Non-Coherent UW Receiver for Multi-Level

Spectrally-Encoded Spread-Time CDMA

Systems
Hamid Hosseinianfar, IEEE Student Member, and Saeed Mashhadi, IEEE member
bMr0O~ Nowadays, ultra-wideband (UB) communication
systems are in focus because of their attractive features such as
high capacity, low power consumption and robustness against
fading. On the other hand, spectrally-encoded spread-time
(SE/ST) systems with superior ability on interference suppression
provide proper multiuser efciency over UB channels.
Coherent SE/ST code division multiple access (CDMA) systems
are widely addressed in the literature requiring accurate channel
estimation and high implementation complexity. In this paper we
propose multi-level SE/ST CDMA system with non-coherent
detection and simple receiver structure. Our results demonstrate
the efect of signal to noise ratio (SNR), code length and total
number of users on the performance. We fnd some optimum
values for code length minimizing the probability of error.
Simulation results support the precision of our analytical
derivations.
Ndm 0rm~Non-Coherent Detection, SE/ST CDMA, Multi
Level Codes, UB.
I. INTRODUCTION
T
HE ever increasing demand for numerous wireless
communication services alongside the restricted
availability and highly valued radio spectrum have been a
major motivation behind intense research in spectrally
efcient modulation techniques. Among many signal schemes
in wireless communications, CDMA signals may require the
most rigorous of all the requirements. Among several CDMA
techniques, SE/ST technique is among the most robust and
most spectrally efcient techniques [1-4]. In SE/ST CDMA
the signature sequence associated to each user is directly
applied in the fequency domain as opposed to the time
domain in direct sequence CDMA systems.
Currently, there has been a developing attention in progress of
novel technologies aimed at allowing new services to use
spectrum already allocated to conventional services, but
without causing noticeable interferences. UWB systems using
bandwidths in excess of 500 MHz with very low power
spectral density (PSD), are attracting much interest as a means
of getting additional spectral efciency by overlaying
narrowband signals [6-7]. If the emissions fom UWB
transmitters are controlled to avoid signifcant interference to
licensed services, it becomes possible to allow UWB systems
to operate on an unlicensed basis.
This work was supported in part by Iran Telecommunicaion Research
Center (ITRC).
On the other hand, the ability in perfect match with the
channel spectrum is one of the attractive features highlighted
for SE/ST technique. The essential fexibility in spectral
management in SE/ST is a resourcefl solution in alleviating
interferences which can rigorously deteriorate the performance
ofUWB systems [3-4].The notion of spectral coding ofUWB
pulses was frst proposed in the context of optical CDMA
systems and then was extended to the wireless systems [1-2],
[5-6].In [2] the performance of the multiple access system in
an A WGN channel is evaluated. In [8] a fading channel is
assumed, but only the average signal to interference plus noise
ratio is evaluated. The direct application of SE/ST technique
to the transmission channels with disjoint fequency band
allocation had been highlighted in [2-3]. This feature may
prove to be extremely vital features in UWB systems
especially when it encounters multiple interferences and
disjoint spectrum mask.
Most of the papers mentioned above have focused on coherent
transmission schemes, which rely on the availability of
accurate channel knowledge at the receiver side. In contrast to
this, non-coherent trasmission schemes eliminate the need
for channel estimation at the receiver and are thus attractive
for low-SNR and high-mobility scenarios as well as for low
cost implementations. Inspired by low-complexity
implementation, communication schemes that ae suitable for
non-coherent reception are considered in the IEEE 802.15.4a
standard [9]. There are some popular non-coherent UWB
receiver structures for which the performance was investigated
in the [10-13] literature.
In this paper we will design and investigate the performance
of an SE/ST UWB non-coherent system in the presence of
multiple users. We will introduce the usage of multi-level
SE/ST codes and evaluate the performance under parametric
conditions. It ts out that the exact evaluation of probability
of error cannot be performed analytically and instead we
obtain simple accurate approximations for the performance
and justif them numerically through simulations. The
superior feature in our proposed technique is that the
performance is evaluated under total asynchronous assumption
as well as a simple receiver implementation.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In section II we
briefy describe multi-level SE/ST CDMA and UWB channel
model. In section III the performance of our scheme over
UWB channels will be examined, and in section IV
978-1-4673-0762-8/12/$31.00 2012 lLLL 1069
l1M Bitl.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Y
Fig. l.Spectrum of multi-level SE/ST CDMA signature codes.
simulations accompanied with numerical results will be
presented. Section V concludes the paper.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
.Multiuser signal design
In an SE/ST CDMA system with multi-level codes,
transmitted signal of user can be represented as (see Fig. 1):
s

(:)= }
-
fe s.-c(fe
(
t -r,))
}-
C?
)
,
-c,/l
1*
,
,

--.,

(1)
in which W, L, fe = W /2L and r,are total bandwidth,
code length, chip bandwidth and bit duration,
respectively.b
)
c (O, l} are independent and identically
distributed (ij.d) data sequences in : time slot of :
user.C?
)
c (/,/

,represent pseudorandom code of user

in : fequency chip. It takes values of /

with
probability p and /

with probability (1 - p)
. We assume
C?
)
for all values of and to be mutually independent. The
sign could be used in time domain signal shaping [3]. The
resulting pulse is of infnite duration, however with fe =
/r, most of its energy is confned in the time interval
(-r,,r,).It was shown that under this assumption, samples
of output matched flter will not contain intersymbol
interference (lSI) [3-4].
. LU channel model
We consider the fequency selective Rayleigh fading model
for the UWB channel [3-6]. In this model the channel
fequency response for user can be supposed as:

)=

-
g

)n
(
-

c
)
/
c
.
h
'
h
n(
)-
[
1
. 0 <
X
<
1
d

g''

w
' ^ -
0, ;:
,
-
an g
l -

(2)
corresponds to the complex channel gain in the :fequency
chip.

.are ij.d Rayleigh variables with [

]
= 2a
and e?
)
s are i.i.d uniformly distributed random phases. The
received signal fom :user in time domain characterizes as:
s

(:)= }
-
u
,
s.-c(u_(:-r,))

g?'

,
-c,/l1*
,
,
--.,

/ /
(3)
We assume asynchronous users transmit signals and create
total received signal as
-(:)= s
(:) }1
s(:-T

) -(:) (4)
in which r is the number of users. T
k
denotes the :
random delay and is uniformly distributed over [0 , r,). -(:)
indicates the white Gaussian noise with power spectral density
level No.
C Single user detector
In developing receiver we assume the channel random
gains, i.e., gi
k)
s, are unknown for all values of land .Under
the multiuser conditions, the optimal single user receiver, i.e.,
maximum likelihood (ML) will be complex. The conventional
approach is to approximate the multiuser interference (MUI)
in (4) as the Gaussian process (:)= }_

s(:- T

)
-(:).Therefore, the problem will be simplifed to the design
of a single user detector in A WGN channel in which (:)is
modeled as a zero mean Gaussian process with variance a;. In
appendix A we will demonstrate that:
a; = :

(r- l)nea(pcpf -/
;
/
;
No
W
(5)
in which :

represents the vaiance dependency parameter

and m denotes the assumed depth of interference fom
asynchronous users. Now, two decision variables could be
evaluated as (see appendix B):
e(
1
)
2

Uo
= }
-
2

(
1
)
2
2
l u
o
, d
(6.a)
.
c
,
.
g
-
"c'e1
l (t)
feSinc fe(t)
.
! -(zo(zi-o.s)n_t-_
Fig. 2.Receiver structure
1070
c

- }
-

l
-.

.
c

-.
(6.b)
in which ,
and a

are outputs of the :fequency chip

correlators, defmed as:
-j

-(:)us.-c(u :)
,
-

-:

,
):
-

O
c c
-j

-(:)us.-c(u :)
,
-

-
-
:

,
):

O
c c
(7.a)
(7.b)
The receiver combines the signal energy for bit 0 and bit 1
and uses their diference for decision:
,
-,
c-c,- c

,
-
0 (8)
The single user receiver structure is shown in Fig. 2.
III. PERORNCE EVALUATION
In the frst step we fmd the probability density fnction
(pdf of decision variable c. Since the exact analysis is
extremely complicated, we employ the Gaussian
approximation. We assume that the desired data is the :bit
of frst user and assume that desired user sends 0 in this
interval. So, we have:
-(:)
-}

} }

,
-

(-

-
.-
,
.
)
-
-
-

,
_,
-
-.,

-(:) (9)
The outputs of the :correlators i.e., ,
and

,will be
simplifed as:

,-

u_ |-
-,
(10.a)

-|

(to.b)
in which -,
and nl,
l
are two mutually independent zero
mean complex Gaussian variables, with variance o
-
v
,
u_.
Also, |
-
,|

are the :interference component on 0 and 1

sub-chip corresponds to the frst user, i.e.,
,
-

,
-

,
-..

-:

-.,

-- -

---
,
_-,
_
u_s.-c(u_(r,
t

)) (1l.a)
,
-

,
-

,
-..

-
-
:

-.,

-
-

-
,
-

_
u_s.-c(u_(r,
t
)) (1l.b)
Based on the central limit theorem and for sufciently large
r,|
-
and |

may be assumed as Gaussian variables with the

following properties:
r|,(-r|

]-
0 (12.a)
r|, |,,]- r|

`]-0, Y 7
(12.b)
r|, |,
]-r
,

-0, Y 7
(12.c)
Therefore for 7
,|
-
and |
-
(as well as |

and |

)are
mutually independent complex Gaussian variables with
independent real and imaginary parts, and we have(see
appendix C):
o
/-r[l

,
|,(-r[|

|,(- r[
,
|

]
]
-
r[|

]
]
-
(r- )u

-(
r
(
/(
-/
;
/
;
(13)
Now,

(I

c-}-

u_ |
-
-,
-

|
-

)
(14)

in which ,

-
c

Since cis constructed as the

-,

,
_
-
summation of zt independent terms, we can reasonably
employ the central limit theorem (for ztlarge enough) and
assume the Gaussian distribution for the probability density
fnction. Consequently, calculation of mean and variance of c
is enough in order to obtain the error probability. In this way,
we frst derive the characteristic fnction of the :term of
summation in (14), namely
.However, fom appendix D the
conditional mean and variance are evaluated as:
IV. NUMERICAL A SIMULATION RESULTS
(I5.a)
(15.b)
(16.a)
(16.b)
(17)
In this section, we provide some results on the performance
of asynchronous SE/ST CDMA system. We consider --,
/

-0 (see Fig. 1) and ;

-pC

-/

)
- az. We use
equation (17) to evaluate analytical bit error rate (BER) ad
defne sv-
zo,)v
,-ztu_-;/v,
. Direct BER
values ae also obtained through Monte Carlo simulations. The
comparison of analytical ad simulation results at diferent
values of rand tare depicted in Fig. 3 (next page). Fine
agreement between analytical approximations and simulation
results verifes the soundness of our analytical derivations.
Fig. 4 (next page) shows BER versus code length with
r-
3, 30 and three diferent value of sv.It can be seen that,
there are some optimum values of tdepends on the SNR and
the number of users. For larger values of r and sv the
optimum value of twill be increased, and for fxed svand
rincreasing tbeyond the optimum value results in the poor
performance. This behavior (which is common of non
coherent systems) occurs due to decreasing /,ad dominance
of noise efects at the output of correlators.
Fig. 5 (next page) illustrates the BER versus number of
users with t
-
50, 500, 5000 and sv-s. za.It is obvious
that BER is a monotonically decreasing fnction of r.
Furthermore, increasing tbeyond some optimum points will
not results in the better perforance.
V.CONCLUSION
Novel multi-level SE/ST CDMA scheme with non-coherent
detection was proposed for \ applications. We have
investigated the performance of multi-level SE/ST CDMA
system with non-coherent detection over Rayleigh fading
channels. Fine agreement between analytical and simulation
results was observed. The results show that there is an
optimum code length for a set number of users and SNR. This
107 1
-Ayr
Siuaton
10
"
_

SN{M)
Fig. 3 Analytical and simulation results of BER vs. SNR
10
'
10
'"
SNR=20dB
=)
SNR-20dB
K=30
10 .
500 1000
L0dftengta )
Fig. 4 BER vs. code length
2 4 0 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
?0m0ft 0 05fS
Fig. 5 BER vs. number of users
optimum value will be increased based on increasing number
of users and SNR. Also we have examined monotonic
increasing of BER versus r.
ApPENDIX A: VARIACE CALCULATION
Ifv(t) = }

(:- :

)+ -(:),then:

}
--
-r }

s,,(:)s
,,
(:) +NoW
However (see (A.2) on the top of next page),
r
{

'}
=
{
2(, 1 = l',k
= k'
I
I
T(/2,
;:
,
-. ,
r
,

j
=
'
, {
j.(8(k
)
_8(k')} {
1 1 = l' k = k'
0,
;:
,
-. ,
r
{

'}
=
{p(Pf - Pi) + Pi, 1 = l', k = k'
I
I
0,
;:
,
-. ,
(AI)
(A.3)
(AA)
(A.5)
Now (A2) is simplifed to (A6) on the top of next page.
The expectation in (A6) may be evaluated as in (A7).
However, summations in (A.6) may be more simplifed as
(A8). In Consequence (AI) leads to (5). It can be numerically
verifed that

0.875, in which m defmed as in (A8).

-P
ApPENDIX B: DECISION VARIABLES
The ML criteria is evaluated in (B.1) on the top of next
page, in which (
I
is the constant phase of inner term. e?) and
e?) (as well as

and

) are mutually independent.

Therefore:
(1)
2
I
f
+
0
() . ( ) -j27(21-l.S+ 0l)M
C
f
I
2
,

-
0
7 tT
C
Smc T
C
t dt
U
= }
-
2
0
2
+ T
C
c(l
)
0
2
u j o
(B.2)
By assigning -

= and -

= 1 in (B.2),
Uo and c

will
be obtained, respectively.
ApPENDIX C: ESTABLISHING EQUATION (13)
From (C.l) and (C.2) on the top of next page:
r{l
Io.ln
=

(r- l)f
((p(Pf - pi) + pi)
(C.3)
in which (simila to appendix A), it can be numerically
verifed that ,

-0.75
.
We can fmd r{
I
Iun
in a
similar manner.
ApPENDIX D: CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTION
From (14), we defme U
I
as:
U
I
=
(1)
2
j (

+ z

f Re{
I"
]+
2
(1)
2
2
I I I I
-
u*T
C

j o
I
I
'

-
I
I
'

)
-
(D.I)
in which I
' -
= |
-
+ -
I
, |

= |

+
n
u
, I
-
=
,
8
ft
)
I
' -
.The characteristic fnction of U
I
conditioned on

will be obtained as in (D.2) on the top of next page, in

which (
I
= (l + O.5No
f
c.
Now, the conditioned mean and
variance may be obtained fom
Ic
(
l
) = r
{,
.

}
j
j
05
j.-
d
0
2
r
{
..

}
an (
I
()
=

,
I
-
Ic
(
l
).
j
j
05

-- j
j
1072
r{

'

(:)s

`(:)
]
= , -
r[

]
r
{
,

(
-

--

)}
r[

]
.

~
_ _ .

~
-

-
,
--.--

[
^ }
--
ru

s.-cu
,
(:-r,-.

)s.-cu
,
(:-

r,-.

)
,

-
---
,-.
--.,--

,
.

J ,

(A.2)
r[}

~
s

(:)s
,

`(:)
]
=
tu
c(r-)(;(r;-,) ,)}
--
z
,

---
r js.-cu
,
(:-r,-.

)s.-cu
,
(:-

)
-c
,
--.,--

--c
,
',--.,--

,
[ ,-.

, ,
{

,
.

-
-,
,
--.,--

[ rs.-cu
,(:-r,- .

)s.-cu
,(:-

r,- .

)
,-c --,--

,
J

=
{
j

s.-c

(.)).,
=

s.-c(.) s.-c(. -

):as

(-.)). . 7

(A.6)
(A.7)
,

=
j

s.-c

(.)).- zj_

s.-c (.) s.-c (. ):as

()). ::: z(-)j_

s.-c (.)s.-c(. -):as

(-.)).
- _

s.-c(.)s.-c(. z-):as

(-.)). (A.8)
;t ;(-(:)
l

..

.-

)C
0
---
r
{

,,
;
[
.
j

_-(:)
_
us.-c(u :)
-

,
-

,
-,

,,
_

):
] }
=
,
c

.@ , ,
- -
0

0
---
rj
,,
;[2
-
. _j

-(:)us.-c(u :)

,
--,

,c

):c

)]
_,,
;[.
-
. u

][C
b') -

-
.@
, ,

---
n
-
.

-
`

_j

-(:)us.-c(u :)

,
--,

,c

):
,,
;
(
_
c-
`

) -,

,
-
alq
)

-
U
-

.@ , ,

(B.I)
r[l|,
=
(r-)u
c(;(/;-/,) /,)}
--
zr[( - -

)(- -_/)
]
r
s.-cu
,
(r, .)s.-cu
,
(

r,
.)
,
-,

-
---

.,
]
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