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Directional Power-Based Admission Control for WCDMA Systems Using Beamforming Antenna Array Systems
Klaus Ingemann Pedersen, Member, IEEE, and Preben Elgaard Mogensen, Member, IEEE

AbstractA directional power-based admission control (AC) scheme is proposed for base stations deploying beamforming antenna arrays. The proposed AC algorithm is a natural extension of the conventional power based AC scheme for cells using standard sector antennas. The directional scheme takes the load per beam/direction into account in the AC decision, so the cell load is controlled in accordance with the spatial filtering gain provided by using beamforming antenna arrays. The scheme is tested by means of Monte Carlo simulations in a multicell wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) network, where users with different bit rates are present. The obtained results demonstrate that the directional power based AC scheme allows a higher traffic load in cells using beamforming antenna arrays without jeopardizing the stability of the network. Application of a four element antenna array is found to provide a capacity gain of a factor 2.7 for a network with many low bit rate users, while the gain is reduced to a factor 2.3 for traffic scenarios with a mixture of high and low bit rate users. Index TermsAdmission control, smart antennas, wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA).

I. INTRODUCTION DVANCED antenna diversity schemes and spatial filtering are some of the promissing techniques, that can increase the capacity of terrestrial cellular systems significantly. Indeed, implementation of antenna arrays at the base station (BS) has proven to yield a significant capacity gain [1]. Thus, antenna arrays are one of the techniques that can help to achieve the requirements for high speed data services in third-generation wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems. During the last two decades, many antenna array algorithms have been derived for both the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL). To mention a few, optimum combining was studied in [2], conventional fixed beamforming techniques in [3], vector RAKE receivers in [4][6], beamforming combined with nulling or space-time coding in [7], [8] and transmit diversity schemes in [9], [10], among others. System level results are presented in [11], among others. Hence, previous studies have mainly focused on deriving robust baseband algorithms and the selection of optimum antenna topologies (i.e., number of elements, single polarized versus dual polarized elements, etc.). Only little attention has been given to network aspects when introducing antenna arrays in WCDMA systems. Radio
Manuscript received September 14, 2001; revised March 14, 2002 and July 26, 2002. The authors are with Nokia Networks, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark (e-mail: Klaus.I.Pedersen@nokia.com). Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TVT.2002.804855

resource management algorithms such as admission control (AC), congestion control (CC), handover control (HC), and power control (PC) still need to be investigated further in order to support antenna arrays, and eventually obtain the full capacity gain from the spatial interference suppression. PC in beamforming (BF) wireless networks has been studied in [12] and [13], while a signal-to-interference based AC algorithm for BF antennas was proposed in [14]. From previous studies it is well known that power is a robust integral measure of the network load for WCDMA systems, supporting both speech and variable bit rate data users[15][17]. Power based AC schemes are in general attractive as they offer tradeoffs between capacity and coverage, while automatically taking advantage of the soft capacity offered by WCDMA systems [18]. Hence, DL users are allowed access to a cell proremains true, where is a known vided that power threshold obtained from network dimensioning [19], and is the total transmit power from the BS. Assuming that the power allocated to user equipment1 (UE) number equals , , where is the power allocated then to common channels. In order to quantify if the same decision rule can be applied for BSs equipped with antenna arrays, let us briefly consider the expected capacity gain from using this technology. For the sake of simplicity, let us here consider a single cell scenario where simple BF is used with an -element antenna array. A beam is thereafter created toward each of the desired UEs without considering the signals from the interfering users (i.e., knowledge of the spatial covariance interference matrix is not exploited). Maximum capacity gain is achieved when the interference is spatially white, while no capacity gain is expected for the case where all users are positioned at the same azimuth direction. The maximum achievable capacity gain equals approximately the beamwidth reduction ratio between the directional antenna beams and the sector beam. Thus, the capacity gain from the spatial filtering is very sensitive to the spatial distribution of interference, and consequently it is important that this mechanism is captured by the AC algorithm to maintain system stability under all possible conditions. This is especially important for systems with mixed speech and high bit rate data services, where the spatial interference is likely to deviate from the spatially white assumption; this assumption is valid only for WCDMA systems supporting a large number of uniformly distributed low bit rate users [20]. To address these issues, a direc1Note that the term user equipment (UE) is synonymous with mobile station (MS).

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tional power based AC scheme is proposed for BSs using antenna arrays. In this study, we will focus on the DL, assuming that simple BF techniques are implemented at the BS. It will be illustrated how currently proposed power based AC algorithms can be extended to support BSs equipped with BF antenna arrays, so the full capacity gain is reflected. The basic idea is to present a scheme which takes the load (power) and the coupling between different beams into account, among other factors. Taking such an approach, we will show that it is possible to derive a simple and robust AC scheme, which automatically allows a higher traffic load in cells using beamforming antenna arrays. This can be accomplished without jeopardizing the stability of the system. The paper is organized as follows: The signal model and system model are outlined in Section II. The proposed AC scheme for cells with BF antenna arrays is derived in Section III. The AC scheme is evaluated by means of network level simulations in Section IV. Finally, concluding remarks are presented in Section V. II. SETTING THE SCENE A. Basic Signal Model Let us start by deriving an expression of the complex baseband signal transmitted on each antenna element toward a single UE, assuming that a beam is steered in the direction . A unielements is assumed. The form linear antenna array with transmitted signal can be expressed as (1) is the array steering where is the power of the signal, is a vector applied to form a beam in the direction , and unit power complex baseband signal. Note that is defined relative to broadside of the antenna array, i.e., perpendicular to the antenna array. Assuming half-a-wavelength element spacing, the array steering vector can be expressed as (2) , denotes transposiwhere tion, and is the unit operator. The radio channels narrowband propagation vector connecting a UE located at the azimuth and the antenna elements at the BS can be expressed as [24] (3) and are the complex amplitude and the correwhere sponding azimuth direction at the BS of the th multipath component in the radio channel, respectively. The propagation vector in (3) is a stochastic process, where the azimuths are assumed zero mean Gaussian distributed according to the experimental findings reported in [24] for typical urban environments. It is furthermore assumed that (3) is normalized so the expected power of the components of the vector equals . Consequently, modeling unity, i.e., of the distant dependent pathloss and shadow fading is not included in the propagation vector.

Thus, the transmitted signal toward a UE located at the azimuth direction can be expressed as (4) denotes Hermitian transposition. The average transwhere when steering a beam in the mitted power toward the UE at direction is subsequently obtained as (5) (6) (7) takes the absolute value where the mathematical operator of the argument. The radio channels spatial covariance matrix is expressed as associated with the UE in the direction (8) and (9) can be interpreted as follows: It exThe function presses the normalized effective antenna array gain in the direcwhen steering a beam in the direction . Notice that tion and for . for all . Furthermore, (9) equals unity for The function (9) also captures the effect of azimuthal dispersion in the radio channel as well as variations of the antenna array beamwidth and side-lobe level as a function of the number of , etc. antenna elements According to [4], the covariance matrix may also be expressed as a function of the power azimuth spectrum (PAS) of the radio channel, i.e., (10) is the radio channels PAS, which can be derived where from (3) as (11) The PAS can be accurately modeled with a Laplacian function [21], [22] for typical urban environments, i.e., for (12)

is the azimuth spread [23] of the radio channel, with where typical values on the order of 5 to 10 degrees for typical urban environments [24]. B. System Model As a case study, we will be using the third generation universal terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN) standard as our reference [18], which is standardized by the third generation partnership project, also known as 3GPP. That is, a frequency division duplex WCDMA system operating at a chiprate of 3.84 Mcps. In the following it is assumed that BSs with andirectional beams, plus one sector tenna arrays are offering beam. This is illustrated in Fig. 1 for the special case where

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mitted power from the BS in the expressed as

different directions can be

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

(15)

Fig. 1. Illustration of the assumed beam configuration for

M = 4 and N = 8.

is the steering direction of the th directional beam where is the transmit power of the PCPICH. In more and compact form, (15) yields (16) and are the coulmn vectors on the left and where matrix in (15) is denoted right in (15), respectively. The , and corresponds to the beam coupling matrix between the directional beams. Hence, the matrix is diagonal symmetric, with ones in the diagonal. Assuming a constant azimuth spread in the radio channel, the beam coupling matrix can be precomputed. Adaptive update of the beam coupling matrix to track variations in the radio channels azimuth spread is also an option. This could be done based on UL estimates of the spatial covariance matrix, assuming identical average PAS for the UL and DL [25]. III. PROPOSED ADMISSION CONTROL ALGORITHM A. Decision Rule Conventional power based AC for BSs using sector antennas is typically based on the criterion [15], [16] (17) is the transmit power to UE number and is a where fixed power threshold, which is determined as part of the network dimensioning [19]. Users are granted access to the system provided that (17) also remains true after the admission. The admission criterion in (17) utilizes the soft capacity available decreases in a power controlled WCDMA system, since as the UEs in the cell experience less other cell interference. Hence, more users are in general allowed in the cell if the UEs are subject to less other cell interference, and vice versa. The aforementioned soft capacity mechanism is also referred to as cell breathing. For BSs with BF antenna arrays, the AC criterion must be formulated so the spatial filtering gain is taken into account. The spatial filtering gain for a setup with a grid of fixed beams depend on the load in the different beams, i.e., if all UEs are served by the same beam, then the spatial own-cell interference suppression converges toward zero. We are therefore suggesting

and . For the sake of simplicity, side-lobes on the directional beams are not illustrated in Fig. 1. It should be noticed that both the directional beams and the sector beam are formed using the same antenna array. This results in a higher antenna gain for the directional beams, which is approximately relative to the sector beam. The sector beam is apa factor plied for transmission of common channels, which should be broadcast in the entire cell. For simplicity, we will assume that the only signal transmitted on the sector beam is the primary common pilot channel (PCPICH). A unique secondary common pilot channel (SCPICH) is transmitted on each directional beam, which can be used for channel estimation purposes at the UE. Transmission toward a single UE is assumed to include one directional beam only. The pilot powers (PCPICH and SCPICH) are constant, while the link powers to individual UEs are power controlled, i.e., time-variant. The selected beam for each UE is determined based on an average UL direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimate. A typical finding is that the average DoA for UL and DL are identical [25]. The average transmitted power allocated to each of the directional beams, can be expressed as (13) where -th beam and . Hence, is the constant SCPICH power assigned to the is the total power allocated to UEs on beam

(14) is the transmit power to UE number and is the where set of UEs allocated to beam number . Assuming a power conis likely to vary every power control petrolled system, is adjusted to riod as the transmit power toward each UE meet the quality requirement of the UEs. The effective trans-

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a simple extension of the criterion in (17), where we monitor the load in each beam direction, so (17) is extended to (18) Note that this method automatically captures the effect of the spatial interference distribution. To illustrate this, let us consider the case where all UEs are being transmitted under the same , beam, say beam number . Hence, takes the maximum of the argument. where the operator Under these conditions, (15) is reduced to (19) (20) and consequently the criterion in (18) is reduced to (21) for the case where all users are transmitted under beam , asfor all . Keeping in suming mind that the antenna gain of the directional beam is a factor of larger than the sector beam, the criterion in (21) and (17) become identical, i.e., no capacity gain is offered by using the BF because the spatial interference is limited to one beam. However, for cases where the users are transmitted under different beams, more users are automatically allowed in the cell since the BF antenna array starts to offer spatial interference suppression. This mechanism is captured by the criterion in (18). Prior to the admission of a new UE we have to estimate the power increase for all the beams and verify that (18) is true before a new UE potentially is granted capacity. In this context, it is assumed that the following information is available: Measurements of the average power per beam prior to admission of the new UE, the requested bit rate and the required energy per bit , the beam number of the new UE, and the to noise ratio beam coupling matrix. In addition, a pilot measurement report [28] from the UE requesting capacity is also assumed available. This is illustrated in Fig. 2, where the input to the directional power increase estimator is pictured. Provided that the power increase estimate results in violation of the admission criterion in (18), the capacity request is rejected. Note that even though a UE is denied access to the system via a certain beam, a UE requesting capacity via another beam might be granted access. B. Directional Power Increase Estimator The directional power increase caused by admission of a new difUE is estimated in the following, corresponding to the ferent beams. Notice that it is not sufficient to estimate the power increase of the beam where the new UE is requesting capacity, since there is a significant coupling between the different beams. Hence, even though the new UE is going to be allocated to beam with number , it might happen that . Let us start by deriving an estimate of the new power allocated to each beam after admission of a new UE on beam number , according to for for (22)

Fig. 2. Illustration of the input information needed by the proposed directional admission control algorithm.

where is the required transmit power toward the new UE, at the terminal. The factor given a minimum required expresses the power increase experienced by the existing users due to admission of the new UE. In a power controlled system, the existing users will raise their power due to the higher interference level caused by admission of a new UE. is applied The following approximation for for for where (23)

is the requested bit rate and is the required by the new UE, respectively. The chip rate is denoted by . The expression in (23) for is adopted from [15]. For the expression is weighted by the factor , in order to take the beam coupling effect into account. Given is obtained, conditioned on the re(22), an estimate of and requested bit rate. Using Fig. 3 as reference, quired at the UE can be expressed as (see (24) at the bottom the is the pathloss toward the UE relof the next page), where is the azimuthal direction toward ative to the sector beam, is the other cell interference experienced by the the UE, is the thermal noise power, and , where UE, is the DL orthogonality factor. Notice that orthogonal Walsh codes2 are applied for own cell UE separation in UTRAN [18], [27]. However, due to the temporal dispersion in the radio channel, DL own cell signals are not fully orthogonal at the UE. The DL orthogonality factor is included in (24) to model this if the own cell signals are mutual orthogonal effect, so
2According to the UTRAN terminology, the Walsh codes are denoted channelization codes with orthogonal variable spreading factor properties. Channelization codes are used for own cell separation of DL physical channels.

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The unknown variables in (25) can be estimated by exploiting the pilot measurement report from the UE. According to the UTRAN specifications [28], the pilot report3 equals (26) is the received pilot power at the UE and where is the total received wideband power. Hence, the pilot report can also be expressed as (see (27) at the bottom of the page). Rearranging (27) we obtain an expression for the unknown variables of (25), i.e.,

Fig. 3.

Link between one BS and one UE.

at the UE, otherwise . An expression for is presented in Appendix A as a function of the temporal dispersion in the radio channel, i.e., the power delay profile. The expression in the square-bracket in (24) corresponds to the wideband transmitted own-cell interference power in the direction of the new UE. is unknown, since only the selected It is assumed that beam is known. For simplicity, we will therefore assume that , so we can obtain an approximate expression for the required transmit power toward the new UE by rearranging (24), i.e.,

(28) Note that the pilot measurement is obtained prior to admission of the new UE. This means that we implicitly assume that the other cell interference does not increase due to admission of the new UE. Furthermore, (25) is only strictly valid if the of the new UE after admission is exactly equal to the required . This is of course an approximation, since there will be residual power control errors caused by a finite power control stepsize, feedback errors, and other imperfections. Once the power per beam is estimated by combining (22), is obtained according (25), and (28), to (15). Finally, a decision is made according to the criterion in (18) whether the UE can be admitted or not. Note that the directional power increase estimator assumes a priori knowledge . The beam coupling matrix is of the beam coupling matrix primarily a function of , , and the steering directions of the beams. These parameters are known at the BS. However, acalso depends on the radio channels azimuth cording to (9), spread, which in general must be considered to be unknown at
3Using the UTRAN terminology, the pilot report E =N equals RSCP/RSSI, where RSCP is the received signal code power of the PCPICH and RSSI is the received signal strength indicator, i.e., the total received wideband power.

(25) All parameters in (25) are known except the pathloss toward the UE, the level of other cell interference, and the noise power at the new UE. The DL orthogonality factor can be estimated from the UL power delay profile as demonstrated in Appendix A.

(24)

(27)

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TABLE I SUMMARY OF SIMULATION PARAMETERS

Fig. 4. Hexagonal cell layout with three sector base stations.

the BS. Provided that the azimuth spread is smaller than the will only be marginbeamwidth of the directional beams, ally effected by the azimuth spread. It is therefore not essential for the accuracy of the derived directional power increase estimator that the exact value of the azimuth spread is known. C. Soft Handover Issues The proposed AC algorithm is also valid for systems with soft handover (SHO) capabilities. The effect of SHO is automatically captured by the algorithm, since the transmit power to UEs in SHO automatically will be lower, thereby allowing more users in the cell. This mechanism is due to load sharing between cells, where the desired power at UEs in SHO mode is contributed by several transmitting BSs. Assuming that a UE, which is requesting capacity, is known to be in -way SHO, the criterion in (18) should be fulfilled in all the -cells before granting the UE access to the system. Under these conditions, the directional power increase estimator derived in Section III-B needs to be slightly modified in order to take the power load sharing into account. Assuming that the SHO legs are balanced (i.e., equal pathloss from the UE toward all the cells), we can simply modify the directional power increase estimator in (22), where equals (25) diby substituting vided by . IV. SIMULATIONS A. Overall Simulation Flow Monte Carlo simulations are conducted using the network topology pictured in Fig. 4, where a standard hexagonal cell grid is assumed. The equivalent radius of each hexagon equals 1.0 km. Three sector BSs are applied, where each sector covers a hexagonal area. Only cell number one is equipped with a BF antenna array, while the remaining cells use conventional sector antennas. The pathloss between each link (BS and UE) is modeled with a deterministic distance dependent part and a stochastic part. The deterministic component is modeled according to the Okumura-Hata [29] model with a BS antenna height of 30 m and a UE height of 1.5 m. The stochastic component models shadow fading, using a Log-Normal distribution with 6 dB standard deviation [29]. Fast fading effects, which are partially mitigated by the use of a RAKE receiver and also partly by coding and interleaving, are implicitly accounted for in the sim. It is furthermore assumed ulator by setting the required that the PAS of the radio channel observed at the BS antenna follows a Laplacian distribution function with five degrees azimuth spread [24], i.e., in accordance with the COST-259 directional channel model [30]. Each link is power controlled, using a standard closed loop PC algorithm with 1.0 dB stepsize [18]. Power adjustments are conducted every slot period of 0.66 ms. The power is increased at the UE is lower than the required , if the actual otherwise the power is decreased. The power threshold for AC W. All essential simulation pais selected to equal rameters are summarized in Table I. During each simulation run, UEs are added randomly one-by-one until the network reaches a state where the AC starts to block users. UEs are distributed uniformly in all cells deploying sector antennas, while a higher density of UEs is allocated in the cell using a BF antenna array. Hence, it is implicitly assumed that BF antenna arrays are installed to cope with hotspot traffic areas in the network. UEs are connected to the strongest cell, including pathloss, shadow fading, and antenna gain. Decisions made by the proposed directional AC algorithm for BF antenna arrays are examined in order to quantify if UEs have been erroneously admitted or rejected due to power increase estimation errors. The power increase estimation error is recorded when the system operates close , as well as throughput to overload statistics per cell, etc. The bit rate of new UEs in the system is selected randomly from a set of valid bit rates, where each

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specific bit rate is associated with a certain probability. Two different traffic scenarios are simulated, which are defined as kbps with Proba Case #1: Bit rates . bility kbps with Probability Case #2: Bit rates . Hence, for case #1 10% of the new UEs are requesting a bit rate of 256 kbps while 50% requests 64 kbps, etc. Case #1 would tend to generate more nonuniform spatial interference at the BS, while case #2 in general would result in a more uniform spatial interference due to the lower and more homogeneuos distribution of bit rates among the users. The average bit rate per UE for the two scenarios equals 86.4 kbps and 44.8 kbps, respectively. is fixed at 3.0 dB for all user bit rates. The required B. Base Station Antenna Configurations A uniform linear antenna array with half-a-wavelength eleantennas and ment spacing is applied for BF, with beams. The single element power radiation pattern is assumed to follow the function for otherwise (29)
Fig. 5. Cumulative distribution function of the relative estimation error on total transmitted power in the directional domain, for cases where the system is highly loaded.

where (32) The statistics of for cell number one is obtained by conducting 10 000 Monte Carlo simulations, where the cell load . The cumulative distribution corresponds to function (cdf) of is pictured in Fig. 5, for the case where . Two different cdfs traffic scenario #1 is simulated with are shown, one where the beam coupling matrix is computed for an azimuth spread of five degrees, and one where the azimuth spread is disregarded (i.e., assumed to equal zero). Hence, in the latter case no knowledge of the radio channels PAS is assumed. It is observed that the two cdfs of are fairly close, which indicates a degree of robustness toward the required accuracy of the beam coupling matrix in the directional power increase estimator. Looking at the 10% to , which is considered to be a 90% fractile, relatively small estimation error. Consequently, the estimator derived in Section III-B is sufficiently accurate, even though the radio channels PAS is unknown, provided that the azimuth spread is smaller than the beamwidth. This indicate that we can for zero degree azimuth spread and apply it in pre-compute our AC algorithm, i.e., online estimation of the radio channels azimuth spread is not required.

where the antenna gain equals 18 dBi, while the front-to-back equals 32 dB. The radiation pattern in (29) is selected ratio to provide a coverage area corresponding to a hexagonal cell area. The radiation pattern has a beamwidth of 65 degrees. This particular antenna configuration results in the following effec(see (30) at tive normalized beam coupling matrix for the bottom of the page). Hence, the coupling between adjecent beams is on the order of 0.44, corresponding to 3.5 dB. The coupling between beams separated by at least one beam is redB, or more. BSs using sector duced to antennas have an antenna gain of and a 65 degree beamwidth as well. C. Simulation Results The proposed directional power based AC scheme relies on the power increase estimator derived in Section III-B. The accuracy of this estimator is quantified by considering the normalized estimation error (31)

(30)

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Fig. 7. UEs are restricted to a narrow angular region in the cell. Fig. 6. Capacity gain versus the number of beams N for traffic case #1 and #2. The number of antennas is fixed at M = 4 elements

The capacity gain allowed by the proposed AC scheme from using BF antenna arrays compared to conventional sector antennas has been quantified in terms of throughput per cell. In this for UEs remains analysis, it is assumed that the required the same independent of whether the UE is connected to a BS with a BF antenna array or a conventional sector antenna. This assumption is valid since a BF configuration with a grid of fixed beams does not provide any diversity gain, i.e., reduction of fast fading. Second, the channel estimate for UEs connected to BF antenna arrays is not degraded compared to UEs connected to sector antennas, since a SCPICH is deployed per beam, i.e., dedicated pilot symbols [26] are not applied for channel estimation. First, 10 000 Monte Carlo simulations are conducted where all cells are using sector antennas (including cell number one). UEs are added until blocking starts to occur according to the criteria in (17). Next, the same simulations are repeated with a BF antenna array in cell number one. For this case, cell number one is offered a higher traffic density until UEs are blocked according to the criteria in (18). Hence, the traffic in all the cells (except cell number one), remains the same for the two simulation runs. The capacity gain is computed as the average throughput of cell number one when using the BF antenna array relative to the case where a conventional sector antenna was deployed. The average capacity gain (or equivalenetly throughput gain) for traffic is plotted in Fig. 6 versus the number of beams case #1 and #2. It is observed that the optimum number of beams for both traffic cases. For , the capacity equals gain is degraded due to an increasing crossover depth4 between neighboring beams. Contrary, the pilot overhead from deploying , which rea SCPICH per beam becomes dominant for sults in a decreasing capacity gain although the crossover depth between beams is reduced. The achievable capacity gain equals a factor of 2.7 for traffic , while the gain is reduced to 2.3 for traffic case #2 and case #1. Hence, a hotspot with a factor of 2.32.7 higher traffic density can be supported by installing a BF antenna array with
term crossover depth refers to the reduced antenna gain at the azimuth direction , where two neighbor beams have equal gain, compared to the gain of a beam steered in the direction .
4The

antennas and beams. The capacity gain is lower for traffic case #1 because the spatial interference distribution tends to become more nonuniform due to the higher bit rates of some of the UEs. For traffic case #2, the spatial interference distribution exhibited at the BS appears to be more uniform (due to a larger number of low bit rate UEs), resulting in a higher capacity gain. The same observation is made in [5] from running gain is extensive link level simulations, where the relative found to be higher for low rate speech users compared to high bit rate users, when deploying BF. This effect is automatically captured by the proposed directional power based AC algorithm, since the spatial interference distribution is taken into account. An AC scheme based on the total transmitted power from the antenna ports would not capture this effect. This basically implies that an AC algorithm based on total transmitted power in order to would have to use a conservative setting of ensure system stability for cases where the interference tends to become directional, i.e., the potential capacity gain is reduced for situations where the interference is spatially white. In order to further demonstrate the behavior of the directional power based AC scheme, an additional set of simulations are executed. The traffic in the cell with the BF antenna array (cell number one) is distributed uniformly in the narrow angular rerelative to broadside of the array. This is ilgion lustrated in Fig. 7. All UEs in the network are assumed to operate at 16 kbps. All surrounding cells are transmitting with a W). The fixed power level of 10 W (identical to capacity (i.e., number of UEs) in cell number one is evaluated with and without BF antenna array, and the capacity gain is suband , the capacity gain sequently calculated. For equals 1.2. The AC scheme only allows this small capacity gain because UEs in cell number one are highly concentrated in a narrow angular region, which means that the spatial filtering gain of own cell interference is marginal. Hence, the proposed AC algorithm effectively controls the traffic in the cell, in coherence with the BF antenna arrays ability to spatially suppress interference. V. CONCLUDING REMARKS A new directional power-based AC scheme for cells deploying beamforming antenna arrays has been proposed. The proposed AC algorithm is derived for the case where simple

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beamforming techniques are applied at the BS. In this context, an accurate directional power increase estimator has been derived, being capable of estimating the increase in total transmit power from granting capacity to a new UE. The power increase estimator takes the coupling between beams into account as well as the requested bit rate and required of the new UE. Multicell Monte Carlo simulations have proven that the proposed AC scheme automatically captures the spatial filtering gain from applying beamforming antenna arrays, without jeopardizing the stability of the system. Hence, the scheme allows a higher throughput in cells with antenna arrays, compared to cells with conventional sector antennas. The actual capacity gain from deploying antenna arrays is controlled by the new AC algorithm in accordance with the expected spatial filtering gain by monitoring the spatial interference distribution in the cell. Thus, a higher cell throughput is typically allowed when the spatial interference is white. For an antenna array configuration with four elements and six beams, it is found that the proposed AC allows a factor of 2.32.7 higher throughput compared to cells with conventional sector antennas. These results are obtained for a network topology with three sector sites. The higher capacity gain of 2.7 is obtained under approximately spatially white inteference, while the lower gain of 2.3 corresponds to the case with slightly directional interference caused by a few high bit rate UEs. Note that beamforming antenna arrays and the proposed AC scheme is applicable within the current limitations of the UTRAN FDD specifications.

can therefore express an equivalent DL orthogonality factor as [31],

(35)

assuming that we track all the multipath components in the radio channel using maximal ratio RAKE finger combining. For the channel with no time dispersion, we have for (36)

In this case, the orthogonality is preserved. On the other extreme, where we have a channel with high time dispersion, for (37)

This corresponds to a case where the orthogonality properties of the transmitted codes are completely destroyed at the UE by the time dispersive channel. For typical urban macro cellular environments with an rms delay spread on the order of 1 s, [18]. Note that can be estimated from the UL by measuring the power delay profile, under the assumption that it is identical for the UL and the DL. REFERENCES
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APPENDIX DOWNLINK ORTHOGONALITY FACTOR The DL orthogonality factor expresses the degree of preserved orthogonality between two orthogonal codes, after these are transmitted through a time dispersive radio channel. Let us start by defining the power delay profile as

(33)

with the normalization (34)

where is the power of the -th path, is the number of paths, and is the separation between paths, which in this case equals the chiptime of the orthogonal codes. Let us furthermore assume and are transthat two time aligned orthogonal codes mitted. At the UE, it is assumed that a RAKE finger is applied is at each multipath component, where a correlation with is performed. Hence, for the RAKE finger tracking path , which is time aligned, i.e only orthogonal with the part of which is transmitted via transmitted via path . The part of other paths is nonorthogonal. From the power delay profile, we

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Klaus Ingemann Pedersen (S97A00M02) received the M.Sc.E.E. and Ph.D. degrees from Aalborg University, Denmark, in 1996 and 2000, respectively. He is currently with Nokia Networks in Aalborg, Denmark. His current research interests include radio resource management for WCDMA systems, adaptive antenna array systems, and high-speed downlink packet access for UMTS.

Preben Elgaard Mogensen (S88M00) received the M.Sc.E.E. and Ph.D. degrees from Aalborg University, Denmark, in 1988 and 1996, respectively. Since 1988, he has been with Aalborg University. He is currently holding a part time position of Research Professor and heading the Cellular Systems Research Group (CSYS) at the Center for Personkommunikation (CPK). Since 1995, he has been working part time with Nokia Networks and is now manager of the 3G Radio Systems Research team at NET/Aalborg.