Locate the Puget Sounds on a map, and navigate between coordinate locations: The coordinates for Puget Sounds

are around 47 North and 122 West Identify the 4 distinct basins in the Puget Sounds: Hood Canal: Slow Circulation Main Basin: Fastest circulation Whidbey basin: most freshwater input South Sound: strong mixing, slower circulation Explain geological processes that formed Washington state and the Puget Sounds: Washington is what we call a hot zone. We have convergence occurring, which causes subduction. Subduction is when 2 plates collide and then one of the plates sinks under the other plate. Its usually the denser, the OCEAN plate that goes under. If there are 2 ocean plates, then its the older one. Divergence creates hydrothermal vents and rifts. This is all caused by sea floor spreading and DENSITY which can cause convection. The Puget Sounds itself was formed by glaciers. Over last 2 million years there were a total of 4 glaciation episodes. The glaciers would essentially carve out the landscape. Sea Floor formation can happen from plate movements like Subduction (causing trenches) however there is no trench to be seen off the coast of Washington because sediment fills it. The divergence creates volcanoes. Also a lot of wind and water movement continue to shape the pugest sounds. Explain why Puget Sound beaches are the way they are The following points are things that greatly shape our beaches: waves, tides, storms, weather, and human actions. Puget Sounds is the only heavily urbanized fjord-like estuary in the world. Fjord? (A long narrow inlet with steep sides) Because it is a fjord beaches are relatively narrow, and there is a steep coastal bluff. Major source of sediment on beaches come from the erosion of the cliffs. Bluff erosions can be caused by weather, wind, rain, or human induced. Puget Sounds has some distinct characteristics, mixed sand and gravel composition, tides are strong, and there are low energy waves. Describe patterns of solar radiation and primary productivity in temperate zones Well we know that when solar radiation is increased, then amount of primary productivity increases as well.

Identify the sources of nutrients to the coastal waters and the Puget Sounds and understand how the source and supply rate varies by season and by season

Coastal waters have runoff and large amount of upwelling that cause nutrients to go into the water. Upwelling brings the deep waters that have a lot of nutrients up to the surface of the water. During the summer there is a large growth of solar radiation and a large growth of phytoplankton and zooplankton which causes a decline of nutrients. Then there is another mini phytoplankton growth in the fall, but it declines as solar radiation declines. Also nutrients rise in the winter, because there is more upwelling caused by storms that mix the water. Explain physical and biological factors that control primary productivity and biomass of producers and consumers in a marine food web. Nutrients and Solar Radiation, Mixing and Water column stratification, Bottom up versus top down, top or apex predators. Mixing in the water column, allows nutrients to be brought up, increasing the amount of nutrients in the water. Stratification? Apex predators

Explain what happens to organic carbon and nutrients created by primary producers in surface waters Organic carbon will typically sink to the ocean floor, which causes large amount of nutrients at the bottom of the ocean floor. While, the nutrients at the surface are usually used up by the phytoplankton and zooplankton. Explain the connection between increased primary production in surface waters and decreased oxygen in deep water (hypoxic zones) If there is an increased amount of primary production in surface water then there will be more nutrients that float to the bottom of the ocean. The increased amounts of nutrients will cause bacteria to flourish even more, causing more and more oxygen to be used up and more and more CO2 to go into the water. Identify the factors that affect concentration of O2 in Hood canal Hood Canal has a really long residence time, because the water circulation is very slow. Circulation is so slow because there is a sill in the entrance of Hood Canal, and that sill causes water to enter very slowly. So its very hard to replenish the water.

Describe the conditions that lead to episodic and chronic oxygen stress in Hood canal Due to the fact that residence time of the waters in Hood Canal are very long. Episodic oxygen stress is usually characterized with Fish Kills. It is when low oxygen deep water is brought to the surface. Usually happens with southerly winds. Chronic Oxygen stress, is low oxygen levels. Identify and explain the physical properties that make it special Solubility of Gas and Heat Capacity/Specific Heat Water has a very high specific heat meaning water does not cool and heat as drastically as land does. Explain the thermohaline circulation and how ocean transports and stores heat and dissolved gases

Thermohaline circulation H2O sinks at poles, and it is very cold and dense. Thermohaline circulation is controlled primarily by density. The sinking of water, causes upwelling to occur. It takes a long time for water to travel throughout this whole entire circulation often times around 1000 years. Colder water typically has more oxygen, so when that water is upwelled the oxygen filled water rises to the surface. Identify the regions that are a source or sink for CO2. Explain how the increasing concentration of CO2 in atmosphere can result in a change of pH. This is because when CO2 reacts with H2O then Carbonic acid is created, which can drastically lower the ph. CO2 + H2O => H2CO3 Explain how a change in pH can affect marine organisms: If low pH were to happen then there would be lower levels of calcium carbonate. And the lack of calcium carbonate really hurts shell fishes, corals, tetrapods, and cocoolithopores That is because a lot of these organism really use calcium carbonate to create there shells, and if they do not have enough calcium carbonate to make shells which would be a lowering in pH then those foods would be easier prey.

Describe and sketch the motion of wind and water given information about pressure gradients Forces that determine the water motion are gravity, wind, coriolis, the pressure gradient force, and friction Pressure gradient force always goes from high pressure to low pressure. Remember according to geostrophic balance, the PGF and Coriolis force are completely opposite of each other. Also the Coriolis force is always to the right of the ocean currents, from this you can determine how to draw PGF and CF and Currents, but this is only in a GEOSTROPHIC FLOW OF OCEAN CURRENTS.

Explaint he processes that form a layered Puget sounds and North Pacific Ocean. Sketch temperature and salinity as a funcito of depth identify the mixed layer, thermocline, halocline, pycnocline Also explain how natural processes alter surface salinity and temperature and why these vary with season. Identify 2 main factors of influence circulation of Puget Sounds. Direction and causes of net landward and sea ward flor in Puget sounds. Define and explain the impact of following on circulation of Puget sounds. Entrainment, mixing, Bathymetry, and relationship between mixing Identify wave generating forces and explain how waves shape our coasts and inland waterways. Define and Diagram long shore transports and define 2 types of waves. 2 types of waves: deep water and shallow water waves. D>1/2L Then it is deep water And for shallow waters if Depth<1/20 L

So in deep water waves, particle moves in circular motion, while shallow water moves in an elliptical motion. For the shallow water waves the bathrymetry is very important because the waves can feel the ground. Explain why we dont see large swells in Puget Sounds This is because we dont have Fetch Which is the distance that wind can blow in the same direction for a long time. Since wind is the main generating force for wave, and because Puget Sounds is so windy, it is really difficult for wind to flow in one direction for a long time. Therefore we are not able to see large swells. Explain the differences between tidal patterns. 3 types of tidal patterns. There is Diurnal, Semidiurnal, and Mixed Diurnal Diurnal is very rare on the planet it is when there is one tidal circuit on the planet. Semidiurnal is when there are 2 tidal cycles. So one high and one low tide. Mixed Dirunal: when you have different highs and different lows. This is the tidal pattern we have in Settle. Define and describe what harmful algae blooms (HABs) are This happens when phytoplankton blooms and blooms occur when there are adequate sunlight levels and stability of nutrients. Only about 10% toxic and some of the toxic species are only toxic occasionally. Occasionally this can prove to be dangerous for humans, because some toxins are deadly. Identify the causative organisms in the Puget Sound waters. Diatoms, Dinoflagellas, flagellas (some kinds) Describe the threat of HABs on health of humans, wildlife, and the marine environment HABS can be potentially toxic to humans, and it sometimes inhibits others wildlife in the ocean from getting enough sunlight. Explain the connection between health of Puget Sounds and health of humans, fish, and marine mammals Health of humans fish, and marine mammals depends on the health of Puget Sounds!! Amplitude: Amplitude of tidesdraw picture!

Estuary: A point where salt water meets with fresh water. Often times its like an ocean meeting up with a river source. Estuarine Cycle: The Deep water flows into the estuary, which is the salty water. The surface, fresh water flows out of the estuary. Often times estuaries will have sills which can affect the way the water moves.

Eutrophication: Neap Tides: Neap Tides are moderate tides. Residence Time; How long it takes water to travel out of the stuary. Spring Tides: Spring tides are extreme tides. Tidal Reflux: Tidal Prism: Tidal Prism is the volume of water between the mean high water and the mean low water. For example

Ebb tide is from high to low, leaving And Flood is low to high

Main Basin is right by Seattle. Main Basin was unnaturally deep unlike Hood Canal, where it was drastically less shallow, especially in the south end. South Sound, by Tacoma and Olympia Hood Canal long basin time: because of sills Coriolis force doesnt play a large role. The Fetch, and wind have an impact on the size of waves generated. A longer fetch for larger wave. Coriolis will have impact out in coast but not in sound. When the water mass (waves) moves and crashes into a coast, downwelling happens. When wind blows away from coast of Whidbey we have upwelling because of divergence. Long fetch in strait of juan de fuca

Prevailing winds: Winter winds come up from the south, then in the Winter high. And Summer winds come from the north, low pressure is created because the warm air causes the land to heat up faster, while specific heat causes water to not heat up.