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Historical Note
Multiplexing combines several signals into a single higher capacity signal for greater transport efficiency. In the early days of telephony, frequency division multiplexing was widely employed. Because filters needed to separate the signals were imperfect, multiplexing took place in several stages, called a hierarchy. First, 12 voice channels were combined into a Group. Then 5 Groups were combined into a Supergroup of 60 channels. The next stage was to combine 10 Supergroups into a Mastergroup of 600 channels. Finally, 6 Mastergroups interspersed with 4 Supergroups made up a Jumbogroup of 3840 channels. Transmission facilities possible at the time influenced the multiples used at each level of the FDM hierarchy.
Group
1 5
Supergroup
1
12
. . .
Mastergroup
10
. . .
1
Jumbogroup
6
Supergroup
10
. . .
1 1
DS1
1 4
24
. . .
DS2 DS3
. . .
28 DS1
www.looptelecom.com
December 2, 2002
1 1
E1
1 4
30
. . .
E2 E3
4 16 E1
www.looptelecom.com
December 2, 2002
OC3/STM1
E1/ T1
DS3 (28T1/ 21E1) E3 (16 E1)
Loop-V4200-28
V.35 Router
...
OC3/STM1
Loop-V4100
...
ATM/ FR
Loop-V4200-28
DS3/ E3 Network
OC3/STM1
E1/ T1
Loop-V4200-28
OC3/STM1
E&M OCU DP
...
www.looptelecom.com
December 2, 2002