Q - 1.

A recent report determined that although only three percent of drivers on Maryland highways equipped their vehicles with radar detectors, thirty-three percent of all vehicles ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were equipped with them. learly, drivers who equip their vehicles with radar detectors are more likely to exceed the speed limit regularly than are drivers who do not. !he conclusion drawn a"ove depends on which of the following assumptions# $A% &rivers who equip their vehicles with radar detectors are less likely to "e ticketed for exceeding the speed limit than are drivers who do not. $'% &rivers who are ticketed for exceeding the speed limit are more likely to exceed the speed limit regularly than are drivers who are not ticketed. $ % !he num"er of vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit was greater than the num"er of vehicles that were equipped with radar detectors. $&% Many of the vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were ticketed more than once in the time period covered "y the report. $(% &rivers on Maryland highways exceeded the speed limit more often than did drivers on other state highways not covered in the report. Q - ). (very year many people "ecome ill "ecause of air"orne mold spores in their homes. After someone "ecomes ill, specialists are often hired to eradicate the mold. !hese specialists look in damp areas of the house, since mold is almost always found in places where there is su"stantial moisture. *f one wishes to avoid mold poisoning, then, one should make sure to keep all internal plum"ing in good condition to prevent leakage that could serve as a "reeding ground for mold. +hich of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends# 1,Mold itself does not create moisture. ),Most homeowners know enough a"out plum"ing to determine whether theirs is in good condition. -,Mold cannot grow in dry areas. .,/o varieties of mold are harmless. 0,Mold spores cannot "e filtered from the air. Q - -. 1ome 23 percent of consumers polled at an upscale supermarket said that they did not care for the taste of Apex toothpaste. /onetheless, sales of Apex accounted for a full 20 percent of toothpaste sold at that supermarket. !he conclusion that at least 20 percent of shoppers "uying toothpaste did in fact en4oy the taste of Apex toothpaste relies on the assumption that 5555555555555555555.

Question +hich of the following "est completes the passage# A%most of the shoppers polled did not make any toothpaste purchases that day. '%most shoppers who "ought Apex did so "ecause of its proven efficacy in fighting tooth decay. %nearly every shopper who "ought Apex did so "ecause he or she did not like its taste. &%a large num"er of shoppers polled were dental professionals. (%shoppers will not "uy a certain "rand of toothpaste if they do not care for its taste. Q - .. A nutritionist studying the effects of massive doses of vitamin found that of a group of 633 people who regularly took 1,033 mg of vitamin daily for a year, fewer than 7 percent suffered serious cases of flu8 of a group of 633 people who took )03 mg of vitamin $the standard recommended daily allowance% daily for a year, -. percent suffered at least one serious case of flu8 and of a group of 633 people who took no vitamin for a year $other than that found in the foods in a "alanced diet%, -) percent suffered at least one serious case of flu. +hich of the following hypotheses is "est supported "y the evidence a"ove# $A% !he effectiveness of vitamin in preventing serious cases of flu increases in direct proportion to the amount of vitamin taken. $'% 9itamin is helpful in preventing disease. $ % &oses of vitamin that exceed the standard recommended daily allowance "y 033 percent will reduce the incidence of serious cases of flu "y )0 percent. $&% Massive doses of vitamin can help to prevent serious case of flu. $(% A "alanced diet contains less than )03 mg of vitamin . Q - 0. Marian Anderson, the famous contralto, did not take success for granted. +e know this "ecause Anderson had to struggle early in life, and anyone who has to struggle early in life is a"le to keep a good perspective on the world. !he conclusion of the argument follows logically if which one of the following is assumed# A. Anyone who succeeds takes success for granted. '. Anyone who is a"le to keep a good perspective on the world does not take success for granted. . Anyone who is a"le to keep a good perspective on the world has to struggle early in life. &. Anyone who does not success for granted has to struggle early in life. (. Anyone who does not take success for granted is a"le to keep a good perspective on the world. Q - 6. A recent report determined that although only - percent of drivers on Maryland highways equipped their vehicles with radar detectors, -- percent of all vehicles ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were equipped with them.

learly, drivers who equip their vehicles with radar detectors are more likely to exceed the speed limit regularly than are drivers who do not. !he conclusion drawn a"ove depends on which of the following assumptions# $A% &rivers who equip their vehicles with radar detectors are less likely to "e ticketed for exceeding the speed limit than are drivers who do not. $'% &rivers who are ticketed for exceeding the speed limit are more likely to exceed the speed limit regularly than are drivers who are not ticketed. $ % !he num"er of vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit was greater than the num"er of vehicles that were equipped with radar detectors. $&% Many of the vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were ticketed more than once in the time period covered "y the report. $(% &rivers on Maryland highways exceeded the speed limit more often than did drivers on other state highways not covered in the report. Q - 2. 'iologists suspect that feathers are modified scales. Ancient reptiles developed feathers as a way to insulate their "odies from the cold and regulate their "ody temperatures. :owever, many of these early feathered reptiles were una"le to fly. !hus, today;s flightless "irds pro"a"ly developed their feathers as a way to manage their "ody temperatures. !he argument a"ove relies on which of the following assumptions# A. A characteristic developed for a particular a"ility does not remain after that a"ility is lost. '. 1ome animals that are a"le to fly lack feathers. . <eathered dinosaurs that were a"le to fly also used their feathers to regulate "ody temperature. &. !oday;s flightless "irds are direct descendants of feathered reptiles. (. +ithout the a"ility to regulate their "ody temperature, flightless "irds will go extinct. Q - =. Advertisement> According to a recent research study, daily use of <resh 1tart, a new toothpaste, reduces the risk of developing dental cavities "y over )3 percent. *n addition,as a result of a new formula, the use of <resh 1tart results in whiter, healthier-looking teeth. learly, <resh 1tart not only gives your teeth a "eautiful look "ut also provides the most relia"le protection against dental cavities. +hich of the following is an assumption in the argument a"ove# $A% /o other toothpaste provides more relia"le protection against dental cavities. $'% <resh 1tart?s formula does a "etter 4o" of whitening teeth than do competitor?s formulas. $ % @eople are 4ust as interested in having "eautiful teeth as they are in having healthy teeth.

$&% <resh 1tart also prevents other dental disorders, such as gingivitis. $(% Aelia"le protection against dental cavities, com"ined with excellent aesthetic properties, is likely to make <resh 1tart a popular toothpaste on the market. Q - 7. 1tudent Advisor> Bne of our exchange students faced multiple arguments with her parents over the course of the past year. /ot surprisingly, her grade point average $C@A%over the same period showed a steep decline. !his is 4ust one example of a general truth> pro"lematic family relationships can cause significant academic difficulties for our students. +hich of the following is an assumption underlying the general truism claimed "y the 1tudent Advisor# $A% Dast year, the exchange student reduced the amount of time spent on academic work, resulting in a lower C@A. $'% !he decline in the C@A of the. exchange student was not the reason for the student?s arguments with her parents. $ % 1chool C@A is an accurate measure of a student?s intellectual a"ility. $&% *f proper measures are not taken, the decline in the student?s academic performance may "ecome irreversi"le. $(% <luctuations in academic performance are typical for many students. Q - 13. Aesearchers have found that when very overweight people, who tend to have relatively low meta"olic rates, lose weight primarily through dieting, their meta"olisms generally remain unchanged. !hey will thus "urn significantly fewer calories at the new weight than do people whose weight is normally at that level. 1uch newly thin persons will, therefore, ultimately regain weight until their "ody siEe again matches their meta"olic rate. !he conclusion of the argument a"ove depends on which of the following assumptions# $A% Aelatively few very overweight people who have dieted down to a new weight tend to continue to consume su"stantially fewer calories than do people whose normal weight is at that level. $'% !he meta"olisms of people who are usually not overweight are much more a"le to vary than the meta"olisms of people who have "een very overweight. $ % !he amount of calories that a person usually "urns in a day is determined more "y the amount that is consumed that day than "y the current weight of the individual. $&% Aesearchers have not yet determined whether the meta"olic rates of formerly very overweight individuals can "e accelerated "y means of chemical agents. $(% 'ecause of the constancy of their meta"olic rates, people who are at their usual weight

normally have as much difficulty gaining weight as they do losing it. Q - 11. olumnist> Bver the last )3 years the demand in /orth America for Fapanese-made automo"iles has increased, whereas the Fapanese demand for /orth American-made automo"iles has "een stagnant. Gntil recently, this im"alance could plausi"ly "e attri"uted to Fapanese models; superior fuel efficiency und relia"ility, "ut now cars made in /orth America are "y these standards the equal of any Fapanese model. +hat /orth American exporters continue to ignore is that the Fapanese drive on the left side of the road. !herefore, one o"stacle to reducing the automotive trade im"alance will "e removed if /orth American manufacturers simply produce more cars with right-side steering wheels. +hich one of the following is an assumption required "y the columnist?s argument#

A% !he fuel efficiency and relia"ility of cars made in /orth America will continue to increase. '% *f the Fapanese drive on the left side of the road, then they are not inclined to "uy cars with left-side steering wheels. % Fapanese automotive safety standards require that all new domestic automo"iles have right-side steering wheels. &% Civen a choice "etween similar Fapanese and /orth American models, all with right-side steering wheels, most Fapanese would choose the /orth American model. (% !he automotive trade im"alance can "e lessened only if /orth American manufacturers produce automo"iles that more effectively meet the need of Fapanese "uyers.

Q - 1). &on;s, a chain of supermarkets, has entered into an agreement in which Aose omputers will sell &on;s an unlimited num"er of its least expensive @ ;s at one-fourth the regular wholesale price. *n return, &on;s has agreed to purchase all of its scanners and other electronic information-processing equipment from Aose or from Bmicron, Aose omputers; parent company, for the next ten years. &on;s will offer a Aose @ free to any school that turns in &on;s register receipts totaling H133,333 within the next six months. !he vice-president in charge of advertising for &on;s expects that the computer giveaway will o"viate the need for a massive new advertising campaign for the next six months and that &on;s can make up the expenditures for the @ ;s "y writing them off its income taxes as charita"le donations. !he plans formulated "y &on;s assume each of the following (I (@!> $A% !he prices that Aose or Bmicron charges &on;s for information-processing equipment over the next ten years will "e lower than those charged "y other companies. $'% !he tax laws will not "e changed to exclude or lessen the value of charita"le donations as tax write-offs. $ % 1chools will "e sufficiently attracted "y &on;s computer giveaway offer that teachers will urge students to shop at &on;s. $&% Aose will "e a"le to supply &on;s with a sufficient num"er of @ ;s to meet the demand generated "y schools that collect &on;s receipts totaling H133,333. $(% !he effect of the computer giveaway offer on &on;s "usiness will "e compara"le to that of a ma4or advertising campaign. Q - 1-. !he local university recently hired a new soccer coach. Although she has several years? worth of coaching experience and is a diligent student of the game, she was never a mem"er of a collegiate soccer team. <or this reason, the new coach will "e una"le to "uild a successful program. !he argument a"ove is "ased on which of the following assumptions# $A% !he local university should have hired a former collegiate soccer player as its new coach. $'% oaching experience is one of the most crucial factors for coaching success. $ % !he,previous coach at the university was dismissed due to her lack of success, $&% !o "uild a successful soccer program as a coach,one must "e a former collegiate soccer player. $(% !he university does not plan to provide the new coach with the resources necessary to "uild a successful program. Q - 1.. A certain pharmaceutical firm recently developed a new medicine, &endadrine, that provides highly effective treatment of severe stomach disorders that were previously thought to "e untreata"le. :owever, to develop the new medicine, the company spent nearly H0 "illion in research and development costs. Civen the siEe of the market for &endadrine and

the amount of the initial investment in its development, the company would need to sell &endadrine at a price that is at least 0 times greater than its varia"le costs 4ust to "reak even. Jet the company;s management claims that &endadrine will soon "ecome the ma4or driver of the firm;s profits. +hich of the following statements "est reconciles the management;s claim with the evidence on the expenditures associated with the development of &endadrine#

a%!he pharmaceutical firm expects to "e granted patent protection for &endadrine8 drugs under patent protection typically sell at prices that are approximately ten times their varia"le costs. "%!he development of some pharmaceutical products involves su"stantial initial expenditures on research, testing, and approval. c% *n clinical tests, &endadrine has proven far more effective at treating severe stomach disorders than any prior availa"le treatments, without any serious side effects. d% /o competitors are developing or planning to develop new medicines that might compete with &endadrine in the marketplace. e% Millions of people suffer from severe stomach disorders, representing an estimated one to two "illion dollars every year in revenue. Q - 10. ritic> +orks of literature often present protagonists who scorn allegiance to their society and who advocate detachment rather than civicmindedness. :owever, modem literature is distinguished from the literature of earlier eras in part "ecause it more frequently treats such protagonists sympathetically. 1ympathetic treatment of such characters suggests to readers that one should "e unconcerned a"out contri"uting to societal good. !hus, modem literature can damage individuals who appropriate this attitude, as well as damage society at large. +hich one of the following is an assumption on which the critic?s argument relies# $A% 1ome individuals in earlier eras were more concerned a"out contri"uting to societal good than is any modem individual. $'% *t is to the advantage of some individuals that they "e concerned with contri"uting to societal good.

$ % 1ome individuals must "elieve that their society is "etter than most "efore they can "ecome concerned with "enefiting it. $&% !he aesthetic merit of some literary works cannot "e 4udged in complete independence of their moral effects. $(% Modem literature is generally not as conducive to societal good as was the literature of earlier eras. Q - 16. <or several years, /ighttime /ews attracted fewer viewers than +orld /ews, which "roadcasts its show at the same time as /ighttime /ews. Aecently,the producers of /ighttime /ews added personal interest stories and increased coverage of sports and weather. !he two programs no.w have a roughly equal num"er of viewers. learly, the recent programming changes persuaded viewers to switch from +orld /ews to /ighttime /ews. +hich of the following is an assumption on which the author relies# $A% 9iewers are more interested in sports and weather than in personal interest stories. $'% !he programming content of /ighttime /ews is more closely aligned with the interests of the overall audience than is the content of +orld /ews. $ % 1ome +orld /ews viewers liked the new /ighttime /ews programming "etter than they liked the +orld /ews programming. $&% !here are other possi"le causes for an increase in the num"er of viewers of /ighttime /ews, including a recent ad campaign that aired on many local affiliates. $(% !he quality of +orld /ews will remain constant even if /ighttime /ews improves. Q - 12. A newly discovered painting on wooden panel "y Michelangelo must have "een completed after 1032 "ut "efore 1037. *t cannot have "een painted earlier than 1032 "ecause one of its central figures carries a coin that was not minted until that year. *t cannot have "een painted after 1037 "ecause it contains a pigment that Michelangelo is known to have a"andoned when a cheaper alternative "ecame availa"le in that year. +hich of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends# /o stocks of the a"andoned pigment existed after 1037. Michelangelo did not work on the painting over the course of several years. !he coin depicted in the painting was known to general pu"lic in 1032. !he wooden panel on which the painting was executed cannot "e tested accurately for age. Michelangelo?s painting style did not change "etween 1032 and 1037. Q - 1=. ommentator> !he theory of trade retaliation states that countries closed out of any of another country;s markets should close some of their own markets to the other country in order to pressure the other country to reopen its markets. *f every country acted according to this theory, no country would trade

with any other. !he commentator;s argument relies on which of the following assumptions# $A% /o country actually acts according to the theory of trade retaliation. $'% /o country should "lock any of its markets to foreign trade. $ % !rade disputes should "e settled "y international tri"unal. $&% <or any two countries, at least one has some market closed to the other. $(% ountries close their markets to foreigners to protect domestic producers. Q - 17. @eople who take what others regard as a ridiculous position should not "other to say, K* mean every wordLM <or either their position truly is ridiculous, in which case insisting that they are serious a"out it only exposes them to deeper em"arrassment, or else their position has merit, in which case they should meet dis"elief with rational argument rather than with assurances of their sincerity. +hich one of the following arguments is most similar in its reasoning to the argument a"ove# $A% A practice that has "een denounced as a poor practice should not "e defended on the grounds that Kthis is how we have always done it.M *f the practice is a poor one, so much the worse that it has "een extensively used8 if it is not a poor one, there must "e a "etter reason for engaging in it than inertia. $'% @eople who are asked why they eat some of the unusual foods they eat should not answer, K"ecause that is what * like.M !his sort of answer will sound either naive or evasive and thus will satisfy no one. $ % @eople whose taste in clothes is "eing criticiEed should not reply, K(very penny * spent on these clothes * earned honestly.M <or the issue raised "y the critics is not how the money was come "y "ut rather whether it was spent wisely. $&% 1cholars who champion unpopular new theories should not assume that the widespread re4ection of their ideas shows that they Kmust "e on the right track.M !he truth is that few theories of any consequence are either wholly right or wholly wrong and thus there is no su"stitute for patient work in ascertaining which parts are right. $(% @eople who set themselves goals that others denounce as overly am"itious do little to silence their critics if they say, K* can accomplish this if anyone can.M Aather, those people should either admit that their critics are right or not dignify the criticism with any reply. Q - )3. !wenty years ago the Aepu"lic of Aosinia produced nearly 133 million tons of potatoes, "ut last year the harvest "arely reached 63 million tons. Agricultural researchers, who have failed to develop new higher-yielding strains of potatoes, are to "lame for this decrease, since they have "een concerned only with their own research and not with the needs of Aosinia. +hich one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends# $A% Any current attempts "y agricultural researchers to develop higher-yielding potato strains are futile. $'% 1trains of potatoes most commonly grown in Aosinia could not have produced the yieldslast year that they once did. $ % Agricultural researchers often find concrete solutions to practical pro"lems when

investigating seemingly unrelated questions. $&% +ide fluctuations in the siEe of the potato crop over a twenty-year period are not unusual. $(% Agricultural research in Aosinia is funded "y government grants. Q - )1. A few decades ago it was popular to link dramatic increases in ur"an antisocial "ehavior with high population density, and to support this with studies of la"oratory rats, which exhi"it randomly violent "ehavior under conditions of extreme overcrowding. *t has since "ecome o"vious that the analogy "etween rats and humans is simplistic at "est, and leaves out considerations like human adapta"ility and cultural factors that are of key importance in determining human "ehavior. +hich of the following, if true, best supports the conclusion the author presents in the passage a"ove# A. !esting new products on la"oratory rats has sometimes led to unnecessary alarm a"out their adverse effects on human health. '. Aats thrive in the crowded conditions of human ur"an society. . Aats also exhi"it unnatural "ehavior in conditions of extreme isolation. &. Although rat "ehavior does change in crowded conditions, what results is not random violence "ut a new, radically different social order. (. *n some extremely crowded cities there is relatively little antisocial "ehavior, whereas some sparsely N populated rural communities have very high rates of such "ehavior. Q - )). @u"licity campaigns for endangered species are unlikely to have much impact on the most important environmental pro"lems, for while the ease of attri"uting feelings to large mammals facilitates evoking sympathy for them, it is more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of organisms, such as the soil microorganisms on which large ecosystems and agriculture depend. +hich one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends# A. !he most important environmental pro"lems involve endangered species other than large mammals. out of scope '. Microorganisms cannot experience pain or have other feelings. But of scope . @u"licity campaigns for the environment are the most effective when they elicit sympathy for some organism. But of scope &. @eople ignore environmental pro"lems unless they "elieve the pro"lems will affect creatures with which they sympathiEe. (. An organism can "e environmentally significant only if it affects large ecosystems or agriculture. Q - )-. A compelling optical illusion called the illusion of velocity and siEe makes o"4ects appear to "e moving more slowly the larger the o"4ects are. !herefore, a motorist;s estimate of the time availa"le for

crossing a highway with a small car approaching is "ound to "e lower than it would "e with a large truck approaching. !he conclusion a"ove would "e more properly drawn if it were made clear that the $A% truck;s speed is assumed to "e lower than the car;s $'% truck;s speed is assumed to "e the same as the car;s $ % truck;s speed is assumed to "e higher than the car;s $&% motorist;s estimate of time availa"le is assumed to "e more accurate with cars approaching than with trucks approaching $(% motorist;s estimate of time availa"le is assumed to "e more accurate with trucks approaching than with cars approaching Q - ).. +henever anyone tells me that a pu"lic official is corrupt, * immediately evaluate whether it is more likely that this person would either lie or "e lied to, or that the corruption he descri"es actually exists. * weigh the self-serving or slanderous motivations that person may have against the evidence that the pu"lic official is corrupt. *f the evidence outweighs the possi"ility of slander, then * further investigate the charge. *f the author does not further investigate a corruption charge, he assumes that> A. people sometimes lie for self-serving reasons '. corruption never happens among pu"lic officials . the evidence of corruption outweighs the possi"ility of slander &. investigations into the corruption of pu"lic officials are usually fruitless (. it is certain that the pu"lic official has "een slandered Q - )0. !he program to control the entry of illegal drugs into the country was a failure in 17=2. *f the program had "een successful, the wholesale price of most illegal drugs would not have dropped su"stantially in 17=2. !he argument in the passage depends on which of the following assumptions#

1% !he supply of illegal drugs dropped su"stantially in 17=2. )%!he price paid for most illegal drugs "y the average consumer did not drop su"stantially in 17=2. -%&omestic production of illegal drugs increased at a higher rate than did the entry of such drugs into the country. .%!he wholesale price of a few illegal drugs increased su"stantially in 17=2.

0%A drop in demand for most illegal drugs in 17=2 was not the sole cause of the drop in their wholesale price. Q - )6. !hose who oppose a"ortion upon demand make the foundation of their arguments the sanctity of human life, "ut this seeming "edrock assumption is actually as weak as shifting sand. And it is not necessary to invoke the red herring that many a"ortion opponents would allow that human life must sometimes "e sacrificed for a great good, as in the fighting of a 4ust war. !here are counterexamples to the principle of sanctity of life that are even more em"arrassing to a"ortion opponents. *t would "e possi"le to reduce the annual num"er of traffic fatalities to virtually Eero "y passing federal legislation mandating a nationwide )0mile-per-hour speed limit on all roads. *mplicitly, we have always "een willing to trade off quantity of human life for quality. +hich of the following assumptions are made in the a"ove argument# 1% A human fetus should not "e considered a KlifeM for purposes of government protection. )% An appropriate societal decision is made in the "alancing of individual lives and the quality of life. -% !he a"ortion question 4ust makes explicit that which for so long has remained hidden from view. .% !he protection of human life is not a 4ustifia"le goal of society. 0% Covernment may have no authority to act on "ehalf of families "ut legitimately protect the interests of individuals. Q - )2. 1tudio executives carefully examine how a film performs on its opening weekend in order to determine whether N and how N to invest more in that film. Many decisions, such as increasing the num"er of screens that show the film and expanding the marketing campaign, are "est made after reaction ca "e gathered from audience who actually purchased tickets. !herefore, to maximiEe returns on their marketing investments, studios should initially release all their films on a small num"er of screens and with a limited advertising campaign. !he plan to maximiEe returns "y initially releasing films on only a small num"er of screens and limiting advertising depends on which of the following assumptions# A% Darge marketing investments made "efore the opening weekend never eventually yield greater profits than small initial marketing investments. '% /ew advertising technique such as we"-"ased viral marketing, haven;t su"stantially reduced the average marketing cost for films. % A film;s prior performance in noncommercial settings, such as festivals, is not well correlated with how the general pu"lic tends to react to than film. &% Across the movie industry, marketing investments do not influence the eventual financial returns of films in predicta"le way.

(% :ow a film performs during its opening weekend is a strong indicator of the film;s financial performance over its lifetime. Q - )=. Michael> Marriage is increasingly a dying institution. !oday, over 70O of Americans know someone who is divorced. Fason> Jour statistic doesn?t mean that much. +ith up to 03O of marriages ending in divorce, nearly everyone in America either will "e divorced or will know someone who is divorced in their lifetime +hich of the following assumptions is necessary to Fason;s argument# A. !here will always "e some marriages that end in divorce. '. !he divorce rate has not "ecome significantly higher in recent years, compared to the past. . Approximately )0O of Americans will "e divorced at some point in their lives. &. Michael;s statistics are, in fact, accurate. (. Bnce someone has "een divorced the first time, it "ecomes more likely that he or she will have a second divorce. Q - )7. Bne sure way you can tell how quickly a new idea,for example, the idea of PprivatiEationP ,is taking hold among the population is to monitor how fast the word or words expressing that particular idea are passing into common usage. @rofessional opinions of whether or not words can indeed "e said to have passed into common usage are availa"le from dictionary editors, who are vitally concerned with this question. !he method descri"ed a"ove for determining how quickly a new idea is taking hold relies on which one of the following assumptions# $A% &ictionary editors are not professionally interested in words that are only rarely used. $'% &ictionary editors have exact numerical criteria for telling when a word has passed into common usage. $ % <or a new idea to take hold, dictionary editors have to include the relevant word or words in their dictionaries. $&% As a word passes into common usages, its meaning does not undergo any severe distortions in the process. $(% +ords denoting new ideas tend to "e used "efore the ideas denoted are understood. Q - -3. *n 17=6, the city of Dos &ia"los had )3 days on which air pollution reached unhealthful amounts and a smog alert was put into effect. *n early 17=2, new air pollution control measures were enacted, "ut the city had smog alerts on -1 days that year and on -7 days

the following year. *n 17=7, however, the num"er of smog alerts in Dos &ia"los dropped to sixteen. !he main air pollutants in Dos &ia"los are oEone and car"on monoxide, and since 17=6 the levels of "oth have "een monitored "y gas spectrography. +hich of the following statements, assuming that each is true, would "e D(A1! helpful in explaining the air pollution levels in Dos &ia"los "etween 17=6 and 17=7# $A% !he 17=2 air pollution control measures enacted in Dos &ia"los were put into effect in /ovem"er of 17==. $'% *n &ecem"er of 17== a new and far more accurate gas spectrometer was invented. $ % *n <e"ruary of 17=7, the @ollution ontrol 'oard of Dos &ia"los revised the scale used to determine the amount of air pollution considered unhealthful. $&% *n 17== the mayor of Dos &ia"los was found to have accepted large campaign donations from local industries and to have exempted those same industries from air pollution control measures. $(% (xcess oEone and car"on monoxide require a minimum of two years to "reak down naturally in the atmosphere a"ove a given area. Q - -1. Aadio stations with radio data system $A&1% technology "roadcast special program information that only radios with an A&1 feature can receive. 'etween 177. and 1776, the num"er of A&1 radio stations in 9erdland increased from )03 to 633. :owever, since the num"er of A&1-equipped radios in 9erdland was a"out the same in 1776 as in 177., the num"er of 9erlanders receiving the special program information pro"a"ly did not increase significantly. +hich of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends# A. <ew if any of the A&1 radio stations that "egan "roadcasting in 9erdland after 177. "roadcast to people with A&1-equipped radios living in areas not previously reached "y A&1 stations. '. *n 1776 most 9erdlanders who lived within the listening area of an A&1 station already had a radio equipped to receive A&1. . (quipping a radio station with A&1 technology does not decrease the station?s listening area. &. *n 1776 9erlanders who did not own radios equipped to receive A&1 could not receive any programming from the A&1 radio stations that "egan "roadcasting in 9erdland after 177.. (. !he A&1 radio stations in 9erdland in 1776 did not all offer the same type of programming. Q - -). A recent study "y psychologists found that the main goal of most middle school students is to "e viewed as popular "y their classmates. !he psychologists also found that the students who seek to "e popular will only take as friends other students who share the goal of achieving popularity. !herefore, the psychologists argued, any middle school students who strive to impress their teachers will not make friends with most of their classmates. !he argument put forth "y the psychologists assumes that A.achieving popularity is often not done "y a single individual, "ut rather "y a group of

children. '.middle school students do not regard as popular anyone who strives to impress a teacher. .a student can impress a teacher "y not fraterniEing with the popular crowd of students. &.most middle school children "elieve that those who strive to impress a teacher do not have the goal of achieving popularity. (.middle school students are known to "e particularly cruel to classmates that are considered different from the norm. Q - --. +hich of the following most logically completes the passage# @ecan growers get a high price for their crop when pecans are comparatively scarce, "ut the price drops sharply when pecans are a"undant. !hus, in high-yield years, growers often hold "ack part of their crop in refrigerated warehouses for one or two years, hoping for higher prices in the future. !his year?s pecan crop was the smallest in five years. *t is nonetheless quite possi"le that a portion of this year?s crop will "e held "ack, since 5555555555555 . $A% each of the last two years produced record"reaking pecan yields $'% the quality of this year?s pecan crop is no worse than the quality of the pecan crops of the previous five years $ % pecan prices have not "een su"4ect to sharp fluctuations in recent years $&% for some pecan growers, this year?s crop was no smaller than last year?s $(% the practice of holding "ack part of one year?s crop had not yet "ecome widespread the last time the pecan crop was as small as it was this year Q - -.. Aesearchers have found that when very overweight people, who tend to have relatively low meta"olic rates, lose weight primarily through dieting, their meta"olisms generally remain unchanged. !hey will thus "urn significantly fewer calories at the new weight than do people whose weight is normally at that level. 1uch newly thin persons will, therefore, ultimately regain weight until their "ody siEe again matches their meta"olic rate. !he conclusion of the argument a"ove depends on which of the following assumptions#

$A% Aelatively few very overweight people who have dieted down to a new weight tend to continue to consume su"stantially fewer calories than do people whose normal weight is at that level. $'% !he meta"olisms of people who are usually not overweight are much more a"le to vary than the meta"olisms of people who have "een very overweight. $ % !he amount of calories that a person usually "urns in a day is determined more "y the amount that is consumed that day than "y the current weight of the individual. $&% Aesearchers have not yet determined whether the meta"olic rates of formerly very overweight individuals can "e accelerated "y means of chemical agents. $(% 'ecause of the constancy of their meta"olic rates, people who are at their usual weight normally have as much difficulty gaining weight as they do losing it. Q - -0. 1nowmaking machines work "y spraying a mist that freeEes immediately on contact with cold air. 'ecause the sudden freeEing kills "acteria, Quick<reeEe is planning to market a wastewater purification system that works on the same principle. !he process works only when temperatures are cold, however, so municipalities using it will still need to maintain a conventional system. +hich of the following, if true, provides the strongest grounds for a prediction that municipalities will "uy Quick<reeEe?s purification system despite the need to maintain a conventional purification system as well# $A% 'acteria are not the only impurities that must "e removed from wastewater. $'% Many municipalities have old wastewater purification systems that need to "e replaced. $ % onventional wastewater purification systems have not "een fully successful in killing "acteria at cold temperatures. $&% &uring times of warm weather, when it is not in use, Quick<reeEe?s purification system requires relatively little maintenance. $(% @laces where the winters are cold rarely have a pro"lem of water shortage. Q - -6. 9ague laws set vague limits on people;s freedom, which makes it impossi"le for them to know for certain whether their actions are legal. !hus, under vague laws people cannot feel

secure. !he conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed# a% @eople can feel secure only if they know for certain whether their actions are legal. "% *f people do not know for certain whether their actions are legal, then they might not feel secure. c% *f people know for certain whether their actions are legal, they can feel secure. d% @eople can feel secure if they are governed "y laws that are not vague. e% Bnly people who feel secure can know for certain whether their actions are legal. Q - -2. @sychiatrist> !ake any visceral emotion you care to consider. !here are always situations in which it is healthy to try to express that emotion. 1o, there are always situations in which it is healthy to try to express one;s anger. !he conclusion of the argument follows logically if which one of the following is assumed# a% Anger is always expressi"le. "% Anger is a visceral emotion. c% 1ome kinds of emotions are unhealthy to express. d% All emotions that are healthy to express are visceral. e% An emotion is visceral only if it is healthy to express.