Chapter#30:TheWartoEndWarBigPictureThemes 1. President Wilson outlined the wars objectives with his Fourteen Points.

. Theyset the goals of freeseas, selfdeterminationafterthewar,andestablishingabodytopreventfuturewars. 2.Amilitarydraftwasinstituted,thefirstsincetheCivilWar. 3. Women went to work more than theyd ever done andblack soldiers were draftedintothemilitaryinto segregatedunits. 4.TheAmericansfocusedtheirmilitaryeffortinprotectingParisfromtheGermans. 5. At the Treaty ofVersailles,Wilsonagreed to allowEngland and Franceto punishGermany for the war. Inreturn,theyagreedtostartWilsonsLeagueofNations. 6. However, the US Senate rejected the Treaty/League. They didnt wish to turn over Americas decisionmakingtoaforeignbodyliketheLeagueofNations. Chapter#30Identifications GeorgeCreel HewasajournalistwhoheadedtheCommitteeonPublicInfoduringtheFirstWorldWar.Heused propagandatogetpeopletosupportthewar,includingpamphlets,songsandfilms.However,Creel oversoldWilsonsidealsandmadethewarappealing,andtheresultsweredisastrous. BernardBaruch HewastheheadoftheWarIndustriesBoardhowever,throughfeeblepowerstheboarddisbandedwith indaysafteranarmistice. HenryCabotLodge HewastheRepublicanChairmanoftheSenateCommitteeonForeignRelationshoweverWilson excludedLodgefromthepeacetalks,sohetriedtodefeatthetreatyofVersaillesbyreadinga26 documentaloudinCongress,goingagainsttheWilsonianpoints. JamesM.Cox HewasaDemocraticCandidateduringthe1920electionandtheformerGovernorofOhio.Heardently supportedtheLeagueofNations. SelfDetermination Itwastheabilityofagovernmentofanynationtodeterminetheirowncourseoftheirownfreewill, proposedbyWilsoninfavorofboththeimperializednationsandthecolonizers. Collectivesecurity Asysteminwhichagroupofnationsactsasonetopreservethepeaceofall.Wilsonalsoproposedthis sothatitcouldprotectallcountries. Normalcy Itwasanattempttoreturntoanormal,ordinarylifeafterthefirstWorldWar. ZimmermanNote ThiswasoneofthecausesofAmericasenteringtheWorldWar.ItwasaninterceptednotethatArthur Zimmermanwrote,secretlyproposedaGermanMexicanalliancesothatAmericawouldnotenterthe war.ItpromisedMexicothatitwouldregainTexas,NewMexico,andArizona. FourteenPoints TheseareWilsonsrevolutionaryideasin1918,whichhehopedtousetopromotelastingpeace.Itcalled forselfdetermination,freedomoftheseas,freetrade,endtosecretagreement,reductionofarms,and

thefoundingoftheLeagueofNations.Afterthoroughanalysis,onlyfewofthepromisesmadewere actuallyfulfilled. LeagueofNations Itwasaninternationalorganization,foundedbyWilson,formedin1920topromotecooperationand peaceamongallnations. CommitteeonPublicInformation ThiswasthecommitteeledbyGeorgeCreelandwasmadetosellthewartoAmericans.Itsentout thousandsofmentohandoutpamphlets,postedposters,andpublishedsongsandfilmsinsupportof thewar. EspionageandSeditionActs TheEspionageActof1917wasalawthatprohibitedinterferencewiththedraftandotheractsofnational disloyalty.WiththeSeditionActof1918,ittookawayAmericanscivilliberties.Itmadesureit preventedanyoppositiontothewar.ThisreflectedthecurrentfearsaboutGermansandantiwar Americans. IndustrialWorkersoftheWorld TheywerealsoknownastheIWW,whosememberswerecommonlypersecutedbytheEspionageand SeditionActs.Theywerememberswhocamefromshabbyworkingconditionsandrevoltedforbetter workingconditions.However,insteadtheywerebeatenorarrested. WarIndustriesBoard ItwasaUSgovernmentagencyestablishedtocoordinatethepurchaseofwarsupplieshoweveritnever hadmuchpowerandendedupbeingdisbanded.Italsosetproductionprioritiesandestablishedcentral controloverrawmaterialsandtheirprices. NineteenthAmendment itprohibitedthestatesandthefederalgovernmentfromdenyinganycitizentherighttovotebasedonthe citizensgender.Thisinshortgavetherighttovotetowomenduringthewar. FoodAdministration ItwasanadministrationledbyHerbertHooverthatencouragedAmericanstoeatlessmeatandbreadso thatthegovernmentcaneasilyrationfoodforthesoldiersfightinginthewar.Theadministrationheld campaignssuchasMeatlessTuesdaysandWheatlessWednesdaystomotivatefamiliestoconsume lessstapleproducts. Irreconcilables Theyweresenatorswhosupportedisolationism,particularlyBorachandHiramJoohnson,whoopposed anysortofleague,suchastheLeagueofNations,andbelievedthatUSshouldnotbewastingtime gettingtangledinthemattersofforeigncountries. TreatyofVersailles ItwasoneofthepeacetreatiesattheendofWorldWarI.ItendedthestateofwarbetweenGermany andtheAlliedPowers.ItalsostrippedmanypowersanationwouldhavefromGermanyandpreventedit fromforminganarmy. Chapter#30GuidedReadingQuestions WarbyActofGermany

Know:"PeacewithoutVictory,"UnlimitedSubmarineWarfare,ArthurZimmermann 1. WhateventsledWoodrowWilsontoaskCongresstodeclarewar? TheZimmermannNote,whichwasinterceptedandpublishedonMarch1,1917,waswrittenbyGerman foreignsecretaryArthurZimmerman,whosecretlyproposedanalliancebetweenMexicoandGermanyin WWI.ItpromisedtheregainingofTexas,NewMexico,andArizonaaslongasMexicofoughtagainstthe USandtheCentralPowerswon.Also,aGermansinkingoftheLusitaniapushedWilsontoaskCongressto declarewar. WilsonianIdealismEnthroned Know:JeannetteRankin 2. NameWilsonstwinwaraims.HowdidthesesetAmericaapartfromtheothercombatants? Wilsonwantedtomaketheworldsafefordemocracyandwageawartoendwar.ThissetAmericaapart fromtheothercombatantsbecauseitgaveAmericaamoresuperiorwaraim.Americaonlyfoughttoshape aninternationalorderinwhichdemocracycouldflourishwithoutfearofdictatorsandmilitarists. WilsonsFourteenPotentPoints Know:FourteenPoints 3. ListseveralofWilsonsFourteenPoints. NomoresecrettreatiesFreedomoftheseaswastobemaintained,Aremovalofeconomicbarriersamong nationsreductionofarmamentburdensadjustmentofcolonialclaimsintheinterestofnativesand colonizersSelfdetermination,orindependenceforoppressedminoritygroupswhowouldchoosetheir governmentaLeagueofNations,aninternationalorganizationthatwouldkeepthepeaceandsettleworld disputes. CreelManipulatesMinds Know:CommitteeonPublicInformation,GeorgeCreel,FourminuteMen,TheHun,OverThere 4. HowwereAmericansmotivatedtohelpinthewareffort? GeorgeCreelheadedtheCommitteeonPublicInformation,andmadeeffortstosellthewarto thosewhowereagainstitandtogainsupport.Theorganizationsent75,000mentodeliverwar favoringspeeches,andgaveawaymillionsofpamphletswiththemostsignificantWilsonism upontheworld.Theyalsoputuppostersandbillboardswithemotionalappeals,andmade antiGermanmoviessuchastheKaiserandtheBeastofBerlin.Creelalsocreatedpatrioticsongs. EnforcingLoyaltyandStiflingDissent Know:LibertyCabbage,EspionageAct,SeditionAct,EugeneV.Debs,WilliamD.Haywood 5. HowwasloyaltyforcedduringWWI? Immigrantsfromforeignnations,especiallyGermany,weretarred,feathered,andbeaten,allblamedfor espionageactivities.CongressthenpassedtheEspionageActof1917andtheSeditionActof1918,which preventedantiwarpropagandafromspreadingandarrestedanyonewhocriticizedordownplayedthewar movement.AntiwarsocialistsandmembersoftheIndustrialWorkersoftheWorldwereoftenprosecuted, arrested,convicted,andsenttoprison. TheNationsFactoriesGotoWar Know:BernardBaruch,WarIndustriesBoard 6. Whywasitdifficulttomobilizeindustryforthewareffort? Firstofall,Americawasveryunpreparedtogotowar,despiteWilsonsCouncilofNationalDefense,which studiesproblemswithmobilizationandlaunchedashipbuildingprogram.Andthetraditionoflaissezfaire economics,whichthegovernmentstaysoutofeconomicmatters,mademanyresistgovernmentcontrolof theeconomy.ManywerealsounsurehowmuchAmericacouldproduce,anditsarmywasonlythe15thin theworld.

WorkersinWartime Know:"WorkorFight,"NationalWarLaborBoard,Wobblies 7. Howdidthewaraffectthelabormovement? Congressimposedarulethatmadeanyunemployedmanavailabletobeimmediatelydraftedbythe NationalWarLabor,headedbyTaft,sothisgreatlydecreasedlabordifficulties.Also,AmericanFederation ofLabor,headedbySamuelGompers,loyallysupportedthewar,anditsmembershipconsequentlydoubled toover3million.However,priceinflationthreatenedtocutwagegains,andover6,000strikesbrokeout duringthewar,particularlyin1919whensteelworkerswalkedoffthejob.Also,duringthewar,Blacks movedtotheNorthinsearchforjobopportunities,butthisendedupstartinginterracialviolenceinallWhite townssuchasEastSt.LouisandChicago. SufferingUntilSuffrage Know:NAWSA,19thAmendment,WomensBureau 8. Howdidthewaraffectwomen? Asmenwentofftowar,womenfoundmoreopportunitiesintheworkplace.However,thewarsplitthe womenssuffragemovement:manywomensuffragistswerealsopacifists,sotheywereadamantlyagainst thewar.Ontheotherhand,mostwomensupportedthewarandhopedthatiftheyaidedthewareffort,they willearnsuffragerights.However,bytheendofthewar,mostwomengaveupwarjobs,despitethe WomensBureaucreatedtoprotectfemaleworkers,andCongressevensupportedwomenintheirtraditional rolesinthehome. ForgingaWarEconomy Know:FoodAdministration,HerbertHoover,MeatlessTuesdays,EighteenthAmendment,Heatless Mondays,LibertyBonds 9. Didgovernmentbecometoointrusiveinpeopleslivesduringthewar?Giveexamplestosupport youranswer. Thegovernmentbecameabitintrusiveinpeopleslivesduringthewarbecausehespurnedrationcardsin favorofMeatlessTuesdaysandwheatlessWednesdays.TheFoodAdministrationencouragedpeopleto sacrificesomeoftheirowngoodsforthewar.AlsotheFuelAdministrationalsofollowedgaslessSundays andheatlessMondays.Howeveritwasnotentirelyintrusivebecauseitwasentirelyvoluntary. MakingPlowboysintoDoughboys 10. Wasthegovernmentsefforttoraiseanarmyfairandeffective? Thegovernmentusedconscription,thinkingitwastheonlyanswertotheneedforraisinganimmensearmy withspeed.Thedraftactrequiredtheregistrationofallmalesbetweentheagesofeighteenandfortyfive, andthistimenoonecouldpurchasehisexemptionorhireasubstitute.Iteffectivelyamassedanarmyof over4million.Thegovernmentseffortwasfairandeffectivebecausenoonecouldescapethedraftandthe armygrewtoover4million. FightinginFranceBelatedly 11. HowwereAmericantroopsusedinRussia? RussiassuddenwithdrawalfromthewarmadeGermanyturnalltheirfocustowardthewesternfrontin France,wheretheynowhadasuperiorityinmanpower.ThereforetheAlliedPowerssentsmall detachments,includingAmericantroops,tovariousRussianportstointervenewithBolsheviksCommunistic plans. AmericaHelpsHammertheHun Know:MarshalFoch,JohnJ.Pershing,MeuseArgonneOffensive,AlvinYork 12. DescribetheeffectoftheAmericantroopsonthefighting.

ThenewlyarrivedAmericantroopswerefirstassignedattheChateauThierry,makingitthefirstsignificant engagementofAmericantroopsinaEuropeanwar.ByJuly1918,theGermandrivehadspentitsforceand AmericanmenparticipatedinaFochcounteroffensiveintheSecondBattleoftheMarne.Thisbeganthe Germanwithdrawalthatwasneverreallyreversed.AndwhenAmericansdemandedaseparatearmy, GeneralPershingundertooktheMeuseArgonneoffensivefromSeptembertoNovember. TheFourteenPointsDisarmGermany Know:Armistice 13. WhatroledidAmericaplayinbringingGermanytosurrender? Wilsons14Points,seekingpeace,playedabigfactorconvincingGermanstosurrender.WhenWilson madeitclearthattheKaisermustbethrownoverboardbeforearmisticecouldbenegotiated,theGermans forcedtheKaisertofleetoHolland.OnNovember11,1918,theGermanssurrendered.TheUnitedStates endlesstroopreservesalsoultimatelybroughtGermanytosurrender. WilsonStepsDownfromOlympus Know:HenryCabotLodge 14. WhatpoliticalmistakeshurtWilsoninthemonthsfollowingthearmistice? Firstofall,expectationswerehighforWilsonafterhehelpedstoppedthewar.Duringthewar,thepartisan politicalstrifehadbeenkeptbelowthesurface,howeverWIlsonbrokethistrucebyappealingfora DemocraticvictoryinNovember1918thisendedupbackfiringandCongresshadaRepublicanmajority. WilsonsdecisiontogoinpersontoParisinfuriatedRepublicanshesnubbedtheSenateinassemblinghis peacedelegationanddidntincludeoneRepublicansenatorinhisofficialparty,evenwhenHenryCabot Lodgewasalogicalchoice. TheIdealistBattlestheImperialistsinParis Know:VittorioOrlando,DavidLloydGeorge,GeorgesClemenceau,LeagueofNations 15. HowdidWilsonsdesirefortheLeagueofNationsaffecthisbargainingatthepeaceconference? WilsonsultimategoalwasaworldparliamenttobeknownastheLeagueofNationsthevictorswouldnot takepossessionofconqueredterritoryoutrightbutwouldreceiveastrustees.TheBigFouragreedtomake theLeagueCovenant,Wilsonsbrainchild,anintegralpartofthefinalpeacetreatyassemblyofseatsfor allnationsandacouncilcontrolledbymanypowers. HammeringOuttheTreaty Know:WilliamBorah,HiramJohnson,Irreconcilables 16. WhatcompromisesdidWilsonmakeatthepeaceconference? ThirtynineRepublicansenatorsproclaimedthattheSenatewouldnotapprovetheLeagueofNationsand difficultiesdelightedWilsonsAlliedadversariesinParisbargainingposition.FrancesecuredtheSecurity Treaty,inwhichbothBritainandAmericapledgedtocometoitsaidintheeventofanotherGerman invasionpactpigeonholedbytheU.S.Senate(alliances).WilsonbattledwithFranceoverRhineland,Italy overFiume,JapanoverChinesepeninsula ThePeaceTreatyThatBredaNewWar Know:TreatyofVersailles 17. ForwhatreasonsdidWilsoncompromisehis14Points? TheAlliedPowerswerealreadytornbyconflictingaims,andmanyofthemweresanctionedbysecret treaties.Also,Wilsonsavedmuchofthepactfrombeinganoldtimepeaceofgraspingimperialismandhe hadtodoawaywithmanyofthispointsinordertosalvagethemorepreciousLeagueofNations. TheDomesticParadeofPrejudice 18. WhywasthetreatycriticizedbackinAmerica? BackinAmerica,isolationistsraisedawhirlwindofprotestagainstthetreaty,especiallyWilsons commitmenttoLeagueofNations.GermanAmericans,ItalianAmericanswerearousedbecausethepeace

settlementwasnotsufficientlyfavorableIrishAmericansdenouncedtheLeague.Thepeacesettlement wasnotentirelyapeacesettlement,moreofaguaranteefortheLeagueofNations. WilsonsTourandCollapse(1919) 19. WhatwasthepurposeandresultofWilsonstriparoundthecountrywhenhereturnedtoAmerica? WilsontookatriparoundthecountrywhenhereturnedtoAmericatoconvincetheAmericanpeople,with hisheartwarmingoutbursts,toapproveofthepactandtheTreatyofVersailles.Hewouldappealoverthe headsoftheSenatetothesovereignpeople,asheoftenhadinthepast.AtonepointinPueblo,Colorado, Wilsonwithtearscoursingdownhischeeks,pleadedfortheLeagueofNationsastheonlyrealhopeof preventingfuturewars. DefeatThroughDeadlock 20. Whywasthetreatyfinallyrejected? ItwasfinallyrejectedbyWilsonhimselfwhenSenatorLodgecameupwithfourteenformalreservationsto thetreaty.ThesesafeguardsreservedtherightsoftheUSundertheMonroeDoctrineandtheConstitution. WhenthedayfinallycameforthevotingintheSenate,WilsonsentwordtoallthetrueDemocratstovote againstthetreatywiththeodiousLodgereservationsattached.Hethussignedthedeathwarrantofthe treatyasfarasAmericawasconcerned. The"SolemnReferendum"of1920 Know:WarrenHarding,JamesM.Cox,Normalcy 21. Whatdidtheresultsofthe1920electionindicate? TheelectionindicatedthatpeopleweretiredofWIlsonismtheprofessionalhighbrowism,starreaching idealism,bothersomedgoodism,moraloverstrain,andconstantselfsacrificeandwereeagertolapse back.TheRepublicanisolationistsendedupturningHardingsvictoryintoadeathsentencefortheLeague ofNations. TheBetrayalofGreatExpectations 22. HowmuchshouldtheU.S.beblamedforthefailureoftheTreatyofVersailles? AmericasspurningoftheLeaguewastragicallyshortsighted.THeRepublichadhelpedtowinacostlywar, butfoolishlykickedthefruitsofvictoryunderthetable.TheultimatecollapseoftheTreatyofVersailles mustbelaid,atleastinsomedegree,atAmericasdoorstep.Nolessominouseventsweresetinmotion whentheSenatespurnedtheSecurityTreatywithFrance. VaryingViewpoints:WoodrowWilson:RealistorIdealist? Know:Realism,Idealism,Wilsonianism 23. TowhatextentwasWilsonrealisticwhenhecalledforaworldofcooperation,equalityandjustice amongnations? Hisideaswerequiterealisticwhenhecalledforaworldofcooperation,equalityandjusticeamongnations, becausewehavetheUnitedNationstoday.However,Wilsonsmethodofachievingthiswastooidealistic. Hewantedimmediateresultsrightaway,andrefusedtocompromisemuchforhisLeagueofNations.