify an individual, not limited to but including; name, address, date of birth, marital status, contact information, ID issue and expiry date, financial records, credit information, medical history, where you travel, and intentions to acquire goods and services.[1] In the case of a business it is often a statement that declares a party's policy on how it collects, stores, and releases personal information it collects. It informs the client what specific information is collected, and whether it is kept confidential, shared with partners, or sold to other firms or enterprises. [2] Privacy policy is important to the modern state, because grounded in it is the individual's physical and moral autonomy. For this reason, it is worthy of constitutional protection. [3] The exact contents of a privacy policy will depend upon the applicable law and may need to address requirements across geographical boundaries and legal jurisdictions. Most countries have their own legislation and guidelines of who is covered, what information can be collected, and what it can be used for. In general, data protection laws in Europe cover the private sector as well as the public sector. Their privacy laws apply not only to government operations but also to private enterprises and commercial transactions. In North America, privacy laws (except in Quebec) apply only to the public sector, not to the private sector. However, most private sector organizations in North America have taken the initiative to develop their own privacy policies and codes of conduct.[4]

Fair Practice and Informatiom There are significant differences between the EU data protection and US data privacy laws. These standards must be met not only by businesses operating in the EU, but also by any organization that transfers personal information collected concerning citizen of the EU. In 2001 the United States Department of Commerce worked to ensure legal compliance for US organizations under an opt-in Safe Harbor Program.[29] The FTC has approved TRUSTe to certify streamlined compliance with the US-EU Safe Harbor.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

Environmental policy refers to the commitment of an organization to the laws, regulations, and other policy mechanisms concerning environmental issuesand sustainability. These issues generally include air and water pollution, solid waste management, biodiversity, ecosystem management, maintenance of biodiversity, the protection of natural resources, wildlife and endangered species. Policies concerning energy or regulation of toxic substances including pesticides and many types of industrial waste are part of the topic of environmental policy. This policy can be deliberately taken to direct and oversee human activities and thereby prevent harmful effects on the biophysical environment and natural resources, as well as to make sure that changes in the environment do not have harmful effects on humans.[1]

It

is

useful

to

consider

that

environmental

policy

comprises

two

major

terms: environment and policy. Environment refers to the physical ecosystems, but can also take into consideration the social dimension (quality of life, health) and an economic dimension (resource management, biodiversity).[2] Policy can be defined as a "course of action or principle adopted or proposed by a government, party, business or individual".[3] Thus, environmental policy focuses on problems arising from human impact on the environment, which retroacts onto human society by having a (negative) impact on human values such as good health or the 'clean and green' environment.

Environmental issues generally addressed by environmental policy include air and water pollution, waste management, ecosystem management, biodiversity protection, the protection of natural resources, wildlife and endangered species, and the preservation of these natural resources for future generations. Relatively recently, environmental policy has also attended to the communication of environmental issues.[4]

INSTRUMENT, ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

Environmental policy instruments are tools used by governments to implement their environmental policies. Governments may use a number of different types of instruments. For example, economic incentives and market-based instruments such as taxes and tax exemptions, tradable permits, and fees can be very effective to encourage compliance with environmental policy.[6] Voluntary measures, such as bilateral agreements negotiated between the government and private firms and commitments made by firms independent of government pressure, are other instruments used in environmental policy. Another instrument is the implementation of greener public purchasing programs.[7] Often, several instruments are combined in an instrument mix formulated to address a certain environmental problem. Since environmental issues often have many different aspects, several policy instruments may be needed to adequately address each one. Furthermore, instrument mixes may allow firms greater flexibility in finding ways to comply with government policy while reducing the uncertainty in the cost of doing so. However, instrument mixes must be carefully formulated so that the individual measures within them do not undermine each other or create a rigid and cost-ineffective compliance framework. Also, overlapping instruments lead to unnecessary administrative costs, making implementation of environmental policies more costly than necessary[8] In order to help governments realize their environmental policy goals, the OECD Environment Directorate studies and collects data on the efficiency of the environmental instruments governments use to achieve their goals as well as their consequences for other policies.[9] The site www.economicinstruments.com [1] [10] serves as a complementary database detailing countries' experience with the application of instruments for environmental policy. The current reliance on a market based framework is controversial, however, with many prominent environmentalists arguing that a more radical, overarching, approach is needed than a set of specific initiatives, to deal coherently with the scale of the climate change challenge. For an example of the problems, energy efficiency measures may actually increase energy consumption in the absence of a cap on fossil fuel use, as people might drive more efficient cars further and they might sell better. Thus, for example, Aubrey Meyer calls

for a 'framework based market' ofcontraction and convergence examples of which are ideas such as the recent Cap and Share and 'Sky Trust' proposals. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) are often prepared to assess and compare the impacts of various policy alternatives. Moreover, it is often assumed that if policymakers will make rational decisions based on the merits of the project. Eccleston and March report that even though policymakers often have access to reasonable accurate information political and economic factors often lead to long-term environmentally destructive decisions. Yet decisionmaking theory casts doubt on this premise. Irrational decisions are often reached based on unconsciousness biases, illogical assumptions and premises, and the desire to avoid ambiguity and uncertainty.[11] Eccleston identifies and describe 5 of the most critical environmental policy issues facing humanity: water scarcity, food scarcity, climate change, Peak Oil, and the Population Paradox.[12]

HEALTH POLICY Health policy can be defined as the "decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society."[1] According to the World Health Organization, an explicit health policy can achieve several things: it defines a vision for the future; it outlines priorities and the expected roles of different groups; and it builds consensus and informs people.[1] There are many categories of health policies, including personal health care policy, pharmaceutical policy, and policies related to public health such as vaccination policy, tobacco control policyor breastfeeding promotion policy. They may cover topics of financing and delivery of health care, access to care, quality of care, and health equity.[2] There are also many topics in the politics and evidence that can influence the decision of a government, private sector business or other group to adopt a specific policy. Evidence-based policyrelies on the use of science and rigorous studies such as randomized controlled trials to identify programs and practices capable of improving policy relevant outcomes. Most political debates surround personal health care policies, especially those that seek to reform health care delivery, and can typically be categorized as either philosophical or economic. Philosophical debates center around questions about individual rights, ethics and government authority, while economic topics include how to maximize the efficiency of health care delivery and minimize costs. The modern concept of health care involves access to medical professionals from various fields as well as medical technology, such as medications and surgical equipment. It also involves access to the latest information and evidence from research, including medical research and health services research. In many countries it is left to the individual to gain access to health care goods and services by paying for them directly as out-of-pocket expenses, and to private sector players in the medical andpharmaceutical industries to develop research. Planning and production of health human resources is distributed among labour market participants. Other countries have an explicit policy to ensure and support access for all of its citizens, to fund health research, and to plan for adequate numbers, distribution and quality of health workers to meet health care goals. Many governments around the world have established universal health care, which takes the burden of health care expenses off of private businesses or individuals through pooling of financial risk. There are a variety of

arguments for and against universal health care and related health policies. Health care is an important part of health systems and therefore it often accounts for one of the largest areas of spending for both governments and individuals all over the world.

Philosophy: right to health

Many countries and jurisdictions integrate a human rights philosophy in directing their health care policies. The World Health Organization reports that every country in the world is party to at least one human rights treaty that addresses health-related rights, including the right to health as well as other rights that relate to conditions necessary for good health.[3] The United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) asserts that medical care is a right of all people:[4]

UDHR Article 25: "Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, illness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control."

In some jurisdictions and among different faith-based organizations, health policies are influenced by the perceived obligation shaped by religious beliefs to care for those in less favorable circumstances, including the sick. Other jurisdictions and non-governmental organizations draw on the principles of humanism in defining their health policies, asserting the same perceived obligation and enshrined right to health.[5][6] In recent years, the worldwide human rights organization Amnesty International has focused on health as a human right, addressing inadequate access to HIV drugs and women's sexual and reproductive rights including wide disparities in maternal mortality within and across countries. Such increasing attention to health as a basic human right has been welcomed by the leading medical journal The Lancet.[7] There remains considerable controversy regarding policies on who would be paying the costs of medical care for all people and under what circumstances. For example, government spending on health care is sometimes used as a global indicator of a government's commitment to the health of its people.[8] On the other hand, one school of thought emerging

from the United States rejects the notion of health care financing through taxpayer funding as incompatible with the (considered no less important) right of the physician's professional judgment, and the related concerns that government involvement in overseeing the health of its citizens could erode the right to privacy between doctors and patients. The argument furthers that universal health insurance denies the right of individual patients to dispose of their own income as per their own will.[9][10] Another issue in the rights debate is governments' use of legislation to control competition among private medical insurance providers against national social insurance systems, such as the case in Canada's national health insurance program. Laissez-faire supporters argue that this erodes the cost-effectiveness of the health system, as even those who can afford to pay for private health care services drain resources from the public system.[11] The issue here is whether investor-owned medical insurance companies or health maintenance

organizations are in a better position to act in the best interests of their customers compared to government regulation and oversight. Another claim in the United States perceives government over-regulation of the health care and insurance industries as the effective end of charitable home visits from doctors among the poor and elderly.[12] Economics: health care financing[edit source] Many types of health policies exist focusing on the financing of health care services to spread the economic risks of ill health. These include publicly funded health care (through taxation or insurance, also known as single-payer systems), mandatory or voluntary private health insurance, and complete capitalization of personal health care services through private companies, among others.[13][14] The debate is ongoing on which type of health financing policy results in better or worse quality of health care services provided, and how to ensure allocated funds are used effectively, efficiently and equitably. There are many arguments on both sides of the issue of public versus private health financing policies: Claims that publicly funded health care improves the quality and efficiency of personal health care delivery:

Government spending on health is essential for the accessibility and sustainability of health care services and programmes.[8]

For those people who would otherwise go without care due to lack of financial means, any quality care is an improvement.

Since people perceive universal health care as free (if there is no insurance premium or co-payment), they are more likely to seek preventive care which may reduce the disease burden and overall health care costs in the long run.[citation needed]

Single-payer systems reduce wastefulness by removing the middle man, i.e. private insurance companies, thus reducing the amount of bureaucracy.[15] In particular, reducing the amount of paperwork that medical professionals have to deal with for insurance claims processing allows them to concentrate more on treating patients.[citation needed]

Claims that privately funded health care leads to greater quality and efficiences in personal health care:

Perceptions that publicly funded health care is free can lead to overuse of medical services, and hence raise overall costs compared to private health financing.[16][17]

Privately funded medicine leads to greater quality and efficiencies through increased access to and reduced waiting times for specialized health care services and technologies.[9][18][19]

Limiting the allocation of public funds for personal health care does not curtail the ability of uninsured citizens to pay for their health care as out-of-pocket expenses. Public funds can be better rationalized to provide emergency care services regardless of insured status or ability to pay, such as with the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act in the United States.[citation needed]

Privately funded and operated health care reduces the requirement for governments to increase taxes to cover health care costs, which may be compounded by the inefficiencies among government agencies due to their greater bureaucracy.[18][20]

OTHER HEALTH POLICY OPTIONS

Health policy options extend beyond the financing and delivery of personal health care, to domains such as medical research and health workforce planning, both domestically and internationally.

Medical research policy Medical research can be both the basis for defining evidence-based health policy, and the subject of health policy itself, particularly in terms of its sources of funding. Those in favor of government policies for publicly funded medical research posit that removing profit as a motive will increase the rate of medical innovation.[21] Those opposed argue that it will do the opposite, because removing the incentive of profit removes incentives to innovate and inhibits new technologies from being developed and utilized.[19][22] The existence of sound medical research does not necessarily lead to evidence-based policymaking. For example, in South Africa, whose population sets the record for HIV infections, previous government policy limiting funding and access for AIDS treatments met with strong controversy given its basis on a refusal to accept scientific evidence on the means of transmission.[23] A change of government eventually led to a change in policy, with new policies implemented for widespread access to HIV services.[24] Another issue relates to intellectual property, as illustrated by the case of Brazil, where debates have arisen over government policy authorizing the domestic manufacture of antiretroviral drugs used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS in violation of drug patents.

Health workforce policy Some countries and jurisdictions have an explicit policy or strategy to plan for adequate numbers, distribution and quality of health workers to meet health care goals, such as to addressphysician and nursing shortages. Elsewhere, health workforce planning is distributed among labour market participants as a laissez-faire approach to health policy. Evidence-based policies for health workforce development are typically based on findings from health services research.

Health in foreign policy Many governments and agencies include a health dimension in their foreign policy in order to achieve global health goals. Promoting health in lower income countries has been seen as instrumental to achieve other goals on the global agenda, including:[25]

Promoting global security linked to fears of global pandemics, the intentional spread of pathogens, and a potential increase in humanitarian conflicts, natural disasters, and emergencies;

Promoting economic development including addressing the economic effect of poor health on development, of pandemic outbreaks on the global market place, and also the gain from the growing global market in health goods and services; Promoting social justice reinforcing health as a social value and human right, including supporting the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals.

Global health policy Global health policy encompasses the global governance structures that create the policies underlying public health throughout the world. In addressing global health, global health policy "implies consideration of the health needs of the people of the whole planet above the concerns of particular nations."[26] Distinguished from both international health policy (agreements among sovereign states) and comparative health policy (analysis of health policy across states), global health policy institutions consist of the actors and norms that frame the global health response.[27]

INFORMATION POLICY

Information policy is the set of all public laws, regulations and policies that encourage, discourage, or regulate the creation, use, storage, access, and communication and dissemination ofinformation.[1] It thus encompasses any other decision-making practice with society-wide constitutive efforts that involve the flow of information and how it is processed.[2] There are several fundamental issues that comprise information policy. Most prominent are public policy issues concerned with the use of information for democratization and commercialization of social life. These issues include, inter alia, digital environment, such as intellectual property, economic regulations, freedom of expression, confidentiality or privacy of information, information security, access management, and regulating how the dissemination of public information occurs.

Information policy became a prominent field of study during the latter half of the 20th century as the shift from an industrial to an information society transpired.[2] It has since then evolved from being seen as relatively unimportant to having a much more overarching strategic significance since it establishes the conditions under which all other decision making, public discourse, and political activity occur.[2] The growing awareness in the importance of information policy has sparked an interest in various groups to further study and analyze its magnitude. The most common audience for information policy analysis includes undergraduate and graduate students, scholars, policymakers, policy analysts, as well as those members of the public who have taken an interest in understanding the effects of the laws and regulations involving information.[2]

Although information policy generally has a broader definition and encapsulates a multitude of components, its scope and impact can vary depending on the context. For example, in the context of an information lifecycle, information policy refers to the laws and policies that deal with the stages information goes through beginning with its creation, through its collection, organization, dissemination, and finally to its destruction.[3] On the other hand, in the context of public administration, information policy is the means by which government

employees, institutions, and information systems adapt themselves to an environment in rapid fluctuation and use information for decision-making (e.g., Andersen and Dawes, 1991; also see Bozeman and Bretschneider, 1986, and Stevens and McGowan, 1985). One can see how these two contexts offer varying scopes for the phrase information policy.

Information

policy

is

in

fact,

combination

of

several

varying

disciplines

including information science, economics, law, and public policy.[2] Thus, its scope may differ when each of these disciplines analyses or uses it. The information sciences may be more concerned with technical advances and how this impacts information policy, while from a law perspective, issues such as privacy rights and intellectual property may be of greatest focus.[4]

TYPES & IMPORTANCE

The types of information policy can be separated into two different categories. It can be discussed in the short-term focus exclusively on information science. It can also have a much broader context in relation to different subjects and be within a larger time period, for example dating back to Roman civilization, the Bill of Rights, or the Constitution.[2] The obvious reason for the need of information policy deals with the legal issues that can be associated with the advancement of technology. More precisely, the digization of the cultural content made the cost of the copy decreasing to nearly zero and increased the illegal exchange of files, online, via sharing web site or P2P technologies, or off line (copy of hard disks). As a result, there are many grey areas between what users can and cannot do, and this creates the need for some sort of regulation. Today, this has led to the creation of SOPA (Stop Online Piracy Act). Information policy will mark the boundaries needed to evaluate certain issues dealing with the creation, processing, exchange, access, and use of information.[2]

SECURITY VS FREEDOM OF INFORMATION A persistent debate concerning the government role in information policy is the separation of security and freedom of information. Legislation such as the Uniting and Strengthening

America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USAPATRIOT or USAPA) Act of 2001 is an example of security taking precedence over civil liberties. The USAPA affected several surveillance and privacy laws to include:[15]

Wire Tapping (Title III) which requires there be probable cause for real-time interception of voice and data communication.[15]

Electronic Communications Privacy Act(ECPA) regulates government access to email and other electronic communications.[15]

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) authorizes the government to carry out electronic surveillance against any person, including Americans.[15]

The USAPA was passed in October 2001, not long after 9/11 and without much contention from congress. Civil liberties advocates argue that the changes made to the standing surveillance laws were done in an abrupt manner and without consideration to basic rights as outlined in the US constitution, specifically fourth amendment rights which protects against unreasonable search and seizure.

SOCIAL POLICY
Social policy primarily refers to guidelines, principles, legislation and activities that affect the living conditions conducive to human welfare. The Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics defines social policy as "an interdisciplinary and applied subject concerned with the analysis of societies' responses to social need. It seeks to foster in its students a capacity to understand theory and evidence drawn from a wide range of social science disciplines, including economics, sociology, psychology, geography, history, law, philosophy and political science. Social Policy is focused on those aspects of the economy, society and policy that are necessary to human existence and the means by which they can be provided. These basic human needs include: water, food, and shelter, a sustainable and safe environment, the promotion of health and treatment of the sick, the care and support of those unable to live a fully independent life; and the education and training of individuals to a level that enables them fully to participate in their society".[1] The Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy at Harvard University describes social policy as "public policy and practice in the areas of health care, human services, criminal justice, inequality, education, and labor."[2] Social policy might also be described as actions that affect the well-being of members of a society through shaping the distribution of and access to goods and resources in that society.[3] Social policy often deals with wicked problems.[4]

Social policy aims to improve human welfare and to meet human needs for education, health, housing and social security. Important areas of social policy are the welfare state, social security,unemployment insurance, environmental policy, pensions, health care, social

housing, social care, child protection, social exclusion, education policy, crime and criminal justice. The term 'social policy' can also refer to policies which govern human behaviour. In the United States, the term 'social policy' may be used to refer to abortion and the regulation of its practice,euthanasia, homosexuality, the rules surrounding issues

of marriage, divorce, adoption, the legal status of recreational drugs, and the legal status of prostitution.

Social Policy is also an academic discipline focusing on the systematic evaluation of societies' responses to social need. It was developed in the early-to-mid part of the 20th century as a complement to social work studies. London School of

Economics professor Richard Titmuss is considered to have established Social Policy (or Social Administration) as an academic subject and many universities offer the subject for undergraduate and postgraduate study.

HUMAN RESOURCE POLICY

Human resource policies are systems of codified decisions, established by an organization, to support administrative personnel functions, performance management, employee relations andresource planning.[1] Each company has a different set of circumstances, and so develops an individual set of human resource policies. [1]

PURPOSES The establishment of policies can help an organization demonstrate, both internally and externally, that it meets requirements for diversity, ethics and training as well as its commitments in relation to regulation and corporate governance of its employees. For example, in order to dismiss an employee in accordance with employment law requirements, amongst other considerations, it will normally be necessary to meet provisions within employment contracts and collective bargaining agreements. The establishment of an HR Policy which sets out obligations, standards of behavior and document disciplinary procedures, is now the standard approach to meeting these obligations. HR policies can also be very effective at supporting and building the desired organizational culture. For example recruitment and retention policies might outline the way the organization values a flexible workforce, compensation policies might support this by offering a 48/52 pay option where employees can take an extra four weeks holidays per year and receive less pay across the year.

TOYOTA AUTOMOBILES
INTRODUCTION Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese multinational automaker headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In 2010, Toyota employed 325,905 people worldwide,[3] and was the third largest automobile manufacturing 2011 by production behind General Motors and Volkswagen Group.[4] Toyota is the eleventh-largest company in the world by revenue. In July 2012, the company reported it had manufactured its 200-millionth vehicle.[5] The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a spinoff from his father's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passenger car, theToyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation group companies are Toyota (including the Scion brand), Lexus, Daihatsu, and Hino Motors,[6] along with several "nonautomotive" companies.[7] TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world.

ENVIRONMENTAL RECORD Toyota has been a leader in environmentally friendly vehicle technologies, most notably the RAV4 EV (produced from 1997 to 2003) and the Toyota Prius (1997 to present). Toyota is now working on their next generation Prius and second generation RAV4 EV both due out in 2012. Toyota implemented its Fourth Environmental Action Plan in 2005. The plan contains four major themes involving the environment and the corporation's development, design, production, and sales. The five-year plan is directed at the, "arrival of a revitalized recyclingbased society."[138] Toyota had previously released its Eco-Vehicle Assessment System (EcoVAS) which is a systematic life cycle assessment of the effect a vehicle will have on the environment including production, usage, and disposal. The assessment includes, "... fuel efficiency, emissions and noise during vehicle use, the disposal recovery rate, the reduction of substances of environmental concern, and CO2 emissions throughout the life cycle of the vehicle from production to disposal."[139] 2008 marks the ninth year for Toyota's Environmental Activities Grant Program which has been implemented every year since 2000.

Themes of the 2008 program consist of "Global Warming Countermeasures" and "Biodiversity Conservation."[140] Since October 2006, Toyota's new Japanese-market vehicle models with automatic transmissions are equipped with an Eco Drive Indicator. The system takes into consideration rate of acceleration, engine and transmission efficiency, and speed. When the vehicle is operated in a fuel-efficient manner, the Eco Drive Indicator on the instrument panel, lights up. Individual results vary depending on traffic issues, starting and stopping the vehicle, and total distance traveled, but the Eco Drive Indicator may improve fuel efficiency by as much as 4%.[141] Along with Toyota's eco-friendly objectives on production and use, the company plans to donate US$1 million and five vehicles to the Everglades National Park. The money will be used to fund environmental programs at the park. This donation is part of a program which provides US$5 million and 23 vehicles for five national parks and the National Parks Foundation.[142] However new figures from the United States National Research

Council show that the continuing hidden health costs of the auto industry to the US economy in 2005 amounted to US$56 million.[143] The United States EPA has awarded Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc (TEMA) with an ENERGY STAR Sustained Excellence Award in 2007, 2008 and 2009[144][145][146] In 2007, Toyota's Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) fleet average of 26.69 mpgUS

(8.813 L/100 km; 32.05 mpg-imp) exceeded all other major manufactures selling cars within

the United States. Only Lotus Cars, which sold the Elise and Exige (powered by Toyota's 2ZZ-GE engine), did better with an average of 30.2 mpg-US

BUSINESS POLICIES OF TOYOTA

March, 2006 Guiding Policies at Toyota

1. Honor the language and spirit of the law of every nation and undertake open and fair corporate activities to be a good corporate citizen of the world.

2. Respect the culture and customs of every nation and contribute to economic and social development through corporate activities in the communities.

3. Dedicate ourselves to providing clean and safe products and to enhancing the quality of life everywhere through all our activities.

4. Create and develop advanced technologies and provide outstanding products and services that fulfill the needs of customers worldwide.

5. Foster a corporate culture that enhances individual creativity and teamwork value, while honoring mutual trust and respect between labor and management.

6. Pursue growth in harmony with the global community through innovative management.

7. Work with business partners in research and creation to achieve stable, long-term growth and mutual benefits, while keeping ourselves open to new partnerships.

CHAPTER TOYOTA AND US Through our communication and dialogue with the company, we (people working for TOYOTA) strive to build and share fundamental value of Mutual Trust and Mutual Responsibility. TOYOTA (TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION and its subsidiaries) endeavors to improve its business achievements so that TOYOTA can continue to provide employment and fair and stable working conditions for each of us. Simultaneously, TOYOTA promotes a work environment in which each of us can work in harmonious and dynamic manner. In return, each of us implement the Toyota Code of Conduct and endeavor to fulfill our duties with integrity. By fully utilizing our ability and capabilities and cooperating with others working for TOYOTA, we continue to improve the business performance of TOYOTA.

CHAPTER OUR ACTIVITIES IN THE COMPANY Based on a philosophy of Customer First, TOYOTA strives to provide attractive products and services that meet the needs of customers worldwide. TOYOTA also seeks to achieve the top-level world standard in environmental protection and safety measures. In these regard, TOYOTA is unfolding daring plans both domestically and abroad concerning

environment and safety, and in relation to research, development, procurement, production, distribution, sales and services. When carrying out our work, each of us should all be aware that our work is linked to all of the business activities of the company. In this regard, TOYOTA does not tolerate illegal or criminal acts or acts in violation of the company policy and rules, regardless of whether such acts were motivated in the interests of the company or in the interests of the customer. We should comply with the law and should always act with awareness and responsibility. We should rise to the challenge of solving the many issues that arise, as customer needs diversify and as progress is made in TOYOTAs globalization, such as mastering of the worlds most advanced technologies, establishing the worlds most suitable procurement and supply networks, meeting environmental and safety standards, and improving customer satisfaction.

1) Compliance with Laws and Regulations > Legal Policies

TOYOTA will comply with applicable laws , internal company policies and rules, abide by sound social norms, and take appropriate action against any illegal or criminal acts or acts in violation of the companys policies and rules. TOYOTA will not make any exceptions to this commitment, regardless of whether an unlawful act is motivated in the interests of the company or in the interests of the customer, or carried out under the instructions of ones superior.

We should implement the Toyota Code of Conduct and make a commitment to comply with applicable laws, as well as internal company policies and rules, and to abide by sound social norms in all aspects of our work.

2) Use and Management of Assets and Confidential Matters > Information Policy

TOYOTA possesses a wide variety of tangible and intangible assets that are indispensable and invaluable to its successful business operations. In order for TOYOTA to use such assets effectively and at any time during the course of its business activities, TOYOTA manages such assets with a firm hand in order to prevent such assets from being lost, stolen or used illegally or wrongfully. TOYOTA endeavors to manage and protect confidential information (e.g., its trade secrets) and to use such information in an appropriate manner. At the same time, TOYOTA does not tolerate the illegal use of another partys assets or intellectual property or the unauthorized use of another partys confidential information. We must manage and protect TOYOTAs assets, intellectual property, company secrets (such as trade secrets etc.) and personal information, as well as respect the assets, intellectual property and confidential information of others.

3) Insider Trading > Privacy Policy For an automotive manufacturing company such as TOYOTA, the pursuit of safer vehicles is always one of its main challenges and mission. TOYOTA endeavors as a group, in cooperation with our suppliers and dealers, to engage in research and development, design, production, quality control and after-sales services in order to deliver its customers Toyota and/or Lexus vehicles that display sophisticated safety levels under various conditions and that provide a comfortable experience for drivers. TOYOTA will also be actively involved with People Education (i.e., Driver Education) and with improving the Traffic Environment. We should endeavor to think from the standpoint of our customers and pursue ways to make vehicles safer and offer our customers safety and trust.

4) Activities Promoting Safety > Safety Policies

For an automotive manufacturing company such as TOYOTA, the pursuit of safer vehicles is always one of its main challenges and mission. TOYOTA endeavors as a group, in cooperation with our suppliers and dealers, to engage in research and development, design, production, quality control and after-sales services in order to deliver its customers Toyota and/or Lexus vehicles that display sophisticated safety levels under various conditions and that provide a comfortable experience for drivers. TOYOTA will also be actively involved with People Education (i.e., Driver Education) and with improving the Traffic Environment. We should endeavor to think from the standpoint of our customers and pursue ways to make vehicles safer and offer our customers safety and trust.

5) Environmental Preservation Activities > Environmental Policy TOYOTA has a deep understanding of the necessity of environmental conservation on a global scale. Therefore, TOYOTA has decided to dedicate ourselves to providing clean and safe products and to enhancing the quality of life everywhere through all our activities. Furthermore, TOYOTA has developed a proactive policy and plans to assure continual improvements in environmental performance in the Toyota Earth Charter and Toyota Environmental Action Plan. TOYOTA regards environmental issues as one of the companys major challenges and takes environmental impact into consideration at all life-cycle stages of its vehicles, including development, production, usage and disposal. TOYOTA promotes compliance with international environmental standards, implementation of enhanced environmental assessments, and realizing the principle of building people and environmentally friendly vehicles in cooperation with its suppliers, dealers, etc. We must endeavor to attain the highest level of environmental stewardship in each country and area.

6) Research and Development Activities > R&DPolicy In order to provide innovative, safe and outstanding high-quality products and services that meet the needs of customers through research and innovation, TOYOTA has established research and development centers around the world. These centers are well-staffed with leading innovators and actively cooperate with other TOYOTA group companies, as well as universities and research institutes, in order to strongly promote research and development of advanced technologies in various fields. TOYOTA does not tolerate research and development that violates any applicable laws or breaches of its agreements with its research and development partners. TOYOTA also does not tolerate the illegal or unauthorized use of another partys intellectual property. Our goal is to develop vehicles from the customers perspective and to promote research and development. We respect the views of our research and development partners and seek to cultivate and maintain mutual trust. In addition, we use our best efforts to build a relationship of mutual trust by satisfying our obligations to our partners. We shall be mindful of respecting the intellectual property rights of others when conducting research and development and when realizing production.

CHAPTER SOCIETY AND US

Through its business, TOYOTA creates close relationships with society and its stakeholders (customers, shareholders, local communities, etc.). Based on the basic understanding that as a member of society, the company engages in business that contributes to society, TOYOTA operates its business in an open and fair manner. Through active public relations activities, investor relations and philanthropy, TOYOTA aims to be a good corporate citizen that is trusted by the international community. TOYOTAs business is expanding rapidly worldwide. TOYOTA feels that the support and trust of stakeholders in TOYOTA has helped the company realize such expansion, and TOYOTA should not forget gratitude towards its stakeholders. Thus, TOYOTA will respond strictly with respect to illegal or criminal acts and acts that are not socially acceptable, regardless of whether jobrelated or whether in private situation. TOYOTA also strongly desires that the people working for TOYOTA, a company engaged in automotive business, are aware of traffic safety and lead safe and pleasant lives. We support TOYOTAs aim to become a good corporate citizen that is trusted by the international community. We strive to communicate openly and fairly with stakeholders, to gain more Toyota fans, as well as to engage in activities that contribute to societys sustainable development. We must also act, at all times, including when carrying out our works, in a manner that does not provoke unnecessary misunderstanding or misapprehensions, and to act with humility, honesty, and integrity. Regardless of whether at work or in a private situtation, we should pay careful attention to traffic safety, obtain basic legal knowledge, and be aware of common social protocol. We need to do this so that we can be sensitive to illegal or criminal acts or acts that are against societys common morals, and take swift and forceful actions against such acts.

7) Corporate Communication Activities > Corporate Policy In order to become an open company and win the trust of society, TOYOTA strives to communicate accurate and timely information to its stakeholders through active public

relations and public dialogue, so as to enhance its corporate image and transparency. TOYOTA listens to and respects its stakeholders criticisms and suggestions, and incorporates these as appropriate into its business. We endeavor to build positive relationships with stakeholders through open and fair communication.

8) Philanthropy and Community Relations > Social Policy Towards attaining an enriched society and sustainable development, TOYOTA, in cooperation with society, strives to effectively use its resources and to engage in activities contributing to society. Such activities are aimed at alleviating societal problems or issues and include initiatives with respect to the nurturing of personnel, the environment, and traffic safety. As a global company, TOYOTA contributes to creating a sustainable society from the broad perspective of the future of the earth and humanity. As a good corporate citizen, TOYOTA also focuses on local communities and focuses on social issues that each local community faces and endeavors to resolve such social issues. As members of the local community, we will take an interest in and gain awareness of local social issues. Based on such awareness, we will actively take part in philanthropic initiatives such as volunteer activities.

9) Disaster Prevention and Crime Prevention Activities > Health & Safety Policy TOYOTA, in cooperation with the local community, engages in disaster prevention activities and contributes to the recovery of local communities in the event of an actual disaster. TOYOTA actively engages in crime prevention activities and the promotion of a safe society. Each one of us will maintain high moral standards and actively participate in the creation of a safe society. 10) Political and Religious Activities > Political & Socio-cultural Policy

In the absence of any circumstances of concern (e.g., such as the possibility that the activity will hinder the conduct of business), TOYOTA respects participation in politics by people working for TOYOTA and does not, in any way, interfere with individuals religious activities. However, these are private activities and, in principle, they cannot be conducted on company premises or in company time. We respect the rights of other people working for TOYOTA to participate in political and religious activities in a moderate manner.

11) Government Relations > Policy Towards Government TOYOTA strives to build transparent and fair relationships with political parties or administrative bodies (government agencies and public officials) and takes appropriate actions to comply with applicable laws and regulations. We maintain healthy and transparent relationships with political and administrative bodies and public officials.

12) Shareholder Relations > Policy Towards Shareholders In order to respond to the expectations of shareholders and investors worldwide, TOYOTA strives to operate its business globally and to enhance corporate value, while achieving stable and longterm growth. TOYOTA considers relationships with investors to be important, and through timely and fair investor relationship activities, endeavors to promote understanding of its corporate management and business activities. As for corporate governance, TOYOTA strives to enhance the transparency of its management and actively incorporates management checks conducted by independent parties. We endeavor to contribute, through our work, to TOYOTAs efforts to meet the expectations of its shareholders and investors worldwide.

COLCLUSION
To be explained in vivas.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy http://smallbusiness.chron.com/examples-personnel-policies-3012.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#Types http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_Governance http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_studies http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_evaluation http://classof1.com/homework_answers/corporate_strategy/business_policy/ http://classof1.com/homework_answers/corporate_strategy/business_policy http://www.toyota-global.com/company/vision_philosophy/ http://www.toyota-global.com/company/vision_philosophy/pdf/code_of_conduct.pdf http://www.toyota-global.com/company/vision_philosophy/guiding_principles.html http://www.toyotaglobal.com/company/vision_philosophy/toyota_production_system/ http://www.toyotaglobal.com/company/vision_philosophy/globalizing_and_localizing_manufacturing/ http://www.toyotaglobal.com/company/vision_philosophy/toyota_global_vision_2020.html http://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/csr_initiatives/csr_concepts/policy.html http://www.toyota-industries.com/corporateinfo/philosophy/ http://www.toyota.com.au/toyota/company/policies http://www.toyota.com.au/toyota/company/vision-and-philosophy