Tim Hieu Phan Cung May Tinh

Su tm v bin son: Ho Kang Trung Kien
TI LIU
TM HIU PHN CNG
Tp.HCM,Thng10/2008
Lu hnh ni b
Li cm n
Ngi xa c cu: Khng thy my lm nn!, qu tht rt ng! Kin thc m chng ta c c khng ngoi vic c truyn t bi ngi khc, d bt c cch no trc tip hay gin tip. Khng ai c th t ho ni rng tt c kin thc mnh c c m khng cn hc hi, l ca ring mnh. Kin thc cn c chia s. Tt c nhng g ti lm c khng ngoi hai ch hc hi nn ti xin cm n rt nhiu ngi, rt nhiu, rt nhiu... Li cm n u tin xin c gi n cc thy dy vi tnh cho ti, v nh cc thy m ti c c nn tng, hiu bit nh ngy hm nay, d vi bt c suy ngh no cng xin cm n cc thy. V c bit xin cm n thy Di Minh Th, ngi thy a ti vo th gii vi tnh rng ln mt cch tht s. Cm n thy v nhng g thy dy, nhng kin thc thy chia s vi mi ngi, v nhng g thy lm l ht trch nhim cao c ca mt ngi dn dt... Li cm n th hai xin ginh cho nhng ngi bn hc chung m ti xem nh nhng ngi anh. Xin cm n anh Ha, anh Duy, anh Cnh v nhng li ng vin chn thnh, nhng li khuyn b ch, s gip tn tm gip em thm n lc v quyt tm hon thnh cun sch ny. bt c phng din no cc anh gip em rt nhiu, xin cm n cc anh! Xin cm n tt c mi ngi, tt c nhng ai chia s kin thc cho ti d ch l qua mng, sch bo; cm n cuc i v cho ti c hi sng v lm vic. Ti bit mnh hnh phc v y hn nhiu ngi ri. Hc cch tha mn vi nhng g mnh ang c v s c, ti cm thy mnh l ngi y nht. Cm n tt c nhng li khen ch, nhng ai ght v ph bnh ti mt cch thng thn v ch nh th ti mi c th hon thin mnh hn na. Cm n cc bn thm cm n ti v cun ti liu ny gip cc bn rt nhiu. Cm n, mi mi lun bit cm n v ch nh th ti mi thy mnh sng c thm ngha!
H Kang Trung Kin
Li ni u
Bi hc t cuc sng
-Ti khng th bt ngi khc yu mn mnh, tt c nhng iu ti c th lm l c gng tr thnh mt ngi ng c yu mn ... -Cho d bn b ti tt nh th no cng s c lc h lm ti b tn thng v ti phi bit tha th cho iu ... -Trc khi mun tha th cho ngi khc, ti phi tp tha th cho chn bn thn mnh ... -Mnh phi mt nhiu nm to lng tin ni ngi khc nhng li c th nh mt n ch trong mt giy ...
Vi tt c hiu bit v hc hi, ti su tm, bin son v vit nn cun Tm hiu phn cng ny vi mong mun t hon thin thm kin thc ca mnh, ng thi cng mun mang n cc bn mt kin thc tng hp s lc v phn cng my tnh. Do ch l s lc nn cng khng khi thiu st hoc cn ch cha ng mong cc bn thng cm v ng gp thm cho. Tuy vy ti ngh vi nhng ai mun hc hoc mun cng c thm hiu bit v phn cng th cun ti liu ny vn cung cp kh y . Cun ti liu ny gii thiu hu nh ton b kin thc v cc thit b phn cng, cch lp rp ci t, v s dng mt s phn mm kim tra, sa li thit b. Vi nhng ai cha bit, cun ti liu ny s gip bn c mt hiu bit tng th v phn cng, cc bn c th mnh dn lp rp, ci t, kim tra my tnh ca mnh. Vi nhng ai bit s qua th cun sch ny s gip bn c thm kin thc vng chc v my tnh. Khng ngoi mc ch chia s hiu bit, ln kinh nghim thc tin, ti c ht sc mnh lm vic ny ch n gin l chia s nhng g c ngi khc chia s. Cc bn khng tin? Cc bn khng hiu? iu khng quan trng, ch cn cc bn cm thy n hu ch l c. Chc cc bn thnh cng! Tm bit!
H Kang Trung Kin
Thn tng anh Ha
-Trung tm m o to bc b s my tnh t thc hnh h
Ch huyn khoa PC
MC LC
Li cm n Li ni u Mc lc ........................................... ............................................. ................................3 PHN I Tng n quan my m tnh I. II. III. 1. 2. IV. V. Khi nim .................................... ............................................. .............................. 13 S ra i ..................................... ............................................. .............................. 14 Cu to my t nh ......................... ............................................. .............................. 15 ............................................. .............................. 15 Phn cng ................................... Phn mm ................................... ............................................. .............................. 17 S l c lch s pht trin my tnh thi k u ............................ .............................. 17 Lch s pht tr rin my tnh c nhn n ........................................... .............................. 22 PHN II B vi x l Co ontrol Pro ocessing Unit (CPU U) I. Chc nng ca CPU ...................... ............................................. .............................. 30 II. Cc thnh phn trong CP PU ............ ............................................. .............................. 30 III. Nguy yn l hot ng ca CPU ....... ............................................. .............................. 33 IV. Mt s cng ng gh v CPU U ............. ............................................. .............................. 36 1. Cng g ngh Hyp per Transp port ca AM MD ........................................ .............................. 36 2. Cng g ngh Hyp per Thread ding ca In ntel ........................................ .............................. 45 3. Cng g ngh EM64T ........................ ............................................. .............................. 48 4. Vi kin trc Ne etburst..................... ............................................. .............................. 51 e ............. ............................................. .............................. 58 V. CPU a nhn Multi-core 1. CPU a nhn ............................... ............................................. .............................. 58 n x l ca CPU .................... ............................................. .............................. 60 2. Lung 3. Core e Duo v Core C 2 Duo ca Intel ............... . .............................. .............................. 61 4. Cc m hnh Core C 2 Duo ca Intel ............... . .............................. .............................. 62 5. Cc model ca core 2 du uo Intel ..... ............................................. .............................. 65 6. Core e 2 Quad d Q6x00 Cng C ngh 45nm .................................. .............................. 67 7. Cu trc h thng Haven ndale/Aubu urndale .................................. .............................. 68 8. Athlo on 64 X2 ca AMD .................. ............................................. .............................. 70 9. Thn ng s cc CPU C bn nhn ca AM MD........................................ .............................. 72 10. CPU U tm nhn ............................ ............................................. .............................. 75 11 ...v nhiu nhn hn na ............. ............................................. .............................. 75 12. S khc bit ca Pentiu um D v Co ore 2 Duo ............................... .............................. 75 g ngh Multi-core ca Intel v AMD A ........................ .............................. 77 13. So snh cng
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VI. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. VII. VIII.
Pentium Xeon X Cn ng ngh ca Intel cho o my ch ............................. ...................... 79 Pentium II Xeon................................... ............................................. ...................... 79 Petium III I Xeon ................................... ............................................. ...................... 81 Xeon MP ............... . .............................. ............................................. ...................... 82 Xeon Dual Core.................................... ............................................. ...................... 82 Intel ra mt 4 mu chp c Xeon xanh ..... ............................................. ...................... 84 ngha c c thng s trn CPU U .............. ............................................. ...................... 85 Nhng thu ut ng cn bn ..................... ............................................. ...................... 85 PH HN III therboard d (Mainbo oard) Bo mch ch - Mot
g v nhim v ca Mainboard M . ............... .............................. ...................... 88 I. Chc nng 1. Chc nng g .......................................... ............................................. ...................... 88 ............................................. ...................... 88 2. Nhim v ............................................ d ............................. ............................................. ...................... 89 II. Phn loi Mainboard 1. Phn loi theo ngun s dng g............... ............................................. ...................... 89 2. Phn loi theo kiu chn CPU................ ............................................. ...................... 89 h phn c bn trong Mainboard d............................................ ...................... 89 III. Cc thnh he cm c bn trn Mainboard M h n i ................................. hi ...................... 91 IV. Nhng kh he cm c bn th h mi ........ ............................................. ...................... 91 A. Nhng kh ess x16 .................................. ............................................. ...................... 91 1. PCI-Expre ess x4 v x1 x ........................... ............................................. ...................... 92 2. PCI-Expre ............................................. ............................................. ...................... 93 3. AGP ........ ............................................. ............................................. ...................... 94 4. SATA ...... ............................................. ............................................. ...................... 95 5. e-SATA ... ............................................. ............................................. ...................... 96 6. EPS12V ... q t 4 chu mi ..................... ............................................. ...................... 97 7. Khe cm qu o v HDMIo o .............. ............................................. ...................... 97 8. Chn cm HD Audio B. Nhng kh he cm c bit....................... ............................................. ...................... 98 U .................. ............................................. ...................... 98 1. ASRock CPU Board Upgrade A Slot ..................................... ............................................. .................... 100 2. ECS SIMA o Port ..................................... ............................................. .................... 101 3. DFI Audio ng ngh t ch hp tr n Mainboa ard ........................................ .................... 102 V. Mt s c nel ......................................... ............................................. .................... 102 1. Dual Chan phics ...................................... ............................................. .................... 108 2. Dual Grap 3. SLI ca NVidia ..................................... ............................................. .................... 109 ............................................. .................... 115 4. Crossfire ca ATI ................................. ............................................. ............................................. .................... 123 5. Prescott .. 6. RAID ....... ............................................. ............................................. .................... 125 VI. ngha Thng s tr rn Main .................. ............................................. .................... 134
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PHN IV B nh truy xut ngu nhin n Ra andom Ac ccess Mem mory (RAM) I. II. III. IV. 1. 2. V. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. VI. 1. 2. 3. 4. V VII. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. V VIII. 1. 2. 3. IX. 1. 2. 3. 4. Khi nim .................................... ............................................. ............................ 136 1 Nhim v ca RAM ....................... ............................................. ............................ 136 1 Nguy yn l hot ng .................... ............................................. ............................ 137 1 Phn n loi RAM ............................. ............................................. ............................ 138 1 RAM M tnh ..................................... ............................................. ............................ 138 1 RAM M ng ................................... ............................................. ............................ 139 1 Cc loi RAM th t ng gp .............. ............................................. ............................ 140 1 RAM MBUS ...................................... ............................................. ............................ 140 1 SDR R-SDRAM ................................ ............................................. ............................ 141 1 DDR R-SDRAM ................................ ............................................. ............................ 141 1 DDR R2-SDRAM .............................. ............................................. ............................ 141 1 DDR R3-SDRAM .............................. ............................................. ............................ 142 1 Cc modul ca RAM ..................... ............................................. ............................ 142 1 M .......................................... ............................................. ............................ 142 1 SIMM RIMM M v SO RIMM R ....................... ............................................. ............................ 143 1 DIMM- dual in-line memo ory module es.......................................... ............................ 143 1 SO DIMMD sma all outline dimm d ....... ............................................. ............................ 144 1 Nhng thut ng n trong Ram R ......... ............................................. ............................ 144 1 Tc ........................................ ............................................. ............................ 144 1 Cach he memory y ............................. ............................................. ............................ 145 1 BUS ............................................ ............................................. ............................ 145 1 CAS Latency ................................ ............................................. ............................ 146 1 RAM M Refresh Rate R ........................ ............................................. ............................ 147 1 SDRA RAM Access s Time ..................... ............................................. ............................ 148 1 DDR R2 .......................................... ............................................. ............................ 149 1 Tm hiu DDR2 2 ............................ ............................................. ............................ 149 1 DDR R2 PC2-960 00 tc nhanh n nht th gii................................ ............................ 151 1 Dung g lng RA AM DDR2 c y ln 16GB ................................ ............................ 152 1 DDR R3 .......................................... ............................................. ............................ 153 1 Tm hiu DDR3 3 ............................ ............................................. ............................ 153 1 im tin b ................................ ............................................. ............................ 155 1 DDR R3 16GB tr nh din sc mnh ... ............................................. ............................ 157 1 DDR R3 2500 tc 2.5G Gbps ........ ............................................. ............................ 159 1
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PHN V a cng Ha ard Disk Drive D (HDD) I. II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. III. 1. 2. IV. 1. 2. 3. V. 1. 2. 3. Khi nim ............................................ ............................................. .................... 161 Cu to ... ............................................. ............................................. .................... 162 B khung ............................................ ............................................. .................... 162 a t ..... ............................................. ............................................. .................... 162 Cc u c ghi ................................... ............................................. .................... 163 B dch ch huyn u t ......................... ............................................. .................... 163 Mt trc quay .................................... ............................................. .................... 164 Cc mch in t ca cng................ ............................................. .................... 164 Nguyn l hot ng g ............................ ............................................. .................... 165 Giao tip vi my tn nh .......................... ............................................. .................... 165 hi d liu l n b mt a .......... ............................................. .................... 167 c v gh Mt s nh n ngha ................................ ............................................. .................... 168 Track ...... ............................................. ............................................. .................... 168 Sector ..... ............................................. ............................................. .................... 169 Cylinder .. ............................................. ............................................. .................... 171 Cc cng ngh trn a cng g ............. ............................................. .................... 172 S.M.A.R.T T ............................................ ............................................. .................... 172 cng lai ........................................... ............................................. .................... 173 Direct Memory Acce ess (DMA) ................ ............................................. .................... 174
4. Bus Maste ering DMA .............................. ............................................. .................... 175 5. Ultra DMA A (UDMA) ............................... ............................................. .................... 175 6. cng th h rn SDD D ca Intel ............... ............................................. .................... 175 VI. Cc chun giao tip ca cng n ............ ............................................. .................... 176 12 ......................................... ............................................. .................... 176 1. ST-506/41 d Small Dev vice Interfa ace (ESDI) ) ............................................ .................... 176 2. Enhanced 3. Intergrate ed Drive Electronics (IDE) ( ........ ............................................. .................... 177 4. Extended Intergrate ed Drive Ele ectronics (EIDE) ( ................................... .................... 177 5. Serial ATA A (SATA) ................................ ............................................. .................... 178 6. Small Com mputer Sys stem Interf face (SCSI) ) ........................................... .................... 182 7. Ch khc bit gia SCSI S v EIDE........... ............................................. .................... 183 VII. nh dng g phn vn ng ........................... ............................................. .................... 184 1. FAT ........ ............................................. ............................................. .................... 184 2. NTFS ...... ............................................. ............................................. .................... 186 3. So snh gi g a FAT v NTFS.................... ............................................. .................... 187 VIII. Thng s v c tnh............................ ............................................. .................... 189 1. Dung lng n ......................................... ............................................. .................... 189
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2. Tc quay ca a cng .......... ............................................. ............................ 189 1 3. Cc thng s v thi gian n trong a cng ................................ ............................ 189 1 4. B nh n m ................................. ............................................. ............................ 190 1 PHN VI H thng n nhp/x xut c bn Basi ic Input/O Output Sy ytem (BIO OS) I. II. III. IV. 1. 2. 3. V. 1. 2. VI. 1. 2. V VII. 1. 2. nh h ngha BIO OS .......................... ............................................. ............................ 192 1 Vai tr t ca BIO OS .......................... ............................................. ............................ 192 1 Cc loi BIOS ............................... ............................................. ............................ 193 1 Thit lp BIOS S ............................. ............................................. ............................ 194 1 Cc thit lp BIOS B c bn ............. ............................................. ............................ 194 1 IDE Primary Master ...................... ............................................. ............................ 194 1 Adva anced Bios s Features ................ ............................................. ............................ 197 1 Nng g cp BIOS S ............................ ............................................. ............................ 200 2 Cc bc nng g cp....................... ............................................. ............................ 200 2 X l sau khi nng n cp th ht bi ..... ............................................. ............................ 203 2 Dual l Bios ..................................... ............................................. ............................ 205 2 Khi nim .................................... ............................................. ............................ 205 2 Nguy yn tc ho ot ng .................. ............................................. ............................ 205 2 Clear CMOS ................................. ............................................. ............................ 206 2 Clear CMOS thng qua c c cng xu ut nhp 70h v 71h ............... ............................ 206 2 Clear bng ch n Jumper v tho pi in CMOS ................................ ............................ 207 2 PHN VII V B ch hp chnh Chipse et I. II. 1. 2. III. 1. 2. IV. 1. 2. 3. 4. ............................................. ............................ 209 2 Khi nim .................................... p cu Bc................................ ............................................. ............................ 209 2 Chip Khi nim .................................... ............................................. ............................ 209 2 Nhim v..................................... ............................................. ............................ 210 2 Chip p cu Nam .............................. ............................................. ............................ 210 2 Khi nim .................................... ............................................. ............................ 210 2 Nhim v..................................... ............................................. ............................ 211 2 Mt s loi Chi ipset mi hi h n nay c a Intel ................................. ............................ 211 2 Intel 975X Chip pset ........................ ............................................. ............................ 211 2 Intel chipset P9 965 ........................ ............................................. ............................ 212 2 Intel chipset G33 G v P35 ............... ............................................. ............................ 214 2 Intel chipset X38 .......................... ............................................. ............................ 216 2
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PHN VIII B ngun Pow wer Supply y Unit (PS SU) I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Tm quan n trng ................................... ............................................. .................... 218 Kt ni AC C .......................................... ............................................. .................... 219 u ni cho Motherboard ..................... ............................................. .................... 221 Nhng kiu b ngun ........................... ............................................. .................... 229 Mch in Bo v ............................... ............................................. .................... 233 Nhng chn ra ca u ni ng gun ........ ............................................. .................... 234 PH HN IX a quang I. II. III. IV. V. a qua ang ........................................ ............................................. .................... 237 Cu to ... ............................................. ............................................. .................... 238 K thut trong t a quang ................... ............................................. .................... 239 Cc thng g s ....................................... ............................................. .................... 239 Phn loi ............... . .............................. ............................................. .................... 239 PHN X a Quang g Optica al disc I. Khi nim ............................................ ............................................. .................... 240 II. Nguyn l lu tr d liu ...................... ............................................. .................... 240 III. Cu to ... ............................................. ............................................. .................... 241 IV. Cng ngh pht trin a quan ng ............ ............................................. .................... 241 dable (CD-R) v cc nh dng CD khc ............................... .................... 241 1. CD-Record 2. CD-RW ha ay CD-E (C CD-Rewritable hay CD D-Erasable) ............................ .................... 242 3. HC-R (Hig gh Capacity y Recordab ble) .......... ............................................. .................... 243 4. DDCD (Do ouble Dens sity CD) ................... ............................................. .................... 243 5. AUDIO CD D v a th han ......................... ............................................. .................... 243 6. DVD (DIG GITAL VERS SATILE DIS SC) .......... ............................................. .................... 245 7. a DVD mt lp v a 2 lp ................ ............................................. .................... 247 8. Blu-ray .... ............................................. ............................................. .................... 248 9. HD-DVD .. ............................................. ............................................. .................... 249 10 0.So snh 3 loi a DVD, D Blu-ra ay v HD-D DVD....................................... .................... 250
I. I II I.
Ph hn XI My tnh xch ta ay Lapto op Compu uter Khi ni n m ...................................... ............................................. .................... 251 Lch s .......................................... ............................................. .................... 251
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III. Nhng yu u cu c bn............ ............................................. ............................ 254 2 IV. c im thi t t k ................... ............................................. ............................ 254 2 1. B vi x l ............................. ............................................. ............................ 254 2 2. RAM ...................................... ............................................. ............................ 255 2 3. a cng g ............................ ............................................. ............................ 255 2 4. Ch C c nng g ha .................. ............................................. ............................ 256 2 5. Mn hnh ............................... ............................................. ............................ 257 2 6. Nng lng cung cp ............. ............................................. ............................ 257 2 7. Tn nhit............................... ............................................. ............................ 257 2 8. Kt ni mng ......................... ............................................. ............................ 258 2 9. Bn phm ............................... ............................................. ............................ 258 2 10. Multimedia a............................. ............................................. ............................ 258 2 V. Mt s chc nng thng thy ............................................ ............................ 259 2 C c nng g khi phc nhanh .... ............................................. ............................ 259 2 1. Ch 2. Nhn dng g vn tay ................. ............................................. ............................ 259 2 VI. Nhng ch vi my y tnh xch h tay ...................................... ............................ 259 2 1. To thun li cho tn nhit ..... ............................................. ............................ 259 2 2. Bo dng g pin ....................... ............................................. ............................ 260 2 3. Ch C ng sc ............................. ............................................. ............................ 261 2 VII. Centrino C Cng ngh h cho Lapt top ........................................ ............................ 262 2 1. Gi G i thiu............................... ............................................. ............................ 262 2 2. Nn tng Carmel C .................... ............................................. ............................ 263 2 S .................. ............................................. ............................ 265 2 3. Nn tng Sonoma 4. Nn tng Santa S Rosa a .............. ............................................. ............................ 266 2 n nn tng Centrino 2 ........................................... ............................ 270 2 5. Tng quan X PHN XII T t b ng Thi goi vi I. II. III. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. IV. 1. 2. Khi nim .................................... ............................................. ............................ 276 2 Cc loi thit b ngoi vi................ ............................................. ............................ 276 2 Mn hnh my tnh Mon nitor ........ ............................................. ............................ 276 2 Khi nim .................................... ............................................. ............................ 276 2 Cc thng s c bn ca mn hnh my tnh .............................. ............................ 277 2 Mn hnh my tnh loi CRT C .......... ............................................. ............................ 280 2 Mn hnh my tnh loi ti inh th lng n .......................................... ............................ 283 2 Mn hnh cm ng ....................... ............................................. ............................ 288 2 Mn hnh my tnh cng nghip..... ............................................. ............................ 289 2 Cc kiu giao ti t p kt ni ca mn hnh my tnh ....................... ............................ 289 2 Cng g ngh OLED.......................... ............................................. ............................ 291 2 Khi nim .................................... ............................................. ............................ 291 2 Cc thnh phn ca OLE ED ............ ............................................. ............................ 291 2
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3. Ch to OLED O ...................................... ............................................. .................... 292 4. Cc OLED D pht sng g nh th no? n ........ ............................................. .................... 293 5. Cc cng ngh OLED D............................ ............................................. .................... 294 6. u v nh c im ca OLED ................ ............................................. .................... 299 7. Tng lai ha hn ca cng ngh n ......... ............................................. .................... 300 V. Chut my tnh Mouse ....................... ............................................. .................... 301 ............................................. .................... 301 1. Khi nim ............................................ 2. Cc loi chut my tnh t ........................ ............................................. .................... 301 3. Cc kiu giao g tip ca chut my m tnh.... ............................................. .................... 303 VI. Bn phm Keyboar rd ........................... ............................................. .................... 304 ............................................. .................... 304 1. Khi nim ............................................ 2. Cu Trc ............... . .............................. ............................................. .................... 304 3. Cng ngh bn phm m ............................ ............................................. .................... 305 Phn XIII c bc lp rp m y tnh C I I. II I. Chun b ....................................... ............................................. .................... 307 Cc bc lp rp my tnh h .............. ............................................. .................... 307
1. Gn CPU C vo Ma ainboard ................. ............................................. .................... 307 2. Gn qu q t tn nh hit cho CP PU ............ ............................................. .................... 310 3. Gn RAM R ln Ma ain.......................... ............................................. .................... 312 4. Chun b lp Ma ainboard v o thng my m ....................................... .................... 313 5. Lp Main M vo th hng my ................ ............................................. .................... 313 6. Lp b ngun ................................ ............................................. .................... 314 7. Lp a cng............................... ............................................. .................... 315 8. Lp a mm .............................. ............................................. .................... 317 9. Lp a quang g ............................. ............................................. .................... 318 10. Gn card c m rng .......................... ............................................. .................... 318 11. Gn dy d cng tc ca case e ............. ............................................. .................... 320 12. Ni d y cho cng n USB ca thng m y ......................................... .................... 322 13. Kim tra ln cui ............................ ............................................. .................... 322 14. u ni cc thit b ngoi vi ............ ............................................. .................... 323 15. Khi ng v kim tra .................... ............................................. .................... 323 III I. Nhng lu khi mua my y .............. ............................................. .................... 324 1. Tm hi h u th tr ng ........................ ............................................. .................... 324 2. Tham m kho gi c .......................... ............................................. .................... 324 3. Chn mua linh ki k n ........................ ............................................. .................... 324 h ha ... ............................................. .................... 324 4. Ch kim tra k lng hng
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5. Ch C n nhng sn phm kh hc ........................................ ............................ 325 3 6. Cng C vic cui cng ............... ............................................. ............................ 325 3 X Phn XIV ws XP2 Ci t h iu hnh Window I. 1. 2. 3. 4. II. III. IV. V. VI. Gii thiu............................... G ............................................. ............................ 326 3 S ra i ............................... ............................................. ............................ 326 3 S snh WinXP So W Profe essional v WinXP Ho ome Edition n ............. ............................ 326 3 Ti sao gi l Window ws XP? ..... ............................................. ............................ 327 3 C chc nng then cht ca Windows Cc W XP X ........................... ............................ 327 3 C t h iu hnh Ci h Windows XP Profes ssional Serv vice Pack 2 .......................... 328 3 C t driver cho c Ci c thit b onboard o ................................. ............................ 347 3 C b Offi Ci ice 2003 .................. ............................................. ............................ 348 3 C b g ti Ci t ng Vit ................ ............................................. ............................ 354 3 C b Fon Ci nt ting Vit ............. ............................................. ............................ 356 3 Phn XV X Cc phng php ci driver cho thit b I. II. Ci t a CD ......................... C ............................................. ............................ 358 3 Ti file ci t t mng ........... ............................................. ............................ 370 3 Phn XVI X Tin ch Hirens Boot CD D I. II. 1. 2. III. 1. 2. 3. IV. 1. 2. 3. Qun l ph Q hn vng Partition Magic Pro .............................. ............................ 375 3 S lu h thng ................... Sao ............................................. ............................ 390 3 Image Cen nter 5.6 ................... ............................................. ............................ 390 3 Norton Ghost 11.0.2 ............... ............................................. ............................ 399 3 Kim tra li RAM .................... ............................................. ............................ 409 4 DOCMemo ory 3.1 - RA AM Diagno otics Tools .............................. ............................ 409 4 G GoldMemo ory 5.07 Memory Diagnotics Tests T ....................... ............................ 411 4 Memtest86 6 + 2.01.................. ............................................. ............................ 412 4 Kim tra li a cng g .............. ............................................. ............................ 413 4 HDD Rege enerator 1.51 ........... ............................................. ............................ 413 4 HDAT2 4.5 53 ........................... ............................................. ............................ 416 4 W WDClear 1 1.30 ........................ ............................................. ............................ 419 4
Ti liu tham kh ho ..................................... ............... ............... .......................... 42 28
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Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh
Chuyn khoa PC
PHN I Tng quan my tnh
I.
Khi nim
My tnh, cng gi l my vi tnh hay in ton, l nhng thit b hay h thng dng tnh ton hay kim sot cc hot ng m c th biu din di dng s hay quy lut logic. My tnh c lp ghp bi cc thnh phn c th thc hin cc chc nng n gin nh ngha trc. Qu trnh tc ng tng h phc tp ca cc thnh phn ny to cho my tnh mt kh nng x l thng tin. Nu c thit lp chnh xc (thng thng bi cc chng trnh my tnh) my tnh c th m phng li mt s kha cnh ca mt vn hay ca mt h thng. Trong trng hp ny, khi c cung cp mt b d liu thch hp n c th t ng gii quyt vn hay d on trc s thay i ca h thng.
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II.
S ra i ca my tnh
Cch y hn 3000 nm, con ngi bit s dng bn tnh phc v cho nhu cu tnh ton s hc ca h. Theo cc kt qu kho c, th gii xut hin 2 loi bn tnh 2 nn vn minh khc nhau. Loi bn tnh kiu phng Ty c ngun gc vng Babylon sau c ngi La M ch bin li vi mi ct c 2 hng nt. Mt bn c 1 nt v mt bn c 4 nt nh kiu bn tnh ngi Nht vn dng n nay. Kiu bn tnh c Trung quc cng c pht hin ng thi vi kiu c Babylon khong nm 1.000 trc CN. Kiu Trung Quc v sau ny c chnh li vi 2 hng nt, hng c 2 nt v hng c 5 nt nh ngy nay vn cn c s dng. S pht minh ra bn tnh cho thy nhu cu qun l sn xutkinh doanh ca con ngi lun lun gn lin vi nhu cu tnh ton s hc.
Sut thi gian khong 3000 nm tri qua, ci bn tnh c in gn nh ng yn trong ci dng v thit k ban u ca n. Vo thi Phc Hng, mt s ch tc mi c kh ha dn kiu bn tnh th s ny. Vi cc vng bnh xe rng khuyt mt rng, ngi ta dn dn a ra nhng kiu my tnh s c kh. c bit vo u th k 19, khi mt th dt ngi Php Joseph Marie Jacquard -sinh 7/7/1752 mt 7/8/1834- sng ch mt cng c dt t ng gi l th c l. to ra cc gn s trn vi, ng ch ra mt h thng c kh gn vo u my dt v c iu chnh bng nhng tm th c c l. Do vy si t khi ko ln my s khng xut hin tri u trn mt vi nhng ni c si dc, ngang u nhau, ni li thiu si dc hoc si ngang. Nhng tm th c l ny sau c ng dng trong nhiu ngnh ch tc khc. Mt vt dng m ngy nay chng ta cn gp y l nhng ci hp nhc hoc h thng dy thiu g chung nhc trong cc loi ng h treo tng. Vi cng trnh th c l cho my dt ny Joseph Marie Jacquard c xem l nh lp trnh programmer u tin ca nhn loi. Thi k y gi l thi k lp trnh c kh.
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Cc cng c c kh c lp trnh c pht trin tip vo cui th k 19 tr thnh nhng ci my cng tr nhn chia c kh. Thi y, thut ng ting Anh computer c hiu l ngi lm cng tc tnh ton. Sang thp nin 1930 v 1940, ngi ta p dng k thut in t vo cc loi my tnh s hc. Cc pht minh k tip ni nhau ra i v nhanh chng tng thm sc mnh thn k cho my tnh. n thp nin 1960, cng ty IBM ni tin th gii ca M cho ra i nhng c my tnh phc v cng vic qun l rt tinh vi. Nhng c my ny nng hng tn trng lng v t n ni ch khch hng ln nh cc chnh ph, vin nghin cu ln mi c th mua ni. Vo thp nin 1970, mch ghp IC dn n s ra i ca b vi x l. Vi x l dn n vic sn sinh ra my tnh c nhn PC-personal computer. Th t ngy 14/08/1981, cng ty IBM cho ra i chic PC u tin. My tnh c nhn v k thut s thu gn cc c my tnh c v kch thc, trng lng ln gi thnh. K diu thay, d nh gn p v r tin nh th, my tnh c nhn vn m bo mt nng lc tnh ton mnh hn gp hng bao nhiu ln so vi my tnh thi 1960. Lch s ghi nhn t nhng chic PC nh gn ny, thi i vi tnh bt u m ra cho nhn loi.
III.
Cu to my tnh
Gm 2 phn 1. Phn cng Phn cng, l cc b phn c th ca my tnh hay h thng my tnh nh l mn hnh, chut, bn phm, my in, my qut, v my tnh, b ngun, b vi x l CPU, bo mch ch, cc loi dy ni, loa, a mm, a cng, CDROM, DVD, ...
Da trn chc nng v cch thc hot ng ngi ta cn phn bit phn cng ra thnh:
Nhp hay u vo (Input): Cc b phn thu nhp d liu hay mnh lnh nh l bn phm, chut...
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Xut hay u ra (Output): Cc b phn tr li, pht tn hiu, hay thc thi lnh ra bn ngoi nh l mn hnh, my in, loa, ...
Ngoi cc b phn nu trn lin quan ti phn cng ca my tnh cn c cc khi nim quan trng sau y:

Bus: chuyn d liu gia cc thit b phn cng. BIOS (Basic Input Output System): cn gi l h thng xut nhp c bn nhm khi ng, kim tra, v ci t cc mnh lnh c bn cho phn cng v giao quyn iu khin cho h iu hnh CPU: b phn vi x l iu khin ton b my tnh Kho lu tr d liu: lu gi, cung cp, thu nhn d liu Cc loi chp h tr: nm bn trong bo mch ch hay nm trong cc thit b ngoi vi ca my tnh cc con chip quan trng s gi vai tr iu khin thit b v lin lc vi h iu hnh qua b iu vn hay qua phn sn B nh: l thit b bn trong bo mch ch gi nhim v trung gian cung cp cc mnh lnh cho CPU v cc d liu t cc b phn nh l BIOS, phn mm, kho lu tr, chut ng thi ti v cho cc b phn va k kt qu cc tnh ton, cc php ton hay cc d liu /ang c x l cc cng vo/ra
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2. Phn mm Phn mm (ting Anh: software) l mt tp hp nhng cu lnh c vit bng mt hoc nhiu ngn ng lp trnh theo mt trt t xc nh nhm t ng thc hin mt s chc nng hoc gii quyt mt bi ton no .
IV.
S lc lch s pht trin my tnh thi k u
My tnh in t Univac, c xy dng bi Remington Rand vo nm 1952. Khch hng ca loi my tnh ny ch yu l cc c quan chnh ph M.
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Trc khi Univac ra i, my tnh Atanasoff-Berry Computer c pht trin bi John Vincent Atanasoff v Clifford Berry ti i hc Iowa State University vo khong thi gian t nm 1937 n 1942. i hc Iowa (M) qu quyt rng y l my tnh in t s u tin trn th gii.
Cng trnh pht trin my tnh Z3 c Konrad Zeus hon thnh vo nm 1941, c chnh ph c quc x dng ci thin kh nng thit k my bay. M hnh ca my tnh ny ang c lu gi ti Bo tng quc gia c, thnh ph Munich.
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V pha ng minh, h s dng Colossus gii m cc bc in ca qun i c Quc X ti Bletchley Park. Colossus cng c ghi nhn l chic my tnh in t c th lp trnh c u tin trn th gii.
Nhng chic my tnh s dng cng ngh s u tin Anh c pht trin ti i hc Cambridge v Manchester vo nm 1949. Bc nh trn l my tnh EDSAC c i hc Cambridge thit k phc v cng tc nghin cu cho n nm 1958.
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My tnh cng sut ln dn dn tr nn ph bin hn v gi c ca mt hng ny cng r hn. Trong nm 1969, Data General bn c 50 ngn my Novas, c thit k ring cho cc phng th nghim vi gi bn 8000 -la M mt chic.
Chip Intel 4004, ra i nm 1971, c sc mnh x l tng ng vi my ENIAC i 1946, khi c kch thc bng mt phng c trung bnh.
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My tnh Altair 8800 ra i nm 1975 l mt trong nhng ng c vin cho danh hiu my tnh c nhn u tin. N s hu a mm 8 inch v b nh RAM 256 byte ( ch khng phi l 256 kilobyte). My tnh ny nhanh chng to ra mt cn st trn th trng. y l bc nh ca n trn ba tp ch Popular Electronics vo thng Ging nm 1975.
My tnh Apple II, l bc nhy vt so vi Apple I trc n. Apple II c bn ra th trng vo nm 1977. V c th c coi l my tnh u tin thnh cng v mt thng mi vi vic n c trang b cho cc vn phng, trng hc v gia nh, c bit l cho mc ch s dng c nhn. ( a m chng ta nhn thy trong nh l mu thit k s dng cho Apple III.)
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Steve Jobs, ngi ng sng lp v hin nay l gim c iu hnh ca Apple, bn cnh my tnh Apple II, nh chp ti London vo nm 1984.
V.
Lch s pht trin my tnh c nhn
Thng 6-1977, hng Apple Computer cho ra mt my tnh c nhn tn Apple II vi b vi x l c tc 1 MHz v dung lng b nh RAM l 4 KB. y l tin thn ca cc my Macintosh, PowerBook cho n Power Mac ngy nay.
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Thng 8-1981, IBM cho cng b chic my tnh c nhn IBM PC u tin, s dng b vi x l (CPU) Intel c tn s lm vic (tc ) 4,77 MHz, mt a mm 5,25 inch vi dung lng lu tr 160 KB v b nh RAM dung lng 64 KB.
1984: IBM tung ra th trng my PC-AT (Advanced Technllogy) vi CPU Intel 80286 tc 6-8 MHz. Cho n lc ny, thut ng my tnh c nhn (Personal Computer - PC) dng gi chung cc my tnh c thit k nn tng phn cng khc nhau nh: Apple, IBM.
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1987: Th h PC mi ra i vi CPU 80386. Bt u t y IBM cng khai cu to my v ni dung chng trnh h iu hnh vo ra c s (BIOS), iu ny gip cc hng khc c th sn xut cc my tnh tng thch v cc bn mch cm tng thch khin cu trc IBM-PC tr thnh mt cu trc chun cng nghip. T lc ny, thut ng my tnh c nhn (Personal Computer - PC) thng c dng nh ch vit tt ca my tnh tng thch IBM PC (ngi ta khng gi my tnh ca Apple l PC na m dng hn tn ring ca tng dng my phn bit vi my PC). Lch s my tnh c nhn t y gn lin vi chng ng pht trin lin tc ca my tnh tng thch IBM-PC cng b vi x l Intel.
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1990: 80486 xut hin vi tn s lm vic c trng ca my tnh trong thi k ny l 66MHz. H iu hnh DOS 5.0 v Windows 3.0
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1993: Vi x l Pentium u tin ra i m ra mt k nguyn mi cho my tnh c nhn. H iu hnh DOS 6.0 v Windows 3.1, Windows NT 3.1
1995: Pentium MMX , Pentium Pro, Pentium II ln lt ra i, tc cao nht 300 MHz. H iu hnh Windows 95.
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1999: Pentium III ra i. H iu hnh Windows 98.
2000: Pentium 4 chy vi tc t 1.5GHz ti 2GHz. H iu hnh Windows ME, 2000, XP (2001).
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Trung tm m o to bc s my tnh thc hnh
Chuyn khoa PC
2006: Intel Core e 2. H iu hnh Win ndows Vist ta (2007).
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PHN II B vi x l Control Processing Unit (CPU)
I. Chc nng ca CPU B vi x l l thnh phn quan trng trong my tnh c chc nng iu khin mi hot ng ca my tnh, tnh ton v x l d liu.
II. Cc thnh phn trong CPU B vi x l l tri tim ca my tnh hin i, y l mt loi chip c to thnh t hng triu transistor v nhng thnh phn khc c t chc thnh nhng khi chc nng chuyn bit, bao gm n v x l s hc, khi qun l b nh v b nh m, khi lun chuyn d liu v php ton lun l suy on. Mch ca b x l c thit k thnh nhng phn lun l ring bit - khong hn mt chc b phn - c gi l nhng n v thc thi. Chng c nhim v thc hin bn giai on trn v c kh nng x l gi u. Di y l mt s n v thc thi ph bin nht.
B lun l s hc (ALU): X l tt c nhng php ton s hc. i lc n v ny c chia thnh nhng phn h, mt chuyn x l cc lnh cng v tr s nguyn, phn h khc chuyn tnh ton cc php nhn v chia s phc.
(khng phi l s nguyn). Ban u FPU l b ng x l gn ngoi nhng hin nay n c tch hp ngay trn b x l tng tc x l.
B x l du chm ng (FPU): Thc hin tt c cc lnh lin quan n du chm ng
B phn np/lu: Qun l tt c lnh c hay ghi b nh.
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AMD K8
Pentium 4
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vt l. iu ny cho php h iu hnh nh x m v d liu ca ng dng vo nhng khong a ch o MMU c th thc hin cc dch v theo ch bo v b nh.
B phn qun l b nh (MMU): Chuyn i a ch ca ng dng thnh a ch b nh
B phn x l r nhnh (BPU): D on hng i ca lnh r nhnh nhm gim s ngt qung ca dng chuyn d liu v lnh vo b x l khi c mt lung x l nhy n mt a ch b nh mi, thng gp trong cc php ton so snh hay kt thc vng lp.
data-SIMD) tng tc cc tc v ho. Nhng lnh theo kiu vector ny gm cc tp lnh m rng cho multimedia ca Intel, 3DNow ca AMD, AltiVec ca Motorola. Trong mt vi trng hp khng c b phn VPU ring, chng hn Intel v AMD tch hp nhng tnh nng ny vo trong FPU ca Pentium 4 v Athlon. Khng phi tt c cc b phn ny u thc thi lnh. Ngi ta c nhng n lc to ln bo m cho b x l ly lnh v d liu tc nhanh nht. Tc v np truy cp b nh chnh (khng nm ngay trn CPU) s chim nhiu chu k xung nhp, trong khi CPU li khng lm g c. Tuy nhin, BPU s phi lm vic rt nhiu ly sn d liu v lnh. Mt cch gim thiu tnh trng khng hot ng ca CPU l tr sn m v d liu thng c truy cp trong b nh ngay trn chip, nh vy CPU c th truy cp m v d liu trn b nh m ch trong mt chu k xung nhp.
B phn x l vector (VPU): X l cc lnh n, a d liu (single instruction multiple
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B nh m chnh ngay trn CPU (cn gi l Level1 hay L1) thng ch c dung lng khong 32KB v ch c th lu c mt phn chng trnh hay d liu. Th thut thit k b nh m l tm gii thut ly thng tin quan trng vo L1 khi cn n. iu ny c ngha ht sc quan trng i vi tc nn hn mt na s lng transistor ca b x l c th dnh cho b nh m. Tuy nhin, h iu hnh a nhim v mt lot cc ng dng chy ng thi c th lm qu ti ngay c vi b nh m L1 c thit k tt nht. gii quyt vn ny, cch y nhiu nm, cc nh sn xut b sung ng truyn tc cao b x l c th giao tip vi b nh m th cp (Level2, L2) vi tc khong 1/2 hay 1/3 tc ca b x l. C th tm tt cch Cache nh lm vic nh sau: 1. CPU yu cu ch lnh hoc d liu c lu ti a ch a. 2. Do ni dung t a ch a khng c bn trong Cache nh nn CPU phi tm np n trc tip t RAM. 3. B iu khin Cache s np mt dng (thng l 64 byte) bt u t a ch a vo Cache nh. N s np nhiu hn d lng d liu m CPU yu cu, chnh v vy nu chng trnh tip tc chy tun t (ngha l yu cu a ch a +1) th ch lnh hoc d liu k tip m CPU s hi c np trong Cache nh t trc ri. 4. Mch c tn gi l tm np trc s np nhiu d liu c t sau dng ny, c ngha l bt u vic np cc ni dung t a ch a + 64 tr i vo Cache. cho bn mt v d thc t l cc CPU ca Pentium 4 c b tm np trc 256-byte, chnh v vy n c th np c 256byte k tip sau dng d liu c np vo trong Cache. Hin nay trong nhng b x l mi nht nh Pentium 4 hay PowerPC 7450 cn tin xa hn khi a b nh m L2 vo ngay trong CPU v h tr giao tip tc cao vi b nh m ngoi L3. Trong tng lai, cc nh sn xut thm ch cn tch hp b iu khin b nh ngay trn CPU tng tc ln cao hn na. III. Nguyn l hot ng ca CPU Bt k chng trnh my tnh no cng bao gm rt nhiu lnh thao tc vi d liu. B x l s thc hin chng trnh qua bn giai on x l: np, gii m, thc thi v hon tt. Giai on np (ly lnh v d liu) c cc lnh ca chng trnh v d liu cn thit vo b x l.
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Giai on gii m xc nh mc ch ca lnh v chuyn n n phn cng tng ng. Giai on thc thi l lc c s tham gia ca phn cng, vi lnh v d liu c np sn, cc lnh s c thc hin.Qu trnh ny c th gm cc tc v nh cng, chuyn bt hay nhn thp phn ng. Giai on hon tt s ly kt qu ca giai on thc thi v a vo thanh ghi ca b x l hay b nh chnh.
Mt b phn quan trng ca b vi x l l ng h xung nhp c thit k sn, xc nh tc lm vic ti a ca nhng b phn khc v gip ng b ho nhng hot ng lin quan. Hin nay tc nhanh nht ca b x l c trn th trng l trn 2 GHz hay hn hai t xung nhp mi giy. Mt s ngi thch s dng th thut "p" xung chy tc cao hn, nhng nn nh l khi nhit lm vic ca chip s cao hn v c th gy trc trc. Trc y, CPU iu khin s truyn ti d liu gia a cng v b nh RAM. V a cng thng c tc truy cp thp hn so vi b nh RAM nn n lm chm chung cho c h thng, chnh v vy CPU s rt bn cho ti khi d liu c truyn ti t a cng vo b nh RAM. Phng php ny c gi l PIO, Processor I/O (hay Programmed I/O). Ngy nay, s truyn ti d liu gia a cng v b nh RAM c thc hin m khng s dng n CPU, nh vy n s lm cho h thng hot ng nhanh hn. Phng php ny c gi l bus mastering hay DMA (Direct Memory Access). Cc b vi x l ca AMD da trn sockets 754, 939 v 940 (Athlon 64, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX, Opteron v mt s m hnh Sempron) c mt memory controller c nhng bn trong. iu c ngha rng vi cc b vi x l ny, CPU truy cp b nh RAM mt cch trc tip m khng s dng north bridge chip nh th hin trn. Ngy nay, cc CPU u c h tr ch x l xen k dng m lnh. Mt s CPU i mi c n 5 ng ng x l lnh (Core 2 Dual). Tc CPU c tnh bng GHz, tng ng vi hng t php tnh trn mt giy. V th Core 2 Duo tuy c tc xung nhp khng cao lm nhng sc mnh th vt tri so vi Pen 4. V cn mt vn na chnh l hiu qu ca thao tc . V d nh do cc thut ton khng cht ch dn n CPU on nhm v copy khi d liu khng cn thit vo trong b nh m, cn khi d liu cn dng th li khng copy. V th khi CPU tm trong b nh m khng thy c khi d liu li phi lc cc tm trong RAM, tm xong li phi copy vo b nh m ri mi
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Chuyn khoa PC
x l tip. Nh vy c ngha l CPU thc hin rt nhiu thao tc tha so vi CPU on ng c ngay khi d liu chun b c x l. Core 2 Duo c cc thut ton cao cp v cc cng ngh tin tin gip cho hiu qu ca CPU rt cao. V chnh v th m hiu sut ca Core 2 Duo vt tri so vi Pentium.
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IV. Mt s cng ngh v CPU 1. Cng ngh Hyper Transport ca AMD Cc b vi x l nn tng kin trc AMD64 nh Athlon 64, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX, Opteron, Sempron v Phenom c hai bus ngoi. Mt c s dng cho vic truyn thng gia CPU v b nh c gi l memory bus, bus kia c s dng cho vic truyn thng gia CPU v tt c cc thnh phn khc ca my tnh thng qua chipset ca bo mch ch v c gi l HyperTransport I/O (Input/Output) bus.
i vi tt c cc b vi x l khc gm c b vi x l AMD khng da trn kin trc AMD64 (nh cc b vi x l Athlon, Athlon XP v Sempron socket 462) CPU ny ch c mt bus ngoi, chng cng c bit n nh front side bus (FSB). i vi phng php ny, bus ngoi chu trch nhim cho c vic truyn thng I/O v b nh. V mt l thuyt, kin trc c s dng cho cc b vi x l AMD64 tt hn, theo l thuyt, chng c th truyn thng vi b nh v vi cc thnh phn my tnh khc (nh video card) ti cng mt thi im, iu khng th i vi cc b vi x l khc ch c mt ng d liu bn ngoi. Chip bridge l chipset ca bo mch ch. Ph thuc vo chipset bn c th c mt hoc hai chip. i vi cc gii php 2 chip, tt c thit b ngoi vi (nh a cng, cc card b
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Chuyn C khoa PC
sung, sound s card d,) u c kt ni n chip p th hai (chip ( th h hai ny c gi l cu ni ph a Nam), tr rong khi c c gii ph p n chi ip, mi th u c kt ni n chip n ny. Cc CP PU AMD dnh cho cc c my ch - v d nh h b vi x l Optero on c th c mt, hai hoc 3 HyperTransport bus s, ph thuc vo tng n m hnh h. Cc bus s m rng ny c s dng kt ni vi mt s CPU cho php p chng c th trao i vi nh hau, ngha l c s dng tr rn cc my m ch c nhiu CP PU trn bo mch ch. Cc CPU C ca my m desktop p v noteb book khng h tr ki k u cu hnh h ny v ch c mt HyperT Transport bus b trn ch hng. Bn cnh n vic cun ng cp cc c b vi x l l AMD64 vi cc ng d liu ring bit cho b nh n v I/O, , HyperTra ansport cn n c nhng u im khc: n cung cp cc lin kt ring cho c cc hot ng v o, ra ca CPU, cho php CPU c th gi (ghi) v nhn (c) c d liu I/O I ti cng mt thi im (ng gha l song song). i vi kin trc truy yn thng s dng bus b ngoi n th bus s c s dng cho c hot ng vo v ra nn vic c v ghi g khng th t c th hc hin ng thi.
HyperT Transport bus b c th hot ng g di mt vi cu hnh clock v v rng g (ngha l s bit c truyn mi ln) ). y c th l vn g y ra nhiu hiu sai v li v HyperT Transport. Transport l mt bus s c to bi s cng tc sn xut ca mt vi nh n my, bao b HyperT gm AM MD, nVidia a v Apple e. Bus ny y c th c s dng trn mt s ng g dng v n khng b hn ch i vi c c b vi x l ca AM MD. iu c ngha rng cu hnh th hc ca HyperTransport bus s ph th huc vo cc c chuyn n gia pht tri t n phn cng.
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Chuyn khoa PC
Mt s chuyn gia pht trin tuyn b v tc truyn ti mt cch qu mc ca HyperTransport bus m h ang s dng. Cc b vi x l AMD64 hin hnh s dng HyperTransport 1 (HT1) hay HyperTransport 2 (HT2), v cc b vi x l AMD sp ti s dng HyperTransport 3 (HT3). Trong tt c cc trng hp ny, b vi x l AMD s dng cc lin kt 16bit, thm ch HyperTransport cn cho php s dng cc lin kt 32bit.
HyperTransport 1 c s dng trn tt c cc socket 754 v socket AM2 Sempron (cc b vi x l AM2 s dng HyperTransport 2.0). y l mt phn tch thng k v tt c cc tc truyn ti v clock c th i vi HyperTransport 1.x (ngha l c cung cp trn socket 754): 200 400 600 800 MHz MHz MHz MHz = = = = 400 MT/s = 800 MB/s 800 MT/s = 1.600 MB/s 1.200 MT/s = 2.400 MB/s 1.600 MT/s = 3.200 MB/s
HyperTransport truyn ti 2 d liu trn mi mt chu k clock, khi nim c bit n nh DDR, tc d liu kp. Cng thc tm ra tc truyn ti ln nht theo l thuyt l:
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Tc truyn ti = rng xung (s bit) x clock x s n v d liu trn mi chu k/ 8. Nh vy vi cc b vi x l socket 754, HyperTransport bus c th lm vic n 800 MHz hay 3.200 MB/s. - Ni tc clock c s dng bi HyperTransport 1.x l 1.600 MHz bi v mi mt chu k clock hai d liu c truyn ti, hiu sut t c tng ng vi tc clock 1.600 MHz ch truyn ti mt d liu trn chu k clock. Cui cng tc truyn ti s nh nhau, nh cng thc trn thay v s dng 2 cho s d liu trn mi chu k clock, n s s dng l 1. iu ny cng xy ra tng t vi DDR v cc b nh mi hn c tc clock tuyn b l gp i tc clock thc (ngha l cc b nh DDR2-800 lm vic thc t l 400MHz nhng truyn ti hai d liu trn mi chu k clock). - AMD ni rng tc clock l 1.600MT/s. MT/s l vit tt ca cm Mega Transfers per Second hay hng triu truyn ti trong mt giy. y mi l ng cch din t tng trn. Truyn ti trn giy bng tc clock nhn vi s ln d liu truyn ti trn mi chu k. Ni rng tc truyn ti ln nht ca HyperTransport 1.x l 6.400 MB/s. iu l bi v tc truyn ti c tuyn b l cho mi ng d liu (ngha l 3.200MB/s cho ng dn u vo v 3.200MB/s cho ng dn u ra), chnh v vy mt s ngi n gin ha bng cch nhn tc truyn ti ln hai dng chung cho c hai ng d liu. Mt hiu sai khc ni rng bus ngoi hoc FSB ca Athlon 64 (hoc cc CPU da trn AMD64 no ) l 16.00MHz. Ci ny cng c phn ng. Chng ta c th ni iu khi ch quan tm n cc hot ng vo ra nhng khng cp n b nh, v cc b vi x l kin trc AMD64 c hai bus ngoi ring bit. Nh vy tt hn chng ta nn ni HyperTransport ch khng phi external bus hay FSB trnh nhm ln. Bn cng cn bit mt iu rng cc b vi x l AMD c th lm vic vi mt tc clock di tc tuyn b 1.600 MT/s (800 MHz). Thc t rng chng c th lm vic bt k tc no trong danh sch cng b trn. Chipset c th nhn ra tc clock thp hn vi CPU v thm ch mt bc 8bit thay v 16bit. Trong thc t, khi cc chipset Athlon 64 u tin mi ra i, VIA tuyn b rng chipset ca h cho Athlon 64, K8T800 c nhiu u im hn cnh trnh vi HyperTransport bus tc 1.600MT/s khi khng lm vic tc truyn ti cc i. Ti website chnh thc ca HyperTransport, bn s thy rng h tuyn b tc truyn ti ln nht l 12,8 GB/s i vi HyperTransport 1.x. Tc truyn ti ln nht ny c thc hin bng cch s dng cc lin kt 32bit v cc b vi x l AMD s dng cc lin kt 16bit. Nu lm mt php ton bn s nhn c kt qu 6.400 MB/s (32 bits x 800 MHz x 2 / 8). y l mt s hp tc gp i tc ln nht ch v c hai ng d liu c cung cp (mt cho pht v mt cho nhn).
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HyperTransport 2.0 HyperTransport 2.0 b sung thm mt s tc clock mi tc truyn ti mi v tnh nng mi, bn ha PCI Express, y l tnh nng s gip giao tip gia HyperTransport v PCI Express hay ni theo cch khc, lm cho n d dng hn i vi cc CPU khi giao tip vi thit b PCI Express. Tc truyn ti v clock mi gii thiu trong HyperTransport 2.0 c cho di y, tha nhn cc lin kt 16bit (l cu hnh c s dng bi b vi x l AMD): 1.000 MHz = 2.000 MT/s = 4.000 MB/s 1.200 MHz = 2.400 MT/s = 4.800 MB/s
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1.400 MHz = 2.800 MT/s = 5.600 MB/s Cc thit b HyperTransport 2.0 cng c th lm vic vi tc truyn ti ca HyperTransport 1.x. AMD s dng HyperTransport 2.0 trn tt c cc CPU AMD64 sockets 939 v AM2 (ngoi tr trn cc CPU Sempron, CPU s dng HyperTransport 1.0), mc d vy ch h tr tc HT2 thp hn trong thc t AMD c quan tm n nhiu hn trong tnh nng bn ha PCI Express so vi mt tc truyn ti cao. Tuy vy cc b vi x l ny da trn tc truyn ti ln nht ca cc lin kt HT2 l 4.000 MB/s .
lm cho mt s th bt ln xn, AMD s dng li vi ln tn HT1 miu t HyperTransport bus ca CPU c cc lin kt HyperTransport ca h ang lm vic tc 1.000 MHz. iu ny c th trnh ngi dng tha nhn rng ch cc phn ca HT2 mi c th lm vic n tc 1.400 MHz (5.600 MB/s). Mt s ngi cho rng lin kt 1.000 MHz/4.000 MB/s HyperTransport ny c s dng bi cc b vi x l socket 939 v AM2 vi: - 2.000 MHz. iu ny c l l v trn mi mt chu k clock c hai d liu c truyn ti, hiu sut t c s bng vi tc clock 2.000MHz ang c truyn ti ch mt d liu trn chu k. Kt qu cui cng u nh nhau, nh cng thc c th hin trn
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thay v s dng 2 cho s d liu trn s chu k clock th lc ny l 1. iu tng t cng xy ra i vi DDR v cc b nh sau ny. - 2.000 MT/s. y l tc truyn ti chnh thc ca AMD. Tn vit tt ca thut ng ny c gii thiu trong phn trn. y l cch ng n din t tng trn. Truyn ti trn mi giy bng s tc clock nhn vi s lng d liu c truyn ti trn mi chu k. - 8.000 MB/s. iu ny xy ra v tc truyn ti tuyn b l cho mi ng d liu (c ngha l 4.000 MB/s cho mi ng d liu vo ra ring bit). Mt hiu sai khc l ni rng bus ngoi hay FSB (Front Side Bus) ca Athlon 64 (hay ca bt k CPU da trn AMD64 no) l 2.000MHz. Ci ny cng c phn ng. Chng ta c th ni iu khi ch quan tm n cc hot ng vo ra nhng khng cp n b nh, v cc b vi x l kin trc AMD64 c hai bus ngoi ring bit. Nh vy tt hn chng ta nn ni HyperTransport ch khng phi external bus hay FSB trnh nhm ln. Cng ging nh HyperTransport 1.x bn cn phi lu rng cc b vi x l socket 939 v AM2 c th lm vic vi bt k tc clock no di 1.000 MHz. Mt ln na cc gi tr chnh thc cho HyperTransport 2.0 li c thi phng ln nh trong mt tuyn b rng chng s dng cc lin kt 32bit v nhn 2 v c hai lin kt c cung cp (mt cho pht v mt cho nhn d liu). HyperTransport 3.0 Bn cnh vic b sung thm tc clock tc truyn ti mi - HyperTransport 3.0 cn c mt s tnh nng mi hn so vi HyperTransport 2.0, nh ch hot ng AC, Link Splitting, Hot Plugging v Dynamic Link Clock/Width Adjustment. Cc b vi x l AMD sp ti nh Phenom, s s dng phin bn HyperTransport bus mi ny. HyperTransport 3.0 s c s dng trn cc CPU socket AM2+ v 1207+. HyperTransport 3.0 c thm cc tc clock mi, vn gi tng thch vi HT1 v HT2: 1.800 2.000 2.400 2.600 MHz MHz MHz MHz = = = = 3.600 4.000 4.800 5.200 MT/s MT/s MT/s MT/s = = = = 7.200 MB/s 8.000 MB/s 9.600 MB/s 10.400 MB/s
AMD tuyn b rng cc CPU sp ti ca h s h tr tc truyn HT3 ln nht 10.400 MB/s AMD gi l 5,2 GT/s, ngha l hng t truyn ti trong mt giy. iu ny l v c hai th. u tin l cc CPU nn tng HT3 mi c th c ci t trn cc bo mch nn tng HT2 v d nh ci t mt b vi x l socket AM2+ trn bn mch socket AM2 v nh vy h cng s khng t c hiu sut I/O ti a. Th hai l ti thi im ra mt, c th mt vi chipset s khng th chy vi tc truyn ti 10.400 MB/s, ngay c nu chng l HT3, cng ging nh iu xy ra khi Athlon 64 ra mt ln u tin.
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Tng t nh iu xy ra vi cc tc clock thp hn, c th s c ngi gi tc clock ln nht ca HT3 thnh 5.2 GHz hay tc truyn ti ln nht ca n thnh 20.8 GB/s Mt ln na tc truyn ti c HyperTransort gii thiu li c cng iu cao hn. H thng bo HyperTransport 3,0 c mt tc truyn ti ln 41,6 GB/s. c c con s ny, h tnh ton cc lin kt 32-bit (khng phi 16-bit) v nhn s tm c vi hai bi v c hai lin kt. Thut ton c s dng l 2.600 MHz x 32 x 2 / 8 x 2. Ch hot ng AC cho php HyperTransport bus c th thc hin trn cc khong cch di hn. Mc tiu l cho php HyperTransport c th c s dng trc tip n cc trng hp kt ni, bo mch v cc bng ni a nng. Cc b vi x l s khng s dng tnh nng ny. Phn tch kt ni (Link splitting) cho php lin kt 16bit c th c truy cp nh hai lin kt 8bit c lp. iu ny c th c s dng cho vic tng s lin kt c sn, cho php thm s lng CPU c th c kt ni m khng cn s dng bt k phn cng m rng no. Hot Plugging cho php cc thit b HyperTransport c th c ci t v hy b ci t khi bus ang chy. N khng cho php bn thay th CPU khi h thng c bt v CPU c
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mt s chn khc bn cnh HyperTransport, nhng tnh nng ny c th c s dng trn cc my ch lu tr HT3.
Cui cng l Dynamic Link Clock/Width Adjustment, tnh nng c s dng bi cc CPU AMD nn tng HT3 khi chng c ci t trn bo mch ch bng chipset HT3. Tnh nng ny cho php CPU c th thay i clock v s lng bt c pht trn mi mt chu k clock mang tnh ng. tng y l gim cng sut tiu th. V d, nu CPU cm nhn rng HyperTransport bus ca n 2.600 MHz (10.400 MB/s) l qu nhiu so vi nhng g n ang thc hin c th n c th gim bus xung 1.000 MHz (4.000 MB/s) hoc bt k mt tc g m n cho l s ph hp hn. Cng tng t vi s lng bit c pht trn mi chu k - n c th c gim t 16 n bt c s no m CPU cm thy hp l, da trn hiu sut s dng ca h thng hin hnh.
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2. Cng ngh Hyper Threading ca Intel a. Hyper Threading Technology (Siu phn lung) L pht minh ca Intel ban u c trang b cho dng Pentium 4 Extreme Edition (Pentium IV EE), tuy nhin hin nay hu ht cc chip x l pentium 4 u c trang b cng ngh ny(v mt l do d hiu l AMD cng c mt cng ngh khc rt u vit trang b cho dng chip ca h ). Trong khi hot ng, cc ti nguyn d tha ca 1 nhn c th s c tn dng gi lp 1 nhn khc, ngha l CPU vi cng ngh ny s c 1 nhn tht v 1 nhn o, cung cp c ch song song mc thread trn mi b x l, kt qu l cc ti nguyn ca b x l c s dng hiu qu hn, ci thin hiu nng trn cc ng dng a lung ngy nay. S kt hp ca b x l v chipset ca Intel h tr cng ngh HT, cng thm BIOS cng h tr tr v bt chc nng HT ln, mang li kh nng p ng v hiu nng h thng cao hn. H iu hnh s th hin cng ngh HT bng 2 b x l (lun l) ring bit. Cng ngh HT i hi phi c s h tr ca h iu hnh, cc HH Windows XP, Vista u h tr HT. Cng ngh ny p dng cho tt c CPU Pentium 4 c bus 800MHz v 1 s bus 533MHz .
b. Mt tri cu HT: i vi mt s tc v c bn th chnh cng ngh HT ny li lm chm qu trnh x l, nguyn nhn l CPU thc hin qu nhiu chui lnh n gin, trng lp vi nhau. Thm vo p ng cho cng ngh ny, CPU cn c nhiu transitor hn tc l n s nng hn v ngn nhiu in hn khc phc nhng khuyt im thay v phi thay i cng ngh Intel chuyn
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hng qua vic ti u ha cng ngh ny. Chng hn h s dng lnh dng (HALT). Mt trong cc CPU logic s ti a hot ng cho nhng ng dng khng c s dng cng ngh HT, CPU cn li s hot ng nh l h thng gm mt CPU. Nu mt tc v sau c th s dng HT th b x l logic th hai c huy ng.
c. B x l vi cng ngh Hyper Threading Ngy 14/11/2002, Intel chnh thc gii thiu ti th trng Vit Nam b x l (BXL) mi cho my tnh bn, tc 3,06GHz. Pentium 4 3,06GHz c trang b 512KB b m L2, c bus h thng FSB 533MHz; v sn xut theo cng ngh 0,13 micron. So vi BXL P4 2,8GHz trc th ngoi tc cao hn, P4 3,06GHz c cng ngh mi ca Intel l Hyper Threading . tn dng c sc mnh ca Hyper Threading th phi c 4 thnh phn h tr gm: CPU, chipset, BIOS v h iu hnh. Mun kch hot, bn phi vo BIOS bt ch h tr Hyper Threading. H iu hnh dnh cho my tnh bn h tr cng ngh HT c WinXP, ring vi Linux th bn phi lin h vi nh sn xut kim tra phin bn no c h tr HT. Thit lp cu hnh th nghim vi phn mm SYSmark 2002 v phn cng bao gm MAIN Intel D850EMV2, b nh RDRAM 512MB/1066MHz, a cng Seagate 40GB, card ha V8170 Asus. Ci t h iu hnh Windows XP tn dng tnh nng Hyper Threading. kim chng s b hiu nng ca cng ngh HT, th nghim SYSmark 2002 c thc hin trn cng cu hnh h thng, ch thay BXL: P4 3,06GHz t 307 im, cao hn P4 2,8GHz 17 im. Do phn mm SYSmark 2002 khng phi l cng c chuyn dng c th
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o chnh xc hiu nng ca cng ngh HT, nn im s ny cha c s chnh lnh nhiu v ch c tnh tham kho. Lu l BXL s ta nhit nhiu hn khi bt ch HT, v vy qut tn nhit cho BXL 3,06GHz c thit k khc vi cc BXL P4 trc y, thng my cng cn c thm qut tn nhit v ng dn bo m cho lung i lu khng kh gii nhit hiu qu hn.
d. Yu cu Yu cu bt buc s dng HT l phi c h iu hnh, CPU, v mainboard vi chipset h tr cng ngh ny.
Chipset
-Ti u ha cho HT (Optimized for HT Technology), gm cc chipset i875P, i865G, i865PE v i865GV. Nh tn gi, cc chipset ny mi khai thc trit cng ngh HT. - H tr HT (Supports HT Technology), gm cc chipset c chc nng HT cn li.
CPU
CPU desktop Intel h tr HT hin nay gm: - Pentium 4 bus 800 MHz: 3.20 GHz, 3.0 GHz, 2.80C GHz, 2.60C GHz, 2.40C GHz - Pentium 4 Extreme Edition bus 800 MHz: 3.20 GHz
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- Pentium 4 bus 533 MHz: 3.06 GHz
OS
W. 2000, Win. XP 3. Cng ngh EM64T Intel a ra th trng cng ngh 64 bit cnh tranh vi cng ngh 64 bit ca AMD (AMD64). Cng ngh ny gi l EM64T (Extended Memory 64 Technology) hay cn c gi lntel 64, n c s dng trong Pentium 4 6xx, 5xx, Pentium EE, mt s CPU dng Celeron D, Celeron Dual Core, Pentium D, Pentium Dual Core Exxx, mt s CPU trong dng Pentium Dual Core Txxx, v hu nh tt c cc CPU dng Core 2 Duo (tr E4700), Core 2 Extreme v Core 2 Quad. Ch rng cc CPU dnh cho my laptop u khng h tr EM64T. CPU s dng cng ngh EM64T c mt kiu hot ng mi gi l IA32E m trong li c hai kiu :
Kiu tng thch (Compatibility mode) cho php h iu hnh 64bit chy nhng phn mm 32 bit v 16 bit. H iu hnh 64 bit c th chy 64bit v cc chng trnh ng dng 32 bit, 16 bit cng mt lc. i vi cc chng trnh 32 bit CPU s truy cp c 4GB RAM Chng trnh chy 16 bit s ch truy cp c 1MB RAM. Kiu 64 bit (64-bit mode): cho php h thng hot ng 64 bit c ngha l cng ngh ny c th dng 64 bit a ch.
Cng ngh EM64T c th s dng h iu hnh 64 bit nh Windows 64bit, c th dng h iu hnh 32 bit nh Windows XP 32bit, lc ny n s chy kiu IA32 thng thng v truy cp c 32 bit a ch - 4GB RAM. Nhng c im ca kiu 64-bit.
64-bit a ch c ngha l ng dng c th s dng 16EB (Exabytes) b nh (2^64). Trong khi b vi x l Celeron D, Pentium 4 v Xeon h tr EM64T ch c 36 bit a ch, c ngha l ch c th s dng c 65GB RAM (2^36). Xeon DP h tr EM64T ch c 40 ng a ch tc l c th truy cp b nh 1TB (2^40). Gii hn ny s c thay i trong tng lai , do trong tng lai Intel s pht hnh b vi x l c th truy cp b nh ti 16EB.
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Thm 8 thanh ghi: trong kiu 64 bit, CPU c tt c 16 thanh ghi 64 bit. Nhng thanh ghi mi ny c tn l R8 ti R15. R c hiu l thanh ghi 64 bit. Hnh di y bn c th xem thanh ghi 64 bit.
Thm 8 thanh ghi s dng cho tp lnh SIMD (MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3 ). Trong kiu EM64T b vi x l c tt c 16 thanh ghi MMX 64 bit. Thanh ghi XMM c di 128 bit , s ca thnh ghi XMM t 8 ln 16 thanh ghi . Nhng thanh ghi XMM c s dng trong nhng php tnh du phy ng SSE.
Tt c Register Pointer v Instruction Pointer c rng 64 bit. Thanh ghi trong FPU c rng 80 bit.
Tt c thanh ghi 64 bit c chia thnh nhng thanh ghi nh 8 bit nh hnh trn. S nh hnh trn gi l uniform byte-register addressing.
S dng k thut Fast interrupt-priorization. C Instruction Pointer mi lin quan ti EM64T gi l a ch RIP-relative.
Pha di l mt s chng trnh xem thng tin h thng, cho php ta bit nhng cng ngh c p dng cho CPU.
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4. Vi kin trc Netburst a. BXL Pentium 4 Intel Pentium 4 (P4) l BXL th h th 7 dng x86 ph thng, c gii thiu vo thng 11 nm 2000. P4 s dng vi kin trc NetBurst c thit k hon ton mi so vi cc BXL c (PII, PIII v Celeron s dng vi kin trc P6). Mt s cng ngh ni bt c p dng trong vi kin trc NetBurst nh Hyper Pipelined Technology m rng s hng lnh x l, Execution Trace Cache trnh tnh trng lnh b chm tr khi chuyn t b nh n CPU, Rapid Execution Engine tng tc b ng x l ton hc, bus h thng (system bus) 400 MHz v 533 MHz; cc cng ngh Advanced Transfer Cache, Advanced Dynamic Execution, Enhanced Floating point v Multimedia Unit, Streaming SIMD Extensions 2 (SSE2) cng c ci tin nhm to ra nhng BXL tc cao hn, kh nng tnh ton mnh hn, x l a phng tin tt hn. Tham kho thm thng tin trong bi vit "Pentium 4 trn ng nh hnh".
Pentium 4 u tin (tn m Willamette) xut hin cui nm 2000 t du chm ht cho "triu i" Pentium III. Willamette sn xut trn cng ngh 0,18 m, c 42 triu transistor (nhiu hn gn 50% so vi Pentium III), bus h thng (system bus) 400 MHz, b nh m tch hp L2 256 KB, socket 423 v 478. P4 Willamette c mt s tc nh 1,3, 1,4, 1,5, 1,6, 1,7, 1,8, 1,9, 2,0 GHz. Ghi ch: - Socket 423 ch xut hin trong khong thi gian rt ngn, t thng 11 nm 2000 n thng 8 nm 2001 v b thay th bi socket 478. - Xung thc (FSB) ca Pentium 4 l 100 MHz nhng vi cng ngh Quad Data Rate cho php BXL truyn 4 bit d liu trong 1 chu k, nn bus h thng ca BXL l 400 MHz. P4 Northwood. Xut hin vo thng 1 nm 2002, c sn xut trn cng ngh 0,13 m, c khong 55 triu transistor, b nh m tch hp L2 512 KB, socket 478. Northwood c 3 dng gm Northwood A (system bus 400 MHz), tc 1,6, 1,8, 2,0, 2,2, 2,4, 2,5, 2,6 v 2,8 GHz. Northwood B (system bus 533 MHz), tc 2,26, 2,4, 2,53, 2,66, 2,8 v 3,06
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GHz (ring 3,06 GHz c h tr cng ngh siu phn lung Hyper Threading - HT). Northwood C (system bus 800 MHz, tt c h tr HT), gm 2,4, 2,6, 2,8, 3,0, 3,2, 3,4 GHz. P4 Prescott (nm 2004). L BXL u tin Intel sn xut theo cng ngh 90 nm, kch thc vi mch gim 50% so vi P4 Willamette. iu ny cho php tch hp nhiu transistor hn trn cng kch thc (125 triu transistor so vi 55 triu transistor ca P4 Northwood), tc chuyn i ca transistor nhanh hn, tng kh nng x l, tnh ton. Dung lng b nh m tch hp L2 ca P4 Prescott gp i so vi P4 Northwood (1MB so vi 512 KB). Ngoi tp lnh MMX, SSE, SSE2, Prescott c b sung tp lnh SSE3 gip cc ng dng x l video v game chy nhanh hn. y l giai on "giao thi" gia socket 478 775LGA, system bus 533 MHz - 800 MHz v mi sn phm c t tn ring khin ngi dng cng bi ri khi chn mua. Prescott A (FSB 533 MHz) c cc tc 2,26, 2,4, 2,66, 2,8 (socket 478), Prescott 505 (2,66 GHz), 505J (2,66 GHz), 506 (2,66 GHz), 511 (2,8 GHz), 515 (2,93 GHz), 515J (2,93 GHz), 516 (2,93 GHz), 519J (3,06 GHz), 519K (3,06 GHz) s dng socket 775LGA. Prescott E, F (nm 2004) c b nh m L2 1 MB (cc phin bn sau c m rng 2 MB), bus h thng 800 MHz. Ngoi tp lnh MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3 tch hp, Prescott E, F cn h tr cng ngh siu phn lung, mt s phin bn sau c h tr tnh ton 64 bit.
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Dng s dng socket 478 gm Pentium 4 HT 2.8E (2,8 GHz), 3.0E (3,0 GHz), 3.2E (3,2 GHz), 3.4E (3,4 GHz). Dng s dng socket 775LGA gm Pentium 4 HT 3.2F, 3.4F, 3.6F, 3.8F vi cc tc tng ng t 3,2 GHz n 3,8 GHz, Pentium 4 HT 517, 520, 520J, 521, 524, 530, 530J, 531, 540, 540J, 541, 550, 550J, 551, 560, 560J, 561, 570J, 571 vi cc tc t 2,8 GHz n 3,8 GHz. b. BXL Celeron BXL Celeron c thit k vi mc tiu dung ha gia cng ngh v gi c, p ng cc yu cu ph thng nh truy cp Internet, Email, chat, x l cc ng dng vn phng.
Celeron Willamette 128 (2002), bn "rt gn" t P4 Willamette, sn xut trn cng ngh 0,18 m, b nh m L2 128 KB, bus h thng 400 MHz, socket 478. Celeron Willamette 128 h tr tp lnh MMX, SSE, SSE2. Mt s BXL thuc dng ny nh Celeron 1.7 (1,7 GHz) v Celeron 1.8 (1,8 GHz).
hp L2 128 KB, bus h thng 400 MHz, socket 478. Celeron NorthWood 128 cng h tr cc tp lnh MMX, SSE, SSE2, gm Celeron 1.8A, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 tng ng vi cc tc t 1,8 GHz n 2,8 GHz.
Celeron NorthWood 128, "rt gn" t P4 Northwood, cng ngh 0,13 m, b nh m tch
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ngh 90nm, b nh m tch hp L2 256 KB (gp i dng Celeron NorthWood), bus h thng 533 MHz, socket 478 v 775LGA. Ngoi cc tp lnh MMX, SSE, SSE2, Celeron D h tr tp lnh SSE3, mt s phin bn sau c h tr tnh ton 64 bit. Celeron D gm 310, 315, 320, 325, 325J, 326, 330, 330J, 331, 335, 335J, 336, 340, 340J, 341, 345, 345J, 346, 350, 351, 355 vi cc tc tng ng t 2,13 GHz n 3,33 GHz.
Celeron D (Presscott 256), c xy dng t nn tng P4 Prescott, sn xut trn cng
c. Pentium 4 Extreme Edition i" dnh cho game th v ngi dng cao cp. P4EE c xy dng t BXL Xeon dnh cho my ch v trm lm vic. Ngoi cng ngh HT "nh m" thi by gi, im ni bt ca P4EE l b sung b nh m L3 2 MB. Phin bn u tin ca P4 EE (nhn Gallatin) sn xut trn cng ngh 0,13 m, b nh m L2 512 KB, L3 2 MB, bus h thng 800 MHz, s dng socket 478 v 775LGA, gm P4 EE 3.2 (3,2 GHz), P4 EE 3.4 (3,4 GHz).
Pentium 4 Extreme Edition (P4EE) xut hin vo thng 9 nm 2003, l BXL c Intel "u
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d. BXL Pentium 64 bit P4 Prescott (nm 2004)
Vi kin trc NetBurst 64 bit (Extended Memory 64 Technology - EM64T) u tin c Intel s dng trong BXL P4 Prescott (tn m Prescott 2M). Prescott 2M cng s dng cng ngh 90 nm, b nh m L2 2 MB, bus h thng 800 MHz, socket 775LGA. Ngoi cc tp lnh MX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, cng ngh HT v kh nng tnh ton 64 bit, Prescott 2M (tr BXL 620) c h tr cng ngh Enhanced SpeedStep ti u tc lm vic nhm tit kim in nng. Cc BXL 6x2 c thm cng ngh o ha (Virtualization Technology). Prescott 2M c mt s tc nh P4 HT 620 (2,8 GHz), 630 (3,0 GHz), 640 (3,2 GHz), 650 (3,4 GHz), 660, 662 (3,6 GHz) v 670, 672 (3,8 GHz). Prescott Cedar Mill (nm 2006) h tr cc tp lnh v tnh nng tng t Prescott 2M nhng khng tch hp Virtualization Technology. Cedar Mill c sn xut trn cng ngh 65nm nn tiu th in nng thp hn, ta nhit t hn cc dng trc, gm 631 (3,0 GHz), 641 (3,2 GHz), 651 (3,4 GHz) v 661 (3,6 GHz). Pentium D (nm 2005)
Pentium D (tn m Smithfield, 8xx) l BXL li kp (dual core) u tin ca Intel, c ci tin t P4 Prescott nn cng gp mt s hn ch nh hin tng tht c chai do bng thng BXL mc 800 MHz (400 MHz cho mi li), in nng tiu th cao, ta nhiu nhit. Smithfield c sn xut trn cng ngh 90nm, c 230 triu transistor, b nh m L2 2 MB (2x1 MB, khng chia s), bus h thng 533 MHz (805) hoc 800 MHz, socket 775LGA. Ngoi cc tp lnh MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, Smithfield c trang b tp lnh m rng EMT64 h tr nh a ch nh 64 bit, cng ngh Enhanced SpeedStep (830, 840). Mt s BXL thuc dng ny nh Pentium D 805 (2,66 GHz), 820 (2,8 GHz), 830 (3,0 GHz), 840 (3,2 GHz). Cng s dng vi kin trc NetBurst, Pentium D (m Presler, 9xx) c Intel thit k mi trn cng ngh 65nm, 376 triu transistor, b nh m L2 4 MB (2x2 MB), hiu nng cao hn, nhiu tnh nng mi v t tn in nng hn Smithfield. Pentium D 915 v 920 tc 2,8 GHz, 925 v 930 (3,0GHz), 935 v 940 (3,2 GHz), 945 v 950 (3,4 GHz), 960 (3,6GHz). Presler dng 9x0 c h tr Virtualization Technology.
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Pentium Extreme Edition (nm 2005)
BXL li kp dnh cho game th v ngi dng cao cp. Pentium EE s dng nhn Smithfield, Presler ca Pentium D trong Smithfield s dng cng ngh 90nm, b nh m L2 c m rng n 2 MB (2x1 MB), h tr tp lnh MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, cng ngh HT, Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST) v EM64T. Pentium 840 EE (3,20 GHz, bus h thng 800 MHz, socket 775LGA) l mt trong nhng BXL thuc dng ny.
Pentium EE Presler s dng cng ngh 65 nm, b nh m L2 c m rng n 4 MB (2x2 MB), h tr tp lnh MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, cng ngh HT, Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST), EM64T v Virtualization Technology. Mt s BXL thuc dng ny l Pentium EE 955 (3,46GHz) v Pentium EE 965 (3,73GHz) c bus h thng 1066 MHz, socket 775. Di y l bng so snh nhng tnh nng gia b vi x l Celeron c cu trc da trn Netburst vi Celeron c cu trc Core : Celeron D 3xx Celeron 4xx Conroe-L Core 01 Khng C
Li b vi x l Cu trc li S lng li Cng ngh Hyper Threading Cng ngh Intel EM64T
Cedar Mill NetBurst 01 Khng Khng
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Cng ngh Virtualization Technology (co phep chay nhieu he dieu hanh) H tr Execute Disable Bit FSB Tc xung nhp Socket X l sn xut Cng sut tiu th TDP
Khng
Khng
C 533 MHz Ln ti 3.6GHz LGA 775 65nm 65W
C 800 MHz 1.6GHz 2.0GHz LGA 775 65nm 35W
Ngoi h tr Intel EM64T v FSB 800 v vi cu trc Core th Celeron 4xx cng khng c thm iu g mi . iu ny cng phn nh ng vi nhng b vi x l gi r . Mt iu khng nh nhng b vi x l Celeron 4xx mi s nhanh hn Celeron 3xx . Di y chng ta s chy th i vi Celeron D 365 ( 3.6GHz ) nhanh nht trong dng Celeron D 3xx v so snh vi Celeron 440 nhanh nht trong dng ny da trn li Core ( 2.0GHz mc d n c th chy c vi tc 2.4GHz ). Bng kt qu
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V. CPU a nhn Multi-core 1. CPU a nhn CPU a nhn, CPU a li (ting Anh: multi-core) l b vi x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit) c nhiu n v vi x l c tch hp trn cng mt CPU vt l duy nht. Ni mt cch khc, chng ging nh s ghp ni nhiu CPU thng thng trc y tr thnh mt CPU duy nht.
CPU a nhn c gii thiu ln u tin vo nm 2001 bi hng IBM vi loi CPU Power4 dnh ring cho cc my ch. Bt u t cc hng sn xut CPU khc bt u ch n th loi CPU a nhn v nh hng pht trin sn phm ca mnh theo theo th loi ny. Hai nh sn xut CPU cho PC ln l AMD v Intel cng c cc phn ng khc nhau: AMD bt u c nh hng ngay cho CPU a nhn, Intel cn d dt trong giai on u, nhng cng bt u vo cuc. K t c mt s cnh tranh gia hai hng chim lnh th phn CPU my tnh trn phng din a nhn, hiu nng x l v gi bn, s cnh tranh ny vn cn tn ti cho n thi im hin nay (u nm 2008) v cha c du hiu kt thc.
L do ln nht vic t nhiu li ln cng mt vi mch l s gip gim khng gian trn bn mch chnh khi c nhu cu mun s dng vi s lng CPU li n tng ng. Thm na, li th ca vic s dng a li trn cng mt vi mch ng nhin s lm vic kt hp cng nhau cht ch v nng cao c hiu qu hn. Kh nng tit kim nng lng cng c pht huy thy r i vi thit k ny. Khi nhiu li cng nm trn mt chip, xung tn hiu truyn gia cc li s ngn hn. Ngoi ra, c trng ca CPU a li l chy vi in nng thp hn v cng sut tiu tn tn hiu
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truyn trn dy bng vi bnh phng in p chia cho in tr trong dy, do in nng thp hn s dn n kt qu l ngun in s dng i. Mt l do khc i vi vic tit kim ngun in l tc ng h. CPU a li c th thc thi cc hot ng nhiu ln hn trong mt giy trong khi tn s thp hn. V d b x l MIT RAW 16 li hot ng tn s 425MHz c th thc thi gp 100 ln cc hot ng trong mt giy i vi Intel Pentium 3 ang chy tn s 600 MHz. C mt quy tc n gin l mi mt phn trm tng thm tc ng h s tng 3% in nng tiu th. V tt nhin l iu cn cha tnh ti tc ng ca cc nhn t khc c nh hng ti s tiu th in nng. CPU a li cn c th chia s mt mch ghp ni bus tt nh mch lu tr. Chip Core 2 dual ca Intel c tnh nng l mt L2 cache c chia s. Kt qu l tit kim c lng khng gian ng k. Theo Intel, CPU Core 2 dual c th ln ti 4MB c chia s L2 Cache.
Mt nhn t khc gii hn li ch thc thi ca CPU a li l phn mm chy trn n. i vi ngi dng bnh thng, hiu sut ln nht m h t c khi la chn mt CPU a li l tnh a nhim c ci thin. V d, vi mt CPU a li ta s thy s ci thin ln khi xem DVD trong lc my vn ang c qut virus m tc khng b nh hng, bi v tng ng dng s c gn trn cc li khc nhau. Nu ngi dng ang chy mt ng dng n trn my tnh a li th s khng thy r c vic tng hiu sut ng k lm. Bi hu ht cc ng dng khng c x l a lung. Chnh v vy cc ng dng cng cn phi thay i trong thit k. V d mt chng trnh qut virus chy trn mt tuyn mi trong khi GUI li chy trn mt tuyn khc. Vic x l a lung ng cch l khi khi lng cng vic c phn chia thnh nhiu lung khc nhau. Vic qut virus l mt v d, lung GUI lm vic rt t, trong khi lung qut
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virus thc hin mt nhim v rt nng v khng c kh nng chia nh ra v gi n cc li khc. Vic pht trin mt ng dng a lung ch thc yu cu rt nhiu cng vic phc tp. iu ny r rng cng tn kh nhiu chi ph vo mt chu trnh thit k phn mm. l l do ti sao phn ln cc ng dng phn mm s khng c pht trin nh cc ng dng thc s a lung cho n khi s lng li cao thc hin nhiu tc v m khng lm nh hng ti hiu sut. V iu ny s t c khi ngi dng c nhu cu. 2. Lung x l ca CPU Cc CPU c h iu hnh yu cu x l ng thi cc phn mm mt cch gin on v xen k nhau khi ngi s dng thc hin ng thi nhiu phn mm (nh trong cc v d nu trn). Mi phn mm nu khng i hi mt s x l lin tc th chng c p ng tng phn. a s cc phn mm s dng trong vn phng mt cch thng thng nht u c x l nh vy. V d: khi bn ang duyt web v cng son tho mt vn bn s c cc khong thi gian m bn phi c mt trang web hoc lc bn ang son tho vn bn th c ngha l trnh duyt web lc c th khng cn thit phi x l bi chng ti xung (download) thng tin phc v hin th ni dung trang web . y ch l mt v d n gin vi nhng ng dng n gin cho thy vic cc CPU c th phn tch x l cc nhim v mt cch ng thi. Nu nh ngi s dng thc thi cc phn mm ng dng yu cu n x l ln mt cch ng u th d nhn thy rng h thng c th tr ln chm chp bi mi ng dng li ch c x l ln lt xen k nhau. Nu nh c hai b x l ng thi trong cng mt my tnh th c hai ng dng ln ny u c th thc hin c tt hn hay khng. Hoc nh c mt CPU nhng ng thi p ng yu cu ca hai hoc nhiu hn cc ng dng trong cng mt thi im th c ci thin c tc lm vic chung ca my tnh hay khng ? Hy xem mt v d sau: Nu c mt nhm ngi ch trc cng mt phng khm da liu, phng ch cch ca vo mt khong xa.
CPU n nhn, n lung: ging nh vic ch c mt ca vo, v trong c mt bc s ch khm ln lt tng ngi vi iu kin mi ngi ht 10 pht, trong u tin khm ht n gii sau mi n lt nam gii - thi gian khm ht nhm ngi s rt lu v nam gii phi ch lu hn mc d n sm. CPU n nhn, a lung: ging nh vic c mt ca, mi ngi khm 10 pht, khm xen k c nam gii v n gii. Gii quyt c vic ngi no n trc th xong trc. CPU n nhn, a lung, c cng ngh phn lung o: Ging nh c mt ca, ai khm xong trc th ra trc (c th di 10 pht), c hai bc s ph nhau chia theo tng cng on lc ny thi gian nhanh hn nhiu cho vic khm tt c nhm ngi. CPU a nhn: Ging nh phng khm c hai ca, trong c hai nhm bc s c lp v ng thi c th khm hai ngi mt thi im. CPU c lng cache L2 ln hoc c thm cache L3: Tng ng vi phng ch ngay ca ca phng khm (ngi c yu cu vo khm i vo nhanh hn).
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Qua v d trn ta a thy rng CPU c kh nng x l nhiu lung, a nhn, c c cng ng gh siu ph hn lung.. ..th s x l cng vic nhanh hn. y l l lc m n ngi c c th tr li cu hi pha trn mt cch t tin rng g c, n ci thin c tc lm vic chung c . Hnh th hc s dng nhiu CPU C trn cng c mt my tnh hoc nhiu my tnh h kt ni vi nhau tr thn nh mt h thng my y tnh ln hn cng thc hi in mt nh him v ho o c ng th hi nhiu nhi n m v c c lin qua an n nha au c p dng g t trc khi xut hin cc CPU hai nhn. Cc m y trm ho oc my ch trc y thng c gn nhiu hn mt CP PU trn c ng mt bo o mch ch h c th h thc hi in cng v vic ti u hn, tc nhanh hn. y c th l nhng l do u ti n cc nh sn x xut phn cng bt tay t vo nghin cu cho ra i cc CPU U a nhn sau ny. 3. Core C Duo v v Core 2 Duo ca In ntel Core Duo l cng g ngh tip theo ca cc CPU hai h nhn u tin (P Pentium D, Pentium EE) E ca Int tel s dng vi cu tr rc core mang m li nh hiu ci tin hn. CP PU Core Duo D c sn xut kh hng c bao lu th h Intel chuyn sa ang sn xut dng Co ore 2 Duo vi thm cc c ci tin mi m c nh gi l mt bc ngo ot trong ng gnh ch to b vi x l.
t core c c cc ci ti t n sau: Vi cu trc
M rng th hc thi ng n (Wide Dynamic D Execution E ): c s dng cc CPU th t h th 6 (Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pe entium III...) c ci tin gi p tin on o nhanh v su, s chnh xc hn. Q n l in nng thng Qu t minh (Intellige gent Power r Capability y) cho ph p tt cc h t ng con trong CPU th U khi khn ng s dng n tit kim nng lng, n tuy nhin
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chng c th ngay lp tc c kch hot hot ng tr li khi c cc yu cu v x l ln v cn thit n chng. M rng b nh m thng minh tin tin (Advanced Smart Cache) l mt ci tin ng k trong vi cu trc core, thay v mi nhn s dng mt cache ring bit trong cu trc ca Pentium D th nay Intel ci tin c hai nhn u c th dng chung cache L2 (xem hnh). Cc th h CPU hai nhn u tin ca Intel s dng mi nhn mt cache L2 ring bit, gia cc nhn v cc cache khng c mt kt ni no vi nhau nn phi thng qua chipset cu bc, s ci tin mi gip cho hiu nng x l tng ln do chng c th s dng chung chim nhiu hn i vi cc nhn phi thc thi x l nhiu hn. Truy xut b nh thng minh (Smart Memory Access) Tng tc phng tin s tin tin (Advanced Digital Media Boost) gip tng tc thc thi tp lnh SEE (Streaming SIMD Extension), cho php h tr cc php ton 128 bit, tc l gp i so vi cc CPU c cng hng.
Ngay sau khi ra i th Core 2 Duo ca Intel nh bi i th cnh tranh truyn thng ca mnh l AMD. Cng vi l trnh gim gi cc loi sn phm Pentium D, Core Duo, Intel ly li uy tn v dnh li th phn ca mnh sau lot sn phm CPU hai nhn th h u yu th hn so vi cc CPU hai nhn Althon 64 X2 ca AMD. Cho n u nm 2008, AMD vn cha c cc bc ci tin ng k no vt ln so vi Intel nh thi k CPU a nhn u tin dng x86 xut hin. 4. Cc m hnh Core 2 Duo ca Intel Cc b vi x l Core 2 Duo (tn m Conroe) bt u cho th h CPU mi ca Intel c xy dng trn kin trc li mi (v Core 2 Duo l mt b vi x l ln u tin dnh cho my trm s dng kin trc ny), v cng l tuyn b chm dt cho kin trc Netburst
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c s dng bi cc b vi x l th h th 7 ca Intel, th h xp x t nm 2000. Do cc kin trc li c xy dng trn cng mt kin trc nh kin trc c s dng trong Pentium M v Pentium III, nn chng ti c th ni Core 2 Duo l th h th 6 ca cc CPU Intel. Bn cnh Core 2 Duo, cc CPU Core 2 Quad, Core 2 Extreme v Xeon series 5100 (tn m Woodcrest) cng s dng kin trc mi ny. H Core 2 c ba sn phm: Core 2 Duo - sn phm thay th cho Pentium 4 v Pentium D, Core 2 Quad sn phm ny l li t Core 2 Duo v Core 2 Extreme thay th cho Pentium Extreme Edition. S khc nhau gia Core 2 Duo v Core 2 Extreme l b vi x l Core 2 Extreme chy tc clock cao hn v c b nhn clock c m kha, iu cho php bn c th tng tc (overclock) CPU bng cch thay i b nhn clock CPU. Mt s model ca Core 2 Extreme c n 4 li CPU, bn c th xem chi tit phn bn di. Hy lu bn khng b nhm ln gia Core 2 Duo vi Core Duo. Core Duo l mt tn thng mi cho Pentium M c sn xut cng ngh 65 nm vi tn m Yonah, cn Core 2 Duo l tn thng mi ca CPU c tn m Merom (cho cc my laptop) hoc Conroe (cho cc my desktop), chng s dng kin trc li mi ca Intel. Di y l nhng tm tt v cc tnh nng chnh ca h Core 2:

Kin trc li Cache nh ch lnh L1 32KB v Cache nh d liu L1 32KB cho mi li. Cng ngh Dual-core hoc cng ngh quad-core. Qu trnh sn xut 65 nm Socket 775. 800 MHz (200 MHz x 4), tc clock ngoi 1.066 MHz (266 MHz x 4) hoc 1.333 MHz (333 MHz x 4). Cache nh hp nht L2 2 MB, 4 MB hoc 8 MAILBOX. Cng ngh o ca Intel (ngoi tr Core 2 Duo E4300) Cng ngh Intel EM64T. Tp ch lnh SSE3. Execute Disable Bit Kh nng x l cng sut tiu th thng minh Cng ngh Enhanced SpeedStep.
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Trn hnh c th thy c mt bc tranh v chn ca Core 2 Duo CPU.
Chn ca b vi x l Core 2
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5. Cc model ca core 2 duo Intel Chi Kch tit Clock Clock L2 S lng Model thc TDP k trong ngoi Cache transistor chn thut SLA9U E6850 SLA9V E6750 SL9ZF E6700 SL9S7 E6700 SL9ZL E6600 SL9S8 E6600 SLA9X E6550 SLAAX E6540 SL94T E6420 SL9T9 E6400 SL9S9 E6400 SLA4U E6320 SL9TA E6300 SL9SA E6300 SLA95 E4500 3 GHz 2.66 GHz 2.66 GHz 2.66 GHz 2.40 GHz 2.40 GHz 2.33 GHz 2.33 GHz 2.13 GHz 2.13 GHz 2.13 GHz 1.86 GHz 1.86 GHz 1.86 GHz 1,333 4 MB MHz 1,333 4 MB MHz 1,066 4 MB MHz 1,066 4 MB MHz 1,066 4 MB MHz 1,066 4 MB MHz 1,333 4 MB MHz 1,333 MHz 291 million 291 million 291 million 291 million 291 million 291 million 291 million 143 mm2 143 mm2 143 mm2 143 mm2 143 mm2 143 mm2 143 mm2 143 mm2 143 mm2 111 mm2 111 mm2 143 mm2 111 mm2 111 mm2 111 mm2 111 mm2 111 65 W 65 W 65 W 65 W 65 W 65 W 65 W Nhit in ti p a ( C) 72 72 60.1 60.1 60.1 60.1 72 0.962V1.35V 0.962V1.35V 0.85V1.35V 1.18V1.32V 0.85V1.35V 0.962V1.35V 0.962V1.35V 1.22V1.32V 0.85V1.35V 1.22V1.32V 0.85V1.35V 0.962V1.35V 1.16V1.31V
4 MB 291 million 291 million 167 million 167 million 291 million 167 million 167 million 167 million 167 million 167 million
65 W 72 65 W 65 W 65 W 65 W 65 W 65 W 65 W 65 W 65 W 60.1 61.4 61.4 60.1 61.4 61.4 73.3 61.4
1,066 4 MB MHz 1,066 2 MB MHz 1,066 2 MB MHz 1,066 4 MB MHz 1,066 2 MB MHz 1,066 2 MB MHz 2 MB 2 MB 2 MB
2.20 800 GHz MHz 2 GHz 800 MHz 800
SL93F E4400 SLA98
E4400 2
73.3 1.16V-
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GHz SL9TB E4300 1.8 GHz
MHz 800 MHz 2 MB 167 million
mm2 111 mm2 65 W 61.4
1.31V 0.85V1.35V
Trong bng di y l lit k ca cc model Core 2 Quad. Chi tit Clock Model k thut trong SLACQ SL9UM SL9UM Q6700 2.66 GHz Q6600 2.4 GHz Q6600 2.4 GHz Clock ngoi 1,066 MHz 1,066 MHz 1,066 MHz Nhit L2 in TDP ti a ( Cache p C) 8 MB 8 MB 8 MB 95 105 W 105 W 71 62,2 62,2 1.10V1.37V 1.10V1.37V 1.10V1.37V S nhn 4 4 4
Trong bng di y l cc model Core 2 Extreme c pht hnh. Chi tit Clock Clock Model k trong ngoi thut SLAFN QX6850 3 GHz SL9UK QX6800 SL9S5 X6800 SLACP QX6800 SLA33 X7900 SLAF4 X7900 SL9UL QX6700 SLA6Z X7800 2.93 GHz 2.93 GHz 2.93 GHz 2.80 GHz 2.80 GHz 2.66 GHz 2.60 GHz 1,333 MHz 1,066 MHz 1,066 MHz 1,066 MHz Nhit L2 ti in TDP Cache a ( p C) 8 MB 8 MB 4 MB 8 MB 130 W 130 W 75 W 130 W 44 W 44 W 130 W 64.5 64.5 60.4 64.5 100 100 65 1.10V1.37V 1.10V1.37V 0.85V1.35V 1.10V1.37V -
S nhn
4 4 2 4 2
800 MHz 4 MB 800 MHz 4 MB 1,066 MHz 8 MB
1.125V2 1.325V 1.10V1.37V 4 2
800 MHz 4 MB
44 W 100
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6. Core 2 Quad Q6x00 Cng ngh 45nm Intel cho ra i dng CPU Core 2 Quad nh mt cch chng minh cho nh lut Moore (S transistor trn CPU s tng gp i mi 2 nm). Vi nhng hn ch v mt k thut nn Intel cng nh cc nh sn xut khc khng th c tng con s transistor trn nhn ca CPU ln mi nn gii php chnh l tng s nhn trn mi CPU ln. V hin ti trn th trng, CPU 4 nhn khng cn xa l vi ngi dng. Sp ti, c Intel ln AMD u ang hng n CPU 8 nhn, c th nm sau dng CPU ny s xut hin trn th trng.
Intel Core 2 Duo
Intel Core2 Quad
Q6x00 hin nay ch c 2 i din vi tc cao nht l 2.66GHz v thp nht l 2.4GHz. D l CPU 4 nhn cao cp nhng mc gi ca dng sn phm ny kh mm, khng ging vi phn ln CPU cao cp khc ca Intel nh dng QX khi va ra mt thng c gi cao ngt ngng. y l dng sn phm ca Intel hng n cc h thng my trm vi chi ph u t khng cao hoc nhng h thng my game cao cp vi nhu cu x l mnh v hot ng a nhim.
Intel Core2 Quad Dng CPU ny thc cht l 2 nhn ca CPU Core 2 Duo c t cnh nhau trn mt 775, nn v mt cng ngh n khng khc g so vi cc CPU thuc dng E6x00 ngoi tr dung lng b nh m nhiu hn gp i ln n 8MB (4MB+4MB). Cng chnh v vy, dng CPU ny tiu th mt lng in nng gn gp i so vi cc CPU Core 2 Duo vi
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cng sut ln n 105W. V cng v l do ny m dng sn phm ny c nhit hot ng kh cao so vi nhng ngi anh em 2 nhn ca chng. c ra mt cng lc vi dng E6x50 nhng Q6x00 li s dng FSB 1066MHz ch khng phi 1333MHz, do n c kh nng tng thch vi cc dng mainboard i c cao hn so vi E6x50. Q6x00 d dng hot ng trn cc bo mch ch s dng cc chipset c nh 965 hay 975 m khng h c mt vn g. iu ny cho php nhng ngi dng nng cp ln CPU 4 nhn mt cch d dng m khng phi i bo mch ch. C l chnh v l do ny m Intel khng trang b cho dng CPU ny FSB 1333MHz. S c ngi t hi liu ngi dng bnh thng c s dng ht kh nng ca cc CPU 4 nhn hay khng, khi hin nay CPU 2 nhn qu cho nhu cu ca hu ht ngi dng v cc phn mm vn cn cha hon ton tn dng c ht sc mnh ca cc CPU a nhn. Vng, nu bn ch l ngi dng bnh thng ch lt web chi game hay hc tp th 4 nhn thc s qu nhiu i vi bn. Tuy nhin, nhng h thng my trm, nhng nh thit k, x l ha/video hay nhng h thng my dng nghin cu trong cc phng th nghim th CPU 2 nhn l cha i vi h. V v vy, h cn CPU 4 nhn hay thm ch l nhiu hn. Ni nh vy khng c ngha l nhng ngi dng bnh thng khng c hng li t cc CPU a nhn. Nhng ng dng m rt nhiu ngi dng nh 3D Studio Max hay Autocad, hay thm ch l Photoshop cng ang dn c vit li h tr cc CPU a nhn. Khng ch c vy, mt CPU a nhn cho php bn phn b, ti u trn cc nhn v d dng nhn thy s mt m hn khi s dng cc ng dng nng. 7. Cu trc h thng Havendale / Auburndale Cho ti by gi nn tng Intel c t nht 03 Chip l : CPU , NorthBridge v SouthBridge. Tuy nhin cho ti cui nm 2009 , Havendale v Auburndale s thay i l CPU s tch hp b vi x l ho. B vi x l Havendale / Auburndale s c CPU Dual-Core v GPU hoc Intel gi l iGFX , nhng n li vn h tr Card mn hnh PCI Express 2.0 ri. CPU Dual-Core trong Havendale s da vo 45nm Nehalem v th s tch hp c B phn iu khin b nh v h tr b nh DDR3 Dual-Channel . Havendale / Auburndale s kt ni vi Chip Intel Ibex Peak bng giao din DMI ( Direct Memory Interface ) . Chip SouthBridge Ibex Peak lin kt vi GPU qua giao din FDI ca Intel ( Flexible Display Interface ) v n s cung cp nhng u ni hin th bng Display Interface Controller . Chipset ny cng c nhng cng Vo / Ra thng qua ci gi l Intel Management Engine. Intel tuyn b hai Chip c ngha l tch hp cao hn , tiu th nng lng t hn v hiu sut lm vic li cao hn .
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8. Athlon 64 X2 ca AMD AMD cng a ra cc chin lc ca mnh cnh tranh vi Intel trn c hai phng din, cng ngh v gi thnh CPU. Trc khi cho ra dng Phenom vo thng 12 nm 2007, thng 9 nm 2007 AMD tung ra th trng sn phm CPU Black Edition nh mt bc m. CPU Black Edition bao gm hai phin bn Athlon 64 X2 6400+ sn xut trn cng ngh 90 nm v Athlon 64 X2 5000+ trn cng ngh 65 nm.
Vi cng ngh 65 nm, Althon 64 X2 5000+ c mt s thay i: B iu khin b nh (Memory controller) K t dng K7 tr v trc, b iu khin b nh do chipset cu bc m nhn, nhim v chnh ca chipset cu bc l lm cu ni trung gian gia CPU v b nh chnh thng qua FontSideBus (FSB). Do v mt l thuyt bus b nh s b gii hn theo bus ca CPU hay bus ca chipset, trong khi , bus b nh hin nay c y ln rt cao, ta thng nghe ni n b nh DDR500, DDR550, DDR600 v cao hn na. n dng K8 - A64, AMD tch hp lun b iu khin b nh vo trong nhn ca CPU (core) nn c th ni rng trong chng mc no bus b nh cao n bao nhiu CPU u c th p ng c (hay qu anh em nh. Bn cnh vic tch hp b iu khin b nh cn gp phn rt ln trong vic gim
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ng k tr ca d liu do khng phi truyn t CPU qua chipset cu bc v ngc li, ng thi vt b nt tht d liu gip gia tng bng thng gia CPU v b nh chnh. Theo nh gi ch quan chnh iu ny gp phn ng k trong vic ko di tui th ca RAM DDRI, trc s cnh tranh lm le thay th ca RAM DDRII. HyperTransport Technology (HTT) Cng ngh HyperTransport l 1 kt ni tc cc nhanh theo kiu im n im kt ni cc thnh phn trn motherboard. Cng ngh ny c pht minh bi AMD v c ng dng trong nhng lnh vc i hi d liu c truyn i vi cng cao, tc ln v tr nh. V AMD ng dng lun cng ngh ny vo b x l A64 (tht tuyt vi). Bng cng ngh HyperTransport, b x l A64 s giao tip vi 2 thnh phn chnh trong h thng l memory v chipset thng qua HyperTransport bus (gi l HTT). Tuyn giao tip gia CPU v chipset c gi vi tn mi l HT bus. V im c bit l 2 tuyn giao tip ny hon ton c lp vi nhau, s thay i ca tuyn bus ny s khng gy nh hng n bus kia v nguc li. Do AMD khng gi HT bus l FSB na, mc d nhn b ngoi chng c v ging nhau. dng K7 tr v trc, FSB ng vai tr quan trng nht trong tc ca h thng, FSB thp ng ngha vi vic ang s hu 1 h thng c tc chm. A64 th hon ton khng xy ra iu ny, c th bn ang ci t HT bus mc thp (thp hn c mc mc nh ca nh sn xut chng hn), nhng tc ca ton b h thng li khng thp t no th mi l ch . Chng ta s tm hiu k hn ci HT bus ny phn sau nh. H s nhn : Trong h thng A64 c 2 HSN khc nhau cn quan tm l : H s nhn ca CPU Multiplier (hay cn gi l CPU Ratio) HSN ny c nhim v xc lp tc thc ca CPU (core speed). HSN ny ging nh cc dng CPU K7 tr v trc. Core speed s c xc nh qua cng thc sau : Core speed = HTT x Multiplier Cn c vo HSN, c th thy rng A64 c chia thnh 2 dng ring bit : dng cao cp - AthlonFX : khng b kha HSN (unlocked), iu chnh HSN thoi mi theo cch ca ngi s dng. dng ph thng - Athlon64 : b kho HSN 1 na (Hafl locked), ch c th iu chnh HSN gim xung so vi HSN chun ca CPU m thi. H s nhn ca HT bus LDT (Lightning Data Transport) HSN LDT dng xc lp tn s HT bus khi CPU giao tip vi chipset, HT bus c tnh bng cng thc sau : HT bus = HTT x LDT dng A64, c h thng n nh v hiu qu nht th HT bus phi c ci t vi tn s ti a trong khong 1.000Mhz. Do trong qu trnh s dng chng ta nn ci t HTT v LDT mc hp l lun m bo rng HT bus chy trong khong 1.000Mhz. Ly v d c th : Vi HTT = 200Mhz, LDT = 5
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Vi HTT 200 - 250Mhz, LDT = 4 Vi HTT 250 - 330Mhz, LDT = 3 Thit k Athlon 64 X2 5000+ thay i cho php ngi s dng d dng p xung chng, theo AMD th mc tiu th cng sut ca CPU ny ch n 75 W khi p xung 3,1 Ghz v 85 W khi p xung 3,4 Ghz. Trn thc t th nhm Test Lab ca tp ch PC World Vietnam th nghim p xung vi CPU ny th c th p xung n nh mc 3,1 Ghz (tng 16% so vi thit k) in p 1,3 V.
9. Thng s cc CPU bn nhn ca AMD Cho n cui nm 2007, AMD a ra th trng hai CPU bn nhn dng Phenom c s hiu 9500 v 9600. Hai CPU ny ch khc nhau tn s lm vic (tng ng vi 2,2 Ghz v 2,3 Ghz), cn li cc thng s nh sau:
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Cng ngh AMD64 Simultaneous computing 32& 64-bit
C C
L1 Cache (Instruction + Data) mi 128 KB (64 KB + 64 KB) nhn L2 Cache (512KB mi nhn) L3 Cache Cng ngh HyperTransport 2 MB 2 MB Cng ngh HyperTransport ti 3600MT/s full duplex, hoc ti 14.4GB/sbng thng I/O 128-bit PC2-8500(DDR2-1066) PC2 6400(DDR2-800), PC2 5300(DDR2-667), PC2 4200(DDR2-533), v PC2 3200(DDR2-400) unbuffered memory ti 12.8 GB/s (b nh knh i) ti 27.2 GB/s 65 nm, SOI (silicon-on-insulator) Technology socket AM2+ (940-pin) organic micro PGA 95 W 285 mm2 450 triu Processor-to-system
Integrated DDR2 Memory Controller c Memory Controller Width H tr loi RAM Bng thng b nh Total Bandwidth
(HyperTransport bandwidth)
Cng ngh sn xut cm Cng sut thit k Kch thc CPU S transistor
plus
memory
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10. CPU tm nhn Khi m hai hng AMD v Intel ang cnh tranh nhau cung cp cc CPU cho nhiu loi my tnh thng dng th cc hng khc nh Sun Microsystems cng tp trung vo cc sn phm CPU a nhn dnh cho th trng my ch v thit b vin thng (router, switch v cc thit b h tng vin thng khc). Sun gii thiu CPU UltraSPARC T2 tn m l Niagara II vi 8 nhn m theo nh qung co ca h rng b x l ny c kh nng dnh cho nhng h thng my ch trn mt chip. Sun Microsystems tr li nhng khch hng phn nn v s yu km trong thit k cc CPU bng mt sn phm c th ng thi x l 64 tp lnh trn 8 nhn vi mi nhn c th x l tm tp lnh ng thi, tc li ci tin gp i s tp lnh so vi th h Niagara I Tuy nhin cc th nghim cho thy rng CPU ny khng phi l mnh nht so vi cc CPU hng u hin nay ngay thi im qu III nm 2007. Hai hng AMD v Intel cha ra mt cc CPU 8 nhn ca mnh cho n thi im u nm 2008, nhng nhiu ngi vn cho rng hai hng ny ang tch cc chun b cho n. Mt s nh phn tch nhn nh rng rt c th AMD s chm ch trong cuc ua thi im gii thiu b x l tm nhn so vi Intel trong qu trnh cnh tranh gia hai hang. 11. ...v nhiu nhn hn na Trc y th ch c cc siu my tnh hoc cc h thng my tnh ln s dng nhiu CPU mi c kh nng x l mnh m vi hng nghn t php tnh mi giy. Ngi s dng my tnh c nhn bn hin nay c th hon ton chm ti cc tc tnh ton khi m Intel a ra cc CPU a nhn trong tng lai. Hin ti Intel ang th nghim ch to cc CPU c cha n 80 nhn nhng cha c k hoch tung chng ra th trng[34] Cc chuyn gia nghin cu ti i hc Tokyo (Nht Bn) cn cng b mt CPU cha n 512 nhn c xung nhp 500 Mhz vi kch thc 17x17 mm vi 300 triu transistor, tiu th cng sut ch 60 W phc v d phng cho cc my ch. Nhng iu ny cho thy rng cng ngh CPU a nhn trong tng lai s rt c trin vng. Tr ngi ln nht ca s pht trin CPU a nhn l cc kch thc vt l ca cc linh kin cha trong lng n. Kch thc transistor, tit din dy dn ni b l nhng thnh phn c bn gy cn tr s pht trin ca cc CPU a nhn, mi hng u c cc cng ngh sn xut ring lm nh kch thc ca chng. Nhng cng ngh mi gn y c th gip tch hp trn 2 t transistor trong cng mt CPU. Cng ngh ch to CPU tin n mc 32 nm (c cng b bi Intel) v cn tip tc nh hn na (tuy hin nay nhiu hng sn xut vn mi p dng rng ri cng ngh 65 nm v ch mt s CPU sn xut trn cng ngh 45 nm). 12. S khc bit gia Pentium D v Core 2 Duo hiu r hn, trc ht chng ta cng nh li mt s khi nim cng ngh ca Intel 1. Intel Wide Dynamic Excution: Cho php CPU c th thc thi ng thi 4 lnh trong mt xung nhp ng h so vi 3 lnh trc y.
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2. Intel Smart Memory Access: D liu trong b nh, cc lnh thc thi v cc truy xut sang b m c ti u ha mc cao nht gim ti a tr ca b nh. 3. Intel Advanced Smart Cache: Cc nhn s dng chung b m L2, gim thiu thi gian np cache do hin tng np cache 2 ln trn hai cache c loi tr v dung lng hu dng ca cache s c ti u. 4. Intel Advanced Digital Media Boost: Cc lnh thc thi cho cc ng dng ha v m thanh c ci tin mnh m. 5. Intel Virtualization Technology: Cng ngh o ha cho php gi lp mt computer th hai trong cng mt computer vt l. Dng Core 2 duo : p dng tt c cc cng ngh trn (tr dng E4xxx) Dng Pentium D : ch p dng mt s cng ngh 5 cn ko p dng cc cng ngh t 1 n 4 Vi cch nhn nhn ca ngi s dng thun ty ta cn thy Pentium D c mc tiu th in nng ln hn rt nhiu so vi ca Core 2 Duo (95w so vi 65w), cng c ngha l computer s dng vi x l Core 2 Duo s m v mt hn so vi Pentium D khi vn hnh. Bus h thng ti a ca Pentium D l 800MHz, ca Core 2 Duo l 1066MHz. Cache L2 ca Pentium Dual-Core l cache share nhng ch c 1MB, ca Core 2 Duo l 2-4MB. Dng Pentium D ch c 1 nhn tht nhn cn li l nhn o (logic) nm chung trn 1 bn mch cn core 2 duo th c 2 nhn tht. Dng Pen D c b nh cache ring bit cho tng nhn (nh vy s xy ra tnh trng phi chuyn i d liu gia 2 b nh cache L2 -> mt thi gian v gim hiu nng ca CPU) cn core 2 duo th s dng chung b nh cache L2 (2 nhn dng chung b nh m nn s khng phi chuyn data sang cho nhau khi s l). Di y l bng so snh gia Core 2 Duo E4300 (Dual-Core , Vi cu trc Core ) , Pentium D 925 ( Dual-Core , cu trc NetBurst ) v Conroe-L ( chy Overclock 3GHz , Single-Core , Vi cu trc Core )
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Da vo kt qu trn cho thy , Conroe-L chy Overclock tt nhin khng bng Dual-Core Core 2 Duo E4300 nhng nhiu bc chy th li vt qua Dual-Core Pentium D 925, iu ny cng cho thy Vi cu trc Core chy hiu qu hn so vi cu trc NetBurst. Nhng b vi x l vi cu trc NetBurst phi c tc xung nhp cao gp i so vi cu trc Core th mt s bc chy th mi bt kp c. 13. So snh cng ngh Multi-core ca Intel v AMD Mc d AMD khng phi l hng u tin gii thiu CPU hai nhn, nhng cu trc ca CPU hai nhn ca AMD c nhiu tin b hn so vi cc CPU hai nhn ban u ca Intel (Pentium D). Cu to bn trong ca AMD cho php cc nhn c th trc tip lin kt vi nhau m khng phi thng qua chipset cu bc. hn ch nhc im ny, Intel tng FSB gia tng bng thng gia CPU v chipset cu bc. Tuy nhin trong giai on u thit k CPU a nhn ca AMD c u th hn Intel cc im sau:
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1. Khc vi s thay i cu trc ca Intel trong CPU hai nhn khin cho khi nng cp h thng cn phi thay th bo mch ch do cc chipset c khng h tr CPU hai nhn mi. H thng ca AMD c th tng thch vi h thng c, ngi s dng c th cn nng cp BIOS c th tng thch vi CPU hai nhn mi. Socket 939 cho Athlon 64 v Socket 940 cho Opteron vn gi nguyn cho cc CPU AMD hai nhn, cng vi cc chipset c vn h tr bi s giao tip vi CPU khng tr thnh hai dng ring bit cho mi nhn. y l u im th nht ca CPU hai nhn AMD th h u vi Intel. 2. Khi thit k cc CPU dng Athlon 64/Opteron AMD c mt s chun b sn cho cc thit k a nhn theo nh hng ban u ca AMD, nn khi cc dng CPU a nhn ra i chng hon ton thch ng vi cc tnh ton v nhit ca CPU. S tc ng v nhit khi tng thm mt nhn nh hng khng nhiu. V d a s cc CPU hai nhn Athlon 64 X2 ca AMD chy vi tn s 2,2 GHz tiu th cng sut 89 W cng bng vi vi Athlon 64 n nhn hot ng tn s 2,4 GHz. So snh gia mt CPU hai nhn nng nht ca AMD khi hot ng tc 2,2 n 2,4 GHz tiu th cng sut 110 W vi mt CPU hai nhn ca Intel nh Pentium Extreme Edition tiu th cng sut 130 W s thy mt u im th hai ca CPU hai nhn hng AMD so vi Intel (xem cc bng trn). 3. Mc d tc x l thc ca cc CPU hai nhn AMD thng thp hn CPU Intel, tuy nhin mt s kt qu kim tra, nh gi hiu nng bng cc phn mm chuyn dng (phn mm benchmark) cho thy hiu nng ca cc CPU hai nhn hng AMD cao hn hiu nng cc CPU hai nhn ca Intel nhng phin bn u tin[6]. Nhiu overclocker v ngi dng thng thng tng s dng hai loi CPU ca cc hng ny cng c nhn xt nh vy.
So snh gia 2 kin trc Intel Core Microarchitecture v AMD K8 :
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VI. Pentium Xeon Cng ngh ca Intel cho my ch Bt u t nm 1998 , Intel a ra sn phm b vi x l c tn l Xeon nhm ti th trng my ch v my trm . Nhng b vi x l ny c th truy cp c nhiu RAM , c th lm vic vi mi trng a x l (multi-processing) - c ngha l trn Mainboard c nhiu hn mt CPU , v c nhng phn tng ng tng hiu qu cng vic. Nhng my ch v my trm da trn nn tng Pentium II v Pentium III c gi l Pentium II Xeon v Pentium III Xeon tng ng . Do Pentium II , Pentium III nhm ti th trng End-user th Pentium II Xeon v Pentium III Xeon nhm ti th trng my ch v my trm . Bt u cho b vi x l trn nn tng Pentium 4 , Intel khng s dng tn Pentium 4 Xeon m gi lun l Xeon . Bng di y bn c th xem tng dng sn phm b vi x l v nhng i tng m n hng ti . End-User Market Pentium II Pentium III Pentium 4 1. Pentium II Xeon Intel bt u gii thiu Pentium II Xeon t thng 6/1998 . N l b vi x l thuc th h th 6 , da trn cu trc ca Pentium Pro. S khc nhau ln nht gia Pentium II v Pentium II Xeon ch tc xung nhp c s dng trong b nh Cache L2 . Pentium II Xeon truy cp b nh cache L2 cng tc xung nhp vi xung nhp ca CPU ( v d u s dng xung nhp tc 400MHZ ). Pentium II truy cp b nh cache L2 c tc bng mt na so vi tc xung nhp ca CPU ( v d l 200MHz , ca CPU l 400 MHz ). c im k thut chinh ca Pentium II Xeon l:

Server and Workstation Market Pentium II Xeon Pentium III Xeon Xeon Xeon MP
16 KB cache b nh lnh L1 v 16 KB cache b nh s liu L1 . 512 KB, 1 MB hoc 2 MB cache b nh L2 , truy cp cng vi tc ca b vi x l 100 MHz tc Bus bn ngoi . Truy cp b nh ti a l 64 GB RAM . a x l i xng - symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) - ln ti 04 CPU (kiu c 2 MB cache L2 cho php SMP ti 08 CPU ). B vi x l c ng trong mt v -SECC (Single Edge Contact Cartridge) -, chn cm tip xc vi bn ngoi gi l Slot 2 trn Mainboard v c 330 im tip xc
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Da trn cng ngh ca nhn c tn l Deschutes ( dng tng t nh Pentium II c tc 100 MHz Bus ngoi . c sn xut trn cng ngh 0.25 m , c 7.5 triu transistors trn mt din tch 203 mm2.
Pentium II Xeon v Pentium II c khe cm nhn bn ngoi th ging nhau nhng khng tng thch vi nhau . Khe cm Pentium II gi l Slot 1 c 220 im tip xc .iu c ngha l khng th thay th ln Pentium II v Pentium II Xeon trn mt Mainboard c . Bng di y l cc kiu ca Pentium II Xeon sSpec Internal ClockTDP L2 Memory CacheMax. Temp. ( C) SL34H 400 MHz 30.8 W512 KB 75 SL34J 400 MHz 38.1 W1 MB 75 SL35N 400 MHz 30.8 W512 KB 75 SL35P 400 MHz 38.1 W1 MB 75 SL2RH 400 MHz 30.8 W512 KB 75 SL2NB 400 MHz 38.1 W1 MB 75 SL36W450 MHz 34.5 W512 KB 75 SL2XJ 450 MHz 34.5 W512 KB 75 SL2XK 450 MHz 42.8 W1 MB 75 SL354 450 MHz 34.5 W512 KB 75 SL2XL 450 MHz 46.7 W2 MB 75 SL33T 450 MHz 34.5 W512 KB 75 SL33V 450 MHz 46.7 W2 MB 75 SL33U 450 MHz 42.8 W1 MB 75
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2. Pentium III Xeon Intel pht hnh phin bn Pentium III Xeon vo thng 3/1999 . N cng vn l th h th 6 ca b vi x l , tng t nh Pentium II v Pentium III , da trn cu trc Pentium Pro. c tnh k thut chnh ca Pentium III Xeon l : 16 KB cache b nh lnh L1 v 16 KB cache b nh s liu L1 . 512 KB, 1 MB hoc 2 MB cache b nh L2 , truy cp cng vi tc ca b vi x l 100 MHz hoc 133 MHz tc Bus bn ngoi . Truy cp b nh ti a l 64 GB RAM . a x l i xng - symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) - ln ti 04 CPU (kiu c 2 MB cache L2 cho php SMP ti 08 CPU ). B vi x l c ng trong mt v -SECC (Single Edge Contact Cartridge) -, chn cm tip xc vi bn ngoi gi l Slot 2 trn Mainboard v c 330 im tip xc . C tp lnh SSE . Cng ngh sn xut 0.25 m ( c tn m Tanner ) hoc 0.18 m ( c tn m Cascades).
Cng tng t nh Pentium II Xeon , Pentium III Xeon s dng Slot 2 , trong khi Pentium II v Pentium III s dng Slot 1 nn chng khng th cm ln gia Pentium III v Pentium III Xeon .
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3. Xeon MP Xeon MP h tr SMP ti 04 CPU . Trong cc my ch c 04 CPU Xeon MP c gn trn mt Bus , mi mt Mainboard c th c nhiu Bus cm nhiu hn 04 CPU . S kt ni , s lin kt cc Bus ny thng qua Chipset . c tnh k thut chnh ca Xeon MP :

Socket 603. B nh cache L1 ch thc hin lnh 150 KB. B nh cache s liu L1 8 KB hoc 16 KB i vi kiu da trn cng ngh EM64T SMP ti 04 CPU. Cng ngh HyperThreading.
4. Xeon Dual-core Cng ngh Dual-core c ngha l t 02 CPU trong mt v . B vi x l Xeon Dual - core cng c s dng cng ngh HyperThreading - m phng 02 CPU trong mt nhn , c ngha l h iu hnh s nhn ra mi mt b vi x l Xeon Dual-core c 04 CPU . Do vy trn my ch s dng 02 Xeon Dual-core th h iu hnh s nhn ra 08 CPU. Tnh nng k thut chnh ca Xeon Dual-core :
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Socket 604. c tp lnh SSE3 . 16 KB L1 cache s liu v 150 KB cache ch thc hin lnh. SMP ti 02 CPUs trn mt Mainboard Cng ngh Execute Disable Cng ngh EM64T Cng ngh HyperThreading Cng ngh Virtualization trong kiu 7xxx . cng ngh Demand-Based Switching (DBS) Cng ngh Enhanced SpeedStep
Bng di y l danh sch ca Xeon dual-core pht hnh sSpec Model Internal Clock External Clock 800 MHz 800 MHz 667 MHz 667 MHz 800 MHz TechnologyTDP L2 Cache 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 165 W 165 W 165 W 165 W 135 W 1 MB MB 2 MB MB 2 MB MB 1 MB MB 2 MB MB + 1 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 2 Max. (C) 76 76 76 76 72 Temp.
SL8UB 7030 2.80 GHz SL8UD 7041 3 GHz SL8UC 7040 3 GHz SL8UA 7020 2.66 GHz SL8MA2.80 GHz
5. Intel ra mt 4 mu chip Xeon xanh
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Intel va cng b 4 mu chip Xeon li t mi s dng cng ngh ng gi khng c halogen rt thn thin vi mi trng. Quad-Core Xeon L5430, X5470, X5492, v X5270 chy vi tc t 2.66GHz ti 3.5GHz, v c mc gi trong khong 562USD 1.493USD (bn vi s lng 1000 n v). Hin dng Xeon 5400 ang c mt trn th trng; ring X5270 s ra mt trong nhng thng ti. Intel khng ni r halogen c s dng cho nhng thnh phn no ca chip, nhng hng ny thng dng chng lm cht chm chy (k c pha trn vo nha bc) trong quy trnh ng gi mt s sn phm chip. Halogen gii phng dioxin, mt hp cht ha hc v cng c hi, vo mi trng khi nhng con chip ny hoc nhng thnh phn khc (nha bc) c x l rc thi.
Intel ang nghin cu gii php khng s dng halogen cho quy trnh ng gi chip, v trc y hng ny tng ni s t c thnh qu trong nm nay. Dng chip u tin khng s dng halogen ca Intel l Atom, mi c cng b hi u nm. V vi 4 mu chip Xeon mi nht, Intel cho bit s s dng quy trnh ng gi tng t (khng c halogen) cho tt c cc mu chip my ch Xeon cn li. Vic s dng quy trnh ng gi khng c halogen l n lc mi nht ca Intel nhm hn ch tc ng ca chip i vi mi trng xung quanh. Nm ngoi, cng ty ny cng tuyn b s khng s dng hp kim ch cho dng chip Penryn sn xut trn dy chuyn cng ngh 45-nm.
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VII. ngha cc thng s trn cpu c hiu thng s CPU (V d mu: P4 2.8Ghz (511)/Socket 775/ Bus 533/ 1024K/ Prescott CPU1. CPU) P4 vit tt ca t Pentium 4, tc l tn ca loi vi x l (CPU). y l loi vi x l ca hng Intel. 2.8 Ghz, ch tc xung ng h ca vi x l. Con s ny l mt trong nhng thc o sc mnh ca vi x l, tuy vy n khng phi l tt c. i lc ch l mt con s nhm so snh tng i sc mnh ca CPU. Con s 511 pha sau con s th hin cht lng v v th ca con CPU trong ton b cc sn phm thuc cng dng. Con s ny l mt quy c ca hng Intel. S cng cao chng t CPU cng tt.
Socket 775, ch loi khe cm ca CPU. y l c tnh xt s tng hp gia vi x l v mainboard (Bo mch ch - MAIN). Bo mch ch phi h tr loi socket ny th vi x l mi c th hot ng c. Bus 533, ch tc "li" ca ng giao tip gia CPU v MAIN. Mt vi x l c nh gi nhanh hay chm tu thuc kh ln vo gi tr ny. Vi x l chy c bus 533 th ng nhin hn hn so vi vi x l ch chy c bus 400 Mhz. 1024K, ch b nh m ca vi x l. y l vng cha thng tin trc khi a vo cho vi x l trung tm (CPU) thao tc. Thng th tc x l ca CPU s rt nhanh so vi vic cung cp thng tin cho n x l, cho nn, khng gian b nh m (cache) cng ln cng tt v CPU s ly d liu trc tip t vng ny. Mt s Vi x l cn lm b nh m nhiu cp. S 1024 m bn thy chnh l dung lng b nh m cp 2, 1024 KB = 1 MB. Prescott chnh l tn mt dng vi x l ca Intel. Dng vi x l ny c kh nng x l video siu vit nht trong cc dng vi x l cng cng ngh ca Intel. Tuy nhin, y l dng CPU tng i nng, tc xung ng h ti a t 3.8 Ghz. VIII. Nhng thut ng cn bn Bng thut ng sau s gip bn nm c cc khi nim c bn.
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3DNow! - tp gm 21 lnh CPU nhm tng tc truyn thng gia CPU v card ha 3D. Cc lnh ny a ra kh nng to hnh nh tht hn trn mn hnh v hnh video mn. Cng ngh 3DNow! tng t nh cng ngh SSE ca Intel. Bus - ng truyn in t truyn d liu gia cc b phn trong my tnh. Khi cp ti CPU, bus hay bus h thng (system bus) m ch mi lin kt gia CPU hay b nh vi cc thnh phn khc ca PC. Cache - vng nh m CPU dng lu cc phn ca chng trnh, cc ti liu sp c s dng. Khi cn, CPU s tm thng tin trn cache trc khi tm trn b nh chnh. Integrated cache (cache tch hp) - cache c hp nht ngay trn CPU. Cache tch hp tng tc CPU do thng tin truyn n v truyn i t cache nhanh hn l phi chy qua bus h thng. Cc nh ch to thng gi cache ny l on-die cache. Cache L1 - cache chnh ca CPU. CPU trc ht tm thng tin cn thit cache ny. cc chip Pentium th cache L1 l cache tch hp. Cache L2 - cache th cp. Thng tin tip tc c tm trn cache L2 nu khng tm thy trn cache L1. Cache L2 c tc thp hn cache L1 v cao hn tc ca cc chip nh (memory chip). Trong mt s trng hp (nh Pentium Pro), cache L2 cng l cache tch hp. Megahertz - s o tc tnh ton ca CPU. Mt megahertz cho mt triu chu trnh x l trong mt giy. MMX (Multimedia Extensions) - tp gm 57 lnh multimedia do Intel pht trin nm 1997. Mc ch chnh ca MMX l nng cao hiu qu x l cc lnh lp v m thanh, hnh nh v ha. My t c iu ny phn no do mt dng lnh n c th x l ng thi mt s mc d liu. Motherboard (bo mch m) - bo mch chnh trong my PC. Tt c cc bo mch khc u cm vo bo mch chnh v nhn thng tin iu t bo mch ny. SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) - phng php x l thng tin, cho php mt lnh x l mt s mc d liu ng thi. Cc tp lnh MMX, 3DNow! v SSE c xy dng xoay quanh khi nim ny. Slot 1 - khe cm di v mnh nm trn bo mch chnh. N dng cm card cha CPU vo bo mch chnh. Card cha CPU gm c CPU v cache L2. Thit k ny dng cho b x l Pentium II nhm tng tc ca cache L2. Slot 2 - cng l khe cm dng cm card CPU (gm CPU v cache L2) vo bo mch chnh. Khc vi thit k Slot 1, thit k Slot 2 cho php CPU giao tip vi cache L2 tc ca b x l.
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Socket L7 Connector - cm hnh ch nht nm trn bo mch chnh dng cm CPU vo. Trc y, cc chip Pentium v AMD dng thit k ny, sau n c thay dn bi thit k Slot 1. Super 7 - bn ci tin ca thit k Socket 7. Super 7 thng nht tc bus h thng l 100MHz. Thay i thit k ny cho php nng cao 50% tc truy cp ti cache L2 v b nh chnh. SSE (Streaming SIMD Extension) - tp gm 70 lnh m Intel a vo Pentium III phc v vic x l d liu. Cc lnh ny h tr cho x l nh, video, m thanh v d liu ba chiu. Gii ngha cc tn m Ging nh i vi Microsoft v cc nh pht trin phn mm khc, bn c th tham kho cc chip sp ra i thng qua tn m. Thng thng tn m s bin mt khi chip c a ra th trng. Sau y l danh sch mt s tn m: Cooper Mine - CPU ca Intel. l chip Pentium III tch hp cache L2 256K. Dixon - Chip Pentium II 500MHz ca Intel dng cho my tnh di ng. Geyserville - Mt cng ngh chip di ng a ra vo cui nm 1999. D tnh, CPU ny s rt ngn khong cch v tc gia my tnh bn v my xch tay. Katmai - L tn khc ca Pentium III. i khi bn s thy phn tham chiu ti tp lnh Katmai, gm 70 lnh mi ca CPU. Mendocino - Tn m ca chip Celeron II. Merced - Tn cc chip ca Intel c ch to da trn kin trc IA-64. McKinley - L chip ci tin t Merced s c a ra vo cui nm 2001. Chip ny d kin c tc bus h thng nhanh gp ba ln so vi Merced. Sharptooth - Tn m K6-III ca AMD. Tanner - Tn khc ca chip Xeon. Willamette - L chip c ch to da trn li Pentium II c iu chnh.
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PHN III Bo mch ch - Motherboard (Mainboard)
I.
Chc nng v nhim v ca Mainboard
1. Chc nng Bo mch ch l bo mch chnh c to thnh t cc thnh phn linh kin in t, l ni cha b vi x l, b nh chnh, cc khe cm m rng, l ni kt ni trc tip hoc gin tip mi thnh phn ca my tnh vi nhau.
2. Nhim v Bng mch ch chu trch nhim kt ni v truyn dn gia cc thit b khc nhau trong my bng cc ng dn (Bus) qun l v cp pht ti nguyn h thng cho chng s dng, m nhn mt s cng vic x l d liu n gin nh gi h thng, x l cc php tnh ton n gin, du chm ng
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II.
Phn loi Mainboard
1. Phn loi theo kiu ngun s dng: Do s khc bit cu to b ngun gia hai loi v my AT v ATX dn n nhng cu to ca Mainboard dng cho mi loi cng khc nhau. - Mainboard dng loi ngun AT c khe cm ngun mt hng vi 12 chn c ni vi ngun bng u ni kp, mi u c 6 dy. - Mainboard ATX c khe cm ngun 2 hng vi 20 chn v c ni vi ngun bng u dy n 20 si. Thng thng mainboard loi ATX thng c cc cng thit b I/O nm trc tip trn Mainboard, cn mainboard AT th lin kt vi cc thit b I/O qua cc cp ni. khi s c hai khe cm ngun cho hai loi trn mainboard. 2. Phn loi theo kiu chn CPU Tt c cc loi my i mi hin nay ch yu u dng loi v my ATX nn cc mainboard c phn loi theo kiu chn CPU. C hai kiu thit k chn ca cc CPU l loi chn cm (socket) v khe cm (slot). Socket th c rt nhiu loi: socket 3, socket 5, socket 7, socket 8 (cc loi ny hu nh khng cn trn th trng my tnh), socket 370, socket 423, socket 478, socket A (hay cn gi l socket 462), socket 775. Loi Slot th c: slot 1, slot 2 III. Cc thnh phn c bn trong Main
Lu : C mt s loi mainboard va c th dng c cho ngun AT hay ATX, tt nhin
Cu trc c bn ca Mainboard bao gm : - Socket (hoc Slot t Pentium II tr ln ) dng gn CPU. - Cc linh kin in t gm: Cc b iu khin Bus v khin ngt (chipset), timer, cc IC s. - Cc Jumper hoc Switch cu hnh (Thit lp tc , in p cho CPU, Clear -Cmos, Reset, Spaerker ). - Cc Slot cho cc bus m rng (theo cc chun ISA, VL bus, PCI, AGP). - ROM Bios, RAM Cmos. - B nh Cache ngoi (Sram)
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- Pin CMOS. - Cc Header ni vi a cng, a mm, Com1, Com2, LPT, Keyboard. - Header cung cp ngun cho mainboard ( c th l AT hoc ATX). - Cc slot gn thm Dram - Ram h thng (gm Simm, Dimm).
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IV.
Nhng khe cm c bn trn Mainboard hin i
Vi pht trin cng ngh chng mt nh hin nay, mt bo mch ch truyn thng tr nn cc k rc ri i vi nhng ngi dng t kinh nghim mt phn do s lng khe cm tng ln ng k. Phn ny s lit k nhng loi khe cm hin c thng dng trn th trng sn phm v nhng tnh nng cng nh thit b s dng da trn chng. A. Nhng khe cm c bn th h mi: 1. PCI-Express x16: a. Nhn din:
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Thng c chiu di ln nht trong s cc khe cm m rng trn bo mch ch, m mu thng dng l vng, da cam hoc en. b. Chc nng: Chc nng chnh c dng ch yu l lp cc loi card ha PCI-Express (vit tt PCIE - trnh nhm vi PCI-X), c gii thiu ln u cho Desktop trn cc h chipset 915 v 925 ca Intel. Bng thng cung cp t mc 250MB/chiu ln hoc xung/knh (X) nh vy vi khe cm X16 bng thng tng cng s l 8GB/s cao hn so vi AGP 8x c. Khe PCI-Express X16 c th hot ng tc thp hn ty theo thit k v thit b bn cm vo. Hu ht cc bo mch ch i mi u c 2 khe cm PCI-E X16 cho php cm 2 card ha tn dng cng ngh ho kp v d nh SLI ca nVIDIA hay Crossfire ca AMD.
VGA h tr PCI-EX 16X

2. PCI-Express x4 v x1: a. Nhn din: C chiu di ngn hn so vi PCI-Express, thng c cng m mu v hnh dng. Mt s nh sn xut thit k phn ui c khe m cho php cm c c card ha PCI-E x16.
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b. Chc nng: c s dng vi mc ch thay th PCI truyn thng do c nhiu u im vt tri, bn c th cm Modem, card sound, card chuyn dng x l video tuy nhin hin ti th trng cha c nhiu sn phm loi ny.
VGA h tr khe cm PCI-Ex x4 v x1

3. AGP a. Nhn din: AGP l mt bus truyn d liu v khe cm dnh ring cho cc bo mch ho , c mu xm v lch hn so vi khe PCI.
b. Chc nng: AGP c pht trin trn nn bus PCI vi s thay i v dng thc vt l, cu to v ti u hn dnh ring cho cc bo mch ho. Khng ging nh cc khe cm PCI c thit k vi s lng nhiu trn bo mch ch, AGP ch c thit k mt khe duy nht.
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4. SATA L mt chun a cng c to nhm mc ch thay th cho giao din parallel ATA vn c bit n vi tn IDE. SATA c tc t truyn ti khong 150MB/s hoc 300 MB/s so vi tc ti a 133 MB/s trong cc cng ngh trc y.
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5. e-SATA: a. Nhn din: Khng khc g so vi nhng khe cm a cng SATA thng thng, tuy nhin nhng khe e-SATA c thit k nm ring bit mt gc ring cm ra pha ngoi my thun tin hn.
b. Chc nng: Bn c th s dng chng cm cng tuy nhin do thit k ca nh sn xut, dy cm thng s khng di khi ni t cc cng e-SATA vo nhng cng lp trong case. Nhng sn phm bo mch ch c cng ny thng bn km cp ni ra pha ngoi cho nhng cng SATA lp ngoi phc v mc ch di ng.
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6. EPS12V: a. Nhn din: Thng c t st cnh khe cm in ngun chnh ca bo mch ch, giao tip nng lng EPS12v mi ch c trn cc bo mch ca h thng my trm, my ch chuyn nghip hoc mt s loi cao cp trn Desktop. Cu trc khe EPS12V gm 8 chn cm v c kch thc mi chn ngang bng vi chn ca dy cm in chnh.
b. Chc nng: Cung cp in ph cho bo mch ch v nhng thit b lp trn , khe cm ny tng thch ngc vi jack 12v 4 chu c ca Pentium 4 nn bn c th cm chung vi nhau v trng 4 chu d. Tuy nhin, hu ht ngun mi u c jack EPS12v 8 chn.
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7. Khe cm qut 4 chu mi: a. Nhn din: c ci tin t u cm 3 chn tiu chun c, phin bn mi c thm mt chn in v vn thng s dng m mu trng.
b. S dng: Trn bo mch ch tiu chun thng c t 3 n 4 u cm ny cho qut CPU, qut case. Nu ang s dng qut vi jack 3 chn, bn vn c th cm vo chu ny v b mt chn d, ch trnh cm nhm khi chy n thit b. 8. Chn cm HD Audio v HDMI: a. Nhn din: y l nhng tnh nng cng ngh mi nn c th bn s t gp trn cc loi sn phm thng dng. HD Audio bt u xut hin trn cc bo mch ch ca c AMD ln Intel trong khong 2 nm tr li y, tuy nhin HDMI li rt mi. Rt kh nhn din cc chn cm ny thng qua c im ring nhng chc chn nh sn xut lun nh du chng r rng trn sn phm ca h hoc trong ti liu i km.
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Trun ng tm o to bc s my tnh thc h nh
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b. S dng: s dng u HD Au udio, case ca bn ph p i c h thng cng g pha tr c hp chu un HD, kh hi bn s c nhng dy cm cn thit. Tham kho ti liu i km bo mch ch bit cch cm c th i vi tng sn phm khc k nhau. Tng t nh vy i vi HD DMI AC.
B. Nhng kh he cm c bit: 1. ASRoc ck CPU Boa ard Upgrad de: a. Nhn din:
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y l khe cm h tr tnh nng c bit ch c trn cc dng bo mch ch K8Upgrade1689, K8Upgrade-VM800, K8Upgrade-NF3, 939Dual-SATA2, K8SLI-eSATA2, 939SLIeSATA2, 939SLI32-eSATA2 ca ASRock. Thng c m mu vng hoc tm v di ngang khe PCI-E x16.
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b. Chc nng: Cm card giao tip ca ASRock cho php bn s dng nhiu th h CPU khc nhau ch khng gii hn 1 loi nh thng thng. Mt bo mch ch c th s dng hoc Socket 939, Socket AM2, Socket 775, Socket 754 ty . 2. ECS SIMA Slot: a. Nhn din: c trng ch c dng main Hybird ca ECS, thng c mu cam v nm st khe PCIExpress x16.
b. Chc nng: Tng t nh ca ASRock, khe cm ny ca ECS c s dng cm cc card SIMA cho php s dng chung cc chip AMD K8 v Intel Socket 775 trn cng mt nn tng bo mch ch m ngi dng khng cn tn tin nng cp hoc thay i.
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3. DFI Audio Port: a. Nhn din: c trng cc dng mainboard cao cp ca DFI v d nh LanpartyUT 915P-T12, LanpartyUT NF4 SLI-DR chn cm ny c mu en, nm ng v tr cc cng m thanh trn main bnh thng.
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b. Chc nng: Cm mt adapter m thanh nh c tn Karajan i km vi mainboard h tr cc cng xut Analog v chip x l m thanh, lu khi cm adapter ny phi gn ng c b cht bt vo mch main n khng b lung lay. V. Mt s cng ngh tch hp trn Mainboard
1. Dual Chanel a. Khi nim L cng ngh b nh knh i, chng ta thit lp b nh knh i nhm tng bng thng truyn dn d liu gia b nh n cc thnh phn khc trong h thng. Ngoi ra, vic thit lp b nh knh i s gip h thng trnh c hin tng "tht c chai" gia b x l th h mi v b nh h thng. Gn RAM dual channel ngha l gn 2 thanh RAM ging ht nhau (dung lng, bus, nh sn xut....) vo ng khe ca cc main i mi hin nay (t dng chipset 865 tr ln) th n s t ng kch hot ch dual channel. Khi my tnh s chp nhn np d liu vo 2 RAM theo 2 lung cng mt lc. Mt RAM np cc d liu vo, 1 RAM xut cc d liu ra. Khi tc ca RAM c th c nhn i.
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b. Nhn bit Trn nn tng Intel Nhng Motherboard phc v cho nhng b vi x l Intel thng thng ch DualChannel c ci t trn nhng khe cm RAM xen k, hu ht nhng nh sn xut dng cng mu sc cho Socket 1 v 3 v mu sc khc cho Socket 2 v 4. Ch c mt nh sn xut khng tun theo nguyn tc nh vy l MSI . H dng cng mt mu cho Socket 1 v 2 v mu khc cho Socket 3 v 4. Cn nu Main ch c 2 khe cm th c th xem trn Main hoc nu khng c th c th xem nhng thng tin v Main trn trang web ca nh sn xut.
Socket b nh trn nhng Motherboard thng thng
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MSI dng s mu kiu khc

Trn nn tng AMD Nhng Motherboard lm vic c vi b vi x l AMD dng cng m t mu sc nh trn nhng khng cn s dng gii php xem k . Tt c nhng nh sn xut u dng cng mu sc phn bit nhng knh khc nhau . Ni mt cch khc ch vic lp t nhng thanh nh trn nhng Socket cng mu .
Sp xp khe nh trn Motherboard Socket 939
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c. iu kin hot ng cho php Dual channel hot ng cn phi c
Kh nng tng thch ca Chipset v Motherboard ( i vi CPU Intel ) hoc CPU tng thch ( vi h thng ca AMD ) .
Hai hoc bn thanh RAM y ht nhau , c kh nng tng thch vi cng ngh c Motherboard h tr ( DDR , DDR2 hoc DDR3 ) .
Nu lp hai thanh RAM khc nhau vo h thng s ch c hng thm dung lng cn tc s theo tc ca thanh RAM thp hn (i khi vic gn 2 thanh RAM khc nhau vo cn khin h thng khng hot ng) v tt nhin s khng c c hiu qu ca cng ngh Dual. V d 1 thanh RAM 512MB bus 667 gn vi 1 thanh 512MB bus 800, cng l DDR2, nh vy h thng s chy Dual Chanel bus 667. d. Cch lp t
- Chy Dual Chanel vi 2 RAM:
- Chy Dual Chanel vi 3 thanh RAM:
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- Chy Dual Chanel vi 4 thanh RAM:
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e. Kim tra hot ng ca Dual-Channel Sau khi ci t nhng thanh nh , bc cui cng l kim tra xem h thng sn sng lm vic vi ch Dual-Channel cha . Hin nay hu ht nhng Motherboard s hin th thng tin ny ngay trn mn hnh trong lc qu trnh khi ng my ( POST ) . Nh trong Hnh s thy Dual Channel hoc Single Channel
Dual-Channel hot ng khi thy dng at Dual Channel

C cch khc kim tra bng cch chy tin ch nhn dng phn cng , n gin nht l CPU-Z v kim tra thng tin b nh trong tab Memory. C th thy nu Dual-Channel c lm vic th trong mc Channel # s c thng bo l Dual . Trong cng mn hnh c th kim tra tc ng h xung nhp thc lc v Timing l bao nhiu . Mt iu chng ta nn nh tc ng h thc bng so vi tc ghi trn nhn ca b nh . Trong hnh b nh truy cp vi tc 333MHz c ngha l 667 MHz DDR .
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PC ang g hot ng g vi Mode e Dual-Chan annel

2. Dual Graphics G a. Khi ni n m l cng ngh s dng hai card ha trn n mt my y tnh tng gp i kh nng n x l h nh c n 1 card s lo tnh ton AI ca GPU, v d 1 card s lo to hiu ng vt l + hnh (artificial inte elligence - tr tu nh n to).
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b. iu kin s dng c cng ngh ny, i hi mainboard ca bn phi h tr chun giao tip PCI Express, h tr SLI hoc CrossFire, cp ha ng chun v mt b ngun mnh (cng sut thc ln hn hoc 500W). Hin nay, hu ht cc chipset cao cp ca Intel (965, 975, P35), nVidia (nForce 680i SLI, nForce 590 SLI, nForce 570 SLI) u h tr cc cng ngh trn nhng trc khi mua, bn nn kim tra k xem mainboard c chy c hai card ha hay khng. Cc dng card ha h tr cng ngh trn bao gm: Geforce 8xxxGTX,GTS, Geforce 7xxxGTX hay ATI l Radeon X1K v HD2000 3. SLI ca NVidia SLI ban u do 3dfx gii thiu trong nm 1998 vi Card mn hnh Voodoo 2 . Ti thi gian SLI c ngha l Scan Line Interleaving v lm vic bng cch cho mi GPU x l mt nhm dng qut mn hnh ( mt GPU x l nhng dng l , mt GPU khc x l nhng dng chn ) . NVIDIA mua li 3dfx vo 19 thng tu 2001 v gii thiu khi nim c cp nht cho nhng Card mn hnh ca mnh trong thng Su 2004 v i tn SLI thnh Scalable Link Interface . SLI c th lm vic theo nhng kiu sau SFR ( Split Frame Rendering ) , theo cch ny mi khung hnh b chia thnh hai v mi na c gi ti nhng GPU khc nhau x l . N l kiu c dng vi cu hnh SLI vi 02 Card mn hnh .
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AFR ( Alternate Frame Rendering ) , vi phng php ny mi GPU x l y mt khung hnh , trong khi mt GPU x l khung hnh hin thi th GPU kia ang x l khung hnh tip theo . Do vy khi khung hnh u tin c hin th th khung hnh th hai tip theo ang hoc x l xong . Kiu ny s dng vi cu hnh SLI 3-Way .
AFR trong SFR , c dng vi h thng Quad SLI . Trong hai GPU x l khung hnh u tin theo phng thc SFR trong khi hai GPU khc x l khung hnh th hai tip theo cng theo phng thc SFR .
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SLI AA ( Anti-Aliasing ) . Kiu ny khng phi tng hiu sut trong Gam m c a ra vi mc ch tng cht lng hnh nh . Trn thc t trong kiu ny Game s chy chm hn nhng cho cht lng hnh nh cao hn . Trong khi vi mt Card mn hnh , bn c th thng thng dng kiu AA 4x hoc 8x th vi SLI th gi tr ny s l 8x , 16x hoc 32x , ph thuc vo kiu cu hnh SLI . Hin ti kiu ny cha c s dng trong Windows Vista . Chng ta c th so snh gia Mode trong sut kiu c vi Mode trong sut kiu mi trong GeForce 8800GT s thy s khc nhau r rt trong Anti-Aliasing ti hng ro .
Hin ti SLI ch c trong nhng Card mn hnh vi chun giao din PCI Express v bn cn phi c Motherboard c hai ( hoc ba , trong trng hp cu hnh SLI 3-Way ) khe cm PCI Express v Motherboard phi da trn Chipset ca NVIDIA ( nForce ) ( tr trng hp vi nn tng SkullTrail do Intel sp a ra trong tng lai gn ) . Mt iu chng ta nn nh rng tu thuc vo Chipset m nhng khe PCI Express ch c th chy vi tc x8 khi cho php chy cu hnh SLI ( tc ny s tng ln v sau ) . Vic trao i thng tin gia hai Card mn hnh thng qua mt kt ni ring gi l cu SLI , SLI Bridge , Do thong thng nhng Card mn hnh khng s dng Bus PCI Express truyn d liu gia chng v l nguyn nhn ti sao dng khe PCI Express x8 khng c vn g khi chy vi cu hnh SLI .
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Kt ni SLI trong nhng Card mn hnh GeForce Loi tr nhng Card mn hnh ch o t GeForce 6600 ( tr dng 6600 GT ) , 7100 v dng 7300 vi cu hnh SLI li s dng Bus PCI Express trao i thng tin gia hai Card mn hnh , v th n li khng cn s dng SLI Bridge . SLI Bridge
Ban u s dng c cu hnh SLI th phi cn nhng Card mn hnh ging ht nhau : cng GPU , cng nh sn xut v thm tr cng c phin bn BIOS . K t khi nhng Driver ca GeForce do NVIDIA pht hnh th vi SLI c th s dng c nhng Card mn hnh ca nhng nh sn xut khc nhau nhng chng phi c cng GPU . Quy lut ny ph hp cho tt c cu hnh SLI ( SLI Quad SLI v SLI 3-Way ) . Tt c nhng Card mn hnh t GeForce 6600 u h tr SLI , nhng ch c GeForce 8800GTX v GeForce 8800 Ultra mi h tr SLI 3-Way . Mode ny s dng Bridge mi cho nhng CArd mn hnh phi c 02 kt ni SLI
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Bridge SLI 3-Way

Quad SLI li khng s dng 04 Card mn hnh , nhng li s dng 02 Card mn hnh GeForce 7950GX2 m trn mi Card mn hnh li c 02 GPU . Vi cu hnh Quad SLI c th cnh tranh c vi cu hnh CrossFire X , h tr ti 04 Card mn hnh , trong tng lai . Ch c mt vn vi SLI th ch cho php mt u ra Video cho kiu ny . Do bn khng th s dng nhiu mn hnh m ch s dng c mt mn hnh hin th vi cu hnh SLI . Theo l thuyt SLI s lm cho hiu sut Game tng ln gp i nhng thc t li khng xy ra nh vy . SLI ci thin hiu sut mt s Game tt hn nhng li khng phi l tt c Game u tng . Tm tt SLI Bng bn di cho php bn xem nhanh v nhng kiu SLI Mode Nhng Card mn hnh c h tr T GeForce 6600 SLI Tt c GeForce 7 Tt c GeForce 8 GeForce 7950 GX2 GeForce 8800 GTX GeForce 8800 Ultra 2560x1600 16x phn gii cao nht SLI AA Max
Quad SLI Three-way SLI
2560x1600 2560x1600
32x Ch khng nh li
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Bn di bn c th tm danh sch vi t c nhng Chipset m h tr SLI trn Motherboard. Trong PCI Express Mode lit k tc thc ca nhng khe PCI Express x16 khi chy cu hnh SLI . Cc bn nn nh rng khi khng chy cu hnh SLI v bn ch c mt Card mn hnh c lp t th khe PCI Express x16 s lm vic vi tc y x16 . Chipset H tr SLI SLI, SLI 3-Way SLI, SLI 3-Way SLI SLI, SLI 3 - Way PCI Express Mode 02 khe PCI Express 2.0 x16, 01 khe PCI Express 1.0 x16 01 khe PCI Express 2.0 x16, 02 khe PCI Express 1.0 x8 02 khe PCI Express 2.0 x8 02 khe PCI Express 1.0 x16, 01 khe PCI Express 1.0 x8
nForce 780i SLI
nForce 780a SLI nForce 750i SLI nForce 750a SLI nForce 680i SLI nForce 680i LT SLI nForce4 SLI X16 nForce Professional 3600 and 3050 nForce Professional 2200 and 2050 nForce 590 SLI nForce 650i SLI nForce 570 SLI nForce 570 LT SLI nForce 560 SLI nForce 500 SLI nForce4 SLI nForce4 SLI XE nForce Professional 3600 nForce Professional 3400 nForce Professional 2200
SLI
02 khe PCI Express 1.0 x16
SLI, Quad SLI
SLI
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4. Crossfire ca ATI S thun li chnh ca CrossFire hn hn so vi SLI ch vi CrossFire nhng Card mn hnh khng cn da trn cng mt Chip GPU nhng lm vic c vi nhau chng phi cng chung mt h sn phm . CrossFire c th dng theo nhng Mode nh sau ti to li hnh nh Scissors : Kiu ny cng tng t nh SFR ( Split Frame Redering ) ca SLI , nhng bn c th s dng vi 02 Card mn hnh khc nhau trong cu hnh CrossFire. Mt na mn hnh c ti to bi Card mn hnh nhanh nht v c thc hin u tin v n s phi ch Card mn hnh chm hn kt thc cng vic ca na mn hnh cn li ri mi thc hin tip khung hnh th hai tip theo .
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l m cho Ca ard mn hnh nhanh h hn lm vic cng tc vi Card m n hnh chm hn tron ng cu hnh CrossFire e cho php p cn bng g ti ng . C ngha l nu Card mn hnh h nhanh hn ni vi Card mn n hnh chm hn th h thng g khng chia mn hnh lm hai ph hn bng nhau . N s cho o Card mn n hnh nha anh hn ti to phn hnh nh tro ong khung hnh ln hn , nh vy chng g s kt th c cng vic ti t to hnh h nh cng g mt lc .
Su uperTiling : Trong Mode M ny mn m hnh c chia thnh t nhng vun ng nh , mi c kch th t c 32 x 32 Pixel ( hay cn gi l Tiles ) . Mi C Card mn hnh c nhim v iu khin nhng vu ng c tro ong khung hnh . Ca ard mn h nh no nhan nh hn s iu khin nhiu vung hn Card m n hnh ch hm hn nu nh dng g hai Card mn m hnh khc k nhau .
AF FR ( Altern nate Frame e Renderin ng ) : Kiu ny ging g y ht nh AFR ca SLI , kh hi mt Car rd mn hn nh ti to khung k hnh h hin thi th Card m mn hnh khc k ti to khung k hnh tip theo . S AA ( Anti-Aliasing SLI A g ) . Kiu ny khng g phi tng n hiu sut trong Gam G m c a ra vi mc ch tng cht lng h nh nh . Trn T thc t trong ki k u ny
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Game s chy chm hn nhng cho cht lng hnh nh cao hn . Bn c th tng AA ti x14 trong Mode ny . Cng nh SLI , CrossFire ch dng cho nhng Card mn hnh PCI Express v Motherboard ca bn phi c 02 khe PCI Express x16 ( hoc 04 khe vi cu hnh CrossFireX ) . Mothertboard ca bn phi da trn Chipset Intel hoc AMD/ATI. Bn nn nh rng tu thuc vo Chipset m nhng khe PCIe x16 ch c th chy vi tc x8 vi cu hnh CrossFire . Khi kiu CrossFire lm vic th ch c mt u ra Video s dng c , do bn cng khng th c nhiu mn hnh hin th trong Mode ny v ch dng c duy nht mt mn hnh . C ba th h CrossFire : CrossFire , Native CrossFire v CrossFireX . Th h CrossFire u tin c hai vn chnh . u tin chng yu cu mt Card mn hnh l Master gi l CrossFire Edition m khc vi nhng Card mn hnh thng thng . Card mn hnh CrossFire Edition c thm Chip h tr cho cu hnh CrossFire ( tn gi Compositing Engine ) . V d c Card mn hnh Radeon X850 CrossFire Edition v Card mn hnh Radeon X850 thng thng l hai loi khc nhau . Bn khng th dng hai Card Radeon X850XT thng thng trong cu hnh CrossFire m bn phi c mt Card mn hnh c bit CrossFire Edition . Vn th hai m bn cn l Cable m rng bn ngoi ni ti nhng Card mn hnh . Cable ny ni u ra DVI t Card Slave ti u ni gi l DMS-59 ( hoc n gin ch gi l DMS ) , m c cng kch thc vi DVI nhng c nhiu chn hn , hoc ti u ni gi l VHDCI (Very High Density Cable Interconnect ) , m u ni ban u c dng cho nhng thit b SCSI , trn Card mn hnh Master . CrossFire c th tng phn gii ln cao nht l 2560 x 1600 cng mc vi SLI
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Nhng Card CrossFire th h u tin c ni vi nhau qua Cable ngoi .
u ni DMS-59 bn tri v VHDCI bn phi trn nhng Card mn hnh Master( CrossFire Edition )
Nh chng ta cp vi CrossFire khng cn nhng Card mn hnh phi ging nhau . Di y l bng danh sch nhng Card mn hnh c th kt hp vi nhau , nhng nhng Card mn hnh Slave phi cng h vi nhng Card mn hnh Master. Do bn khng th dng Card mn hnh Radeon 1900 CrossFire Edition kt hp vi Radeon X1800 XL thnh cu hnh CrossFire c Card mn hnh th nht Radeon X1950 CrossFire Edition Radeon X1900 CrossFire Edition Card mn hnh th hai Radeon X1950 XTX Radeon X1950 XT Radeon X1900 XTX Radeon X1900 XT Radeon X1800 XT Radeon X1800 XL Radeon X1800 GTO
u ni
VHDCI
Radeon X1800 CrossFire Edition
VHDCI
Radeon X850 XT Platinum Edition Radeon X850 CrossFire Edition Radeon X850 XT DMS-59 Radeon X850 Pro Radeon X800 XT Platinum Edition Radeon X800 XT Radeon X800 CrossFire Edition Radeon X800 XL DMS-59 Radeon X800 Pro Radeon X800
CrossFire v CrossFire X Th h th hai ca CrossFire c tn gi Native CrossFire gii quyt hai vn chnh ca th h trc : yu cu mt Card mn hnh lm Master v Cable ni ngoi . Bn trong Chip ca tt c nhng Card mn hnh h tr Native CrossFire v CrossFireX u tch hp linh kin sn v th khng yu cu Card Master nh vi CrossFire trc kia .
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Cable ni ngoi c thay th bng cu ( Bridge ) tng t nh dng vi SLI Bridge . Thng thng hai Bridge c dng ni ti cc Card v mi Card phi c hai u ni ny .
u ni Native CrossFire trong Card mn hnh Radeon
Bridge cho Native CrossFire cn s dng hai u ni nh vy

Nhng Card mn hnh ch o ca AMD/ATI cng dng ging nh cch lm ca NVIDIA: nhng Card mn hnh c ni vi nhau qua Bus PCI Express m khng yu cu Bridge ngoi .Native CrossFire tng phn gii ln cao nht l 2560 x 2048 . Bng bn di lit k danh sch nhng Card mn hnh c th kt hp dng Native CrossFire, v ct cho thy c cn thit s dng Bridge hay khng. Do bn cng khng th s dng Radeon HD 2900 Pro vi Radeon HD 2600 XT vi nhau c .
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Card mn hnh th nht Radeon HD 3870 Radeon HD 3850 Radeon HD 2900 XT Radeon HD 2900 Pro Radeon HD 2600 XT Radeon HD 2600 Pro Radeon HD 2400 XT Radeon HD 2400 Pro Radeon X1950 Pro Radeon X1950 GT Radeon X1650 XT Radeon X1650 Pro Radeon X1650 Radeon X1600 XT Radeon X1600 Pro Radeon X1550 Radeon X1300 XT Radeon X1300 Pro Radeon X1300
Card mn hnh th hai Radeon HD 3870 Radeon HD 3850 Radeon HD 2900 XT Radeon HD 2900 Pro
Yu cu Bridge C
Radeon HD 2600 XT Radeon HD 2600 Pro
Radeon HD 2400 XT Radeon HD 2400 Pro Radeon X1950 Pro Radeon X1950 GT Radeon X1650 XT Radeon X1650 Pro Radeon X1650 Radeon X1600 XT Radeon X1600 Pro Radeon X1550 Radeon X1300 XT Radeon X1300 Pro Radeon X1300
C C C
Khng
Khng Khng Khng
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Cui cng l th h th ba vi tn gi CrossFireX . N l kt ni Native CrossFire m cho php bn ni ti 04 Card mn hnh da trn nhng Chip AMD/ATI . Nhng kt ni v Bridge y ht nh Native CrossFire nhng khc nhau cch ni vi nhau nh th no .
CrossFireX Hin ti ch c Card mn hnh Radeon HD 3870 v Radeon HD 3850 l h tr cho CrossFireX trn nn tng AMD Spider . Tt nhin lc bn cng cn Motherboard vi ba hoc bn khe PCI Express cm nhiu Card mn hnh . Mi y Intel ni rng Motherboard ca h vi Chipset P45 s h tr CrossFireX Nhng Chipset cho CrossFire Bn di lit k nhng Chipset trn Motherboard m h tr CrossFire . Trong PCI Express Mode lit k tc thc ca nhng khe PCI Express x16 khi chy cu hnh CrossFire . Cc bn nn nh rng khi khng chy cu hnh CrossFire v bn ch c mt Card mn hnh c lp t th khe PCI Express x16 s lm vic vi tc y x16 .
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Chipset
PCI Express Mode 02 khe PCI Express 2.0 x16 khi dng vi 02 Card mn hnh 01 khe PCI Express 2.0 x16 02 khe x8 khi dng vi 03 Card mn hnh 04 khe PCI Express 2.0 x8 khi dng vi 04 Card mn hnh
AMD 790FX
Intel X38 AMD 790X AMD 580X (ATI CrossFireXpress 3200) AMD 570X Intel 975X AMD 480X (ATI CrossFireXpress 1600) ATI Radeon Xpress 200 CrossFire Edition Intel P35 ** Intel P965 ** Intel 945P **
02 khe PCI Express 2.0 x 16, 01 khe PCI Express 1.0 x4 * 02 khe PCI Express 2.0 x16 02 khe PCI Express 1.0 x16 01 khe PCI Express 1.0 x16, 01 khe PCI Express 1.0 x8 02 khe PCI Express 1.0 x8, 01 khe PCI Express 1.0 x4 *
01 khe PCI Express 1.0 x16, 01 khe PCI Express 1.0 x4
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5. Prescott a. Khi nim Prescott l tn m ca CPU th h mi ca Intel, s c L2 cache ln n 1MB, chy bus 533MHz v 800MHz v h tr cng ngh HyperThreading hay siu lung, v c sn xut trn cng ngh 90nm. Cc chipset h tr CPU Prescott s gm: chipset mi c tn m l Grantsdale P v Granstdale G, v tt c loi chipset 875 v 865 c trn th trng hin nay.
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b. Cng ngh - Bn vi cu trc Intel NetBurst c cp nht: mm do, tn s cao hn, b nh cache ln hn. Chng hn 1MB cache L2 Advanced Transfer Cache cho php truyn d liu nhiu hn trong mi chu k xung ca nhn. - Cng ngh Siu phn lung (Hyper-Threading) - Thm 13 lnh cho b vi x l: gia tng kh nng thc hin trong lnh vc truyn thng v game. Cc lnh ny c chia thnh 5 nhm chnh: hon i du chm ng sang s nguyn, s phc, m ha video, du chm ng SIMD (Single-Instruction Stream MultipleData Strem) bng cch dng nh dng AOS, v ng b chui. - Phn phi xung tt hn 4 ln so vi cc th h trc da trn nn tng cu trc Intel NetBurst. iu ny gip cho Prescott vn n tm 4-5GHz. - Mt qui trnh 90nm s dng cng ngh Silicon cho php tnh ton cc dng in t chy qua cc cng nhanh hn. - By lp ca mi lin kt ng mc thp K: cho php Intel gia tng tc cc tn hiu bn trong chip v lm gim ngun tiu th nng lng ca chip. Ngoi ra, trn Prescott, di ca knh truyn d liu (data pipeline) cng c ko ra ti 31 chng (so vi 20 chng ca Northwood). iu ny cho php Intel tng tc xung (clock speed) CPU ln cao hn. CPU Prescott mnh hn nn cng nng hn. Do c c t tiu th in nng (power consumption spec) mi, CPU Prescott hin nay tuy vn s dng giao din Socket 478, nhng c cc im tip xc khc hn Northwood. V th, cho d cng s dng chung b chipset Intel 875P hay dng Intel 865, nhng mainboard cho Prescott c trang b Socket 478 c thit k khc phn cc tip im chnh gia, cng nh phi h tr c t in nng mi.
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6. RAID a. Khi nim RAID l ch vit tt ca Redundant Array of Independent Disks l hnh thc ghp nhiu a cng vt l thnh mt h thng a cng. Ban u, RAID c s dng nh mt gii php phng h v n cho php ghi d liu ln nhiu a cng cng lc. V sau, RAID c nhiu bin th cho php khng ch m bo an ton d liu m cn gip gia tng ng k tc truy xut d liu t a cng.
b. Phn loi RAID 0 y l dng RAID ang c ngi dng a thch do kh nng nng cao hiu sut trao i d liu ca a cng. i hi ti thiu hai a cng, RAID 0 cho php my tnh ghi d liu ln chng theo mt phng thc c bit c gi l Striping. V d bn c 8 on d liu c nh s t 1 n 8, cc on nh s l (1,3,5,7) s c ghi ln a cng u tin v cc on nh s chn (2,4,6,8) s c ghi ln a th hai. n gin hn, bn c th hnh dung mnh c 100MB d liu v thay v dn 100MB vo mt a cng duy nht, RAID 0 s gip dn 50MB vo mi a cng ring gip gim mt na thi gian lm vic theo l thuyt. T bn c th d dng suy ra nu c 4, 8 hay nhiu a cng hn na th tc s cng cao hn. Tuy nghe c v hp dn nhng trn thc t, RAID 0 vn n cha nguy c mt d liu. Nguyn nhn chnh li nm cch ghi thng tin x l v nh
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vy d liu khng nm hon ton mt a cng no v mi khi cn truy xut thng tin (v d mt file no ), my tnh s phi tng hp t cc a cng. Nu mt a cng gp trc trc th thng tin (file) coi nh khng th c c v mt lun. Tht may mn l vi cng ngh hin i, sn phm phn cng kh bn nn nhng trng hp mt d liu nh vy xy ra khng nhiu. C th thy RAID 0 thc s thch hp cho nhng ngi dng cn truy cp nhanh khi lng d liu ln, v d cc game th hoc nhng ngi chuyn lm ho, video s.
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RAID 1 y l dng RAID c bn nht c kh nng m bo an ton d liu. Cng ging nh RAID 0, RAID 1 i hi t nht hai a cng lm vic. D liu c ghi vo 2 ging ht nhau (Mirroring). Trong trng hp mt b trc trc, cn li s tip tc hot ng bnh thng. Bn c th thay th a b hng m khng phi lo lng n vn thng tin tht lc. i vi RAID 1, hiu nng khng phi l yu t hng u nn chng c g ngc nhin nu n khng phi l la chn s mt cho nhng ngi say m tc . Tuy nhin i vi nhng nh qun tr mng hoc nhng ai phi qun l nhiu thng tin quan trng th h thng RAID 1 l th khng th thiu. Dung lng cui cng ca h thng RAID 1 bng dung lng ca n (hai 80GB chy RAID 1 s cho h thng nhn thy duy nht mt RAID 80GB).
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RAID 0+1 C bao gi bn ao c mt h thng lu tr nhanh nhn nh RAID 0, an ton nh RAID 1 hay cha? Chc chn l c v hin nhin c mun khng ch ca ring bn. Chnh v th m h thng RAID kt hp 0+1 ra i, tng hp u im ca c hai "n anh". Tuy nhin chi ph cho mt h thng kiu ny kh t, bn s cn ti thiu 4 a cng chy RAID 0+1. D liu s c ghi ng thi ln 4 a cng vi 2 dng Striping tng tc v 2 dng Mirroring sao lu. 4 a ny phi ging ht nhau v khi a vo h thng RAID 0+1, dung lng cui cng s bng tng dung lng 4 , v d bn chy 4 80GB th lng d liu "thy c" l (4*80)/2 = 160GB.
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RAID 5 y c l l dng RAID mnh m nht cho ngi dng vn phng v gia nh vi 3 hoc 5 a cng ring bit. D liu v bn sao lu c chia ln tt c cc cng. Nguyn tc ny kh ri rm. Quay tr li v d v 8 on d liu (1-8) v gi y l 3 a cng. on d liu s 1 v s 2 s c ghi vo a 1 v 2 ring r, on sao lu ca chng c ghi vo cng 3. on s 3 v 4 c ghi vo 1 v 3 vi on sao lu tng ng ghi vo a 2. on s 5, 6 ghi vo a 2 v 3, cn on sao lu c ghi vo a 1 v sau trnh t ny lp li, on s 7,8 c ghi vo 1, 2 v on sao lu ghi vo 3 nh ban u. Nh vy RAID 5 va m bo tc c ci thin, va gi c tnh an ton cao. Dung lng a cng cui cng bng tng dung lng a s dng tr i mt . Tc l nu bn dng 3 80GB th dung lng cui cng s l 160GB.
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JBOD JBOD (Just a Bunch Of Disks) thc t khng phi l mt dng RAID chnh thng, nhng li c mt s c im lin quan ti RAID v c a s cc thit b iu khin RAID h tr. JBOD cho php bn gn bao nhiu a ty thch vo b iu khin RAID ca mnh (d nhin l trong gii hn cng cho php). Sau chng s c "tng hp" li thnh mt a cng ln hn cho h thng s dng. V d bn cm vo cc 10GB, 20GB, 30GB th thng qua b iu khin RAID c h tr JBOD, my tnh s nhn ra mt a 60GB. Tuy nhin, lu l JBOD khng h em li bt c mt gi tr ph tri no khc: khng ci thin v hiu nng, khng mang li gii php an ton d liu, ch l kt ni v tng hp dung lng m thi
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Mt s loi RAID khc Ngoi cc loi c cp trn cn c th bt gp nhiu loi RAID khc nhng chng khng c s dng rng ri m ch gii hn trong cc h thng my tnh phc v mc ch ring, c th k nh: Level 2 (Error-Correcting Coding), Level 3 (Bit-Interleaved Parity), Level 4 (Dedicated Parity Drive), Level 6 (Independent Data Disks with Double Parity), Level 10 (Stripe of Mirrors, ngc li vi RAID 0+1), Level 7 (thng hiu ca tp on Storage Computer, cho php thm b m cho RAID 3 v 4), RAID S (pht minh ca tp on EMC v c s dng trong cc h thng lu tr Symmetrix ca h). Bn cnh cn mt s bin th khc, v d nh Intel Matrix Storage cho php chy kiu RAID 0+1 vi ch 2 cng hoc RAID 1.5 ca DFI trn cc h MAIN 865, 875. Chng tuy c nhiu im khc bit nhng a phn u l bn ci tin ca cc phng thc RAID truyn thng.
RAID 10 c. iu kin chy Raid chy c RAID, bn cn ti thiu mt card iu khin v hai a cng ging nhau. a cng c th bt c chun no, t ATA, Serial ATA hay SCSI, tt nht chng nn hon ton ging nhau v mt nguyn tc n gin l khi hot ng ch ng b nh RAID, hiu nng chung ca c h thng s b ko xung theo thp nht nu c. V d khi bn bt 160GB chy RAID vi 40GB (bt k 0 hay 1) th coi nh bn lng ph 120GB v ch v h thng iu khin ch coi chng l mt cp hai cng 40GB m thi (ngoi tr trng hp JBOD nh cp). Yu t quyt nh ti s lng a chnh l kiu RAID m bn nh chy. Chun giao tip khng quan trng lm, c bit l gia SATA v ATA. Mt s MAIN i mi cho php chy RAID theo kiu trn ln c hai giao
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tip ny vi nhau. in hnh nh MSI K8N Neo2 Platinum hay dng DFI Lanparty NForce4.
B iu khin RAID (RAID Controller) l ni tp trung cc cp d liu ni cc a cng trong h thng RAID v n x l ton b d liu i qua . B iu khin ny c nhiu dng khc nhau, t card tch ri cho dn chip tch hp trn MAIN.
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i vi cc h thng PC, tuy cha ph bin nhng vic chn mua MAIN c RAID tch hp l iu nn lm v ni chung y l mt trong nhng gii php ci thin hiu nng h thng r rt v r tin nht, cha tnh ti gi tr an ton d liu ca chng. Trong trng hp MAIN khng c RAID, bn vn c th mua c card iu khin PCI trn th trng vi gi khng cao lm. Mt thnh phn khc ca h thng RAID khng bt buc phi c nhng i khi l hu dng, l cc khay hon i nng a. N cho php bn thay cc a cng gp trc trc trong khi h thng ang hot ng m khng phi tt my (ch n gin l m kha, rt ra v cm mi vo). Thit b ny thng s dng vi cng SCSI v kh quan trng i vi cc h thng my ch vn yu cu hot ng lin tc. V phn mm th kh n gin v hu ht cc h iu hnh hin i u h tr RAID rt tt, c bit l Microsoft Windows. Nu bn s dng Windows XP th b sung RAID kh d dng. Quan trng nht l trnh iu khin nhng tht tuyt khi chng c km sn vi thit b. Vic ci t RAID c th gy mt vi rc ri nu bn thiu kinh nghim nhng vn c hng gii quyt trong phn sau ca bi vit. C hai trng hp s xy ra khi ngi dung nng cp RAID cho h thng. Nu h thng RAID b sung ch c dng vi mc ch lu tr hoc lm ni trao i thng tin tc cao th vic ci t rt n gin. Tuy nhin nu bn d nh dng n lm ni ci h iu hnh, phn mm th s rt rc ri v phi ci t li ton b t con s 0. d. Ci t Raid Vic ci t RAID ni chung ch yu da vo BIOS ca mainboard, RAID Controller v hu nh khng c g kh khn. Sau khi cm cng vo ng v tr RAID trn bo mch (tham kho ti liu i km sn phm), bn vo BIOS ca MAIN bt b iu khin RAID v ch nh cc cng lin quan (thng trong mc Integrated Peripherals). Sau thao tc ny, bn s lu thng s ri khi ng li my tnh. Ch tht k mn hnh thng bo v nhn ng t hp phm khi my tnh yu cu (c th l Ctrl+F hoc F4 ty b iu khin RAID) vo BIOS RAID. i vi BIOS RAID, mc d mi loi c mt giao din khc nhau (tham kho ti liu i km) nhng v c bn bn phi thc hin nhng thao tc sau: + Ch nh nhng cng s tham gia RAID. + Chn kiu RAID (0/1/0+1/5). + Ch nh Block Size: y l cha kha nh hng rt ln ti hiu nng ca gin cng chy RAID. i vi RAID dng Striping, Block size cng c ngha l Stripe Size. Nu thng s ny thit lp khng ph hp vi nhu cu s dng th s gy lng ph b nh v gim hiu nng. V d nu Block Size c gi tr l 64KB th ti thiu s c 64KB c ghi vo a trong mi trng hp, ngay c khi l mt file text c dung lng 2KB. V th gi tr
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ny nn xp x tng ng vi kch thc trung bnh ca cc file bn dng. Nu cng cha nhiu file nh v d ti liu Word, bn nn block size b, nu cha nhiu phim nh hoc nhc, block size ln s cho hiu nng cao hn (nht l vi h thng RAID 0). Bn cnh , Block size cn c mt chc nng khc quyt nh vic file s c ghi vo u. Quay v vi v d Block Size 64KB, nu nh file c kch thc nh hn 64KB, n s ch c ghi vo mt cng trong h thng RAID v nh vy s khng c bt c s ci thin hiu nng no. Trong mt trng hp khc, mt file c kch thc 150KB s c ghi vo 3 a vi cc on 64KB + 64KB + 22KB v b iu khin c th c thng tin t ba cng lc cho php tng tc ng k. Nu bn chn block size l 128KB th file ch c ghi vo 2 128KB + 22KB m thi. Thc t bn nn chn Block Size l 128KB cho cc my tnh bn tr khi c nhu cu ring. Sau khi b iu khin nhn bit hon ho h a cng mi, bn tin hnh ci t h iu hnh cng nh format RAID. Windows XP l mt la chn sng sut. Vic ci t Windows ni chung cng ging nh bnh thng nhng bn cn chun b mt a mm v a mm cha trnh iu khin (driver) cho b iu khin RAID. Ngay sau khi nhn bn phm vo ci t, bn phi ch dng ch pha di mn hnh ci Windows nhn F6 kp lc. Sau ch mt lt v khi c hi, bn nhn S a driver RAID vo ci t. Cc bc cn li, bn thao tc ng nh vi vic ci t trn mt a cng bnh thng. Sau khi n nh c h thng, bn ch ci thm nhng tin ch iu khin h thng RAID tn dng cc tnh nng m rng v i khi l c hiu nng na. C th lit k mt s chng trnh nh Intel Application Acceleration RAID Edition hay nVIDIA RAID Manager... VI. ngha Thng s trn Main
ASUS Intel 915GV P5GL-MX, Socket 775/ s/p 3.8Ghz/ Bus 800/ Sound& VGA, LAN onboard/PCI Express 16X/ Dual 4DDR400/ 3 PCI/ 4 SATA/ 8 USB 2.0 + ASUS Intel 915GV P5GL-MX, n gin, y ch l tn ca loi bo mch ch ca hng Asus. 915GV l chp cu Bc, P5GL l chp cu Nam. + Socket 775, ch loi khe cm ca CPU. H tr CPU Intel c 775 chn. +s/p 3.8 Ghz chnh l tc xung ng h ti a ca CPU m bo mch ch h tr. Nh ni trn, loi mainboard ny h tr CPU Prescott nn tc xung nhp ti a m n h tr l 3.8 Ghz. + Bus 800, ch tn s hot ng ti a ca ng giao tip d liu ca CPU m bo mch ch h tr. Thng th bus tc cao s h tr lun cc CPU chy bus thp hn. + Sound& VGA, LAN onboard: bo mch ch ny c tch hp sn card m thanh, card mn hnh v card mng phc v cho vic kt ni gia cc my tnh vi nhau. C ngha l khng cn gn thm card m thanh, hnh nh,card mng
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+ PCI Express 16X l tn ca loi khe cm card mn hnh m bo mch ch. Khe PCI Express l loi khe cm mi nht, h tr tc giao tip d liu nhanh nht hin nay gia bo mch ch v Card mn hnh. Con s 16X th hin mt cch tng i bng thng giao tip qua khe cm, so vi AGP 8X, 4X c th thy trn mt s bo mch ch c. + Dual 4DDR400: trn bo mch ch ny c 4 khe cm B nh (RAM), h tr tc giao tip 400 Mhz. Da vo thng s ny, bn c th la chn loi b nh (RAM) vi tc thch hp nng cao tnh ng b v hiu sut ca my tnh. Ch Dual l vit tc ca Dual Chanel, tc l bo mch ch h tr ch chy 2 thanh RAM song song. Vi cng ngh ny, c th nng cao hiu sut v tc chuyn d liu ca RAM. + 3PCI: Trn bo mch ch c 3 khe cm PCI dnh lp thm cc thit b giao tip vi my tnh nh card m thanh, modem gn trong v.v + 4SATA l 4 khe cm SATA, mt loi chun giao tip dnh cho a cng. SATA th nhanh hn v n nh hn so vi chun IDE. Nu bn thy bo mch ch c ghi dng l ATA66, ATA100, ATA133 th chnh l du hiu nhn bit bo mch ch c h tr chun a cng IDE. + 8 USB 2.0: ngha l c 8 cng cm USB 2.0 c h tr trn bo mch ch. USB 2.0 th nhanh hn USB 1.1. USB 2.0 th tng thch lun vi cc thit b ch c USB 1.1
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PHN IV B nh truy xut ngu nhin Random Access Memory (RAM)

I. Khi nim
l mt loi b nh chnh ca my tnh. RAM c gi l b nh truy cp ngu nhin v n c c tnh: thi gian thc hin thao tc c hoc ghi i vi mi nh l nh nhau, cho d ang bt k v tr no trong b nh. Mi nh ca RAM u c mt a ch. Thng thng, mi nh l mt byte (8 bit); tuy nhin h thng li c th c ra hay ghi vo nhiu byte (2, 4, 8 byte). Bi v cc chip RAM c th c hay ghi d liu nn thut ng RAM cng c hiu nh l mt b nh c-ghi, tri ngc vi b nh ch c ROM (read-only memory). Thng tin lu trn RAM ch l tm thi, chng s mt i khi mt ngun in cung cp.
II.
Nhim v ca RAM :
Ram l ni h iu hnh,ng dng lu tr data CPU c th nhanh chng truy xut. Tng dung lng Ram ng ngha vi vic gim s ln CPU phi ly d liu t Hard Disk, mt qu trnh mt nhiu thi gian hn c d liu trc tip t RAM (Thi gian truy xut RAM c tnh = ns trong khi thi gian truy xut HD c tnh = mili s ). My tnh c nhn cn 1 lng RAM nht nh cho mi ng dng, cng nhiu ng dng
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bn m. Vy iu g s xu ra khi RA AM y. Rt may l h iu h nh ca ch hng ta c thit k x l tr t ng hp ny. Khi Ram gn y h iu hnh s ly bt 1 phn d liu t RAM M v ghi v o cng, , thng l phn t c dung g nht. Phn HD dun ng ghi d liu tm thi ny y c gi l PAGE FILE F hay SWAP S FILE E dch sang g ting vit c ngha l Tp tin n tro i . RAM ca chng ta v th s khng k bao gi b y nhng c i gi phi tr s l vic h thng n hot ng ch v CPU phi ly qu nh hiu d liu t cng. n Mt cu hi c t ra l v sao my tnh ca chng ta khng phi l mt c my ch c RAM th hay lun ch ho chc nng ca cng v RA AM c tc truy xu ut rt nhanh. L do rt n gin l RAM b mt d liu sau khi tt m y v hn th na g gi thnh ca RAM qu q t trong vic dung lu tr d liu ln n hang h trm GB trong c cc my tn nh ngy na ay. III. hot ng Nguyn l
Tng t nh b vi x l (BVXL), ( ch hip nh cng l mt mch tch h hp (IC) c lm t hng tr riu bng bn dn (t transitor) v v t in. i vi lo oi b nh thng dng nht tr rn my vi tnh, b nh truy xu ut ngu nh hin ng (DRAM), mt bng b bn dn v mt t in i i vi nhau to thn nh mt t bo nh. T in s gi bit th ng tin 0 ho h c 1. B ng bn dn hot ng nh mt ngt mch iu khin trn t chip n nh c ho h c thay i trng thi ca t in. Mt t in ging g nh mt thng n c nh c th cha cc in t. lu 1 vo t bo b nh, th hng nc ny s c y cc in t. lu 0, thng nc s c lm rng. n Tuy nh hin, thng g nc c mt khuyt im l n c mt l thng. . Trong khong vi mili m giy, mt thng nc y s tr nn trng rng g. Do , b nh ng lm vic, hoc l CPU ho oc l b iu khin b nh ph hi nhanh chng c np li tt c cc t in ang ch ha 1 trc khi n ph hng in. . lm c vic ny, n b iu khin s c li ni dung nh n ri ghi n vo li. i Qu trnh lm ti ny t ng din ra r hng ng gn ln tro ong mt gi y. nh qu trn nh ny to nn phn "ng" ch ho RAM. Ra am ng p phi c lm ti mt V chn cch li n tc nu khng n s "qun" " mi th n n ang gi. Mt hn ch ca qu q trnh l m ti l n s mt mt khong thi gi ian thc hin v iu ny c c th lm gim tc ca b nh.
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Cc t bo nh c khc ln mt bnh silicon theo mt dy cc ct (bitlines) v cc hng (wordlines). im giao ca mt bitline v mt wordline to thnh a ch ca t bo nh. IV. Phn loi RAM
1. RAM tnh RAM tnh c ch to theo cng ngh ECL (CMOS v BiCMOS). Mi bit nh gm c cc cng logic vi 6 transistor MOS. SRAM l b nh nhanh, vic c khng lm hy ni dung ca nh v thi gian thm nhp bng chu k ca b nh.
6 transistor trong mt nh ca RAM tnh Cc bit ca b nh c gi di dng cc con bt. Mt con bt cho t bo nh tn 4 hoc 6 bng bn dn cng mt vi dy dn. V chng khng cn c lm ti. Nh vy, tc ca RAM tnh nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi RAM ng. Tuy nhin, v n cn n nhiu thnh phn nn t bo b nh tnh chim nhiu khng gian trn chip hn l t bo b nh ng. Do , trn cng mt chip, chng ta c t b nh hn. Dn n vic ch to RAM tnh tn nhiu chi ph hn.
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2. RAM ng RAM ng dng k thut MOS. Mi bit nh gm mt transistor v mt t in. Vic ghi nh d liu da vo vic duy tr in tch np vo t in v nh vy vic c mt bit nh lm ni dung bit ny b hy. Do vy sau mi ln c mt nh, b phn iu khin b nh phi vit li ni dung nh . Chu k b nh cng theo m t nht l gp i thi gian thm nhp nh.
Cu to mt chip nh trong Ram
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Vic lu gi thng tin trong bit nh ch l tm thi v t in s phng ht in tch np v nh vy phi lm ti b nh sau khong thi gian 2s. Vic lm ti c thc hin vi tt c cc nh trong b nh. Cng vic ny c thc hin t ng bi mt vi mch b nh. DRAM hot ng bng cch gi dng np in qua ct ph hp (CAS) kch hot bng dn ti mi bit trong ct. Khi ghi, cc hng s cha trng thi m t in mang. Khi c, mt b khuch i hng s xc nh mc np in trong t in. Nu hn 50%, n s c l 1. Ngc li, n s c l 0. Mt b m s theo di trnh t lm ti da trn hng no c truy xut theo th t no. Qung thi gian lm tt c vic ny l rt nh, do n c biu din bng n v nano giy (hng t ca giy). Mt chip nh c nh gi 70ns ngha l n s mt 70 nano giy hon tt qu trnh c v np li in cho mi t bo. Cc t bo nh n c s l v dng nu khng c cch ly c thng tin vo v ra ca chng. Do , cc t bo nh c mt b h tr ton vn trn cc mch chuyn dng khc. Nhng mch ny lm chc nng: Nhn bit hng v ct (chn a ch hng v a ch ct). Theo di trnh t lm ti (b m). c v lu tn hiu t t bo (b khuch i hng). Bo t bo xem c nn nhn dng np hay khng (bt ghi). Cc chc nng khc ca b iu khin b nh bao gm cc tc v xc nh loi, tc , dung lng b nh v kim tra li. Nh vy, RAM tnh nhanh v t tin. Ram ng r nhng chm hn. Ram tnh thng c dng ch to cc b m nhy tc cho CPU. Trong khi RAM ng thng dng lm khng gian nh chnh cho h thng. V. Cc loi RAM thng gp
1. RAMBUS L loi RAM tc cao t 400 800MHZ nhng bus width li ch l 16 bit. Hay cn gi l RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Ram).
Mt loi RAMBUS
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2. SDR-SDRAM Single Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM l loi RAM ch chuyn c 1 bit d liu trong 1 xung nhp. c s dng rng ri t nhng nm 1990.
Mt trong nhng li SDR-SDRAM

3. DDR-SDRAM Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM l loi RAM chuyn c d liu trong c 2 mt ln v xung ca xung nhp. Hay ni cch khc 1 xung nhp DDR-SDRAM chuyn c 2 bit d liu. y c gi l Double Pump.
Mt trong nhng li DDR-SDRAM

4. DDR2-SDRAM DDRAM2 l b nh DDRAM th h th 2, tuy kch thc y chang nhau (di 133mm) v c cu trc gn nh sao y bn chnh, hai th h DDR ny hon ton khng tng thch nhau. Chng khc nhau v in th (DDR 2,5V, DDR2 ch 1,8V), s chn (DDR 184 chn, DDR2 ti 240 chn) v tn hiu ca chng u khc nhau. V th socket ca hai loi DDR ny cng c thit k khc nhau, socket DDR2 khng th gn DDR, v ngc li. V tr ca khe ct (gi l K.@.y hole) cnh chn DDR2 v DDR cng khc nhau. Nhng do khe ct trn DDR2 c di di vo gn gia hn, kh phn bit u phi, u tri hn, nn bn phi cn thn gp i khi gn thanh DDR2 vo socket. Vi DDR2, cu hnh Dual Channel cng linh hot hn. Bn c th gn v thanh 256MB mt socket knh 1, v hai thanh 128MB hai socket knh 2 (ch khng bt buc phi dng mi knh mt thanh v c cng dung lng nh DDR)
DDR2-SDRAM vi 240 Pins
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5. DDR3-SDRAM: l mt tiu chun b nh my tnh mi c pht trin k nhim DDRAM2. Nh con chip c sn xut bng cng ngh 90nm. DDR3 c yu cu in nng hot ng v in th thp hn cc i DDR khc (ch 1,5V so vi 1,8V ca DDR2 v 2,5V ca DDR) gip gim mc tiu th in nng n 40% so vi DDR2. DDR3 s dng cc transistor dualgate gim tnh trng r r dng in. B nh m np sn (Prefetch buffer) ca DDR3 c rng ti 8bit (so vi 4bit ca DDR2 v 2bit ca DDR). V l thuyt DDR3 c th t tc truyn d liu ti 800-1600 MHz (bng thng xung nhp n l 400-800 MHz) so vi 400-1066 MHz (200-533) ca DDR2 v 200-600 MHz (100-300 MHz) ca DDR. Thanh DDR3 cng c 240 chn nh DDR2 nhng li c v tr ngt khc nhau nn khng th gn vo cc khe DDR2 c v in th ca c 2 cng khng tng thch nhau.
VI.
Cc loi Modul ca RAM
1. SIMM (Single In-Line Memory Module) y l loi giao tip ra i sm. RAM dng cho khe cm dng SIMM v c hai loi hoc l 30 pins hoc l 72 pins. Ngi ta hay gi r l 30-pin SIMM hoc 72-pin SIMM. Loi RAM (c giao tip qua khe SIMM) ny thng ti thng tin mi ln 8bit, sau pht trin ln 32bits. Bn cng khng cn quan tm lm n cch vn hnh ca n, nu ra ngoi th trng bn ch cn nhn dng SIMM khi n c 30 hoc 72 pins. Loi 72-pin SIMM c chiu rng 41/2" trong khi loi 30-pin SIMM c chiu rng 31/2".
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2. RIMM (rambus in-line memory modules) v SO RIMM (rimm dng cho notebook) L cng ngh ca hng Rambus, c 184pins (RIMM) v 164pins (SO RIMM) v truyn t mi ln 16 bit ( th h c ch 8 bit m thi) cho nn chy nhanh hn cc loi c. Tuy nhin do chy vi tc cao, RIMM memory t nhit rt cao thnh ra li ch to n cng phi khc so vi cc loi RAM truyn thng.
3. DIMM- dual in-line memory modules Cng gn ging nh loi SIMM m thi nhng c s pin ( chn) l 72 hoc 168. Mt c im khc phn bit DIMM vi SIMM l cc pin ca SIMM dnh li vi nhau ti thnh 1 mng tip xc vi memory slot trong khi DIMM c cc chn hon ton c lp tch ri nhau. Mt c im ph na l DIMM c ci t thng ng ( n 2 ming RAM thng ng vo memory slot) trong khi SIMM th n nghing 1 gc 45 .
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4. SO DIMM- small outline dimm y l loi memory dng cho notebook, c 2 loi pin l 72 hoc 144. Nu 1 t th th chng c kh hnh nh ph hp vi notebook. loi 72 pins vn hnh vi 32 bt, loi 144 pins vn hnh vi 64 bits.
VII.
Nhng thut ng trong Ram
1. Tc (Speed): y c l l khi nim c ngi dng quan tm nht, tuy nhin c ngi thc mc v cch gi tn, i vi DDR th c hai cch gi theo tc Mhz hoc theo bng thng m n cung cp, v d khi ni DDR333 tc l thanh RAM mc nh hot ng tc 333Mhz nhng cng thanh RAM theo cch gi PC2700 th li ni v bng thng RAM tc l khi RAM chy tc 333Mhz th n s t c mc bng thng l 2700MB/s (trn l thuyt). Tng ng nh th chng ta s c bng sau: Gi tn theo bng thng____Gi tn theo tc Mhz PC1600__________________DDR200 PC2100__________________DDR266 PC2700__________________DDR333 PC3000__________________DDR366 PC3200__________________DDR400 PC3500__________________DDR433 PC3700__________________DDR466 PC4000__________________DDR500 PC4400__________________DDR533 PC4800__________________DDR600 PC5300__________________DDR667 PC6400__________________DDR800
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Thng th Vit Nam thng dng cc loi RAM bus 333 v 400,533,667,800, nhng loi c bus cao hn thng xut hin nhng series RAM cao cp nh Kingston HyperX, Corsair , Mushkin LV nhng ni chung kh him ti Vit Nam ngy trc, song by gi cng kh ph bin. 2. Cache memory L loi b nh c dung lng rt nh (thng nh hn 1MB) v chy rt nhanh (gn nh tc ca CPU). Thng thng th Cache Memory nm gn CPU v c nhim v cung cp nhng d liu thng (ang) dng cho CPU. S hnh thnh ca Cache l mt cch nng cao hiu qu truy cp thng tin ca my tnh m thi. Nhng thng tin bn thng dng (hoc ang dng) c cha trong Cache, mi khi x l hay thay i thng tin, CPU s d trong Cache Memory trc xem c tn ti hay khng, nu c, n s ly ra dng li cn khng th s tm tip vo RAM hoc cc b phn khc. Ly mt v d n gin l nu bn m Microsoft Word ln ln u tin s thy hi lu nhng m ln ln th hai th nhanh hn rt nhiu v trong ln m th nht cc lnh (instructions) m Microsoft Word c lu gi trong Cache, CPU ch vic tm n v dng li thi. L do Cache Memory nh l v n rt t tin v ch to rt kh khn bi n gn nh l CPU (v cu thnh v tc ). Thng thng Cache Memory nm gn CPU, trong nhiu trng hp Cache Memory nm trong con CPU lun. Ngi ta gi Cache Level 1 (L1), Cache Level 2 (L2)... l do v tr ca n gn hay xa CPU. Cache L1 gn CPU nht, sau l Cache L2... 3. BUS Gm nhiu dy dn in nh gp li, l h thng hnh lang dn d liu t cc b phn trong my tnh (CPU, memory, IO devices). BUS c cha nng nh h thng ng dn nc, ni no ng to th nc s chy qua nhiu hn, cn sc nc mnh hay yu l do cc b phn khc to ra. FSB (Front Side Bus) hnh lang chy t CPU ti main memory.
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BSB (Back Side Bus) hnh lang chy t memory controller ti L2 (Cache level 2). Cch tnh dung lng ca RAM Thng thng RAM c hai ch s, v d, 32Mx4. Thng s u biu th s hng (chiu su) ca RAM trong n v Mega Bit, thng s sau biu th s ct (chiu ngang) ca RAM. 32x4 = 32 MegaBit x 4 ct = 128 Mega Bit = 128/8 Mega Bytes = 16MB. C nhiu bn c th lm tng thng s u l Mega Bytes nhng k thc cc hng sn xut mc nh n l Mega Bit, bn nn lu nh cho iu ny khi mua RAM. V d, 32Mx64 RAM tc l mt thanh RAM 256MB. 4. CAS Latency: CAS l vit tt ca Column Address Strobe (a ch ct theo chiu dc). Mt thanh DRAM c th c coi nh l mt ma trn ca cc nh (bn c th hnh dung nh mt bng tnh excel vi nhiu trng) v d nhin mi nh s c a ch ngang v dc. Nh vy bn c th on ngay ra khi nim RAS (Row Adress Strobe) nhng do nguyn l hot ng ca DRAM l truyn d liu xung chn nn RAS thng khng quan trng bng CAS.
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Khi nim tr Latency biu hin qung thi gian bn phi ch trc khi nhn c th mnh cn, theo t im Merriam-Webster th Latency c ngha l khong thi gian t khi ra lnh n khi nhn c s phn hi li. Vy CAS s lm vic nh th no ? v CAS Latency c ngha g ? hiu khi nim ny, chng ta s cng im nhanh qua cch thc b nh lm vic, u tin chipset s truy cp vo hng ngang (ROW) ca ma trn b nh thng qua vic a a ch vo chn nh (chn RAM) ri kch hot tn hiu RAS. Chng ta s phi ch mt lt khong vi xung nhp h thng (RAS to CAS Delay) trc khi a ch ct hng dc c t vo chn nh v tn hiu CAS pht ra. Sau khi tn hiu CAS pht i, chng ta tip tc phi ch mt khong thi gian na (y chnh l CAS Latency) th d liu s c tm thy. iu cng c ngha l vi CAS 2 chipset phi ch 2 xung nhp trc khi ly c d liu v vi CAS3 thi gian ch s l 3 xung nhp h thng. Bn s thc mc nh vy phi chng CAS2 nhanh hn CAS3 ti 33%, khng n mc nh vy u bi c rt nhiu yu t nh hng n hiu nng tng th ca b nh in hnh nh: + Chui x l thng tin: kch hot RAS, ch khong thi gian tr RAS-to-CAS Delay v CAS Latency. + Truy cp b nh theo chui: i khi chipset s c d liu trong b nh RAM theo chui (burst) nh vy rt nhiu d liu s c chuyn i mt ln v tn hiu CAS ch c kch hot mt ln u chui. + B vi x l c b m kh ln nn s cha nhiu lnh truy cp v d liu do thng tin s c tm kim trn b m trc khi truy cp vo RAM v tn s d liu cn c tm thy trn b m (hit-rate) kh cao (vo khong 95%). Ni tm li vic chuyn t CAS 3 sang CAS 2 s tng hiu nng x l cho tt c cc ng dng. Nhng chng trnh ph thuc vo b nh nh game hay ng dng ha s chy nhanh hn. iu ny ng ngha vi vic nhng thanh RAM c ng du CAS2 chc chn chy nhanh hn nhng thanh RAM CAS3, nu bn d nh mua chi cho mt cuc ua p xung hay n gin ch cn h thng t tc ti u, hy chn RAM CAS2 nhng nu ch l cng vic vn phng, CAS 3 hon ton vn p ng c yu cu. 5. RAM Refresh Rate: Thng th khi nhc ti khi nim tn s lm ti, ngi ta s ngh ngay n mn hnh my tnh CRT tuy nhin b nh DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) cng c khi nim ny. Nh bn bit module DRAM c ti nn bi nhiu t bo in t, mi t bo ny phi c np li in hng nghn ln mi giy bi nu khng d liu cha trong chng s b mt. Mt s loi DRAM c kh nng t lm ti d liu c lp vi b x l gip tit kim in nng thng c s dng trong nhng thit b di ng (v d nh Laptop hay Notebook).
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6. SDRAM Access Time: Vic cho ra i cch c d liu theo tng chui Burst Mode gip khc phc nhiu nhc im v tng hiu nng cho RAM, chu k ca chui ngn hn rt nhiu chu k trang ca RAM loi c. Chu k ca chui cng c coi nh l chu k xung nhp ca SDRAM v chnh v th n c coi nh thang xc nh cho tc ca RAM bi n l khong thi gian cn thit gia cc ln xut d liu theo chui ca RAM, nhng con s -12, -10. -8... ghi trn cc chip RAM l nh du khong thi gian ti thiu gia mi ln truy xut d liu. Nhn -12 xc nh chu k truy cp d liu ca RAM l 12ns (nano-giy) ng ngha vi vic tc hat ng ti a ca RAM s l 83Mhz. Thng th RAM c tc cao s s dng chip ram c chu k truy xut thp nhng vi chu k truy xut thp th cha chc RAM c th hot ng tc cao do cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc. Do i khi bn s gp trng hp thanh RAM c tc thp nhng khi em vo th la p xung th ln c tc cao hn nhiu so vi nhng loi RAM mc nh dn nhn tc cao.
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VIII.
Double-data-rate 2 synchronous dynamic random access memory DDR2 SDRAM 1. Tm hiu DDR2
DDR2 lu d liu trong cc c kch hot bi vic dng xung nhp ng h ng b ha hot ng vi bus d liu. Ging nh DDR, cc nh trong chun DDR2 truyn thng tin da theo bin dao ng ln xung ca ng h (gi l k thut double pumping). im khc nhau gia hai chun ny ch trong DDR2, bus c y xung ln gp i tc ca cc nh, do 4 t d liu c truyn i trong mt vng nh. V vy, khng cn nng cao tc ca chnh cc nh, DDR2 c th hot ng nhanh gp i bus ca DDR. Hin nay, DDR v DDR2 ang c s dng rng ri cho b nh h thng Tn chun DDR2-400 DDR2-533 DDR2-667 DDR2-800 DDR2-1066 Tn module PC2-3200 PC2-4200 PC2-5300 PC2-6400 PC2-8500 Xung ng h 100 MHz 133 MHz 166 MHz 200 MHz 266 MHz Xung ng h 200 MHz 266 MHz 333 MHz 400 MHz 533 MHz Xung bus 200 MHz 266 MHz 333 MHz 400 MHz 533 MHz Kiu chip nh DDR2-400 DDR2-533 DDR2-667 DDR2-800 DDR2-1066 D liu truyn bit/giy 400 triu 533 triu 667 triu 800 triu 1066 triu Tc truyn ti a 3,2 GB/giy 4,264 GB/giy 5,336 GB/giy 6,4 GB/giy 8,5 GB/giy
DDR2 khc phc mt s vn tim n vi b nh DDR nguyn thu (cn c gi l DDR1). V d, DDR2 c c ch kt thc b nh khi thi s dng (on-die termination) cho php nng cao tnh ton vn ca tn hiu nu tc ng h tng ln. DDR2 cng khc phc vn in nng tiu th v nhit to ra cao mt cch rt hiu qu. T l ng h thc s ca b nh DDR2 bng 1/2 t l ng h h thng nhn bit bit c. Trong khi , ng h b nh ca DDR1 c gi cng tc vi ng h nhp/xut (I/O clock) bn ngoi. V d, mt b nh DDR2/533 (266 MHz) c nhp ng h ni ti thc t l 133 MHz. ng h b m nhp/xut l 266 MHz nhng l nhp ng h dnh ring cho h thng. gii quyt cho s khng ng b v nhp ng h ny, DDR2 s chuyn ti 4 mu d liu cho mi chu k ng h. V b nh m I/O chy nhanh gp i, n ch cn x l 2 mu d liu cho mi chu k ng h I/O. Do , trn thc t b nh chuyn d liu ti b nh m I/O tc nhanh gp bn (quad data rate) nhng h thng ch nhn thy hai mu d liu cho mi chu k ng h I/O.
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Cn tr l mt iu hon ton khc. tr CAS (xung a ch theo ct ) ca b nh DDR1 c th ln ti 2 chu k ng h, i vi mt s mun trong h thng ca cc nh sn xut gc (OEM) tr c th ln ti 2,5 hoc 3 chu k. tr ghi d liu ca DDR l mt chu k nhng ngay c khi tn s ca phn cng bn ngoi tng ln, ch s ny vn cn kh thp. V vy DDR2 chp nhn mt hng tip cn vi thut ton x l kh n gin, m bo tr ghi lun km tr CAS 1 chu k ng h. V vy, nu tr CAS l 4 (tiu biu cho cc m un DDR2 hin nay) th tr ghi lun l 3 chu k. ng trn gc ca ton h thng, tr thc s khng c nh hng nhiu lm. tr CAS 2 cho DDR400 ch vo khong 15ms v tr CAS 3 cho DDR2.533 cng tng t nh vy. Bng thng tng th vn tng ln, bi v tr tng i thp ny ch xy ra i vi ln c u tin ca mt dng b nh. Sau , b nh s chuyn d liu cho h thng theo mt chu k ng h cao hn. Nu h thng chy vi b nh DDR2/400, bn s khng thy mt s khc bit ng k no trong hiu sut vn hnh.
Vn in nng tiu th cao c x l bng cch h thp in p t 2,5V xung 1,8V. Khi dung lng b nh tng, in nng tiu th cho s gia tng b nh cng tng theo. Theo tnh ton, 4GB b nh DDR1 tiu th 35-40W in nng. in p gim xung gip in nng tiu th cho 4GB b nh cng ch cn 25-30W. in p thp cn gip c th nng cao tn s hot ng ca ng h.
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2. DDR2 PC2-9600 tc nhanh nht th gi g i 1200 MHz. M m bo PC2 2-9600 hot ng tt tc 1200 MHz z, OCZ tch hp mt h thng lm m t Flex XLC C (Xtreme Liquid Co onvention). y l h thng gip tn nhit mnh m nh vo s kt hp ht kh mt lnh qua ng nhm n v h thng p phun cht lng lm mt m tn nhit nhanh qua a cc khe thot. t qua ng ng 2-9600 cn n c b sung PCB 8 lp gip p nng cao o cht lng hot ng. n Bn cnh , PC2 Sn phm DDR2 ny rt ph h hp vi cc h iu hnh i hi cu h hnh cao hi in nay. PC C2n theo b knh i i 2 GB (gm 2 thanh 1 GB) v v c bo hnh vnh 9600 s c b vin.
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3. Dung lng RAM th h DDR2 c y ln 16 GB
PC2-6400 "P45 Special" Vista Upgrade 16 GB Quad Kit
PC2-6400 "P45 Special" Gold 8 GB Edition

Hai mu P45 16 GB v 8 GB dnh cho dng chipset P45 ra mt hi u thng 6/2008 ca Intel (P45 cng h tr b nh DDR3 8 GB). Sn phm l gii php l tng cho cc my trm dng h iu hnh 64 bit y nhanh kh nng x l d liu, th hin y sc mnh vi Windows Vista.
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"H iu hnh 64 bit ang tr nn ph bin hn v gip ngi dng loi b c gii hn 2 GB vi dng 32 bit", Michael Schuette, Ph ch tch ti OCZ, ni. "Ngoi ra, s pht trin ca chip a li s cn n b nh RAM c ln tng ng". Cc mu sn phm ca hng cn c c ch ta nhit Xtreme Thermal Convection RAM khng qu nng khi hot ng cng cao. IX. Double-data-rate 2 synchronous dynamic random access memory DDR3 SDRAM
1. Tm hiu DDR3 Xt v hnh thc, DDR3 cng ging vi DDR2, c 240 chn nhng nu bn cm thanh RAM DDR3 vo khe DDR2 s khng va v rnh chia ca DDR3 khc DDR2. dng c DDR3, bn phi c bo mch ch h tr DDR3 hay chn bo mch h tr c 2 chun DDR2 v DDR3 (c 2 khe cm cho ring DDR2 v DDR3). V d, bo mch ch MSI dng Combo gm MSI P35 Platinum Combo, MSI P35 Neo Combo, hoc Gigabyte c GA P35C-DS3R... (xem bng 1)
Bng 1: c t DDR2 v DDR3 ca JEDEC DDR2 Tc in th/dao ng Data prefetch Cu hnh lin kt Cm bin nhit tr CAS Dung lng chip 400-800 MHz 1,8V +/- 0,1V 4-bit M hnh T Khng 3-5 256Mb 4Mb DDR3 800-1600 MHz 1,5V +/- 0,075V 8-bit M hnh Fly-by C (ty chn) 6-10 512Mb 8Mb
Theo JEDEC (xem bng 2), bn d nhn thy DDR3 c tc t 800MHz n 1600MHz. Nh vy c th xem mc 1333MHz l chun thng thng ca dng DDR3 nu da vo BXL sp n ca Intel trn cng ngh 45nm s c FSB 1333MHz. Hin thi v trong tng lai gn, BMC, BXL FSB 1333MHz nht l chipset vn s h tr ngc vi DDR2, nhng vi suy lun thng thng da trn tn s xung chng ta dng nh s gp phi tnh trng tht c chai do h thng khng khai thc ht lung FSB ca CPU. Tuy vy, mt s th nghim ban u ca chng ti ti Test Lab cho thy s khc bit hiu nng h thng gia DDR2 v DDR3 vn cha thc s n tng. n y, bn c th phn no cm nhn c DDR3 xut hin do mt phn sc p ca dng cun CPU. Chng ta s th xem xt 2 tc cao nht ca mi chun: DDR3-1600 v DDR2-800. Theo JEDEC, DDR3-1600 s c tr l 8-8-8, tng ng vi 10ns (xem bng 2). Trong khi , DDR2-800 t mc tr 4-4-4 vi thi gian tng ng
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10ns. Nu da trn chi tit ny, bn s d dng nh ng v tc ca DDR2-800 tng ng vi DDR3-1600 (bng 2). Bng 2 Tn s DDR3-800 DDR3-800 DDR3-1066 DDR3-1066 DDR3-1366 DDR3-1333 DDR3-1333 DDR3-1333 DDR3-1600 DDR3-1600 DDR3-1600 Timings 6-6-6 5-5-5 8-8-8 7-7-7 6-6-6 9-9-9 8-8-8 7-7-7 10-10-10 9-9-9 8-8-8 Bng thng ch tr Nm knh i (TRCD) 12.8 GB/s 12.8 GB/s 17.1 GB/s 17.1 GB/s 17.1 GB/s 21.3 GB/s 21.3 GB/s 21.3 GB/s 25.6 GB/s 25.6 GB/s 25.6 GB/s 15.0 ns 12.5 ns 15.0 ns 13.1 ns 11.2 ns 13.5 ns 12.0 ns 10.5 ns 12.5 ns 11.3 ns 10.0 ns 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 - 2008 2008 2008 2008 - 2009 2009 2009 - 2010 2009 - 2010
Vy ti sao tr ca DDR2 l 4-4-4 v sang DDR3 tng ln 8-8-8? Tn s ca DDR3 t 1600MHz, gp i ca DDR2 800MHz nh c thng s data prefetch ca DDR3 gp i DDR2. Data prefetch c nhim v chuyn d liu t DRAM lu tr thng tin sang b m xut/nhp. DDR2 dng mu 4-bit v DDR3 dng mu 8-bit nn lu lng d liu t DRAM n b m ca DDR3 gp i DDR2 nhng vn chy trn cng mt bng thng. Do vy, y l nguyn nhn dn n tr ca DDR3 cao gp i ca DDR2. Ngoi ra, b m xut/nhp ca DDR3 phi ti nng hn DDR2.
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2. im tin b Nu da vo chi tit k tht trn, DDR3 khng ng gi so vi DDR2. Tuy nhin, ngoi tnh nng trn, DDR3 hn DDR2 v cc mt khc, trong s quan trng nht l in th. DDR3 dng in th 1,5V trong khi DDR2 phi l 1,8V cng tc bus (trc y, DDR phi n 2,5V) nn s lm gim in nng tiu th. Hn na, ci thin hn na v nng lng, DDR3 c chc nng lm ti (refresh) theo vng. Trc y, DDR v DDR2 thc hin chc nng refresh cho ton b DRAM theo mt chu k nht nh, c nhng DRAM ang trng thi ngh (idle), do vy tn tin in v ch. Cn DDR3 ch refresh theo chu k nhng DRAM no ang tnh trng hot ng. Ngoi ra, DDR3 cn c b cm bin nhit (ch l ty chn, khng bt buc trong JEDEC) gip k s thit k quy nh chu k refresh ti thiu nhm ci thin hn na mc tiu th in nng c c ch bo v b nh hot ng ngng ti u; y cng l thc o chnh xc cho dn p xung trong vic gim st thnh phn h thng.
Bn cnh in th thp ca DDR3, tng kh nng hp nht ca cc module, JEDEC a ra m hnh lin kt dng Fly-by gia cc DRAM v dng chuyn d liu (mang a ch, lnh, tn hiu iu khin v xung nhp ng h ca DRAM ny sang DRAM khc). DDR2 dng m hnh T v DDR3 ci tin ln m hnh Fly-by. Trc y, vi m hnh T ca DDR2, bn c th hnh dung cc lnh v a ch c a vo mt ci phu hnh ch T v c xung ht mt ln cho cc DRAM x l. Vi m hnh Fly-by, dng lnh iu khin v a ch l dng dng n, duy nht chy t DRAM ny sang DRAM khc. M hnh Fly-by nh b iu khin a ra tr tn hiu t ng DRAM v mi DRAM c mt mch in cn chnh t ng v lu li d liu cn chnh cho ring module DRAM . Thay i m hnh t T sang Fly-by cng dn n phi thay i cc thut ton c/ghi d liu. V l thuyt, m hnh ny rt ngn c thi gian phn b d liu n DRAM hn so vi m hnh T.
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Mt im ni tri ca DDR3 chnh l dung lng chip c tng ln ng k, c th ni l gp i so vi DDR2. Mt chip DDR3 c dung lng t 512Mb n 8Mb, iu ny c ngha l dung lng mt thanh RAM DDR3 c th t n 4GB.
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Tuy DDR3 cha thc s ct cnh trong nm nay, nhng theo d on ca cc nh phn tch (biu ), bn c th thy c t nay n 2012, DDR3 s bt u ph bin hn v DDR2 s dn dn bin mt, cng nh DDR n nm 2008 s hu nh khng cn xut hin trn th trng. Xa hn na, DDR4 s xut hin nm 2011. B nh DDR DDR2 DDR3 2007 14% 83% 3% 2008 3% 78% 19% 2009 2% 64% 34% 2010 1% 33% 60%
3. DDR3 16 GB trnh din sc mnh Ti Din n cc nh pht trin Intel (IDF) din ra San Francisco (M), cc chuyn gia ghp 10 thanh RAM 16 GB ca Hynix chy trong h thng dng vi x l mi Nehalem ca Intel, cho tc x l gp 1.000 ln so vi bnh thng.
y l my ch c b nh 144 GB ca Intel dng cng ngh DDR3 R-DIMM v Meta SDRAM ca H module trong 18 module ca my ch ny l sn phm 8 GB. Cng ngh DDR3 MetaRAM gip Hy nhng sn phm gi r, dung lng cao.
Hnh nh nhn gn hn v h thng ny.
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Mt my ch khc nhn gn gng hn vi 10 module nhng mi module l RAM DDR3 16 GB.
Di mi thit b ta nhit mu xanh dng, bn c th thy c cu sp xp kiu 2 module c ghp chng ln "u" nhau, gia l cc chipset MetaRAM.
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Trong th nghim, c hai h thng trn u dng n khong 100 GB b nh. Vi cu hnh "khng" nh th ny, tc x l ca h thng gp 1.000 ln so vi bnh thng. 4. SDRAM DDR3-2500 tc 2.5Gbps Cng ty ELPIDA Nht Bn mi y cng b, nghin cu thnh cng chip DDR3 SDRAM u tin vi tc truyn d liu ln ti 2.5Gbps. t c tc ny, ELPIDA s dng nguyn liu ng lm mch in, tn sut c th ln n 25% so vi mch in s dng nguyn liu nhm thng thng v cng sut tiu th ti a gim 22%.
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V vy, trong mi trng in p tiu chun 1.5V c th t c tc 2.5Gbps, ngay c khi hot ng trong mi trng in p siu thp 1.2v, th bng thng d liu vn c th t c 1.8Gbps. ELPIDA cng thng bo s tung ra sn phm DDR3-2500 vi dung lng 1Gbit. ELPIDA cn cho bit, trong thi gian ti s tip tc tung ra sn phm dnh cho Server v PC cao cp, hng ti xu th sn phm tc cao v tiu th in p thp.
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PHN V a cng Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
I.
Khi nim
a cng, hay cn gi l cng (ting Anh: Hard Disk Drive, vit tt: HDD) l thit b dng lu tr d liu trn b mt cc tm a hnh trn ph vt liu t tnh. a cng l loi b nh "khng thay i" (non-volatile), c ngha l chng khng b mt d liu khi ngng cung cp ngun in cho chng. a cng l mt thit b rt quan trng trong h thng bi chng cha d liu thnh qu ca mt qu trnh lm vic ca nhng ngi s dng my tnh. Nhng s h hng ca cc thit b khc trong h thng my tnh c th sa cha hoc thay th c, nhng d liu b mt do yu t h hng phn cng ca a cng thng rt kh ly li c. a cng l mt khi duy nht, cc a cng c lp rp c nh trong ngay t khi sn xut nn khng th thay th c cc "a cng" nh vi cch hiu nh i vi a mm hoc a quang.
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II.
Cu to
1. B khung: B khung c kh rt quan trng i vi hot ng chnh xc ca a cng, nh hng n s hp nht v cu trc, v nhit v v in ca a. Khung cn phi cng v to nn mt ci nn vng chc lp rp cc b phn khc. Cc a cng thng dng khung nhm c, nhng cc cng loi nh ca my tnh xch tay thng dng vo plastic. Vt liu v c th ph thuc vo yu t hnh dng (form factor) tc l kch thc ca cng.
c
2. a t a t ca cng l cc a bng nhm, thu tinh, hoc s c ch hot ng tng i nng. a c ch to rt c bit gip cho n c kh nng lu tr tt, an ton v khng b nho (nh t) nh cc thit b c ghi bng t tnh khc (tuy nhin cng c mt s loi a t sn xut khng t tiu chun qua thi gian c hin tng b nho). a c ph vt liu t c hai mt (mi trng lu tr thc) v bao bc bng lp v bo v. Sau khi hon tt v nh bng, cc a ny c xp chng ln nhau v ghp ni vi mt quay; c mt s loi a cng ch c mt a t. Trc khi chng a c lp c nh vo khung, c cu cc u t c ghp vo gia cc a.
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3. Cc u c ghi Trc kia cc u c/ghi ca a cng thng c ch rao nh trong a mm, li st mm cng vi 8 n 34 (hoc hn) vng dy ng mnh. Cc u t ny c kch thc lon v tng i nng lm hn ch s rnh c th c trn mt a m h thng chuyn dch u t phi khc phc.
Hin nay, cc thit k u t loi b cc kiu qun dy c in m dng loi u t mng mng. N c ch to ging nh vi mch dng cng ngh quang ha. Do kch thc nh v nh nn rng ca rnh ghi cng nh hn v thi gian dch chuyn u t nhanh hn. Trong cu trc tng th, cc u c/ghi ny c gn vo cc cnh tay kim loi di iu khin bng cc mt. Cc vi mch tin khuch i ca u t thng c gn trn tm vi mch in nh nm trong b dch chuyn u t. Ton b cu trc ny c bc kn trong hp a. Hp c y kn bng np kim loi c ging lt. 4. B dch chuyn u t: Nhiu loi a cng s dng mt cun dy di ng (voice coil motor) cn gi l mt cun dy quay (rotary coil) hoc servo iu khin chuyn ng ca u t. Cc mt servo c kch thc nh, nh rt thch hp vi cng nh gn v c thi gian truy cp nhanh.
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Thch thc ln nht trong vic iu khin u t l gi cho c n ng ngay tm rnh mong mun. Ni cch khc l cc nhiu loi kh ng hc, cc hiu ng nhit trn a t v cc bin thin ca dng iu khin mt servo c th gy nn sai s trong vic iu nh vi u t. V tr ca u t phi lun lun c kim tra v iu chnh kp thi m bo v tr rnh tht chnh xc. Qu trnh hiu chnh u t theo rnh gi l phng php servo u t. Cn c thng tin so snh v tr thc v v tr mong mun ca u t. Thng tin servo dnh ring (Dedicated servo information) c ghi trn mt a t d tr. Thng tin servo nhng (Embedded servo information) li c m ho thnh cc chm d liu ngn t trn tng sector H thng servo s dng s lch pha ca cc xuung tn hiu ca cc rnh k cn xc nh u t c c t ng gia rnh hay khng. 5. Mt trc quay Mt trong nhng yu t xc nh cht lng ca cng l tc m a t lt qua di u c/ghi. a t lt qua u t vi tc kh cao (t nht l 3600 vng/pht). Mt trc (spindle mt) c chc nng lm quay cc a t. Mt trc l loi mt khng c chi qut, chiu cao thp, dng in mt chiu, tng t nh mt trong a mm. Khi mt c cp in, mt t trng c to ra trong cc cun dy mt. Khi in ct, nng lng t trng lu tr trong cc cun dy mt c gii phng di dng xung in th ngc. K thut Hm ng (dynamic braking) s s dng nng lng ca xung in th ngc lm dng a li.
6. Cc mch in t ca cng Nhn thng vo cng b phn u tin m chng ta thy chnh l bo mch iu khin. a cng c iu khin bi cc mch in t tng i phc tp. Mch in t c gn di b khung v cha hon ton cc mch cn thit truyn ti cc tn hiu iu
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khin v d liu vi b giao din vt l ring, iu khin u c/ghi, thc hin c/ghi theo yu cu v quay cc a t. Mi mt chc nng k trn phi c thc hin hon ho vi chnh xc cao. Bo mch iu khin ny bao gm b chip controller, chip input/output IO, b nh m cho cng (HDD cache), mt cm ngun 5+ 5- 12- 12+, v chn cm chun IDE 39/40 chn. i vi cc th h cng trc y b nh m rt thp ch c t 512kb tr xung cn vi cc th h cng hin i sau ny th s lng cache rt cao t 1Mb tr ln. Trong bo mch ca cng th motor , chip controller v b nh m ng vai tr rt quan trng. B nh m cng cao th tc truy xut d liu trn cng s nhanh hn rt nhiu v vn sai st d liu cng rt thp. Tng t , tc quay ca motor v kh nng iu khin ca b controller cng khng km phn quan trng, nu tc ca cng (rpm - revolution per minute - s vng trn pht) cng cao th tc truy xut d liu s cng nhanh.
III.
Nguyn l hot ng
1. Giao tip vi my tnh Ton b c ch c/ghi d liu ch c thc hin khi my tnh (hoc cc thit b s dng a cng) c yu cu truy xut d liu hoc cn ghi d liu vo a cng. Vic thc hin giao tip vi my tnh do bo mch ca a cng m nhim.
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Ta bit rng my tnh lm vic khc nhau theo tng phin lm vic, tng nhim v m khng theo mt kch bn no, do qu trnh c v ghi d liu lun lun xy ra, do cc tp tin lun b thay i, xo trn v tr. T d liu trn b mt a cng khng c cha mt cch lin tc m chng nm ri rc khp ni trn b mt vt l. Mt mt khc my tnh c th x l a nhim (thc hin nhiu nhim v trong cng mt thi im) nn cn phi truy cp n cc tp tin khc nhau cc th mc khc nhau.
Nh vy c ch c v ghi d liu a cng khng n thun thc hin t theo tun t m chng c th truy cp v ghi d liu ngu nhin ti bt k im no trn b mt a t, l c im khc bit ni bt ca a cng so vi cc hnh thc lu tr truy cp tun t (nh bng t). Thng qua giao tip vi my tnh, khi gii quyt mt tc v, CPU s i hi d liu (n s hi tun t cc b nh khc trc khi n a cng m th t thng l cache L1-> cache L2 ->RAM) v a cng cn truy cp n cc d liu cha trn n. Khng n thun nh vy CPU c th i hi nhiu hn mt tp tin d liu ti mt thi im, khi s xy ra cc trng hp: a cng ch p ng mt yu cu truy cp d liu trong mt thi im, cc yu cu c p ng tun t. a cng ng thi p ng cc yu cu cung cp d liu theo phng thc ring ca n. Trc y a s cc a cng u thc hin theo phng thc 1, c ngha l chng ch truy cp tng tp tin cho CPU. Ngy nay cc a cng c tch hp cc b nh m
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(cache) cng cc cng ngh ring ca chng (TCQ, NCQ) gip ti u cho hnh ng truy cp d liu trn b mt a nn a cng s thc hin theo phng thc th 2 nhm tng tc chung cho ton h thng. 2. c v ghi d liu trn b mt a S hot ng ca a cng cn thc hin ng thi hai chuyn ng: Chuyn ng quay ca cc a v chuyn ng ca cc u c. S quay ca cc a t c thc hin nh cc ng c gn cng trc (vi tc rt ln: t 3600 rpm cho n 15.000 rpm) chng thng c quay n nh ti mt tc nht nh theo mi loi a cng. Khi a cng quay u, cn di chuyn u c s di chuyn n cc v tr trn cc b mt cha ph vt liu t theo phng bn knh ca a. Chuyn ng ny kt hp vi chuyn ng quay ca a c th lm u c/ghi ti bt k v tr no trn b mt a. Ti cc v tr cn c ghi, u c/ghi c cc b cm bin vi in trng c d liu (v tng ng: pht ra mt in trng xoay hng cc ht t khi ghi d liu). D liu c ghi/c ng thi trn mi a. Vic thc hin phn b d liu trn cc a c thc hin nh cc mch iu khin trn bo mch ca a cng. Ghi vung gc v ghi dc Mi mt bng lu tr trong a c lm bng nhm hoc knh v trn b mt ca n c mt lp vt liu t , thng thng l Oxit kim loi trn vi vt liu khc . Nh phn trn chng ta ni rng u c ghi t ho nhng ht t tnh trn b mt a tu theo dng in cung cp . Chng ta cng thy th t ca nhng ht t ho i din cho Bit d liu c lu tr . Trong cng ngh ghi dc , hin nay ang s dng trn nhiu cng trn th trng , nhng ht t nm theo chiu ngang v chng nm cnh nhau trn b mt cng . Bn xem hnh di y
Trong nhng nm tr li y cc hng sn xut du nghin cu tng dung lng lu tr trn cng ( tng mt lu tr ) m li lm gim kch thc ca cc ht t trn b mt cng .
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Nhng ht t cng nh th cng c nhiu d liu c lu tr trn cng . Nhng ht t b lm co li s dn n mt vn gi l superparamagnetism m lin quan n tnh ton vn ca d liu lu tr . Superparamagnetism xy ra khi m nhng ht t nh n mc m khi nhit thay i c th lm o chiu t tnh trong thit b lu tr dn n s liu lu tr trong b sai lch . Superparamagnetism lm cho cc nh sn xut cng dung lng cao b hn ch . Hnh di y m t cng ngh ghi vung gc , nhng ht t c xp xp theo chiu d c
Khi ghi bng phng php vung gc nhiu s liu c lu tr trn cng v lm gim hin tng superparamagnetism xy ra .
IV.
Mt s nh ngha
1. Track Trn mt mt lm vic ca a t chia ra nhiu vng trn ng tm thnh cc track. Track c th c hiu n gin ging cc rnh ghi d liu ging nh cc a nha (ghi m nhc trc y) nhng s cch bit ca cc rnh ghi ny khng c cc g phn bit v chng l cc vng trn ng tm ch khng ni tip nhau thnh dng xon trn c nh a nha. Track trn a cng khng c nh t khi sn xut, chng c th thay i v tr khi nh dng cp thp a (low format ).
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Khi mt a cng hot ng qu u nhiu nm lin tc, khi kt qu kim tra bng cc c phn mm cho th hy xut hin nhiu khi h hng (bad block) b th c c ngha l phn c ca n r ro v lm vic kh hng chnh h xc nh khi mi sn xut, lc c ny thch h hp nht l format cp thp cho c n tng thc ch hn vi ch lm m vic ca phn c. 2. Sector S Trn tr rack chia th hnh nhng n phn nh h bng c c on h ng tm thnh cc sector. Cc C sector l phn nh h cui cn ng c ch hia ra ch c a d liu. Theo c chun thn ng thng th mt sec ctor cha dung d lng g 512 byte e.
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S sector trn cc track l khc nhau t phn ra a vo n vng tm a, cc a cng u chia ra hn 10 vng m trong mi vng c s sector/track bng nhau.
Bng sau cho thy cc khu vc vi cc thng s khc nhau v s nh hng ca chng n tc truyn d liu ca cng Cc khu vc ghi d liu ca a cng Hitachi Travelstar 7K60 2,5". Tc S S truyn d liu sector/track byte/track (MBps) 720 704 696 672 640 368.640 360.448 356.352 344.064 327.680 44,24 43,25 42,76 41,29 39,32
Khu vc
0 1 2 3 4
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5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
614 592 556 528 480 480 456 432 416 384 360
314.368 303.104 284.672 270.336 245.760 245.760 233.472 221.184 212.992 196.608 184.320
37,72 36,37 34,16 32,44 29,49 29,49 28,02 26,54 25,56 23,59 22,12
3. Cylinder Tp hp cc track cng cng bn knh (cng s hiu trn) cc mt a khc nhau thnh cc cylinder. Ni mt cch chnh xc hn th: khi u c/ghi u tin lm vic ti mt track no th tp hp ton b cc track trn cc b mt a cn li m cc u c cn li ang lm vic ti gi l cylinder (cch gii thch ny chnh xc hn bi c th xy ra a t.
thng hp cc u c khc nhau c khong cch n tm quay ca a khc nhau do qu trnh ch to). Trn mt a cng c nhiu cylinder bi c nhiu track trn mi mt
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V.
Cc cng ngh trn a cng
1. S.M.A.R.T S.M.A.R.T (Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology) l cng ngh t ng gim st, chun on v bo co cc h hng c th xut hin ca a cng thng qua BIOS, cc phn mm thng bo cho ngi s dng bit trc s h hng c cc hnh ng chun b i ph (nh sao chp d liu d phng hoc c cc k hoch thay th a cng mi). Trong thi gian gn y S.M.AR.T c coi l mt tiu chun quan trng trong a cng. S.M.A.R.T ch thc s gim st nhng s thay i, nh hng ca phn cng n qu trnh li xy ra ca a cng (m theo hng Seagate th s h hng trong a cng chim ti 60% xut pht t cc vn lin quan n c kh): Chng c th bao gm nhng s h hng theo thi gian ca phn cng: u c/ghi (mt kt ni, khong cch
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lm vic vi b mt a thay i), ng c (xung cp, r ro), bo mch ca a (h hng linh kin hoc lm vic sai).
S.M.A.R.T khng nn c hiu l t "smart" bi chng khng lm ci thin n tc lm vic v truyn d liu ca a cng. Ngi s dng c th bt (enable) hoc tt (disable) chc nng ny trong BIOS (tuy nhin khng phi BIOS ca hng no cng h tr vic can thip ny).
2. cng lai cng lai (hybrid hard disk drive) l cc a cng thng thng c gn thm cc phn b nh flash trn bo mch ca a cng. Cm b nh ny hot ng khc vi c ch lm vic ca b nh m (cache) ca a cng: D liu cha trn chng khng b mt i khi mt in.
Trong qu trnh lm vic ca cng lai, vai tr ca phn b nh flash nh sau:
Lu tr trung gian d liu trc khi ghi vo a cng, ch khi my tnh a cc d liu n mt mc nht nh (tu tng loi cng lai) th a cng mi tin hnh ghi d liu vo cc a t, iu ny gip s vn hnh ca a cng ti hiu qu v tit kim in nng hn nh vic khng phi thng xuyn hot ng. Gip tng tc giao tip vi my tnh: Vic c d liu t b nh flash nhanh hn so vi vic c d liu ti cc a t.
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Gip h iu hnh khi ng nhanh hn nh vic lu cc tp tin khi ng ca h thng ln vng b nh flash. Kt hp vi b nh m ca a cng to thnh mt h thng hot ng hiu qu.
Nhng cng lai c sn xut hin nay thng s dng b nh flash vi dung lng khim tn 256 MB bi chu p lc ca vn gi thnh sn xut. Do s dng dung lng nh nh vy nn cha ci thin nhiu n vic gim thi gian khi ng h iu hnh, dn n nhiu ngi s dng cha cm thy hi lng vi chng. Tuy nhin ngi s dng thng kh nhn ra s hiu qu ca chng khi thc hin cc tc v thng thng hoc vic tit kim nng lng ca chng. Hin ti (2007) cng lai c gi thnh kh t (khong 300 USD cho dung lng 32 GB) nn chng mi c s dng trong mt s loi my tnh xch tay cao cp. Trong tng lai, cc cng lai c th tch hp n vi GB dung lng b nh flash s khin s so snh gia chng vi cc cng truyn thng s tr ln khc bit hn. 3. Direct Memory Access (DMA) Cho php nh hng truyn nhn d liu trc tip n b nh h thng m khng cn thng qua CPU h thng. DMA gia tng tc truyn ti bng cch s dng b iu khin DMA qun l d liu truyn nhn nhanh hn nhiu so vi vic iu khin thng qua CPU. H iu hnh cn phi ci t cc driver tng thch DMA trc khi s dng chc nng DMA.
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4. Bus Mastering DMA cho php card giao din, hoc b iu khin cng qun l s truyn nhn d liu t cng trc tip n b nh chnh ca h thng. Nhng nh sn xut bo mch ch cung cp cc driver ca bus mastering h tr iu khin DMA bi cc card giao din (b iu khin) tng thch vi bus mastering. 5. Ultra DMA (UDMA) L phin bn cui cng ca giao thc ATA Bus Mastering DMA. N nng tc truyn ti ca ATA bus t 16.6 Mgbyte/s ln 33 Mgbyte/s. Cng ngh ATA/ATAPI 4 c kh nng kim tra li nhm m bo tnh ton vn cho d liu tc cao. Cn phi lu l chun giao thc SCSI Ultra 2 cng s dng mt giao thc bus Mastering DMA mi, cho nn i khi ngi ta cng quy n vo l Ultra DMA. 6. cng th rn SDD ca Intel Ngy 10/9/2008, ti California, Intel bt u xut xng cng th rn SDD SATA ph thng Intel X18-M v Intel X25-M s dng cng ngh flash NAND cell a cp (MLC) dnh cho cc my tnh bn v my tnh xch tay. X18-M l mt cng 1,8 inch cn X25-M l cng 2,5 inch. Do khng c cc thnh phn chuyn ng, cng th rn SSD chy m v mt hn so vi cng truyn thng. Ngoi ra, cng th rn SSD cn loi b hin tng tht c chai v hiu sut hot ng I/O thng xut hin trong nhng a cng HDD, gip ti a ha hiu qu hot ng ca cc b vi x l ca Intel, nh h sn phm Core ca Intel. Cc th nghim trong phng th nghim cho thy X18-M v X25M ca Intel nng cao hiu sut hot ng h thng lu tr ln 9 ln so vi hiu sut hot ng ca cc a cng truyn thng.
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Cc cng th rn ph thng SSD SATA Intel X18-M v X25-M hin c mt trn th trng vi dung lng 80GB, cc phin bn c dung lng 160GB s c th nghim vo qu 4 nm nay. Phin bn 80GB c kh nng t tc c ti 250MB/giy v tc ghi t ti 70MB/giy cng tr cho vic c d liu l 85 phn triu giy, mang li hiu sut hot ng cao. Phin bn 80GB cho khi lng 1.000 n v sn phm. Nhng cng th rn SSD ny hin ang c mt trn th trng v theo d kin, cc sn phm dnh cho ngi tiu dng cui s dng cng th rn SSD SATA hiu sut cao ca Intel ny s bt u xut xng trong mt vi tun ti. Intel cng d kin gii thiu mt dng cng th rn SSD cell n cp (SLC) cho cc my ch, thit b lu tr v mi trng doanh nghip trong vng 90 ngy ti. Vi tn gi cng th rn Intel X25-E Extreme SATA Solid-State Drive, nhng sn phm ny c thit k nhm ti a ha Hiu sut I/O trn mi giy (IOPS), c ngha l hiu sut hot ng s cao hn v cc chi ph vn hnh ca doanh nghip s thp hn. Do cc cng th rn SSD s h thp kh nng tiu th in, chi ph bo tr, cc chi ph lm mt v din tch khng gian h thng, nn mt trung tm d liu s dng cng th rn SSD s gim cc chi ph c s h tng tng th ng thi nng cao hiu sut hot ng trn mi mt vung ln ti 50 ln. VI. Cc chun giao tip ca HDD
1. ST-506/412 Tiu chun giao tip c pht trin bi hng Seagate v c s dng vo thi k nhng my IBM s khai. 2. Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI): L mt chun thay th cho ST-506/412. Chun ST-506/412 v ESDI l rt kh chu vi cng v phi cn b iu khin ring bit. Nhng chun ny khng ch n thun khc bit ch dung lng m n c th truy xut c m cn l tc ca chng. V d ST-506/412 c th truyn i khong 5-7.5 megabit/giy trong khi EIDE c th truyn i n 16.6 megabit/giy.
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3. Intergrated Drive Electronics (IDE): Giao din b iu khin cng kt hp vi b iu khin in t trn board ca cng. Cng IDE thng thng thc hin phng thc truyn ti d liu song song. u im ca vic truyn ti song song so vi truyn ti ni tip trong ch trc y l tc cao, cng mt lc bn c th gi i nhiu bit d liu. Tuy nhin im yu chnh ca n li l vn tp m nhiu. Do c nhiu dy dn cng c s dng (t nht l mt cho mi bit c gi), nn dy ny s gy xuyn nhiu sang dy khc. y chnh l l do ti sao ATA66 v cc a cng cao hn cn n mt loi cp c bit ln n 80 dy. S khc bit gia cp 80 dy v cp 40 dy thng thng l ch cp 80 dy c cc dy t nm gia cc dy truyn tn hiu, mc ch ca dy t nm gia cc dy truyn tn hiu l gim s xuyn nhiu gia chng. Tc truyn ti d liu hin hnh i vi chun parallel IDE l 133 MB/s (ATA/133).
Mt tip xc ca cng chun IDE

4. Extended Intergrated Drive Electronics (EIDE): Chun ny cn c gi l Enhance IDE, l mt chun giao tip gip cho b iu khin cng c th kt ni kh nhiu thit b lu tr ( cng dung lng ln, CD-ROM v bng t) vi my tnh. EIDE l mt bc pht trin ca chun IDE...
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Mt trong nhng cng chun EIDE
5. Serial ATA (SATA) L mt chun a cng c to nhm mc ch thay th cho giao din parallel ATA vn c bit n vi tn IDE. SATA c tc t truyn ti khong 150MB/s hoc 300 MB/s so vi tc ti a 133 MB/s trong cc cng ngh trc y.
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SATA cho php truyn ti theo ch ni tip. Trc kia chng ta thng cho rng truyn dn ni tp bao gi cng cho tc thp hn truyn dn song song. Tuy nhin vn ny ch ng nu chng ta s dng cng mt tc clock. Trong trng hp ny, truyn dn song song s c tc ti thiu nhanh hn ti 8 ln, v n c kh nng truyn ti thiu 8 bit (mt byte) trong mt chu k, trong khi ch c mt bit c truyn dn trn mt chu k vi truyn dn song song. Tuy vy, nu s dng tc clock cao hn trong khi truyn ti th n c th nhanh hn truyn dn song song. chnh l nhng g m Serial ATA thc hin. Vn trong vic tng tc truyn ti song song l vic tng tc clock, khi tc clock cng cao th s cng c nhiu vn pht sinh nh xuyn nhiu t trng chng hn. Do truyn dn ni tip s dng ch mt dy dn truyn ti d liu nn n s gim c vn v tp m nhiu, chnh v vy c th cho php n s dng tc clock rt cao.
Tc truyn ti ca chun Serial ATA l 1.500 Mbps. V n s dng 8B/10B coding mi nhm 8 bit c m ha thnh mt s 10-bit nn tc clock hiu qu ca n l 150 MB/s. Cc thit b Serial ATA chy vi tc chun ny gi l SATA-150. Serial ATA II cung cp mt s tnh nng mi nh Native Command Queuing (NCQ), cng vi tc truyn ti cao hn 300 MB/s. Cc thit b c th hot ng vi tc ny c gi l SATA-300. Chun k tp c pht hnh s l SATA-600. SATA II v SATA-300 hon ton khng phi l ng ngha. Mt chun c th xy dng mt thit b ch chy vi tc 150 MB/s nhng li s dng cc tnh nng mi c cung cp bi SATA II, v d nh NCQ chng hn. Thit b ny s l SATA II, mc d n khng hot ng tc 300 MB/s.
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Native Command Queuing (NCQ) cho php tng hiu sut a cng bng cch sp xp li cc lnh gi bi my tnh. Nu bo mch ch ca bn c cc cng SATA II c h tr NCQ th bn nn mua mt a cng c h tr NCQ. Cn lu rng Serial ATA c hai ng dn d liu tch bit, mt cho truyn d liu v mt cho nhn d liu. Trn cc thit k song song, ch c mt ng dn d liu, ng dn ny s chia s cho c vic truyn v nhn d liu. Cp Serial ATA gm c hai cp dy (mt cho truyn v mt cho nhn) bng cch s dng cch thc truyn dn khc. 3 dy t cng c s dng v vy cp Serial ATA c n 7 dy.
Mt u im khc trong vic s dng truyn ti ni tip l s dng t hn s lng dy cn thit. Cc cng Parallel IDE s dng cc u cm 40-chn v cp 80-dy. Trong khi cc cng Serial ATA ch s dng u cm 7 chn v cp 7 dy. iu ny gip ch rt nhiu n kha cnh ta nhit ca my tnh, v s dng nhiu cp mng hn s lm cho khng kh lu thng bn trong case ca my tnh c d dng hn. Trong cc hnh di y, bn c th so snh Serial ATA vi parallel IDE: cp Serial ATA trng ra sao v kch thc ca n so vi IDE 80-dy nh th no v s so snh v kha cnh vt l ca cng Serial ATA (mu trong hnh 3) vi cng parallel IDE (mu xanh trong hnh 3).
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a IDE chun c chuyn i thnh Serial ATA thng qua mt adaptor Jumper SATA-150/SATA-300
Cc u kt ni ngun Serial ATA trn cc b ngun ATX12V
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6. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) cng SCSI l cng c tc nhanh nht trong cc chun cng bi v b iu khin SCSI (hoc host adapter) c CPU ring qun l vic truyn nhn d liu v cng vic ca cc thit b lin quan m khng cn s gip ca CPU chnh ca h thng. H thng ca bn s chy nhanh hn rt nhiu do CPU chnh khng cn phi quan tm n vic truyn ti m dnh sc cho cc cng vic khc (y l do chnh khin cho cc thit b chun SCSI lun lun t tin hn cc chun khc).
Mt trong nhng cng chun SCSI

Thm na l cng SCSI khng cn phn bo v v khng mc phi li dch sector (iu cho n by gi vn mc phi trn cng EIDE). Bn cnh , tuy rng CD-ROM c th s dng chun EIDE, SCSI v mt s chun khc nhng card adapter (tip hp - iu phi) dnh cho nhiu CD-ROM s dng mt tp hp chun SCSI sao cho ch thuc mt thit b duy nht.
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Mt loi cng chun SCSI
7. Ch khc bit gia SCSI v EIDE Ngoi mt im khc bit kh r c trnh by phn trn cn im sau: SCSI th hin sc mnh qua vic cho php mt lot thit b c th khai thc mt ng bus trong cng mt thi im v khng cn s dng bus nu thit b khng yu cu. y l mt im rt li th ca SCSI! Tri li so vi SCSI th EIDE chia thnh 2 knh bao gm Primary v Secondary v hai knh ny s dng hai ng bus khc nhau. Tuy nhin trong mi knh EIDE li chia thnh 2 cp Master v Slaver cho 2 thit b c gn cng mt cp trn mt knh. V c 2 thit b ch c php s dng 1 ng bus m EIDE li khng c kh nng cho php nhiu thit b cng s dng 1 ng bus trong cng mt lc nn cc thit b ny s tun t ln lt c cp php s dng bus. y l mt im rt hn ch ca EIDE c bit nu bn gn cng chung vi CD-ROM trn cng 1 knh th tc s gim i rt nhiu. L do nh sau: CD-ROM c tc rt
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chm, nh vy thi gian m CD_ROM s dng ng bus s rt lu t vic cp quyn s dng cho cng s b hn ch dn n tc ca my chm hn i. y cng l l do gii thch vic ngi ta vn khuyn bn nn gn cng ca mnh vo knh Primary, cn CD-ROM th vo knh Secondary, v nu c t 2 c cng tr ln th tt nht l nn gn cc cng c tc tng ng vi nhau trn cng 1 knh. Ngoi ra chun SCSI cn c nhiu kiu khc nhau: loi 8 bit th cn cp 50 si, loi 16 bit th cn cp 68 si (SCSI m rng). Nhp (clock) c th l 5 MHz (SCSI 1), 10MHz (FAST SCSI), 20 MHz (Fast20 ultra SCSI), 40 MHz (Ultra 2-SCSI) hoc 80Mhz (Ultra 3-SCSI).
Sau y l bng thng k kh nng truyn dn d liu ca chun SCSI: SCSI Bus Clock - 8 bit 50 si - 16 bit 68 si - (m rng) 5 MHz (SCSI 1) - 5 Mgbyte/s - Khng h tr 10MHz (Fast SCSI) - 10 Mgbyte/s - 20 Mgbyte/s 20MHz(Ultra SCSI) - 20 Mgbyte/s - 40 Mgbtye/s 40Mhz (Ultra2 SCSI) - 40 Mgbyte/s - 80 Mgbyte/s 80MHz(Ultra SCSI) - 80 Mgbyte/s - 160 Mgbyte/s VII. nh dng phn vng
1. FAT a. Khi nim FAT (File Allocation Table) l bng nh v File trn a , bng ny lit k tun t s th t ca cc cluster dnh cho file lu tr trn a. Cluster l mt nhm cc sector lin k nhau (cn gi l lin cung). S lng sector c trong mt Cluster l do h iu hnh p t cho tng loi a c dung lng thch hp. a mm thng c nhm 2 sector thnh mt cluster. Vi a cng, s sector trong mt cluster c th l 4 , 8,16, 32 ... Khi FAT ch nh Cluster no dnh cho file th ton b cc sector trong cluster b file chim gi k c khi trong thc t file ch nm trn mt vi sector u ca Cluster, cn cc sector sau b trng. R rng ta thy s sector trong mt cluster cng nhiu th tnh trng lng ph cc sector b trng m file chim s cng ln.
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b. Phn loi FAT12 FAT12 c dng cho a mm, a c dung lng t 32MB tr xung. FAT12 s dng 12 bit m nn ch c kh nng qun l cc a c dung lng thp hn 32Mb vi s lng cluster thp. FAT16 Vi h iu hnh MS-DOS, h thng tp tin FAT (FAT16 phn bit vi FAT32) c cng b vo nm 1981 a ra mt cch thc mi v vic t chc v qun l tp tin trn a cng, a mm. Tuy nhin, khi dung lng a cng ngy cng tng nhanh, FAT16 bc l nhiu hn ch. Vi khng gian a ch 16 bit, FAT16 ch h tr n 65.536 lin cung (cluster) trn mt partition, gy ra s lng ph dung lng ng k (n 50% dung lng i vi nhng a cng trn 2 GB). FAT32 c gii thiu trong phin bn Windows 95 Service Pack 2 (OSR 2), c xem l phin bn m rng ca FAT16. Do s dng khng gian a ch 32 bit nn FAT32 h tr nhiu cluster trn mt partition hn, do vy khng gian a cng c tn dng nhiu hn. Ngoi ra vi kh nng h tr kch thc ca phn vng t 2GB ln 2TB v chiu di ti a ca tn tp tin c m rng n 255 k t lm cho FAT16 nhanh chng b lng qun. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca FAT32 l tnh bo mt v kh nng chu li (Fault Tolerance) khng cao. c. So snh gia FAT12, FAT16 v FAT32 FAT12 Nh pht trin Microsoft Bng cp pht tp tin Tn y (Phin bn 12-bit) (Phin bn 16-bit) Gii thiu bi (Phin bn 32-bit) FAT16 FAT32
1977 (Microsoft thng 7 1988 (MS-DOS thng 8 1996 (Windows Disk BASIC) 4.0) 95 OSR2) 0x0C (MBR) 0x04, 0x06, 0x0E (MBR) 0x0B, EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433
Partition identifier 0x01 (MBR)
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-87C0-68B6B72699C7 (GPT) Cu trc Cu trc th mc nh v tp tin Gii hn Kch thc tp tin 2MBMiB ti a S lng ti a cc 4,096 tp tin 2 GiB 4 GiB bng Danh sch lin kt
65,536
268,435,437
di tn tp tin 8.3 hoc 255 k t ty theo h iu hnh ti a 2 4 GiB with implementations GiB some 2 TiB
Kch thc phn 32 MiB vng ti a
2. NTFS a. Khi nim NTFS l vit tt ca New Technology File System (H thng tp tin cng ngh mi), c gii thiu cng vi phin bn Windows NT u tin (phin bn ny cng h tr FAT32). Vi khng gian a ch 64 bit, kh nng thay i kch thc ca cluster c lp vi dung lng a cng, NTFS hu nh loi tr c nhng hn ch v s cluster, kch thc ti a ca tp tin trn mt phn vng a cng. H thng file NTFS c kh nng hot ng cao v c chc nng t sa cha. Nh c tnh nng lu gi li cc thng tin x l, NTFS c kh nng phc hi file cao hn trong nhng trng hp a c s c. N h tr ch bo mt mc file, nn v kim nh. N cng h tr cc a ln v cc gii php lu tr mnh m nh RAID.
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NTFS s dng bng qun l tp tin MFT (Master File Table) thay cho bng FAT (File Allocation Table) quen thuc nhm tng cng kh nng lu tr, tnh bo mt cho tp tin v th mc, kh nng m ha d liu n tng tp tin. Ngoi ra, NTFS c kh nng chu li cao, cho php ngi dng ng mt ng dng cht (not responding) m khng lm nh hng n nhng ng dng khc. Tuy nhin, NTFS li khng thch hp vi nhng a c dung lng thp (di 400 MB) v khng s dng c trn a mm. b. Cu trc NTFS NTFS hin c cc phin bn: v1.0, v1.1, v1.2 cc phin bn Windows NT 3.51 v 4, v3.0 phin bn Windows 2000, v3.1 cc phin bn Windows XP v Windows Server 2003. Ring Windows XP v Windows Server 2003 cn h tr cc phin bn v4.0, v5.0, v5.1.
Cu trc
Cu trc th mc
B+ Tree
Gii hn
Kch thc tp tin
L thuyt l 16 EiB nhng thc t hin nay l 16 TiB
S lng tp tin
4,294,967,295 (232 1)
di ti a ca tn tp tin
255 k t
Kch thc ti a ca a
L thuyt l 16 EiB trn thc t l 256 TiB
3. So snh gia FAT32 v NTFS NTFS l h thng file tin tin hn rt nhiu so vi FAT32. N c y cc c tnh ca h thng file hin i v FAT32 khng h c. Nn dng NTFS thay th cho FAT32 v cc l do sau: - FAT32 khng h tr cc tnh nng bo mt nh phn quyn qun l, m ho.. nh NTFS. Vn ny c bit hiu qu i vi Windows. Vi NTFS, bn c th khng cn s dng cc tin ch m ho hay t mt khu giu th mc v.v, v y l c tnh c sn
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ca NTFS, ch cn bn bit khai thc. Vic xi cc tin ch khng nm sn trong h iu hnh thao tc trc tip vi a vn c t nhiu ri ro. - FAT32 c kh nng phc hi v chu li rt km so vi NTFS. C mt s kin cho rng NTFS khng tng thch nhiu vi cc chng trnh kim tra a hay sa a m ngi dng quen thuc t lu, nh vy s v cng bt tin trong trng hp a b h sector. Nn yn tm v NTFS l h thng file c kh nng ghi li c cc hot ng m h iu hnh v ang thao tc trn d liu, n c kh nng xc nh c ngay nhng file b s c m khng cn phi qut li ton b h thng file, gip qu trnh phc hi d liu tr nn tin cy v nhanh chng hn. y l u im m FAT 32 hon ton khng c. Khi m mt in t ngt th Windows 98, 2000, XP u phi qut li a khi khi ng li nu a c format bng chun FAT32. Trong khi format a cng bng NTFS th li hon ton khng cn qut a li, bi v h thng dng NTFS c c nhng thng tin v tnh ton vn d liu ghi trn a v n mt rt t thi gian bit c v mt logic a ca mnh c li hay khng v nu c th h thng cng t phc hi mt cch cc k n gin v nhanh chng. Vi FAT32 th n phi r qut ton b lu hn nhiu. Mt h thng Windows 2000, XP s n nh hn nhiu nu ci trn phn vng c format bng NTFS. Ngoi ra NTFS cn c trang b cng c kim tra v sa a rt tt ca Microsoft. - NTFS c kh nng truy cp v x l file nn ngon lnh ht nh truy cp vo cc file cha nn, iu ny khng ch tit kim c a cng m cn gia tng c tui th ca a cng. - Nhiu ngi phn nn rng khng th truy cp vo cc a cng c format bng NTFS khi ang DOS, Windows 98 hoc WinME Thc ra th DOS, Windows 98 v Windows ME qu c v cc phn mm cn hu dng ca chng cng khng cn bao nhiu. - NTFS t c quota s dng cho ngi dng, v cng tin dng cho cc h thng my cng ty. c bit tin dng khi m thm cm c con ci sao chp nhng phim nh c hi vo cc th mc b mt ca chng trong a cng. Ngoi ra, NTFS cn c rt nhiu tin ch tuyt chiu chuyn su khc cho gii ngi dng cao cp khc nh mount partition, to hard link ti mt file, h tr dng RAID v.v - Nu bn thc s quyt nh chn NTFS lm duyn giai ngu th bn c th t b hn FAT 32 k t nay. Hin c rt nhiu tin ch chuyn i t FAT 32 sang NTFS ty bn la chn. Tin hn c l dng b tin ch c sn trong cc a CD khi ng bng Hirenboot ang rt ph bin hin nay. Tuy th, FAT32 vn cn t ra hu dng trn cc my tnh cu hnh qu yu t, ch c th chy c Windows 98. FAT16 v FAT32 vn c dng nh dng cho cc loi th nh, v cc thit b chp nhn th nh nh my nh s, my nghe nhc vn cha thy loi no tng thch vi NTFS c. FAT16 lun l la chn hng u khi bn mun copy d liu ca mnh t mt my tnh chy Windows sang my chy h iu hnh khc nh Mac chng hn. Hu ht cc my Mac hin nay u khng th nhn dng cc th nh USB c nh dng bng FAT 32.
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VIII.
Thng s v c tnh 1. Dung lng
Dung lng a cng (Disk capacity) l mt thng s thng c ngi s dng ngh n u tin, l c s cho vic so snh, u t v nng cp. Ngi s dng lun mong mun s hu cc a cng c dung lng ln nht c th theo tm chi ph ca h m c th khng tnh n cc thng s khc. Dung lng a cng c tnh bng: (s byte/sector) (s sector/track) (s cylinder) (s u c/ghi). Dung lng ca a cng tnh theo cc n v dung lng c bn thng thng: byte, kB MB, GB, TB. Theo thi quen trong tng thi k m ngi ta c th s dng n v no, trong thi im nm 2007 ngi ngi ta thng s dng GB. Ngy nay dung lng a cng t tm n v TB nn rt c th trong tng lai theo thi quen, ngi ta s tnh theo TB. a s cc hng sn xut u tnh dung lng theo cch c li (theo cch tnh 1 GB = 1000 MB m thc ra phi l 1 GB = 1024 MB) nn dung lng m h iu hnh (hoc cc phn mm kim tra) nhn ra ca a cng thng thp hn so vi dung lng ghi trn nhn a (v d a cng 40 GB thng ch t khong 37-38 GB). 2. Tc quay ca a cng Tc quay ca a cng thng c k hiu bng rpm (vit tt ca t ting Anh: revolutions per minute) s vng quay trong mt pht. Tc quay cng cao th cng lm vic nhanh do chng thc hin c/ghi nhanh hn, thi giam tm kim thp. Cc tc quay thng dng thng l:

3.600 rpm: Tc ca cc a cng a th h trc. 4.200 rpm: Thng s dng vi cc my tnh xch tay mc gi trung bnh v thp trong thi im 2007. 5.400 rpm: Thng dng vi cc a cng 3,5 sn xut cch y 2-3 nm; vi cc a cng 2,5 cho cc my tnh xch tay hin nay chuyn sang tc 5400 rpm p ng nhu cu c/ghi d liu nhanh hn. 7.200 rpm: Thng dng vi cc a cng sn xut trong thi gian hin ti (2007) 10.000 rpm, 15.000 rpm: Thng s dng cho cc a cng trong cc my tnh c nhn cao cp, my trm v cc my ch c s dng giao tip SCSI
3. Cc thng s v thi gian trong a cng Thi gian tm kim trung bnh
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Thi gian tm kim trung bnh (Average Seek Time) l khong thi gian trung bnh (theo mili giy: ms) m u c c th di chuyn t mt cylinder ny n mt cylinder khc ngu nhin ( v tr xa chng). Thi gian tm kim trung bnh c cung cp bi nh sn xut khi h tin hnh hng lot cc vic th vic c/ghi cc v tr khc nhau ri chia cho s ln thc hin c kt qu thng s cui cng. Thng s ny cng thp cng tt. Thi gian tm kim trung bnh khng kim tra bng cc phn mm bi cc phn mm khng can thip c su n cc hot ng ca a cng. Thi gian truy cp ngu nhin Thi gian truy cp ngu nhin (Random Access Time): L khong thi gian trung bnh a cng tm kim mt d liu ngu nhin. Tnh bng mili giy (ms). y l tham s quan trng do chng nh hng n hiu nng lm vic ca h thng, do ngi s dng nn quan tm n chng khi la chn gia cc a cng. Thng s ny cng thp cng tt. Tham s: Cc a cng sn xut gn y (2007) c thi gian truy cp ngu nhin trong khong: 5 n 15 ms. Thi gian lm vic tin cy Thi gian lm vic tin cy MTBF: (Mean Time Between Failures) c tnh theo gi (hay c th hiu mt cch n thun l tui th ca a cng). y l khong thi gian m nh sn xut d tnh a cng hot ng n nh m sau thi gian ny a cng c th s xut hin li (v khng m bo tin cy). Mt s nh sn xut cng b a cng ca h hot ng vi tc 10.000 rpm vi tham s: MTBF ln ti 1 triu gi, hoc vi a cng hot ng tc 15.000 rpm c gi tr MTBF n 1,4 triu gi th nhng thng s ny ch l kt qu ca cc tnh ton trn l thuyt. Hy hnh dung s nm m n hot ng tin cy (khi chia thng s MTBF cho (24 gi/ngy 365 ngy/nm) s thy rng n c th di hn lch s ca bt k hng sn xut a cng no, do ngi s dng c th khng cn quan tm n thng s ny. 4. B nh m B nh m (cache hoc buffer) trong a cng cng ging nh RAM ca my tnh, chng c nhim v lu tm d liu trong qu trnh lm vic ca a cng. ln ca b nh m c nh hng ng k ti hiu sut hot ng ca a cng bi vic c/ghi khng xy ra tc thi (do ph thuc vo s di chuyn ca u c/ghi, d liu c truyn ti hoc i) s c t tm trong b nh m. n v thng bnh bng kB hoc MB.
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Trong thi im nm 2007, dung lng b nh m thng l 2 hoc 8 MB cho cc loi a cng dung lng n khong 160 GB, vi cc a cng dng lng ln hn chng thng s dng b nh m n 16 MB hoc cao hn. B nh m cng ln th cng tt, nhng hiu nng chung ca a cng s chng li mt gi tr b nh m nht nh m t b nh m c th tng ln nhng hiu nng khng tng ng k. H iu hnh cng c th ly mt phn b nh ca h thng (RAM) to ra mt b nh m lu tr d liu c ly t a cng nhm ti u vic x l i vi cc d liu thng xuyn phi truy cp, y ch l mt cch dng ring ca h iu hnh m chng khng nh hng n cch hot ng hoc hiu sut vn c ca mi loi a cng. C rt nhiu phn mm cho php tinh chnh cc thng s ny ca h iu hnh tu thuc vo s d tha RAM trn h thng.
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PHN VI H thng nhp/xut c bn Basic Input/Output Sytem (BIOS)

I. nh ngha BIOS
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System - h thng nhp/xut c bn) thng c tch hp trn mainboard di dng b nh ch c nn cn c gi l ROM BIOS. Ngy nay, cc BIOS c thit k di dng Flash ROM, ngha l c th thay i ni dung mt cch linh hot bng chnh cc chng trnh do cc nh sn xut vit ra.
II.
Vai tr ca BIOS
BIOS thc ra l mt tp hp cc chng trnh nh c t ng np v gi quyn iu khin khi my tnh mi bt ln, BIOS c vai tr nh sau: - Kim tra cc thnh phn ca my tnh khi mi khi ng. Qu trnh ny gi l POSTPower Of Selt Test. POST kim tra cc thit b b nh, bo mch chnh, card mn hnh, mm, cng, bn phm, chut... xem chng c sn sng lm vic khng?
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- Chuyn giao quyn iu khin cho h iu hnh. Sau qu trnh POST, BIOS tm cung mi trn thit b khi ng (ln lt theo trnh t c quy nh trong CMOS c th l a mm, a cng, CD, card mng...). Nu thy, n s np cung mi vo b nh, n lt cung mi tm h iu hnh trn thit b nh np v trao quyn iu khin cho h iu hnh. - Sau khi h iu hnh c np, BIOS lm vic vi b x l (command.com) gip cc chng trnh phn mm truy xut cc thit b ca my tnh. Nh vy, k t khi my tnh mi bt ln cho n khi tt, BIOS lun lun hot ng v l mi trng trung gian gia phn mm v phn cng nn chi phi kh nhiu hot ng ca my. V vy m nhiu hng, (v d nh Gigabyte) cn tch hp hai BIOS trn cng mt mainboard gi l Dual BIOS, phng khi BIOS chnh (main BIOS) b hng th c backup BIOS sn sng phc v. III. Cc loi BIOS
Thng th bn vn quen bm phm Delete vo phn thit lp BIOS. Tuy nhin, ch l thao tc i vi phn ln cc my c xut x t ng Nam . cc loi my tnh khc (sn xut t M chng hn), ngi dng phi thng qua chng trnh qun l ring thay i cc thng s BIOS. Hin nay c 2 loi BIOS: - BIOS dng text. Ngi dng s di chuyn phm hng a vt sng i ti cc la chn. Nhn Enter quyt nh, Esc thot (g Y khi mun lu thay i, N l khng lu). - BIOS Win. y l loi BIOS mi c pht trin. Thay v mn hnh dng text thng thng, cc thng s hin ra trn mn hnh mu vi nhiu ca s. Ngi dng c th di chut hoc phm hng chn la.
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IV.
Thit lp BIOS
Khi vo chng trnh ny, chn Standard CMOS Setup. 1. Cc thit lp BIOS c bn
Date. y l ni khai bo ngy thng vi cc nh dng khc nhau, ty theo my. V d: mm/dd/yy l kiu ghi thng/ngy/nm. Time. C loi my yu cu dng h gi 24. Ch cn di chuyn con tr n cc v tr ca gi, pht, giy, bn c th nhp s t bn phm. Trong cc bn Windows mi, ngi dng thay i c thng s v thi gian trong Start > Control Panel > Date and Time. D BIOS dng h gi 24 nhng bn vn c th cho hin th trn khay ng h theo h gi 12 (AM/PM) bng cch thit lp trn Windows. 2. IDE Primary Master( Ch d tm thng s t ng cho cng)
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y l ni khai bo cc thng s ca cng. Nu khai bo sai, c th khng hot ng, thm ch b hng. V d, khi nhp s dung lng cao qu m tin hnh cc lnh Fdisk hay Format, thit b ny s b "". Tuy nhin, nhng BIOS i mi c pht trin thm tnh nng d tm thng s cng IDE mt cch t ng. Bn ch cn bm Enter > ti IDE HDD Auto-Detection, nhn Enter tip. Cc ch tip theo, mc nh Auto. Nu my ch c 1 cng hoc 2 chia chnh (Master), ph (Slave) th y l ni t Master. Vic khai bo ny phi ng vi cch t chn rm (jumper) trn 2 . Hin nay, cc loi i mi ch c 1 jumper cho 3 v tr: duy nht, Master v Slave (s cm chn rm in sn trn cng). Loi th h c c nhiu chn rm nn nu dng, bn phi tun theo ti liu hng dn mt cch cn thn.
IDE Primary Slave y thng l ni khai bo cng th 2 cm ch Slave. Bn cng c th nhp thng s bng tay hoc d tm t ng. Nu my khng ci ny th phn khai bo None. IDE Secondary Master Do BIOS i mi h tr cm n 4 cng, ngi dng c th lp cng th 3 v khai bo ti y. Tuy nhin, cp IDE th 2 cng c th ni c vi a phng tin (CD hoc DVD) nn y thng l ni khai bo loi ny. Cch cm jumper cho CD cng ging nh trng hp cng.
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Ng gi dng cng c th h nhp thng s bng n tay hoc ch d tm m t ng. Nu khng c c no cm dy IDE I th 2 ny, n bn trng thi t None. ID DE Seconda ary Slave y l ni khai k bo ch ho cng g th 4 hoc quan ng th 2. Mt dy ID DE c th ni 2 c ng loi ho oc 1 cng, 1 CD D, min l cch t chn rm phi tun theo lut chnh ph h. Kh hai bo mm Th hng th Drive A v Drive B dng khai bo cho c a mm. Tuy y nhin, hin nay kh hng cn nhiu ng i dng thit b va d hng, va lu c t d liu ny. Ch h Halt On Mt s PC cho c php bn "sai kh hin" BIOS S phn ng g vi cc li trong q qu trnh ki k m tra m y. All l Error: Khi chn mc ny, my y s treo khi pht hin bt c li no. Bn khng n n chn v Bios s tre eo my khi i gp li u tin v bn s kh ng th bit cc li k khc, nu c. c
o Errors: Qu Q trnh t kim tra a ca my y s c thc hin cho n k khi hon tt. My No kh hng treo d d pht hin bt c li g. Ng i dng n n chn mc ny bit b ph hn no b trc trc v v tm cch h gii quyt.
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All But Keyboard: Tt c cc li, ngoi tr bn phm. All But Diskette/Floppy: My treo vi tt c cc li, tr li a v bn phm. 3. Advanced Bios Features Cc mc trong Advanced Bios Features ca mt loi BIOS.
Virus Warning (cnh bo c virus) Phn ci t ny c ci tn "ng ngn" nht trong BIOS. Trn thc t, n khng th cho bit chng trnh no l virus, chng trnh no l "trong sch". V mt tng, khi t Enabled, Bios s bo ng v treo my nu c hnh ng vit vo boot sector (vng khi ng) hay partition ca a cng. Nhng do khng phn bit c, n ch ng vai tr d tm bt k v tt c nhng g c vit vo Master Boot Record ca a cng ri th hin cu hi trn mn hnh xem bn c ng cho chp hay khng. Do virus ph bin nht thng xm nhp boot sector nn khi ci t nh vy, bn c th hn ch s ly lan. Nhng i vi nhng chng trnh hp php khc, nhng dng thng bo khng mong mun s hin ra, khin ngi s dng bi ri. Trong trng hp ny, bn nhn vo nt Authorize thc hin. Hoc, trc khi tin hnh cc lnh nh Format hay Fdisk, hy nh vo BIOS chn Disabled cho mc ny. Ch : Do Virus Warning t ra khng hiu qu, mt s BIOS b mc ny.
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CPU L1 & L2 Cache Mt s BIOS tch ri phn ny lm 2 mc l Internal Cache v Extenal Cache. Ci t cho Cache L1 (level 1 cahe) s tt/bt cache ni trn vi x l. i vi dng chip 486 hoc v sau ny, bn nn bt v nu tt, my s gp trc trc ln. Ngi dng ch nn tt v mc ch kim tra li hoc nghi ng hot ng ca chip x l. Trn mt vi loi BIOS, bn c th thy 3 la chn: Disabled, Write Through v Write Back. Trong , Write Back s gip cho my hot ng tt nht. Ci t cho Cache L2 s tt/bt cache ngoi trn vi x l. Phn ln cc mainboard 486 hoc mi hn u c cache ny. Cng ging nh Cache L1, thit b cn c bt sut thi gian s dng v ch c tt v mc ch kim tra li. Trn mt s BIOS, bn c th thy 3 la chn Disabled, Write Through v Write Back. Trong , Write Back s gip cho my hot ng tt nht.
Ch : Cache L2 trn mt s bo mch "ch gii" b lm gi. Cch kim tra l vo BIOS tt v xem my c chy chm i hay khng. Nu my vn bnh thng, cache L2 thc khng c. Ngoi ra, mt s my cn thng bo cache L2 ny Enabled ngay c khi n b Disabled. Du hiu ny chng t BIOS b "phu thut". Quick Power On Self Test / Quick Boot/ Fast Boot Bt mc ny s khin qu trnh khi ng b qua mt s bc(nh kim tra b nh m rng nhm pht hin li) gim thi gian. Tuy nhin, khi lm nh vy, bn cng tng nguy c b st li. Nu c RAM ln, t Disabled cho mc ny l an ton nht.
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Chn th t cho thit b khi ng Ngi dng c th khi ng my t nhiu khc nhau nh cng, CD, a mm hay USB. Chn khi ng u tin l cng c u im l nhanh nhng trong trng hp a hay h iu hnh b trc trc, ngi dng c th chn li (nh CD hay USB) ci t. Swap Floppy
Tro i tn 2 a mm, khi chn mc ny bn khng cn khai bo li loi a nh khi tro bng cch t jumper trn card I/O. Seek Floppy
Nu Enable, BIOS s d tm kiu ca a mm l 80 track hay 40 track. Nu Disable, BIOS s b qua. Chn Enable lm chm thi gian khi ng v BIOS lun phi c a mm trc khi c a cng (d chn ch khi ng bng C). Boot Up Num - Lock LED
Khi dng ch ON cho phm Numlock m (n Numlock sng), nhm phm bn tay phi c dng nh s. Khi t ch OFF, nhm phm ny c dng di chuyn con tr. Gate A20 Option
A20 l dng a ch th 21 trong b nh, c iu khin bng "ch huy" ca bn phm. chipset iu khin A20 v tng cng kh nng hot ng ca my, hy chn Enabled. Rt him l do khin ngi ta tt chc nng ny. V vy, mt s dng my mi thay bng cc la chn khc l Normal v Fast ngi dng quyt nh mc lm vic ca vi x l. Typematic Rate Setting
Nu chn Enabled, bn kch hot 2 chc nng di y: Typematic Rate (Chars/Sec): Mc ny s gip bn chn s k t/giy tu theo tc nh phm nhanh hay chm. Nu thit lp thp hn tc nh th my s pht ra ting bip (v n khng chy kp). Typematic Delay (Msec): Thit lp ny iu khin kh nng lp li t ng ca bn phm, ngha l di thi gian nhn phm trc khi n bt u lp li t ng. Thng th ta t 200 - 1000 mili giy. Ch : Mt s loi bn phm cao cp tch hp chc nng tng ng. Security Option
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Phn ny dng gii hn vic s dng h thng v Bios Setup. Setup: Gii hn vic thay i Bios Setup. Khi mun vo Bios Setup bn phi nh ng mt khu quy nh trc. System/Always: Gii hn vic s dng my. Mi khi m my, BIOS lun lun hi mt khu. Nu bn khng bit mt khu hoc g sai, BIOS s khng cho php s dng my. Ch : Do cha chn mc t mt khu, bn nn Disabled. APIC Mode
Nn t Disabled v ch Enabled c th gy mt n nh cho my. V khi h iu hnh c ci t (nh Windows XP), thit lp ny khng th thay i nu bn khng ci li. Mc ch ca n l m rng s dng IRQ (Interrupt Request) - m thng bo s kin ngoi vi bt u v kt thc. MPS Version Control For OS
MPS l chun a x l ca Intel dnh thit k PC c dng vi x l Pentium. N xc nh dung lng s b nh v tn hiu ngt c chia s. Gi tr 1,1 hoc 1,4 khng th thay i cho nhau nu APIC Mode trng thi Disabled. Nhn chung, khi thit lp BIOS nng cao, ngi dng cn nghin cu k ti liu i km v yu cu ti liu ny ti ni bn hng. cc dng my khc nhau, nhng mc trn BIOS kh khc nhau. V. Nng cp BIOS 1. Cc bc nng cp a. Phi c c phn mm cp nht thch hp vi Mainboard BIOS mainboard trn th trng hin nay phn ln l BIOS ca cng ty AWARD, mt s t Mainboard s dung BIOS ca cng ty AMI v ca cng ty PHOENIX. Cc loi BIOS u c phn mm mi chuyn dng dnh cho n, hn na cng ging nh cc phn mm ng dng khc n lun lun c cc phin bn mi ra i. chc chn, cc bn ln cc web sites ca hng sn xut ti v phin bn mi nht hoc vo trang www.mydrivers.com tm cho thch hp. i vi BIOS AWARD m ni th phn mm cp nht BIOS tng ng l awdflash.exe, i vi BIOS AMI th phn mm tng ng l amiflash.exe. Tuy vy, c mt s hng cn yu cu s dng phn mm cp nht chuyn dng c cung cp theo Mainboard, tuyt i khng c dng ln ln vi nhau. b. Tm file BIOS phin bn mi nht s dng cho Mainboard
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Ni chung cc hng sn xut Mainboard ln u nh k tung ra cc file BIOS phin bn mi dng gii quyt cc vn tng thch ca mainboard trong ng dng thc t nhm thch ng vi cc h iu hnh v cc phn cng mi. Cc file BIOS l mt file d liu c ui l *.bin. Cc bn nn ti v cc file ny trang ch ca cc hng sn xut Mainboard, khng nn ty tin ti v cc trang khc, l xy ra vn g th hi hn cng mun. chp khng c nhm ln. c.
Lu : khi ti cc file ny phi ti ng phin bn, s serial, ng kiu mainboard. Khi

Lm mt a chuyn dng nng cp
Nng cp BIOS phi c thc hin trong trng thi DOS thc ( real DOS ) bi v khi khi ng Windows s c 1 s chng trnh khi ng v ng dng lin quan. Nng cp BIOS trong mi trng ny mt mt s xy ra trng hp l nh b nh trong khng , mt khc s do s can thip ca cc phn cng a n vic nng cp tht bi. V th, phng php tt nht l dng mt a mm khi ng ch DOS. Ch a mm ny nht nh phi l a mm khi ng sch, khng c 2 file autoexec.abt v config.sys ( nu c cng c nhng phi l ni dung trng). Sau khi lm cho a mm ny khi ng c bng lnh format A: /S th copy file nh phn cha ni dung BIOS mi v file dng tc ng vo BIOS ( VD : awdflash.exe ) vo a mm. Nh vy l lm xong a chuyn dng nng cp BIOS.
Lu : phi kim tra a mm ny khng b li vt l trnh phin phc v sau.

d. Ci t flash ROM trng thi c th ghi vo Trn mt s mainboard c 1 ci jump dng ci t trng thi read only/write ca BIOS. iu ny ch yu l nhm phng nga s ph hoi ca virus CIH. Do trc khi nng cp BIOS, bn phi ci t cho ci jump ny v v tr write. Ngoi ra trn mt s main board th tnh nng ny c thit lp bng thng s trong chng trnh BIOS. Tip theo, bn vo trong giao din ci t BIOS, mc chn CMOS Chipset Feature Setup ci t 2 thng s System Bios Cacheable v Video Cacheable l Disabled qu trnh cp nht BIOS khng gp tr ngi. e. Tin hnh nng cp BIOS Trn thc t, thi gian cn thit nng cp BIOS khong 40 giy nhng thi gian ny c tm quan trng rt ln, hng main board khng phi l chuyn nh v a phn u ri vo trong thi khc quan trng ny. Cc bn ln u tin nng cp BIOS nht nh phi hiu r cc bc di y. y mnh tm ly Award BIOS lm v d c th. Dng a chuyn dng to khi ng my tnh trng thi DOS thc. Cng c bn mun khi ng t a cng nhng ti khng khuyn khch v bit u trn a cng nhim virus. Chy chng trnh awdflash.exe trn a mm. Chng trnh s kim tra v hin th version hin thi ca BIOS v cc thng tin lin quan. Trong phn File name to
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Program bn a vo tn ca file nh phn cn cp nht version mi cho BIOS, Enter xc nhn. Chng trnh s hi bn c cn lu li BIOS c khng, li khuyn ca ti dnh cho cc bn l nn lu li cho an ton v bit u chng ta s gp s c ng tic trong qu trnh thc hin. Sau khi g vo Y xc nhn lu file BIOS c, t mt tn mi cho file ( nn t tn trng vi version ca BIOS c cho d nh ). Lc ny, chng trnh s lu file vo a mm, bn hy kin nhn ch cho qu trnh hon tt ri mi thc hin tip. Sau khi hon tt vic lu BIOS c, chng trnh yu cu bn xc nhn xem bn c tht s mun i mi BIOS hin ti hay khng. Sau khi xc nhn Y cng vic nng cp BIOS chnh thc bt u. y c th l khong thi gian kinh khng nht. Lc ny bn phi ngi cu nguyn cho ng b cp in v nu nh vy th BIOS ca bn s b hng hon ton. Nu c iu kin th bn nn trang b UPS nhm hn ch ri ro trong thi khc ny. Trong qu trnh nng cp BIOS, chng ta c th nhn thy 1 dy ng tin nhp nhy khng ngng v ko di ra pha sau. y l thanh hin th qu trnh v tc vic nng cp. Khong 30 giy th qu trnh nng cp BIOS s hon thnh, rt nhanh phi khng cc bn. Tip theo chng trnh s yu cu bn chn F1 khi ng li my tnh hay F10 quay tr v DOS. n y bn nn chn F1 khi ng li my tnh. n y, nu my tnh khi ng bnh thng th bn c quyn th pho nh nhm, cng vic hon tt. Bn lu ngy v version ca BIOS khi khi ng, nu c thay i l xong. Bn vo giao din setup CMOS ci t li cc thng s l c. f. Thit lp li trng thi Read Only cho BIOS
y l qu trnh nn lm ng c CIH khng cn ng ph hoi BIOS c. Cc bn ng qun bc ny khi phi hi hn v sau. Trn y l cc bc c bn nng cp BIOS cho Mainboard. Tuy nhin y cng l mt thao tc nng cp cc k nguy him, nu khng cn thn s gy nn hu qu kh lng. Do bn nn thm vo mt s tham s lin quan cn thit khi cp nht BIOS tht bi, ch cn khng hng cm dn ng Boot Block trong BIOS l c th p dng phng php sa cha cu vn tnh th. CC THAM S CA FILE AWDFLASH.EXE /? Hin th gip ( Help ) /PY T ng hon thnh nhim v cp nht BIOS /sy T ng lu tr d liu BIOS c vo file /sb Khi cp nht BIOS buc phi nhy qua module Boot Block /cp Sau khi cp nht BIOS th va cm va s dng ngay PnP (ESCD)
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/cd Sau khi cp nht BIOS th lm sch d liu DMI /cc Sau khi cp nht BIOS th cp nht d liu CMOS /R Sau khi kt thc cp nht BIOS, t ng khi ng li. /Pn Khng chy chng trnh nng cp. /sn Khng lu tr d liu BIOS /sd Lu tr d liu DMI vo file /cks Khi cp nht BIOS, hin th qu trnh i chiu d liu trong file lu tr /tiny Ch chim dng t ROM /E Sau khi cp nht BIOS, t ng quay tr li DOS /F Khi cp nht, s dng li file d liu BIOS c 2. X l sau khi nng cp tht bi Do nng cp Bios c tnh mo him nht nh cho nn cc cng ty sn xut phn cng thng khng chu trch nhim v hu qu xu do nng cp Bios gy ra. Trc khi nng cp, cc bn nn xem xt tht k lng v cn nhc cn thn. Tht bi y ch yu l sau khi nng cp, h thng khng th khi ng c, c bit l khng c tn hiu hin th. Lc ny, cc bn cng khng nn bi quan, chng ta vn cn mt s cch cu vn tnh hnh. Cc bn c th p dng mt trong cc phng php sau khi phc Bios b hng. a. Phng php th nht : thay chp Bios mi Phng php ny xem ra c v tng i nh nhng nhng khi thc hin s ny sinh mt s kh khn nht nh. Khi , cc bn phi tm s gip ca cc hng sn xut. Tuy nhin khng phi hng sn xut main board no cng sn sng h tr cho chng ta trong trng hp hng main board do qu trnh nng cp Bios gy ra. Cho d h c ng a cho chng ta 1 con chip Bios mi th nc xa khng cu c la gn . Tuy vy cng khng phi l ht cch, cc bn c th mua 1 con chip Bios cha ghi d liu, hi mn ca bn b hay nhng ngi c loi main board ging nh ca chng ta con chip Bios ri em nh nhng ni c phng tin ghi ROM sao chp chng. Phng php ny cng hi kh thc hin v trn th trng c rt nhiu chng loi main board khc nhau. b. Phng php th hai : li dng Boot Block khi phc C mt s main board, thng l cc main board dng chp Bios ca Award c mt khi dn ng ( Boot Block ). Khi nng cp Bios th vn cn c bo tn. Cng c mt s main board khi nng cp Bios s hi chng ta c mun ghi vo vng dn ng ny hay khng ( Update Bios Including Boot Block and ESCD ). cho chc n th thng
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chng ta chn No trong cc trng hp ny phng khi bt trc xy ra. Chng ta c th li dng n khi phc Bios c trong trng hp xu nht xy ra. Boot Block trong Bios ch h tr nhng phn cng c bn nht nh a mm v VGA card loi ISA. Trong trng hp VGA cars ca bn l AGP hay PCI th chng ta ch c th lm liu m thi. Nu bn khng nm vng thao tc cng c th lm sn 1 a khi phc khn cp nh sau : copy 2 files awdflash.exe v *.bin, to file autoexec.bat vi ni dung nh sau : A:\awdflash.exe *.bin /sn/py. Trong , file *.bin l file Bios c, tham s /sn v /py mnh ni r cc bn nn xem li bi trc. Cc bn cng cn phi lu 1 iu l chng trnh adwflash.exe sau phin bn 7.0 hin nay mc nhin tha nhn vic cp nht lun c phn Boot Block cho nn cc bn nn dng tham s /sb trong qu trnh nng cp Bios b qua Block ny. C th ni y chnh l tuyt chiu ca Bios Award. c. Phng php th ba : y cng l phng php mo him nht. y chnh l cm rt nng Thng c mt s cao th tin hnh sa cha Bios choi main board bng cch cm, rt nng chp. Ch yu l tm 1 main board ging nh ci main board b h Bios, sau g con chip Bios ang hot ng cm vo main c Bios b h. Dng a mm khi ng, vn nguyn ngun cung cp in cho main board, dng mt dng c tho chp g chp Bios tt ra ri cm chip Bios b hng vo. Dng chng trnh awdflash.exe khi phc li chip Bios. Mun thc hin phng php ny th trong mc Bios Features Setup bn phi Enable tt c cc phn nh x ROM m im mu cht nht l mc System Bios Cacheable ca CMOS Setup phi l Enable. Lc ny m chng trnh ngun ca chip Bios tt c nh x hon ton vo RAM. Khi h iu hnh s c ni dung ca Bios t trong RAM h tr s vn hnh ca my tnh, h thng khng xy ra s ri lon no mc d khi ta cm con chip Bios hng vo v rt chip Bios tt ra khi my. d. Phng php th t : dng b lp trnh ghi vo chip Phng php ny l phng php ng tin cy nht nhng li khng dnh cho cc tay m. Cc bn c th dng phng php ny bn p dng gn ging nh phng php th nht. Nhc im ca phng php ny l bn phi c b c ghi chip tng ng ( khng phi ai cng c th c c ) v phi c 1 th vin file nh phn cha ni dung Bios tt. Phng php ny c th p dng cho hu ht tt c cc loi chip Bios cho tt c cc loi Mainboard v thng c cc tech s dng nhiu.
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VI.
Dual Bios
1. Khi nim DualBIOS thc cht l mt cng ngh cho php mainboard c tch hp hai chip BIOS. Mt loi c gi l Main BIOS (BIOS chnh) v mt loi c gi l Backup BIOS (BIOS d phng). Mainboard thng hot ng vi Main BIOS, nhng nu n b h hi v mt l do no th backup BIOS s c t ng s dng trong ln khi ng tip theo. PC s hot ng ging nh l trc khi main BIOS b trc trc. Th tng tng s gp rc ri nh th no nu nh khng c backup BIOS.
2. Nguyn tc hot ng Cng ngh DualBIOS h tr chc nng bo v BIOS h thng trong sut qu trnh h thng khi ng, kim tra cc thit b. Ngoi ra n cn c kh nng t ng khi phc BIOS trong nhng lc cn thit. Nu nh c bt c li no ca BIOS xy ra trong qu trnh khi ng th la chn Auto Recovery nm trong b cng c ca DualBIOS s bo m cho vic my tnh ca bn vn vn hnh trn tru. iu ng ni y l cng ngh BIOS ht sc linh hot. Nu BIOS chnh ch b mt thng tin, nhng chip BIOS vn hot ng th khi , cng ngh Dual BIOS s cp nht li thng tin cn thit t BIOS d phng sao cho my tnh vn hot ng bnh thng. Nhng nu c chip BIOS chnh b hng hon ton th chip BIOS s c dng thay th.
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VII.
Clear CMOS
Khi khi ng my, BIOS s kim tra ni dung CMOS, nu khng c g sai st th mi chuyn s din ra nh bnh thng, nhng nu nh BIOS nhn thy ni dung CMOS b sai lc, th BIOS s t ng reset (khi phc) CMOS theo cc thit lp mc nh (ngha l mi thng tin c u b xa), v lc ny mt khu CMOS cng b xa. Vn y l lm sao lm sai lch thng tin CMOS. 1. Clear CMOS thng qua cc cng xut nhp 70h v 71h. Trnh t thc hin nh sau: - u tin, ta m Command Prompt (vo menu Start > chn mc Run > g command ri nhn Enter), nu ang dng mi trng DOS th khng cn bc ny. - G lnh debug ri nhn Enter, t du nhc ca trnh Debug, ta thc hin cc lnh sau: -O 70 70 Enter -O 71 71 Enter -Q Enter Khi ng my li v BIOS s xa CMOS gip chng ta. Gii thch cc lnh ca Debug:
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- Lnh -O [X] [Y] (output) s xut gi tr Y ra cng X (hexa). - Lnh Q thot Debug. Nu bn no bit lp trnh Pascal, bn c th t vit mt chng trnh xa CMOS ca ring mnh ch vi 2 dng lnh n gin: Port[$70]:=70; Port[$71]:=71; 2. Clear bng chn Jumper v tho pin CMOS i vi cc my tnh c bo v bng Supervisor Password, tc l h thng yu cu mt khu ngay khi khi ng my, th cch trn s v dng v s khng th dng c my tnh nu khng c mt khu. Lc ny, xa mt khu, ch cn mi mt cch l dng n jumper Clear CMOS trn mainboard. Bn m thng my ra v tm v tr ca jumper Clear CMOS (nn c ti liu i km mainboard). Jumper ny thng c 3 chn, v tr 1-2 l v tr CMOS lm vic bnh thng, cn v tr 2-3 l xa CMOS. Bn g jumper ra khi chn 12 v cm vo v tr 2-3, sau li cm tr li v tr 1-2 nh bnh thng.
Khi khi ng my li bn s thy CMOS b xa. Nu khng mun ng chm n cc jumper, bn c th tho pin CMOS ra v ch mt thi gian khong mi pht, sau khi x ht in th CMOS cng b xa.
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PHN VII B chip chnh Chipset

I. Khi nim
Chipset l b chip chnh ca bo mch ch, lm cu ni chnh cho tt c cc thnh phn cn li trn bo mch, thng c bn nguyn b cho cc nh sn xut Mainboard. B chipset thng bao gm hai chip chnh l chip cu Bc v chip cu Nam, i lc hai chip ny c th tch hp thnh mt chip duy nht.
II.
Chip cu Bc 1. Khi nim
Chip cu bc, hay cn gi l Memory Controller Hub (MCH'), l mt trong hai chip trong mt chipset trn mt bo mch ch ca PC, chip cn li l chip cu nam.
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2. Nhim v Chip cu bc m nhim vic lin lc gia cc thit b CPU, RAM, AGP hoc PCI Express, v chip cu nam. Mt vi loi cn cha chng trnh iu khin video tch hp, hay cn gi l Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH). V cc b x l v RAM khc nhau yu cu cc tn hiu khc nhau, mt chip cu bc ch lm vic vi mt hoc hai loi CPU v ni chung ch vi mt loi RAM. C mt vi loi chipset h tr hai loi RAM (nhng loi ny thng c s dng khi c s thay i v chun). V d, chip cu bc ca chipset NVIDIA nForce2 ch lm vic vi b x l Duron, Athlon, v Athlon XP vi DDR SDRAM, chipset Intel i875 ch lm vic vi h thng s dng b x l Pentium 4 hoc Celeron c tc ln hn 1.3 GHz v s dng DDR SDRAM, chipset Intel i915g ch lm vic vi Intel Pentium 4 v Intel Celeron, nhng c th s dng b nh DDR hoc DDR2.
III.
Chip cu Nam 1. Khi nim
Chip cu nam, hay cn gi l I/O Controller Hub (ICH), l mt chip m nhim nhng vic c tc chm ca bo mch ch trong chipset. Khc vi chip cu bc, chip cu nam khng c kt ni trc tip vi CPU. ng hn l chip cu bc kt ni chip cu nam vi CPU.
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2. Nhim v Chip cu Nam lm nhim v dn truyn tn hiu t cc thit b nh cng, CD/DVD, mm, cng USB, ni tip song song, khe cm PCI, chip Lan, chip m thanh, BIOS n chip cu Bc v ngc li. Bi v chip cu nam c t xa CPU hn, n c giao trch nhim lin lc vi cc thit b c tc chm hn trn mt my vi tnh in hnh. Mt chp cu nam in hnh thng lm vic vi mt vi chp cu bc khc, mi cp chp cu bc v nam phi c thit k ph hp th mi c th lm vic vi nhau; cha c chun cng nghip rng ri cho cc thit k thnh phn lgic c bn ca chipset chng c th hot ng c vi nhau. Theo truyn thng, giao tip chung gia chip cu bc v chip cu nam n gin l bus PCI, v th m n to nn mt hiu ng c chai (bottleneck), phn ln cc chipset hin thi s dng cc giao tip chung (thng l thit k c quyn) c hiu nng cao hn. IV. Mt s loi Chipset mi hin nay ca Intel 1. Intel 975X Chipset y l dng chipset cao cp th ba ca Intel dnh cho ngi dng c yu cu cao. Dng chipset ny h tr tt c CPU Intel t Cel, Pen 4, Core 2 Duo cho ti CPU mi nht l Core 2 Quad bao gm dng Extreme Edition (dng CPU cao cp nht cho my bn). Chipset ny h tr FSB t 533 n 1066 MHz. H tr b nh vi tc t a l 667MHz. Loi chipset ny s dng vi chip cu nam l ICH7.
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Mt s c im chnh ca chipset ny: - H tr b nh knh i vi cng ngh Flex Memory, cho php chy knh i trn 2 thanh RAM bt k khc dung lng vi s tng thch tt v gip ngi dng d dng nng cp RAM.
- H tr cng ngh Crossfire gip chy song song 2 card ha lm tng kh nng x l hnh nh. Kt hp vi chip cu nam ICH7 h tr m thanh vm 7.1 v Lan gigabit. H tr 4 cng sata vi tnh nng RAID 0,1, 0+1 v 5. 2. Intel chipset P965: Chip 965 cng c nhng tnh nng tng t 975X nh h tr Crossfire, cng ngh fire memory, ch c vi khc bit l P965 l chip cu nam ICH8, do cung cp 6 cng SATA 2 chc nng RAID, h tr eSATA gn ngoi, LAN gigabit.
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Chip 965 tng thch tt vi cc dng CPU Core 2 Duo hin nay. Ngoi ra chip 965G c tch hp b x l ha X3000 cng ngh Clear Video ca Intel, chia s n 256 MB RAM ht thng p ng yu cu ha ca 1 s game 3D.
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3. Intel chipset G33 v P35 y l 1 trong nhng dng chipset mi ca Intel a ra sau chipset 975X, P965. Dng chip G33 c tch hp ha GMA 3100 h tr DirectX9.0c vi cng ngh Intel Clear Video, ci thin kh nng x l video cho hnh nh sc nt hn, kh nng chnh sa mu sc v h tr nhiu phn gii khc nhau. Chipset ny thay th cho chip 965 vi mc ch phc v cho ngi dng gia nh v vn phng vi nhng yu cu khng qu kht khe v ha.
Cc tnh nng c bn ca nhng chipset ny: _H tr FSB 1333 MHz gip gii quyt vn nghn c chai gia CPU v chipset. Tng thch vi cc dng CPU Intel t Cel cho n Core 2 Duo, c bit l Core 2 Quad mi nht hin nay.
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_Cng ngh sn xut cc chipset ny l 90 nm. _H tr cc CPU dng socket 775 hin ti v nhng CPU sn xut vi cng ngh 45nm sau ny. _H tr b nh DDR2, DDR3 v PCI Express. _C 2 dng chip cu nam l ICH9 cho m thanh 8 knh, h tr SATA vi cng ngh RAID, e-Sata, Lan Gigabit. Chip P35 k tch hp card ha, do phi gn card ri thng wa cng PCI Express. _Kh nng p xung ca P35 kh tt, dng chip ny s dng cho cc main dng trung v cao cp. Do hin thi nu bn c nh rp my mi v l nhng ngi am m cng nghe6, yu cu cao cho gii tr game th dng chipset G33 v P35 l hp l nht. N s p ng nhu cu hin ti cng nh n u cc cng ngh hin i cho nng cp sau ny. Cn khng, s la chn chipset 965,975 cng l qu tt vi nhng nhu cu hin nay ca a s ngi dng.
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4. Intel chipset X38
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Intel mt thm 4 thng tnh t lc cho ra mt P35 thit k X38 cho cc nn tng my tnh cao cp, v th X38 khng n gin ch l P35 ci tin m c nhiu im mnh v cng ngh. im quan trng nht chnh l khi iu khin PCI Express (PCIe) nm trong khi iu khin b nh. Thay v thit k knh PCIe X16 n nh P35 th X38 h tr 32 knh PCIe th h th 2 km theo 1 knh X16 PEG. Mc d thit k u ton b 32 knh PCIe vo chipset cu bc khng phi mi m (ATI tng thit k nh vy vi dng chipset RD580 cho AMD) nhng y l ln u tin chng xut hin trn sn phm h tr nn tng Intel. Hin ti, NVIDIA cng c gii php X16 + X16 i vi mt s chipset nForce SLI, tuy nhin thit k ny li chia 16 knh cho chipset cu bc v 16 knh cho chipset cu nam.
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PHN VIII B ngun Power Supply Unit (PSU)
I.
Tm quan trng
B ngun l mt thit b phn cng quan trng, cung cp nng lng hot ng cho ton h thng. Vi hng lot cng ngh mi chy i hoc "2 trong 1" nh RAM Dual Channel, a cng RAID, ha SLI/CrossFire, CPU DualCore... B ngun cng tr nn quan trng hn bao gi ht bi n quyt nh s n nh ca h thng, tui th ca cc thit b phn cng khc.
Vic la chn b ngun khng c ngi tiu dng Vit Nam quan tm ng trong mt thi gian di ngay c i vi nhng ngi am hiu v k thut my tnh. Hoc ngi tiu dng ch la chn sn phm qua nhn mc, cm tnh ca mnh cng nh hnh thc b ngoi m cha thc s nm bt c nhng thng s k thut ca nh sn xut cung cp km theo sn phm.
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Chnh v vy, vic la chn mt b ngun thch hp vi h thng l iu bn cn xem xt v tnh ton khi chn mua my tnh. c bit i vi nhng linh kin cao cp nh phn cng my tnh nhng b ngun cht lng km nh hng rt nghim trng n bn v tui th linh kin, y l nhng tc hi m ngi dng ch nhn bit c sau mt thi gian s dng nht nh.. II. Kt ni AC
u tin cn phi bit l ngun cung cp ca bn c tng thch vi in li AC dng trong thnh ph ca mnh . in p ny c th l 110V AC nhng chp nhn s thay i t 115V 127V v cng c th 220V trong khong in p 230V 240V . Ti Vit Nam in p ny l 220V . Hu ht nhng b ngun hin nay u c cng tc chuyn i 110V / 220V hoc hot ng ch T ng nhn bit in p u vo , Auto Range , Auto Seclect . iu ny c ngha l chng c th lm vic bt k in p AC no ( thng thng gia 100V 240 V ) . Di in p ny c in trn nhn ca b ngun cung cp vi tn AC Input , xem Hnh 3 , v hon ton khng c bt k b phn kho chuyn i no .
B ngun vi kho 110V / 220V
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B ngun t ng nhn bit in p , khng c kho chuyn i no . iu c ngha l b ngun ny dng PFC ch ng
Di in p c ghi trn b ngun

Kt ni gia b ngun v in li qua y Cable ngun . u ni Cable ngun c th l kiu Bc M hoc kiu Chu u
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Cable ngun kiu u ni Bc M
Cable ngun kiu u ni Chu u
III.
u ni cho Motherboard
l Cable ni t b ngun ti Motherboard . N dng u cm ln nht vi 24 chn . Hu ht mi b ngun s cho php bn chuyn i u cm 24 chn thnh 20 chn ( thng
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thng bng cch g 04 chn ph ra khi u cm ) , l chun c dng vi nhng Motherboard c . Nhng Motherboard u ni 24 chn c gi l ATX12V 2.x , trong khi nhng Motherboard dng u ni 20 chn c gi l ATX12V 1.x hoc n gin l ATX . Lu tn ny ch lin quan ti u ni in trn Motherboard m khng lin quan ti kch thc ca Motherboard . ATX cng l tn c dng m t kch thc ca Motherboard .
u ni ngun 24 chn Motherboard v c th chuyn thnh 20 chn
u ni 24 chn nm trn Motherboard
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u ni ATX12V : u ni ny l 04 chn c dng cung cp dng in cho

CPU v phi c cm trn Motherboard .
u ni ATX12V t b ngun
u ni ATX12V trn Motherboard
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u ni EPS12V : u ni ny c 8 chn vi cng mc ch nh ATX12V , c ngha

l cung cp dng in cho CPU nhng dng 08 chn thay v 04 chn v c kh nng cung cp cng dng in ln hn . Khng phi Motherboard no hoc b ngun no cng c u ni loi ny . Mt s b ngun c u ni EPS12V l kt hp 02 u ni ATX12V t cnh nhau . Nu Motherboard ca bn v b ngun c c hai u ni ny th hy dng EPS12V thay th cho ATX12V . Bn c th cm ATX12V vo EPS12V trn Motherboard nhng iu ny li khng c khuyn co s dng .
u ni EPS12V
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Mt s b ngun cu to EPS12V t hai u ni ATX12V
u ni EPS12V trn Motherboard
u ni ngun ph PCI Express ( PCIe ) : Nhng u ni ny c dng cung

cp cng dng in cao hn cho nhng thit b PCIe , nht l cho Card mn hnh . Khng phi tt c Card mn hnh u yu cu ngun ph , nhng nu trn Card mn hnh m c u cm loi ny th bn phi cm u ni ngun ph ny .
Hu ht nhng Card mn hnh m yu cu ngun ph ny u dng 06 chn , ch c nhng Card mn hnh rt cao cp mi yu cu kiu 08 chn . C mt s Card mn hnh rt cao cp thm tr yu cu ti 02 u ni ngun ph ny cung cp in nng cho n. Bn phi ch u ni 08 chn bi v nhn n kh ging vi u ni EPS12V . Xt v l thuyt bn khng th cm u EPS12V vo Card mn hnh , nhng tt nhin nu bn dng sc mnh th cng c th cm c v iu dn ti hin tng on mch v cng rt may mn tt c b ngun u c mch in bo v hin tng on mch v khng th bt ngun c nu nh bn cm nhm . Trong u ni EPS12V , dy 12V ( mu Vng ) nm trn cng mt bn ca cht nh . Trong khi u ni ngun Video 8 chn th dy t ( mu en ) li nm v tr ny . Hin nay tt c b ngun phi c t nht mt u cm 6 chn , vi nhng b ngun c cng sut cao hn cung cp 02 , 03 hoc 04 Cable ngun ph kiu ny . Bn cng c th
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thay i bt k u cm ngun thit b ngoi vi chun thnh u ni ngun cho Card mn hnh thng qua Adaptor .
u ni ngun 6 chn cho Card mn hnh . u ni ny c hai chn ph chuyn 6 chn thnh 8 chn kiu ny thng c gi l u ni 6/8 chn
u ni ngun 6 chn trn Card mn hnh
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u ni ngun SATA : u ni loi ny c dng cung cp nng lng in

cho nhng thit b SATA nh : cng , a quang . Nu b ngun khng c chn cm cho h thng bn c th chuyn i bt k u cm ngoi vi chun thnh u cm ngun SATA thng qua Adaptor . u ni ngun SATA dt vi 15 chn .
u ni ngun SATA
u ni ngun SATA trn cng
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Nhng u ni cho thit b ngoi vi : u ni 4 chn hnh thang rt hay s dng

cm cho cng , quang , qut , h thng tn nhit
Nhng u ni kiu ny tn ti ngay t khi nhng my IBM PC u tin vo nm 1980 v IBM gi tn ca n l Molex .
u cm ngun chun thng thng
u cm ngun trn quang
u cm ngun cho a mm ( FDD ) : u cm ny nh hn u cm m t

trc dng cung cp ngun cho FDD 3 inch . Vi mt s Card mn hnh i c cng dng u cm ny cung cp ngun ph .
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u ni cho FDD
u ni ngun trn mm
IV. Nhng kiu b ngun
C vi kiu b ngun cho my tnh khc nhau . Chng khng ch khc nhau v kch thc m cng cn khc nhau kiu u kt ni . ATX12V 2x v EPS12V ang l chun chung cho hu ht nhng b ngun PC hin nay .
AT : Chun ny c IBM PC AT gii thiu trong nm 1984 v c s dng

cho ti khi chun ATX tr nn thng dng vo gia nhng thp k 90. B ngun ngay cung cp 04 in p : +5V , +12V , -5V v -12V , v u ni ngun cho Motherboard dng u ni 12 chn ( xem phn trc ) . u ni ngun dng trong
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ngun AT ch theo chun hnh thang thng thng , u ni ngun cho mm v u ni cung cp in cho Motherboard.
ATX : Trong nm 1996 , Intel gii thiu hnh thc Motherboard mi vi tn gi ATX
thay th hnh thc AT c . Do Motherboard ATX c kch thc hon ton khc nn Case mi cng c thay th vi tn gi ATX . Vi hnh thc Motherboard mi Intel cng xut b ngun kiu mi vi nhng tnh nng mi nh dng u ni ngun trn Motherboard l 20 chn v thm hai in p mi +3.3V v +5VSB , hay cn gi l Standby Power . u ra +5VSB thng cung cp in p ra khi tt my tnh bng cng tc ngun v cho php my tnh t bt ln m khng cn bm
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cng tc On/Off . Bn c th tm thy nhng tnh nng k thut y ca ATX ti y .
ATX12V 1.x : Vi nhng CPU mi yu cu cng sut cao hn th c thm hai u

ni ph cho b ngun ATX : u ni 12V 04 chn ( u ni ATX12V ) v ngun ph 6 chn ( xem nhng trang trc ) .ATX12V 1.3 c thm nhng u ni ngun SATA.
ATX12V 2.x : Kiu b ngun ny c gii thiu khi pht hnh Bus PCI Express v
nng cp vi nhng Motherboard s dng u ni ngun 24 chn ( Hnh 6 v 7 ) v gii thiu thm nhng u ni ngun PCIe ph ( Hnh 13 v 14 ) . Chun ny hin nay ang c s dng . Bn c th xem nhng tnh nng k thut y ca ATX12V 2.x ti y .
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EPS12V : Kiu ny c to c dng cho nhng my ch r tin . Phin bn hin

ti dng cng vi ucm ATX12V 2.x v thm u cm ngun CPU mi , c gi l EPS12 ( Hnh 10 ,11 , 12 ) . Bn c th tm thy nhng tnh nng k thut y ti y .
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V.
Mch in Bo v
Bo v on mch SCP ( Short-Circuit Protection ) : Mch in ny c nhim v tt

b ngun khi bt k u ra no b hin tng on mch . Ch bo v ny phi c .
Bo v di mc in p UVP ( Under Voltage Protection ) : B ngun cng s

khng hot ng nu nh c mc in p u ra no di mc ngng cho php . V d in p u ra l +5V nhng nu mt u ra no t +4V th b ngun s b ct trnh hng linh kin . Kiu bo v ny l tu chn .
Bo v qu cng dng in OCP ( Over Current Protection ) : B ngun s

ngng hot ng nu nh u ra no cung cp Dng in vt qu mc cho php . Ch bo v ny phi c .
Bo v qu in p OVP ( Over Voltage Protection ) : B ngun s ngng hot

ng nu nh u ra no cung cp in p vt qu mc cho php . Ch bo v ny phi c .
Bo v qu cng sut OPP (Over Power Protection ) hoc qu ti OLP (Over Load Protection ) : B ngun s ngng hot ng nu nh Cng sut vt qu mc cho
php . Kiu bo v ny l tu chn .
Bo v qu Nhit OTP ( Over Temperature Protection ) : B ngun s ngng hot

ng nu nh Nhit bn trong b ngun vt qu mc cho php . Kiu bo v ny l tu chn .
tng bo v chnh l tt b ngun khi c iu bt thng xy ra ngn chn b ngun b chy v nhng ri ro nh ho hon thm tr l chy n . V d nu n cung cp cng sut cao hn kh nng ca n c th xy ra chy nu khng c mch OPP bo v . Vi OPP b ngun ca bn s tt trc khi b chy . Tt c nhng kiu bo v c cu hnh theo ca nh sn xut . Ly v d mch OVP . Chun ATX12V v EPS a ra di in p m cho nh sn xut c th dng thit lp ngng cho mch ny v nh sn xut s chn in p no lm gi tr bo v .
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Vn xy ra l mt s nh sn xut s thit lp nhng ch bo v vi nhng gi tr qu u khin cho li xy ra trc khi ch bo v thch hp c kch hot v lm cho b ngun hoc linh kin my tnh b hng . V d thc t v hin tng qu ti mt s b ngun . Mt b ngun ang lm vic vi nhng in p ra vt qua di cung cp , nhng b ngun vn cn bt mc d nhng in p ra ny b sai chng cha t ti mc cn thit kch hot cho mch UVP v OVP lm vic . VI.
Nhng chn ra ca u ni ngun ATX12V v2.x Motherboard Chn Mu u ra 1 Cam +3.3V 2 Cam +3.3V 3 en Ni t 4 +5V 5 en Ni t 6 +5V 7 en Ni t 8 Xm Power Good 9 Tm +5VSB 10 Vng +12V 11 Vng +12V 12 Cam +3.3V 13 Cam +3.3V 14 Xanh lam -12V 15 en Ni t 16 Xanh l cy Power On 17 en Ni t 18 en Ni t 19 en Ni t 20 Trng -5V 21 +5V 22 +5V 23 +5V 24 en Ni t
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ATX12V v1.x/ATX Motherboard Chn Mu u ra 1 Cam +3.3V 2 Cam +3.3V 3 en Ni t 4 +5V 5 en Ni t 6 +5V 7 en Ni t 8 Xm Power Good 9 Tm +5VSB 10 Vng +12V 11 Cam +3.3V 12 Xanh lam -12V 13 en Ni t 14 Xanh l cy Power On 15 en Ni t 16 en Ni t 17 en Ni t 18 Trng -5V 19 +5V 20 +5V
ATX12V v1.x Auxiliary Chn Mu u ra 1 en Ni t 2 en Ni t 3 en Ni t 4 Cam +3.3V 5 Cam +3.3V 6 +5V
AT Power Chn Mu u ra 1 Cam Power Good 2 +5V 3 Vng +12V 4 Xanh lam -12V 5 en Ni t 6 en Ni t
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7 8 9 10 11 12
en en Trng
Ni t Ni t -5V +5V +5V +5V
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PHN IX a quang
I.
Khi nim
a quang l mt loi thit b dng c a quang, n s dng mt loi thit b pht ra mt tia laser chiu vo b mt a quang v phn x li trn u thu v c gii m thnh tn hiu. Bi ny vit v nhng a quang c s dng trong cc my vi tnh bao gm c d liu (Read-only) v c-ghi kt hp (Burn and Read).
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II.
Cu to
Cc a c cu to vt l tng t nh nhau, ch khc loi "mt c". Ngoi 2 thnh phn chnh l b phn cha a v u c, a cn c nhng thnh phn sau:b iu khin a, bn mch in t, b iu khin mt c. B iu khin a: l mt thit b c hc quay a, b iu khin s kim sot tc quay ca a vo khong 200 n 500 vng/pht i vi CD-ROM v 350 n 500 vng/pht i vi DVD ty thuc vo v tr mt c trn a. Khi mt c cc track gn tm a th vn tc quay ca a cng cao. Mt c: Chu trch nhim c d liu trn a (thc cht l ghi nhn cc tn hiu 1 v 0 ca h nh phn trn b mt a). Mt c ph thuc hon ton vo b iu khin mt c. B iu khin mt c: B phn ny m nhn cng vic kh khn nht ca a chnh l iu chnh mt c sao cho c th c chnh xc n tng d liu cn truy xut trn a. Bn mch in t: C nhim v iu khin cc thnh phn c ca a. Ngoi ra n cn x l nhng thng tin t mt c (chuyn t h nh phn sang d liu c ngha) v gi v b phn x l trn my tnh
H thng n laser, thu knh v cm bin ca mt a quang
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III.
K thut trong a quang
S dng mt loi thit b pht ra mt tia laser chiu vo b mt a quang v phn x li trn u thu v c gii m thnh tn hiu c hoc ghi trn a trn. IV. Cc thng s
Tc (Speed) c, hoc ghi d liu trn my ca a c biu hin qua (2X,4X,...24X) . X cng ln tc cng nhanh V.

Phn loi Loi ch c (Read-only Disk Drive) ch dng truy cp d liu trn cc a ghi d liu t trc. Loi ch ghi (Write-only Disk Drive) dng ghi d liu trn a trng CD-R qua mt phn mm ghi a (CD burner) nh Nero Burning ROM, Roxio Easy Creator v.v. Loi c v ghi (Read, Write Disk Drive) c th c, ghi, xa d liu trn a, thng k hiu vi 3 thng s trn a nh V d 52x32x52 Tc l a c th c d liu ti a 52x, ghi d liu trn a ghi xa tc 32x, ghi d liu trn a ghi mt ln tc ti a 52x (1x tng ng vi 150Kb/giy).
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PHN X a Quang Optical disc
I.
Khi nim
a quang (ting Anh: optical disc) l thut ng dng ch chung cc loi a m d liu c ghi/c bng tia nh sng hi t. Tu thuc vo tng loi a quang (CD, DVD...) m chng c cc kh nng cha d liu vi dung lng khc nhau. a quang l dng lu tr d liu khng mt d liu khi ngng cung cp in (nonvolatile).
B mt lm vic ca mt a quang
II. Nguyn l lu tr d liu
Khng ging nh cc a cng c ghi d liu ln b mt bng t, a quang (theo ng nh ngha ca tn gi) s dng cc tnh cht quang hc lu tr d liu. Khi nim track trn a quang cng ging nh a cng, mi track l mt vng trn, tuy nhin a quang cc track l cc vng trn h ni tip nhau. Trn a quang c cc rnh theo hnh xon chn c t trong ra ngoi (khng ging nh cc track ng tm a cng) cha cc chm (dot) sng (c kh nng phn x tia sng n) v ti (khng phi x hoc phn x yu i vi tia sng chiu vo), tia nh sng (thng l tia lade (laser) c cng sut thp) c cc chm v chuyn sang tn hiu nh phn. Tia sng khi chiu vo b mt a quang nu gp mt im sng, tia sng s c phn x ngc l ngun pht sng, khi gp mt im ti, tia lade khng phn x ngc li bi im ti hp th tia sng (chuyn ho chng thnh nhit nng nn a quang thng nng ln khi lm vic).
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Ti a quang, trn ng chiu ca tia sng c h lng knh phn x tia sng truyn ngc li (khi chiu vo im sng) khng chuyn tia sng ny v ngun pht, m i hng chng n mt b cm bin nhn tn hiu (thng l cc it cm quang). Tn hiu nhn c dng nh phn, tng ng vi im sng v ti s cho kt qu 0 v 1. III. Cu to
Mt cch chung nht, a quang c cu to gm:

L p L p L p L p L p
nhn a (ch c loi a quang mt mt) ph chng xc (ch c loi a quang mt mt). bo v tia t ngoi. cha d liu. polycarbonat trong sut (pha b mt lm vic)
i vi loi a quang ghi d liu c hai mt, cc lp c b tr i xng nhau m bo ghi d liu c hai mt a. IV. Cng ngh pht trin a quang 1. CD-Recordable (CD-R) v cc nh dng CD khc CD-R khng c g l nhng c th bn cha bit nh dng WORM v CD-WO. Thc cht c 3 nh dng ny u l nh dng a ghi c mt ln v chc nng nh nhau. Phn bit gia cc tn gi nh dng ny do cch pht trin. Chng hn, k thut ch to a nh dng WORM ch c 1 ln c sn xut theo mt k thut ring bit - k thut DMM (Direct Metal Mastering) hoc DRAW (Direct Read After Write) nn c tn gi l WORM. Ring nh dng CD-R, c nhiu k thut ch to khc nhau, ph bin nht l phng php nhum v chi ph thp nht. Phng php ny dng 2 cht ha hc cyanine v phthalocyanine lm cht nhum. Cht nhum ny c kp gia vng v nha trong (polycarbonate). Khi tng tc vi tia laser, s t nng cht nhum b t nng to nn cc pit trn a CD-R. Chnh 2 cht nhum ny quyt nh 's mng' ca a CD-R. Tui th ca cht phthalocyanine l yu t quyt nh tui th ca CD-R. Ch cn c mt thay i nh trong thnh phn ca cht ny cng c th gy li a. Th n, nhy nh sng ca 2 cht nhum phthalocyanine v cyanine c th nh hng n tnh n nh ca a, v 2 cht ny l cht hu c nn d b nh sng xanh v tia cc tm tc ng. CD-R l nh dng a nhiu session, c th ghi d liu nhiu ln, mi session gm vng lead-in, d liu v lead-out ring bit (nh CD-ROM Extra). Hin c 2 loi CD-R: Data CD-R cha d liu. a nh dng ny c th ghi audio m ha PCM.
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Audio CD-R dng ghi m theo chun mi chng sao chp bt hp php, chi ph t hn nhiu so vi a data CD-R.
2. CD-RW hay CD-E (CD-Rewritable hay CD-Erasable) C cng dung lng vi CD-R nhng a CD-RW c phn x thp hn CD-ROM v CDR, v yu cu CD-ROM phi h tr MultiRead mi c c. a CD-RW c th ghi li 1.000 ln. im khc bit ca CD-RW so vi CD-R: CD-RW dng nh dng UDF (Universal Disc Format) tng t nh h thng tp tin trn cng. Ta c th dng dng ghi packetwriting (ko-th) nh sao chp d liu trn cng. a CD-RW trc khi s dng cn c format. CD-RW dng cng ngh thay i pha can thip vo phn chiu trn b mt a.
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3. HC-R (High Capacity Recordable) Philips nng cp dung lng cho a CD-R vi chun mi l HC-R vi mc ch m rng dung lng ca a CD-R. a HC-R c dung lng n 850MB, ghi mt ln. 4. DDCD (Double Density CD) y l nh dng CD mi nht do Philips v Sony a ra (nm 2000). DDCD l a 12cm hoc 8cm, c dung lng khong 1331MB (gp i dung lng ca CD). DDCD c phin bn ch c, ghi 1 ln v ghi nhiu ln. nh dng ny ch yu dng lu tr d liu, khng dng cho audio.
5. AUDIO CD vs A THAN Audio CD (cn gi l CD-DA, Compact Disc Digital Audio, xut hin vo nm 1982) c th cha 74 pht nhc hi-fi stereo. m thanh c s ha t m thanh analog, ly mu mc sng 44.056 ln/giy (16-bit). Tnh ra, c mi giy nhc cht lng hi-fi stereo, phi mt n 1,5 triu bit lu tr. Cc bit ny c lu tr di nhng rnh nh bt u t tm a xon c t t ra cc vng ngoi ca a. Audio CD dn dn thay th a than vo
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u thp nin 80 th k 20. a than dng mt u kim nh, rung trn rnh a than; a audio CD dng tia laser phn chiu trn mt a. a audio CD cng nh cc loi a CD khc (CD-ROM, CD-R) c d liu t trong ra ngoi, cn a than c t ngoi vo trong. V d liu ca a audio CD dng s nh phn nn chuyn ra m thanh rt r rng; cn vi a than, m thanh analog thng b nh hng bi u kim chm ng rnh a ku lch cch hoc b ting n nh. Hn na, CD c th chnh mc m lng rng hn a than. Tuy nhin, hin nay, ngoi nhng khuyt im nu trn ca a than, ngi nghe nhc vn thy m thanh a CD 'kh' v cha thc bng cc a than. (cng c nhng nh dng a v sau cho cht lng m thanh hay hn, nh SACD, DVD-audio, XRCD...). trnh li khi c a, n gin nht ngi ta thm vo cc bit nhn din v sa li theo c ch chn l (1=chn, 0=l) vo sau cc bit d liu (8 bit d liu th c 4 bit sa li). Phc tp hn, ngi ta dng cc thut ton sa li khc nh k thut on d liu (interleaving) ging nh tr chi on t, giu d liu (cho cc bit khng c c bng 0, lc ny khng pht ra m thanh) b qua li, k thut m ha EFM (Eight to Fourteen Modulation- c xem l cch hiu qu nht sa li).
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6. DVD (DIGITAL VERSATILE DISC) Ging nh CD, DVD cha d liu trn cc rnh nh trn b mt a theo hnh xon c t trong ra ngoi v cng ng dng pit v land ghi tn hiu phn chiu nh ra tnh trng bit (0 hoc 1). Tuy vy, DVD khc CD ch ghi cc track vi kch thc nh hn (rng 0,74micron so vi 1,6micron ca CD) v yu cu tia laser c bit (laser , trong khi CD dng laser hng ngoi) nn cc u c CD-ROM thng thng khng c c. ng thi, DVD c cc phng php sa li v module khc, nhng cng ngh ny cho php DVD cha d liu nhiu hn CD gp 7 ln. Thi gian u, DVD vit tt ca t Digital Video Disc nhng by gi sa li thnh Digital Versatile Disc (t Versatile - a nng - ch nh dng DVD rt thch hp cha audio, video v d liu). y l nh dng a c cng kch thc vt l vi CD nhng dung lng cao hn hn, t 4,7GB n 17,1GB, v l phng tin lu tr d liu, audio, video, game rt ph bin hin nay. Hin DVD c s dng kh rng ri vi 4 loi ng dng sau: DVD-Video xut hin ln u tin ti M vo nm 1997 v gt hi c rt nhiu thnh
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cng trong ngnh cng nghip in nh v cht lng hnh nh v m thanh tri hn hn CD.
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DVD-ROM dn dn thay th CD-ROM trong lnh vc my tnh v c dung lng lu tr cao. Cc hng pht trin game consoles cng dng DVD-ROM cha game. DVD-Audio xut hin nm 2000 cng tr nn ph bin nhng tc pht trin cn chm. nh dng ny cho m thanh surround, cht lng cao hn. Cc nh dng DVD c th ghi c gm: DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVDRAM hin nay ang rt ph bin lu tr d liu. V vi nh dng DVD, ta li c 2 'th gii' kh tch bit cnh tranh gay gt vi nhau. l hi DVD Forum h tr nh dng DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM v HD-DVD. T chc th 2 l DVD+RW Alliance h tr cho cc nh dng: DVD+R, DVD+RW, DVD+R DL. Ngoi cc nh dng DVD trn, cn mt s nh dng m rng khc nh: Hybrid SACD do Philips v Sony pht trin, kt hp lp SACD (tng t cu to lp ca DVD) v lp CD. C hai lp ny nm trn mt mt a. Do d liu c c ty thuc vo tia laser. Tia laser hng ngoi c lp CD v tia laser c lp SACD. Hybrid DVD do DVD Forum a ra vi mc ch kt hp DVD audio v audio CD, ging vi Hybrid SACD.
DVD Plus l a gm 2 mt, mt mt nh dng CD, mt kia nh dng DVD (gn tng t nh Hybrid DVD). Phin bn u tin ca DVD Plus dy 1,8mm nhng hin nay gim xung cn 1,5mm. Hin DVD Forum khng cn pht trin nh dng ny. 7. a DVD mt lp v a 2 lp
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Ging nh CD, C DVD c c 3 vng: lead-in, vng cha d liu, lead-out v v i t trong t ra ng goi. Nhng vi a 2 lp, cu trc t phn vng v c kh hc. Cu trc son ng song: layer 0 v layer 1 u c vng lead-in trong t cng g, vng d liu gia v vng g lead-out ngoi cng g. 8. Blu-ra ay a Blu-ray hay a quang DVD D nh dng n Blu-ray l mt ch hun DVD, , tip theo o chun DV VD+RW. Blu u-ray v HD-DVD H l hai cng ngh DVD D c cng sut lu tr t ln khi i ghi ni dung d ph hn gii ca ao, gp 6 ln so vi chun DVD D trc . Loi DVD ny c 2 25 GB b nh ghi tr n mt mt ca mt a n 12 2 cm, cho php thu hnh h ti 13 3 gi so vi a 4,7 GB G trc ch thu c 2 gi. a quang g c tn Bl lu-ray Disc c bi v n c p dng tia las ser mu xa anh lam np thng g tin vo a. Ch hun ny do d cc nh ch to thit b in t dn dng nh: Sony, Philips Electro onics v Ma atsushita th t ng nht v cng b. Nhng g cng ty cng tham m gia pht t trin chun DVD n y l Hitach hi, Pioneer, Sharp, LG G v hng Thomson Multimedia a ca Php p.
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Ni dung Dung lng (mt lp) Dung lng (hai lp) Bc sng lade
Thng s 23,3GB/25GB/27 GB 46,6GB/50GB/54 GB 405nm (blue-violet) 0,85 Khong 129x131x7mm 120 mm 1,2 mm 0,1 mm 0,32 m 0,160/0,149/0,138 m 16,8/18,0/19,5 Gb/sq. in. 36 Mbps Thay i pha Theo ng sn MPEG2
Lens numerical aperture

Kch thc v hp ng knh a dy a Chiu dy lp bo v
Tracking pitch
Chiu di im ngn nht Mt ghi Tc truyn d liu nh dng ghi nh dng kim tra nh dng video 9. HD-DVD
HD-DVD trc y c tn gi khc l AOD (Advanced Optical Disc) c t chc DVD Forum pht trin, ng u nhm pht trin nh dng ny l Toshiba. HD-DVD c cu trc vt l gn ging nh Blu-ray v cng dng tia laser xanh ghi d liu. Tuy nhin, dung lng ca HD-DVD/mt t hn so vi ca Blu-ray. Nhm WG11 ca DVD Forum chu trch nhim pht trin nh dng ny. Hin ti, HD-DVD c pht trin thnh 2 model vt l: lp ph 0,6mm vi khc x 0,65 v lp ph 0,1mm vi khc x 0,85 (ging vi Blu-ray).
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10. So snh 3 loi a DVD, Blu-ray v HD-DVD Ni dung Dung lng/mt Bc sng Khc x DVD 4,7GB 650nm 0,6 0,6 mm Blu-ray 25GB 405nm 0,85 0,1 mm 36 Mbps MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, VC-1 HD-DVD 15GB hoc 20GB 405nm 0,65 hoc 0,85 0,6 mm hoc 0,1 mm 36 Mbps MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, VC-1
(numerical aperture)
Chiu dy lp bo v
Tc truyn d liu 11,08 Mbps M ha video MPEG-2
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Phn XI My tnh xch tay Laptop Computer
I.
Khi nim
My tnh xch tay hay my vi tnh xch tay (ting Anh: laptop computer hay notebook computer) l mt my tnh c nhn gn nh c th mang xch c. N thng c trng
lng nh, ty thuc vo hng sn xut v kiu my dnh cho cc mc ch s dng khc nhau. My tnh xch tay c y cc thnh phn c bn ca mt my tnh c nhn thng thng.
II.
Lch s
Chic laptop thng mi u tin c ghi nhn l: Osborne 1 ra i vo nm 1981 s dng h iu hnh CP/M v mn hnh CRT nh. Mc d kch thc v khi lng ln hn nhiu nu so snh vi laptop thi hin nay, nhng n nh du mt bc ngot, khi ln u tin trong lch s nhng thng nhn c th mang theo mnh computer v d liu. Du sao Osborne vn cha s dng ngun bng pin.
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Osborne 1
Sn phm gy c ting vang thi by gi l Epson HX-20 ra i vo nm 1981, c bn rng ri vo nm 1983. c trang b bn phm 68 phm, pin nickel-cadmium rechardeable, mt mn hng LCD 120x32 pixel: gm 4 dng text, trn mi dng c 20 k t.
Epson HX-20
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Khi nim laptop c nhc n ln u tin gn vi s ra i ca: Gavilan SC vo nm 1983 vi gi khong 4000$, c h tr a mm v h iu hnh MS-Dos, CPU 5-MHz Intel 8088, mt giao din graphic n gin cha trong 48Kb ca ROM. PHn mm km theo gm c MS-DOS, MBasic (phin bn i trc ca ngn ng BASIC), b Office Pack vi 4 ng dng c bn: SuperCalc, SuperWriter, PFS FIle v Report.
Gavilan SC
Trong thi gian ny nhiu cng ty cho ra i nhng sn phm "laptop" ca mnh nh: Sharp PC-5000, Kyocera Kyotronic 85, Dulmont Magnum... Vo cui thp nin 80 th k 20, chic laptops tr nn quen thuc trong gii thng nhn. Nhng chic laptop u tin c gn cng l Compaq LTE series.
Compaq LTE
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Vi nhng cng ngh c hon thin trong nhng nm 90 th k 20, s hu dng v ph bin ca laptop c tng ln. Nhng cng ngh c pht trin l: Thay th pin lead-acid bng pin nickel metal hydride v sau l lithium ion battery, lithium polymer. Xut hin nhng dng chip (CPU) tit kim nng lng: Intel 386SL, 486SL. Nng cao cht lng ca LCD (liquid crystal displays). Cng ngh cng: dng 2.5" thay th cho cc loi cng 3.5" trc y. Cng ngh kt ni vi modem, cc cng giao tip parallel, PS/2, card mng, USB (1997), Wi-Fi (1999). Th trng laptop hin nay phong ph vi cc chip nh ca Intel (Pentium M, Celeron, Intel Core, Intel Core2), AMD (Athlon, Turion64, Sempron), hay VIA (C3, C7-M). III. Nhng yu cu c bn
Nhng yu cu c bn c quan tm nht i vi chic my tnh xch tay l: 1. Dung lng pin (pin: Battery) : Vi mc ch s dng nhiu khi di chuyn nn dung lng pin l mt yu t quan trng nh gi v my tnh xch tay, dung lng pin ln cho php thi gian lm vic di hn khi khng s dng ngun in dn dng. 2. Trng lng my tnh: thun tin cho qu trnh mang i li, trng lng cng thp cng tt. 3. Kch thc: Tu thuc vo loi my xch tay cho tng i tng s dng. Vi cc doanh nhn thng phi lm vic khi di chuyn th kch thc nh gn, kt hp vi trng lng thp, thi gian s dng pin di l cc yu t la chn hng u. Tri li, vi cc game th v ngi thit k ho th kch thc mn hnh ln (dn n kch thc tng th ln) li l vn quan tm ca h. 4. Tc x l. Cng ging nh i vi my tnh c nhn, tc x l hin nay ang c thay th bng hiu nng. Hiu nng cn thit cng ph thuc vo tng ngi s dng khc nhau. Doanh nhn c th ch cn n cc b x l Celeron nhng Game th hoc nhng ngi x l ho li cn n cc b x l a nhn v hiu nng cao (v d: Core 2 Duo). IV. c im thit k
Tuy c y cc chc nng nh cc my tnh c nhn thng thng, nhng my tnh xch tay vi mt khng gian nh gn nn cc c im sau c s khc bit so vi cc my tnh c nhn. Chi tit hn v tng thit b cc h thng my tnh c nhn thng thng xem cc bi ring v chng. 1. B x l
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B x l c thit k ring vi s ch trng vo hiu nng v tit kim nng lng, chng c th thay i tc lm vic tu theo yu cu ca h thng. h gi thnh sn phm, mt s my tnh xch tay cng s dng cc b x l ca my tnh c nhn bn (thng rt t).
2. RAM My tnh xch tay s dng loi RAM (So-DIMM) dnh ring, chng ngn hn (v thng rng hn) cc thanh RAM (Long-DIMM) thng thng cho my tnh c nhn bn. Mt my tnh xch tay thng c thit k hai khe cm RAM (m thng th khi sn xut chng ch c gn RAM trn mt khe ngi dng c th nng cp).
3. a cng a cng ca my tnh xch tay l loi (2,5") c kch thc nh hn cc cng ca my tnh thng thng (3,5"), chng c th s dng giao tip ATA truyn thng hoc SATA trong cc my sn xut gn y.
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4. Chc nng ho Thng c tch hp trn cc chipset hoc tch hp trn bo mch ch. a phn cc my tnh xch tay ph thng v tm trung s dng chc nng ho tch hp trn chipset v s dng b nh ho chia s t RAM h thng. Cc my tnh xch tay cao cp b x l ho c th c tch ri v gn trc tip trn bo mch ch, chng c th c RAM ring hoc s dng mt phn RAM ca h thng.
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5. Mn hnh Mn hnh ca nhng my tnh xch tay ngy nay lun thuc loi mn hnh tinh th lng, chng c gn trc tip vi thn my v khng th tch ri. Mt s my tnh xch tay thit k mn hnh quay c v gp li che i bn phm - kt hp vi th loi ny thng l mn hnh cm ng. 6. Nng lng cung cp Ngun s dng li in dn dng ca my tnh xch tay c thit k bn ngoi khi my tit kim khng gian. in nng cp cho my tnh xch tay ch c mt cp in p mt chiu duy nht c mc in p thng thp hn 24 Vdc. Nng lng cung cp cho my tnh xch tay khi khng s dng ngun in dn dng l pin.
7. Tn nhit Vn tn nhit lun c ch i vi cc my tnh ni chung, my tnh xch tay, do thit k nh gn nn cng kh khn cho cc thit k tn nhit t cc thit b v linh kin trong my. Thit k tn nhit trong my tnh xch tay thng l: Cc thit b to nhit (CPU, chipset cu bc, b x l ho (nu c) c gn cc tm phin tn nhit, chng truyn nhit qua cc ng dn nhit sang mt khi tn nhit ln m y c qut cng bc lm mt. Cc thit b cn li c tn nhit trn ng lu thng gi (theo cch b tr hp l) ht gi vo trong v my (thng qua cc l thong) n khi tn nhit chung thi ra ngoi bng qut. Qut tn nhit trong my tnh xch tay c thit k iu khin bng mt mch in (c cm bin nhit cc b phn pht nhit) c kh nng t iu chnh tc theo nhit (iu ny khc vi qut tn nhit trn cc my tnh thng thng khi chng thng c iu khin bng phn mm hoc vi cc h thng c c th ch quay mt tc nht nh).
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8. Kt ni mng a phn cc my tnh xch tay hin nay u c tch hp sn b iu hp mng khng dy theo cc chun thng dng (802.11 a/b/g hoc cc chun mi hn: n...) cng vi cc b iu hp mng Ethernet (RJ-45) thng thng. Hnh thc kt ni Internet quay s hin nay ang dn c thay th bng cc ng truyn tc cao (v d: ADSL) nhng cc my tnh xch tay vn thng c tch hp cc modem (quay s). Khng t my tnh xch tay cn c tch hp sn b iu hp bluetooth.
Wireless laptop 9. Bn phm Bn phm my tnh xch tay thng khng tun theo tiu chun ca cc bn phm my tnh c nhn thng thng, phn phm s (Num Lock) thng c loi b m thay th n bng cch s dng cc phm c v tr tng t thay th. Ngoi cc phm chc nng thng thy (nh F1, F2...n F12) trn cc bn phm thng dng ca my tnh c nhn, my tnh xch tay cn c c mt lot cc phm chc nng dnh ring khc, cc phm ny thng l chc nng th hai ca cc phm thng v ch c kch hot sau khi bm phm chuyn i, phm chuyn i thng c k hiu Fn. 10. Multimedia Loa lun c tch hp sn trn my tnh xch tay nhng chng c cht lng v cng sut thp.
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Webcam, Micro cng thng c tch hp mt s my tnh xch tay sn xut nhng nm gn y. Chng c cng dng gip ngi s dng c th hi hp trc tuyn hoc tn ngu thng qua mng Internet. V. Mt s chc nng thng thy
1. Chc nng khi phc nhanh khi phc h thng nhanh nht khi xy ra li, my tnh xch tay thng c thit k cc hnh thc khi phc h thng thng qua cc b a CD hoc DVD (iu ny cng thng thy trn mt s my tnh c nhn bn sn xut ng b ca cc hng sn xut phn cng), hoc bng mt nt (c th c phng thc mt vi thao tc) t d liu lu sn trn cng (thng t trn cc phn vng n). Cc khi phc ca chng gn ging nh hnh thc khi phc bng phn mm "Ghost" (ca hng Symantec) hoc mt s phn mm sao lu nh phn vng a cng m khng thc hin hnh thc ci t thng thng. 2. Nhn dng vn tay tng mc bo mt, mt s my tnh xch tay c trang b h thng nhn dng (sinh trc hc) vn tay, ngi s dng ch c th khi ng h thng nu my nhn ra ng vn tay ca ch s hu my tnh (vi vn tay c lu sn trn my). VI. Nhng ch vi my tnh xch tay
1. To thun li cho tn nhit t ln ging lm vic hoc gii tr l mt thi quen c hi cho my tnh xch tay m nhiu ngi thng mc phi My tnh xch tay c thit k t trn cc mt phng cng vng. Cc chn cao mt khong nht nh to ln mt khng gian cn thit cho lu thng khng kh. Vic t my tnh xch tay ln cc v tr mm (lm cc chn b ln v khi ny ton b cc mt di t trc tip vo v tr mm. Chnh v vy khng nn t my tnh xch tay ln i hoc ln cc m mt (ging) khi lm vic hoc gii tr trong thi gian di bi nhng v tr nh vy c th lm bt cc l thng thong lm ngun lu thng gi cng bc trong c ch tn nhit. to iu kin cho s tn nhit tt hn, mt s hng sn xut thit b h tr my tnh ch to cc tm (tm lt, tm qut lt) cho my tnh xch tay. Chng thng c dng tm thong (c th gn qut) ti u vic lu thng gi. Khng nhng c tc dng thng gi, cc tm ny cn to cho my tnh xch tay chch ln mt gc nh thun tin hn cho ngi s dng khi nhp thng tin vo bn phm v nng cao mn hnh gn hn vi tm mt. Mt s hng sn xut cc tm ny c th k n l Cooler Master.
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Nu nh bt buc phi lm vic vi cc my tnh xch tay trn cc nn m mm th nn t chng ln mt tm ba cng, hoc cc loi cp ghim ti liu c kh A4 (cn c gi l "cp trnh k") to ra mt nn cng nhm trnh bt kn l thng gi.
2. Bo dng pin Nu khng s dng ng cch, tui th pin dnh cho my tnh xch tay s gim v my ch c th chy trong thi gian ngn hn so vi nng lc tht ca n. Khi mua, ton b laptop c bo hnh 3 nm nhng pin ch c thi hn mt nm. Mt b pin my tnh xch tay hin nay trn th trng Vit Nam gi khong 150 USD. V l m nhiu ngi lun quan tm chm sc pin nh "nng trng, hng hoa".
Khi cn nguyn ai nguyn kin, pin mi cha c np in. Ti liu hng dn ca cc hng u khuyn ngi dng cp ngun in sc pin lin tc cho n khi y (c th cn n 12 gi, nhn bit nh n bo hiu) sau rt in v s dng cho n khi pin x ht hon ton. Vic cn lp li 3 ln lin tip. Nu sau vi thng khng s dng pin, ng tc trn cng cn c thc hin li. Lu l ch sc li pin khi s dng ht v sc pin th nn np lin tc cho n khi pin y, trnh s dng my khi pin cha "no". i vi pin loi Ni-MH (Niken-Metal Hydride), ti u hiu sut th c vi thng mt ln, cn thc hin vic x hon ton bng cch s dng cho n mc cn kit (0%, thng thng my s t ng chuyn sang ch ng ng), ri cp ngun in sc y (100%).
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Tuy nhin, vi pin loi Li-ion (Lithium Ion) th khng nn x hon ton v pin c th b ngn mch, lm gim tui th ca n v thm ch gy nguy him cho ngi s dng. Mt s loi my tnh xch tay c sn tin ch refresh pin chy ngay trong mi trng Windows rt thun tin. Tin ch ny s np y ri x... m khng cn phi rt cp ngun. Nu my tnh xch tay khng c sn tin ch ny th buc ngi s dng phi rt cp ngun th cng my tnh x ht, ri cm li cp ngun.laptop Nhn chung, sc pin l vic np li nng lng cho in t thng qua phn ng ha hc. V vy, cc yu t nh s thay i nhit , vic khng s dng pin trong mt thi gian di, iu khin ti v s ln sc li u nh hng n tui th ca pin.
Hu ht cc hiu my u c phn mm kim tra tnh trng pin. Chng hn tin ch Battery MaxiMiser and Power Management Features c ci mc nh trn my tnh xch tay ca hng IBM. s dng chng trnh ny, cn thc hin theo cc bc sau: Bc 1: Sau khi ci t, chn biu tng Battery MixiMiser Gauge trn taskbar. Chn Battery Information hin th ca s Battery Information. Bc 2: Chn Battery Health xem cc thng tin v tnh trng ca pin. Mc Battery Health mu xanh l tnh trng pin tt. Nu l cn thay pin mi. Vic tnh ton thi gian s dng cn li da vo cng sut s dng hin ti. iu ny c ngha l thi gian dng pin cn li c th thay i. V d, nu h thng hot ng ti a, nng lng tiu th s nhiu th thi gian s dng pin cn li s ngn hn. Nu chn Battery Tips, chng trnh s cung cp nhiu thng tin, mo vt gip s dng ngun pin tt hn. 3. Chng sc
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Chn ng khi u c ca cng ang di chuyn hoc ang c b mt a i khi l mt tai ha i vi a cng. Mt s bin php thng c p dng:
Cn thn "nng tay" nh nhng khi mang xch my tnh xch tay, i cho cng quay v v tr an ton khi ngh (n bo cng tt), trnh gy tn hi b mt a. Mt s my tnh xch tay thit k i mi c chc nng "kho" a cng khi cm thy my tnh ang di ng hoc sc (chc nng chng sc).
VII.
Centrino Cng ngh cho Laptop
1. Gii thiu Bn tu mt chic MTXT cho nhu cu cng vic hay n gin l bn c qu nhiu th gn b vi chic my tnh. Nhng bn tht s tn dng ht kh nng ca thit b vn c xem l qu tc ny cha? Liu lin tc lm vic v thay i mi trng mng c m bo an ton cho cc thng tin v d liu ca bn? Hay khi bn phm hi kh g, bn khng th lm nh my tnh bn l qung ci bn phm vo thng rc v mua ngay mt chic mi vi chi ph ch ng l bao. Dng MTXT rt d nhng dng c hiu qu yu cu bn c trang b mt t kin thc v vi mn " chi" phng thn. Th gii S m chuyn mc ny nhng bn mi tip xc vi MTXT c trang b nhng kin thc c bn nht, cng nh to thnh sn chi cho nhng ngi qu quen thuc vi ngi tr l a nng ny.
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Centrino tr thnh mt trong nhng t ph thng nht khi cp n my tnh. Vi nhiu ngi, my bn ng ngha vi Pentium my th MTXT cng c ng cnh tng t, MTXT c nh ng vi Centrino. Nhng s ngi hiu ngha ca Centrino l qu t so vi ngi dng hoc c nhu cu dng MTXT, dn n ni bn hng hay "lp l nh ln con en" khi c Centrino tut cho d gii thch v bn hng. Centrino khng phi l ton b MTXT m cng khng phi ch l b x l trong . Centrino l mt nhn hiu hng ha mi ca Intel nhm vo mc ch tip th sn phm. Mt MTXT c chng nhn l Centrino khi n c 3 thnh phn l b x l, chipset v giao din mng khng dy tha tiu ch k thut ca Intel. Centrino c tn cng cm l Neutrino nhng do t ny c ngha khng hay trong ting nn Intel chi ch thnh Centrino. Qua 3 nm pht trin, Centrino cng c ba phin bn khc nhau, gi l cc nn tng. Bng di y l nhng g tng hp t cc chi tit k thut ca cc th h Centrino: Nn tng Tn m Centrino Pro Santa Rosa Centrino Duo Santa Rosa Centrino Duo Napa Core Duo (Yonah) Core 2 Duo (Meron) Intel 945 Express Intel PRO / Wireless 3945ABG Core Solo Centrino Napa Centrino Sonoma Centrino Carmel
B vi x Core 2 Duo l
Core 2 Duo
Pentium M (Dothan)
Pentium M (Banias)
Chipset
Intel 965 Express
Intel 965 Express
Intel 945 Express Intel PRO / Wireless 3945ABG
Intel 915 Express
Intel 855
Network Intel PRO Intel PRO / Wireless / Wireless Wireless 4965AGN 4965AGN
Intel PRO / Wireless Intel PRO / 2200BG Intel PRO Wireless / Wireless 2100 2915ABG
2. Nn tng Camel Carmel l th h u tin ca Centrino, c khai sinh vo thng 3 nm 2003. Nn tng Camel bao gm: b x l Pentium M + dng chipset 855 + card mng khng dy Intel PRO/Wireless 2100 (802.11b) hoc Intel PRO/Wireless 2100AB (802.11ab). Cho n u
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nm 2004 th Intel h tr chnh thc chun mng khng dy 802.11g v a n vo tiu chun k thut ca Centrino. Mc d vn cn nhiu li ch trch nhng Centrino nhn c s n nhn tt t nhng nh phn phi my v khch hng. cng mc gi, Centrino cho hiu nng tt hn trong khi li tiu th in nng thp hn P4-M (chip Pentium 4 thit k cho h di ng), y thi gian dng pin MTXT ln n 4 - 5 gi. Tng ng vi nn tng Camel l 2 th h ca b x l Pentium M. Th h u tin ca Pentium M c t tn m l Banias v sn phm u tay ca dng Banias c nh s 705 (mc d cha ph bin cch gi ny), cch nh s mi ca Intel, theo hiu nng ca chip thay v theo xung nhp. Cc chip Banias c xung nhp t 1,3 GHz n 1,7 GHz, c b m cp 2 dung lng 1 MB v giao tip vi h thng qua bus 400. Ch s ta nhit ca Banias l 24 watt v c ch to da trn cng ngh 130 nm. Th h th 2 ca Pentium M c ra mt vo thng 10 nm 2004 vi tn m Dothan. Vo thi im ny, cch gi tn ca Pentium M theo m s tr nn ph bin: 715 (1,5 GHz), 725 (1,6 GHz), 735 (1,7 GHz), ..., 765 (2,1 GHz). Dothan c cng cu trc vi Banias nhng c sn xut theo cng ngh 90 nm v lng cache L2 gp i. Mc d tng xung nhp, tng cache nhng ch s ta nhit ca Dothan gim xung ch cn 21 watt.
y mnh hn na tnh di ng cho dng chip Pentium M, Intel cho ra i cc phin bn Pentium M chy trn hiu in th thp (LV - low voltage) v cc thp (ULV). Chip LV
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chy in th 1,116 volt v c ch s ta nhit l 10 watt, trong khi ULV cn ng kinh ngc hn nhiu khi in th cn thit chy ch cn 0,94 volt v ch s ta nhit gim nhiu so vi chip LV. Cc chip LV c cc mc tc 718 (1,3 GHz), 738 (1,4 GHz), 758 (1,5 GHz); cn cc mc tc ca chip ULV l 723 (1 GHz), 733 (1,1 GHz), v 753 (1,2 GHz). 3. Nn tng Sonoma Sonoma l th h th hai ca Centrino, c gii thiu vo thng 1 nm 2005. Sonoma bao gm chip M c nng cp ln bus h thng 533 MHz, chipset dng 915, v card mng khng dy Intel PRO/Wireless 2200 (802.11b/g) hoc PRO/Wireless 2915 (802.11a/b/g). Sc mnh ca Sonoma so vi Camel ch yu nm chipset 915 vi hng lot tnh nng mi nh b nh DDr II, PCI Express, Intel HD Audio v SATA. Tht khng may, PCI Express v chip Pentium M th h M tr thnh l t nng lng v lm gim hiu sut dng pin ca cc my nn tng Sonoma xung cn 3,5 n 4,5 gi (trn cc pin dung lng 53 Wh). Chip Pentium M tng ng vi nn tng Sonoma cng c t tn Sonoma. Chip Sonoma ngoi vic tng bus h thng cn c tch hp tnh nng chng thi hnh m c hi (NX bit - No Execute), ch yu phng chng cc hnh thc tn cng lm trn b m. Cc chip Sonoma c nh s t 730 n 780 (2,26 GHz). Ch s ta nhit ca Sonoma l 27 watt. Vo thng 7 nm 2005, Intel gii thiu chip LV da trn nhn Sonoma vi tn m 778 (1,6 GHz).
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4. Nn tng Santa Rosa Trong nm ngoi, Centrino c ci tin ln phin bn mi Centrino Duo vi CPU Core Duo li kp 65nm m hiu Yonah. Ngay sau mt thi gian ngn l Core 2 Duo (Merom). Mi y, Intel li tung ra th h Centrino Duo tip theo vi tn gi Santa Rosa khin cho th trng x l di ng tr nn rt phc tp v ngi dng gp nhiu kh khn trong vic phn loi cc h thng. V Santa Rosa ang rt hot nn trong bi vit ny, chng ta s tm hiu v nhng c im mi ca nn tng mi cng nh hiu qu tch cc m n mang li cho cng vic.
a. Core 2 Duo mi Nn tng Santa Rosa c Intel phn loi lm hai dn: Centrino Duo s vn c phn phi vo nhm MTXT dnh cho ngi tiu dng thng thng trong khi Centrino Pro c c bit nhm vo gii doanh nghip. Tuy nhin d thuc nhm no, chng cng u dng chung CPU Core 2 Duo.
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- Tng t nh nn tng ang thng dng hin nay (Merom), Core 2 Duo ca Santa Rosa c 4MB b m, tuy nhin FSB c nng ln mc 800 MHz (trc y l 667 MHz) cho php tng cng hiu nng x l ca h thng. Nhm tng hiu qu cho pin, Intel khng ch tng FSB ca CPU m con cho php n c th thay i, ni mt cch khc, khi MTXT ca bn hot ng trng thi cn t ti nguyn x l v d nh xem DVD, FSB s tt xung gim in nng tiu th. V nguyn tc n tng t nh Speedstep hin nay nhng thay v tc ng ln h s nhn ca CPU, n iu chnh FSB. Nh vy CPU Santa Rosa s rt linh hot trong vic tit kim in ng thi vn duy tr kh nng x l tc v cao. Thm vo , Intel cng ci tin chc nng tit kim in ca CPU trong trng thi ri (idle) thng qua cng ngh Enhanced Deeper Sleep cho php c li CPU v chipset gim nng lng tiu th xung mc ti thiu m khng cn tt ton b h thng. - Quan trng nht l d chng ta ang trong thi k ca CPU a li nhng r rng cn rt nhiu ng dng quan trng ch c mt tiu trnh duy nht. Trong trng hp ny i khi CPU li kp khng cho hiu nng x l nhanh bng CPU li n tc cao bi mt li tr nn v dng. gii quyt vn ny, Intel s dng kt hp hay cng ngh mi l Dynamic Acceleration (DAT) v Smart Cache. Trong khi Smart Cache (cho php c 2 li chia s chung mt b nh m v khi mt li m nhn ton b cng vic, n c ton quyn s dng b m ny) c ng dng t thit k chip Core Duo hn mt nm trc th DAT mi ch xut hin Santa Rosa mi nht. Cng ngh ny l mt bc tin quan trng bi khi h thng trn nn Santa Rosa x l mt ng dng n tiu trnh, n s hon ton tt li khng dng ti i ng thi y xung nhp ca li cn li ln thng qua c h s nhn v FSB. Trong qu trnh ci tin, Intel cng tnh ton rt cn thn khng lm cho nhit v cng sut tiu th b qu ti. C th ni vi Santa Rosa, Intel xy dng mt nn tng di ng cc k linh hot, c th ty bin x l v cng hiu qu bt k loi ng dng no c bit l cc loi tr chi in t.
b. Bo mch ch vi chipset 965 Express:

- Nhng im khc bit chnh ca Centrino Pro so vi dng Duo truyn thng chnh l s tp trung cc cng ngh nhm vo doanh nghip tng t nh vPro ca Intel dnh cho my bn. Centrino Pro s l h MTXT u tin c tch hp vPro, iu ny ng ngha vi vic mt nh qun l CNTT s c cng ngh Active Management (AMT) hot ng trn c MTXT v my bn. y l mt th mnh rt ln ca Centrino Duo bi n hon ton cch ly c cc phn mm gy hi trn c MTXT. Nu mt ngi dng mang MTXT c virus hoc phn mm gin ip vo vn phng, my s ngay lp tc b cch ly v lm sch t xa trc khi cho php truy cp vo mng ni b tip tc lm vic. Quy trnh t ng ny cng vi nhiu c tnh ph khc s gip ct gim ng k chi ph v cng sc qun l ca con ngi. Tuy nhin, chnh v nhng l do ny m my vi chng nhn Centrino Pro s phi p ng nhiu yu cu hn so vi Centrino Duo. Ngoi CPU, chipset v chip wifi, n cn phi c giao tip mng Gigabit LAN ca Intel vi trnh iu khin, firmware v BIOS hon ton tng thch AMT.
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- Nn tng ca Santa Rosa chnh l bo mch ch vi chipset di ng 965 Express song hnh vi h ha tch hp GMA X3100 h tr y kin trc mu bng ng nht tng t nh chip Xenos trong Xbox 360 hay thm ch l GeForce 8800 ca nVIDIA. Mc d Intel cho bit X3100 tng thch vi DirectX 10 nhng d nhin s chng ai dng n chi Crysis hay Lost Planet c. D nhin, n t mi tiu chun h tr Vista nn c th th hin giao din Aero mt cch hon ho. X3100 cn c kh nng xut tn hiu HDMI (tng thch HDCP) chi cc ni dung phim s 1080p HD. iu ny cng c ngha l nu bn mua mt chic MTXT vi Bluray/HD-DVD, bn c th thng thc cc a phim trn TV HD ca mnh. h tr cho vic gii m hnh nh trn tru hn, Intel cng trang b cho X3100 cng ngh Clear Video. Tuy Clear Video v c bn khng c g c bit so vi nVIDIA Purevideo hay ATI Avivo nhng y cng c th coi l mt im cng ng c hoan nghnh. im mnh nht h thng ha ca Santa Rosa chnh l vic n iu khin c tc lm ti mn hnh nhm tit kim nng lng tiu th. D nhin mn hnh LCD TFT khng c tn s qut nh CRT nhng nhng tinh th lng s xon li v m ra theo mt tn s nht nh. Cng ngh m Intel tch hp s cho php tn s ny gim xung (v d t 60Hz xung 30Hz) khi MTXT thc hin cc tc v khng cn th hin hnh nh nh son tho vn bn trong Word. - Tuy 965 Express di ng qun l ti a 10 cng USB nhng trn thc t, bn s ch thy cc MTXT vi khong 4-6 cng bn ngoi m thi. Nhng cng chm s c tn dng cho b thu tn hiu Bluetooth, bn phm Ngoi ra, cng ngh lu tr Intel Matrix Storage cng hin din nhng ch c p dng trn cc loi my ln vi mn hnh t 17 tr ln v l do kch thc v nhit .
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c. Giao tip mng chun N:

Nh nu trn, mt trong nhng yu t then cht to nn nn tng Centrino chnh l giao tip Wifi tch hp. Nu nh phin bn Centrino u tin s dng wifi 802.11b vi tc 11mbps, phin bn 2 (Sonoma) c 802.11g 54mbps th Santa Rosa song hnh vi 802.11n Draft vi bng thng l thuyt ln ti 300 Mbps. Mc d c nu ra t kh lu nhng chun N vn khng c p dng thnh mt tiu chun do s thiu thn v thit b. Vic Intel a 802.11n vo Santa Rosa s l bc tin ln a phin bn wifi mi ny tr nn thng dng hn. Tuy nhin bn cng cn nh rng tc thc t s khng nhanh c nh con s l thuyt v p ng kh nng kt ni mi, tt c cc MTXT Santa Rosa s c card WIFI 4965AGN vi ti thiu 2 anten s dng cng ngh MIMO. Nhn chung, 802.11n ha hn s l li gii p cho nhu cu thng thc cc ni dung HD trc tuyn t xa hin nay.
d. Cng ngh b nh m Intel Turbo Memory:

- Turbo Memory ca Intel thc cht l mt khi b nh tnh NAND dung lng t 512MB ti 1GB (ty thuc vo nh sn xut MTXT) vi chc nng tng t nh b m L3 ca CPU v c tch hp ln bo mch ch thng qua khe cm ring. D nhin tn dng c Turbo Memory, bn s cn trnh iu khin ring song song vi phn mm qun l cng ngh Matrix Storage ca Intel. Chng l nhng thnh phn i km vi chipset di ng 965 Express. Cui cng l mt phn mm cho php chip Turbo Memory c truy cp cp BIOS lu d liu khi ng vo gip tng tc qu trnh MTXT np h iu hnh. - C th thy r rng u im ln nht ca Turbo Memory chnh l tng tc truy xut d liu cho cc ng dng k c khi kch hot ln trong qu trnh s dng. Thm vo
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tc dng gim thiu hot ng ca a cng s cho php tng cng thi lng dng pin ln cao hn.V c bn, Turbo Memory c thit k hot ng trn nn Windows Vista v tnh nng Readyboost, tuy nhin n c nhiu u im hn so vi s dng thanh nh USB lp ngoi bao gm: - Bn khng cn phi mang theo mt thanh nh lng thng bn ngoi my. - Turbo Memory s dng giao tip Pci-Express nhanh hn nhiu so vi USB 2.0 - Turbo Memory ch s dng khong 1/3 mc nng lng so vi USB Flash. - Ngi dng khng cn ti vic cm USB vo my mi khi khi ng. - USB Flash khng tng tc qu trnh khi ng ca Windows v Vista khng lu cc file khi ng ln cc loi b nh ng hoc tho lp. Ch vi Turbo Memory, h iu hnh mi np nhanh c. Tc ci thin trn l thuyt ln ti 20%. Tht ng tic khi hin ti Vista mi ch cho dng 1 thit b Flash duy nht vi ReadyBoost, do bn cha th dng c Turbo Memory v cng Hybrid cng lc c v hin ti cng cha c thng tin c th v vic SP1 Vista c thay i gii hn ny hay khng.
e. K k tha Santa Rosa:

Sau khi chnh thc gii thiu Santa Rosa, Intel ngay lp tc cp ti hu du tip theo ca n ti din n pht trin Intel IDF. Trong khong mt nm ti, chng ta s chng kin s ra i ca Montevina trn nn CPU 45nm Penryn vi tp lnh SSE4 gip tng tc x l cc ng dng a phng tin v chipset c tn m Cantiga. y cng l c hi ln kt hp gii php mng Wifi v WiMAX li vi nhau (tn m Echo Peak). Bn cnh , Montevina cng s dng Turbo Memory th h th hai ca Intel (hin ti cha c thng tin c th) vi dung lng ln v tc cao hn. Tuy nghe c v hp dn nhng Montevina cha phi l tng lai gn v hin ti Santa Rosa vi nhng c tnh mi y quyn r vn l nn tng ch o ng u t i vi nhng ngi dng cn tnh di ng cao v sc mnh x l tt. 4. Tng quan nn tng Centrino 2 Nn tng Centrino 2 ca Intel bao gm 3 thnh t quan trng: VXL Intel Montevina, Chipset h thng GM45 v chipset khng dy Wi-Fi 802.11n. Centrino 2 gip my tnh xch tay tng sc mnh tnh ton, tng tc ha v mng khng dy.... nhng vn m bo mc tiu th in nng bng hoc thp hn cc nn tng hin ti. Mi cc bn cng tm hiu v nn tng Centrino 2 ny cnng TTCN
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a. VXL Montevina Centrino 2 th h u tin da vo dng vi x l Peryn Core 2 Duo (tn m l Montevina) sn xut vi cng ngh 45nm vi tc bus h thng ln n 1066 Mhz (so vi 800 Mhz ca Santa Rosa). Montevina cho php tng tc xung CPU hoc gim in nng tiu th vi cng 1 tc xung so vi dng Santa Rose trc y. Bng so snh cc dng VXL Core 2 Duo Core 2 Duo Core 2 Duo Core 2 Duo Core 2 Duo (45nm (45nm (65nm (65nm Penryn) Penryn) Merom) Merom) Platform TDP Montevina 25W Santa Rosa Santa Rosa Refresh 35W 1.0V - 1.25V - 0.85V 1.025V 35W 1.0375V 1.3V - 0.85V 1.05V 0.75V 0.95V 41A Napa 34W - 1.0375V 1.3V - 0.75V 0.95V N/A 41A -
Vcc (High Frequency 0.9V - 1.25V Mode) Vcc (Low 0.85V Frequency 1.025V Mode) Vcc LFM) (Super
0.75V - 0.95V 0.75V - 0.95V 44A
Icc @ 2.4GHz 38A HFM
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CPU Montevina c tc t 1.2 Ghz n 2.8 Ghz dnh cho cc phn khc MTXT khc nhau, bus h thng 1066 Mhz (hoc 800Mhz), b nh m L2 6 MB (hoc 3 MB) vi in nng tiu th l 5.5W, 10W, 17W, 25W v 35W. Danh sch cc dng VXL Montevina s pht hnh: Montevina (Centrino 2) Clock Speed FSB L2 Cache TDP Pricing (1000 units)
Core 2 Extreme 3.06GHz X9100 Core T9600 Core T9400 Core P9500 Core P8600 Core P8400 2 2 2 2 2 Duo Duo Duo Duo Duo 2.80GHz 2.53GHz 2.53GHz 2.40GHz 2.26GHz
1066MHz 6MB 1066MHz 6MB 1066MHz 6MB 1066MHz 6MB 1066MHz 3MB 1066MHz 3MB
44W $851 35W $530 35W $316 25W $348 25W $241 25W $209
Core
Platform
Clock Speed
FSB
L2 TDP Cache 25W
Package 22mm x 22mm 22mm x 22mm 22mm x 22mm 22mm x 22mm 35mm x 35mm
Core 2 45nm Duo Montevina 2.40GHz 1066MHz 6MB Penryn SP9400 Core 2 45nm Duo Montevina 2.26GHz 1066MHz 6MB Penryn SP9300 Core 2 45nm Duo Montevina 1.86GHz 1066MHz 6MB Penryn SL9400 Core 2 45nm Duo Montevina 1.60GHz 1066MHz 6MB Penryn SL9300 Core 2 65nm Duo Merom L7700 Santa Rosa 1.80GHz 800MHz 4MB
25W
17W
17W
17W
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Core 2 65nm Duo Santa Rosa 1.60GHz Merom L7500 Core 2 65nm Duo Santa Rosa 1.40GHz Merom L7300
800MHz
4MB
17W
35mm x 35mm 35mm x 35mm 22mm x 22mm 22mm x 22mm 35mm x 35mm 35mm x 35mm 35mm x 35mm 22mm x 22mm 35mm x 35mm 35mm x 35mm
800MHz
4MB
17W
Core 2 45nm Duo Montevina 1.40GHz 800MHz Penryn SU9400 Core 2 45nm Duo Montevina 1.20GHz 800MHz Penryn SU9300 Core 2 65nm Duo Santa Rosa 1.33GHz Merom U7700 Core 2 65nm Duo Santa Rosa 1.20GHz Merom U7600 Core 2 65nm Duo Santa Rosa 1.06GHz Merom U7500 533MHz
3MB
10W
3MB
10W
2MB
10W
533MHz
2MB
10W
533MHz
2MB
10W
Core 2 45nm Duo Montevina 1.20GHz 800MHz Penryn U3300 Core 2 65nm Napa Duo Merom Refresh U2200 Core 2 65nm Napa Duo Merom Refresh U2100 1.20GHz 533MHz
3MB
5.5W
1MB
5.5W
1.06GHz
533MHz
1MB
5.5W
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b. Chipset G45M
Tri tim ca Centrino 2 chnh l chipset G45M, y l phin bn th h sau ca dng chipset tch hp ha GM965 (hay GMAX3100) hin ti ca Intel vi tc xung cao hn, mnh m hn vi 10 b x l tnh ton bng v h tr ch gii m video cht lng cao t phn cng (cho php gim ti CPU ng k khi xem phim HD trn a Blueray). Intel GMA X4500HD Intel GMA (GM45) (GM965) Shader Processors Core Clock H.264 Acceleration TDP Decode 10 533MHz Yes 12W 8 500MHz No 13.5 X3100
Chim dng VXL khi khng (trn) v c (di) b gii m phn cng
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GM45 c kh nng h tr c chun b nh DDR2 (667 v 800 Mhz) v DDR3 (800 v 1066 Mhz) mi cho php tng bng thng b nh v tit kim in nng hn. Mt tnh nng ni bt khc ca GM45 l kh nng h tr ch 2 card ho ng thi. GM45 h tr s dng card ha gn ngoi tng sc mnh v cho php bt/tt card ha ngoi trong nhng iu kin khc nhau: chi game hay g vn bn... ti u sc mnh hay tit kim nng lng.
c. Mng khng dy WiFi tc cao Cng ngh mng khng dy tc cao WLAN 802.11n MIMO s dng chipset Intel WiFi Link 5100 v WiFi Link 5300 l hnh phn khng th thiu ca Cantrino 2, cho php tng tc download d liu ln n 450 Mbps vi Intel WiFi Link 5300 (hay 300 Mbps vi Intel WiFi Link 5300), vt tri so vi tc 54 Mbps ca h thng Centrino hin ti.
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PHN XII Thit b ngoi vi
I.
Khi nim
Thit b ngoi vi l tn chung ni n mt s loi thit b bn ngoi thng my c gn kt vi my tnh vi tnh nng nhp xut (IO) hoc m rng kh nng lu tr (nh mt dng b nh ph). Thit b ngoi vi ca my tnh c th l:

Thit b cu thnh ln my tnh v khng th thiu c mt s loi my tnh. Thit b c mc ch m rng tnh nng hoc kh nng ca my tnh.
II.
Cc loi thit b ngoi vi
C rt nhiu cc thit b ngoi vi ca my tnh, di y lit k mt s thit b ngoi vi thng gp hoc quan trng cu thnh ln my tnh nh sau:

Mn hnh my tnh a mm cng gn ngoi hoc cng di ng Cc loi thit b nh m rng: Bt nh USB... quang (CD, DVD) Chut (my tnh) Bn phm my tnh My in video camera cho mc ch an ninh, gim st c khi c kt ni vi my tnh. Webcam Modem cc loi (cho quay s, ADSL...) Loa my tnh
My Fax, my Scane
III.
Mn hnh my tnh Monitor 1. Khi nim
Mn hnh my tnh l thit b in t gn lin vi my tnh vi mc ch chnh l hin th v giao tip gia ngi s dng vi my tnh. i vi cc my tnh c nhn (PC), mn hnh my tnh l mt b phn tch ri. i vi my tnh xch tay mn hnh l mt b phn gn chung khng th tch ri. c bit: mn hnh c th dng chung (hoc khng s dng) i vi mt s h my ch.
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2. Cc thng s c bn ca mn hnh my tnh a. phn gii Mn hnh my tnh hin th nh theo tng im ri rc rt nh, lin kt cc im cho php hin th cc nh theo nhng g ta nhn thy. phn gii ca mn hnh my tnh l mt biu th s im nh hng ngang x s im nh hng dc v d: 1024x768 c ngha l c 1024 im nh theo chiu ngang v 768 im nh theo chiu dc.
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Theo thit k, mi mn hnh c thit k vi mt phn gii ti a no . i vi mnh hnh CRT, ngi s dng c th thit lp lm vic vi phn gii ti a hoc thp hn m vn m bo s hin th hon hoo (nhng c nhiu loi mn hnh CRT nu t ti a phi chp nhn thit lp tn s lm ti thp i). i vi mn hnh tinh th lng tt nht phi thit lp lm vic ng vi phn gii ti a m bo hin th hnh nh r nt (nguyn nhn trnh by phn sau). b. Tc lm ti Nguyn l hin th s chuyn ng ca hnh nh trn mn hnh my tnh cng ging nh nguyn l chiu bng: Lm thay i nhanh cc hnh nh tnh trong mt khong thi gian ngn li dng tnh cht lu nh trong vng mc ca con ngi ghp thnh cc hnh nh chuyn ng. Tc lm ti th hin s khung hnh t c trong mt giy. Tc lm ti i vi cc loi mn hnh thng dng tn s 60, 75, 85 Hz (trong in nh: vi cc phim nha, tn s thng l 24). i vi mn hnh my tnh loi CRT, lm ti c th thay i rng t 60 Hz tr ln. Nhng loi mn hnh CRT thng dng thng t 60 n 85 Hz, i vi mt s model c bit, lm ti c th n 120 Hz hoc cao hn. i vi mn hnh tinh th lng, tc lm ti thng l 60 Hz.
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Tc lm ti nh hng n sc kho ca ngi s dng my tnh. Nu t qu thp vi mn hnh CRT s c cm gic rung hnh, nhc mt dn n nhc u khi lm vic lin tc. Thng thng vi mn hnh CRT nn t ti thiu 75 Hz trnh c cm gic ny. Vi mn hnh tinh th lng lm ti 60 Hz cng t to ra cm gic rung hnh v nhc mt nh trn bi c ch to hnh nh ca n hon ton khc vi mn hnh CRT. c. Thi gian p ng Thi gian p ng l mt khi nim ch nhc n i vi cc mn hnh tinh th lng. Thi gian p ng mn hnh tinh th lng c tnh bng miligiy (ms), ni n khong thi gian bin i hon ton mt mu sc ca mt im nh. Chnh v cng ngh tinh th lng khng th hin th mt im nh tc thi nn mi xut hin khi nim ny nh mt thng s nh gi v mn hnh tinh th lng. Nu nh cn hin th mt chuyn ng rt nhanh (v d tng thut mt trn ua xe cng thc 1 hoc chi games ua xe chng hn) th mn hnh phi thay i cc hnh tnh lin tc. Nu nh vic chuyn i cc hnh nh khng kp thi s xy ra hin tng hnh nh mi xut hin nhng hnh nh c khng kp xo ht, khng kp thay i th kt qu hin th s xut hin vt m ca hnh c - quen gi l "bng ma".
Kch thc im nh
Thi gian p ng
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Vi vic x l vn bn, lt web, xem phim thng thng (khng c cc pha hnh ng cc nhanh) th thi giam p ng 25 ms cng . Tuy nhin vi vic chi cc games ua xe hoc cc tc v khc lin quan n thay i hnh nh lin tc th ngi s dng nn chn thi gian p ng cng thp cng tt. Hin nay nhiu hng sn xut mn hnh tinh th lng qung co sn phm ca mnh c thi giam p ng t mc 2 ms (mc c th p ng mi vn v hin th). Tuy nhin, c rt nhiu vn cn tranh ci trong vic tnh thi gian p ng trn mn hnh tinh th lng ca cc hng, bi mi hng tnh theo mt cch khc nhau v cng b theo kt qu ring ca h. d. Kch thc im nh Kch thc im nh l mt thng s c nh v khng thay i c, n l kch thc im nh nh nht - tng ng vi phn gii ln nht. Cc kch thc im nh cn c th thay i n ln hn tu thuc vo ngi s dng khi thit lp phn gii mn hnh thp hn so vi thit k ca nh sn xut. Kch thc im nh ca mi hng, mi model u c th khc nhau. Thy r nht l vi cc mn hnh tinh th lng c gi ph thng hai loi mn hnh c kch thc ng cho khc nhau 17" v 19" thng cng phn gii (ln nht) 1280x1024 (cng so snh vi th loi khng phi mn hnh rng (non-wide) ) Kch thc im nh cng nh hnh nh hin th s nt hn v nu kch thc im nh cng ln th ngc li. 3. Mn hnh my tnh loi CRT Thng gp nht l cc loi mn hnh my tnh vi nguyn l ng phng chm in t (ng CRT, nn thng t tn cho loi ny l "loi CRT"). a. u nhc im u im: Th hin mu sc rt trung thc, tc p ng cao, phn gii c th t c cao. Ph hp vi games th v cc nh thit k, x l ho. Nhc im: Chim nhiu din tch, tiu tn in nng hn cc loi mn hnh khc, thng gy nh hng sc kho nhiu hn vi cc loi mn hnh khc. b. Nguyn l hin th hnh nh Mn hnh CRT s dng phn mn hunh quang dng hin th cc im nh, cc im nh pht sng theo ng mu sc cn hin th cn cc tia in t tc ng vo chng to ra s pht x nh sng. ng phng CRT s to ra cc tia in t p vo mn hunh quang hin th cc im nh theo mong mun.
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tm hiu nguyn l hin th hnh nh ca cc mn hnh CRT, ta hy xem nguyn l hin th hnh nh ca mt mn hnh n sc (en trng), cc nguyn l mn hnh CRT mu u da trn nn tng ny. c. Nguyn l hin th hnh nh ca mn hnh en-trng cc mn hnh CRT c in: Ton b lp hunh quang trn b mt ch hin pht x mt mu duy nht vi cc mc thang xm khc nhau to ra cc im nh en trng. Mt im nh c phn thnh cc cng sng khc nhau s c iu khin bng chm tia in t c cng khc nhau.
Chm tia in t c xut pht t mt ng pht ca n hnh. Ti y c mt dy tc (kiu ging dy tc bng n si t) c nung nng, cc in t t do trong kim loi ca si dy tc nhy khi b mt v b ht vo in trng to ra trong ng CRT. to ra mt tia in t, ng CRT c cc cun li tia theo hai phng (ngang v ng) iu khin tia ny n cc v tr trn mn hunh quang. m bo cc tia in t thu hp thnh dng im theo kch thc im nh thit t, ng CRT c cc thu knh in t (hon ton khc bit vi thu knh quang hc) bng cc cun dy hi t chm tia. Tia in t c qut ln b mt lp hunh quang theo tng hng, ln lt t trn xung di, t tri qua phi mt cch rt nhanh to ra cc khung hnh tnh, nhiu khung hnh tnh nh vy thay i s to ra hnh nh chuyn ng. Cng cc tia ny thay i theo im nh cn hin th trn mn hnh, vi cc im nh mu en cc tia ny c cng thp nht (hoc khng c), vi cc im nh trng th
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tia ny ln n gii hn, vi cc thang mu xm th tu theo mc sng m tia c cng khc nhau. d. Nguyn l hin th hnh nh ca mn hnh mu Nguyn l hin th hnh nh ca mn hnh mu loi CRT ging vi mn hnh en trng trnh by trn. Cc mu sc c hin th theo nguyn tc phi mu pht x: Mi mt mu xc nh c ghp bi ba mu c bn. Trn mn hnh hin th lp hunh quang ca mn hnh en trng c thay bng cc lp pht x mu dc t trn xung di mn hnh (iu ny hon ton c th quan st c bng mt thng). Nh vy, c th thy mn hnh CRT, mi hnh nh c hin th khng tc thi, m t pha trn xung pha di. Nu dng my nh chp nh mn hnh CRT vi tc nhanh s nhn thy cc hnh nh xut hin theo tng khi ngang mn hnh. y chnh l nguyn nhn c s cm nhn v rung hnh. i vi mn hnh tinh th lng, cc hnh nh tnh c hin th gn nh tc thi nn khng c cm gic ny (do tn s lm ti 60 Hz vn khng c cm gic rung hnh.
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4. Mn hnh my tnh loi tinh th lng Mn hnh tinh th lng l loi thit b hin th cu to bi cc t bo (cc im nh) cha tinh th lng c kh nng thay i tnh phn cc ca nh sng v do thay i cng nh sng truyn qua khi kt hp vi cc knh lc phn cc. Chng c u im l phng, cho hnh nh sng, chn tht v tit kim nng lng. u im: Mng nh, khng chim din tch trn bn lm vic. t tiu tn in nng so vi mn hnh loi CRT, t nh hng n sc kho ngi s dng so vi mn hnh CRT. Nhc im: Gii hn hin th nt trong phn gii thit k (hoc phn gii bng 1/2 so vi thit k theo c hai chiu dc v ngang), tc p ng chm hn so vi mn hnh CRT (tuy nhin nm 2007 xut hin nhiu model c p ng n 2 ms), mu sc cha trung thc bng mn hnh CRT.
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a. Cu to n hnh tin nh th lng n dng ng gun sng g t cp (t thng d nh cho mn hnh mu m ca M my tnh ha ay TV).
Cu trc cc c lp ca mt mn hnh h tinh th lng en e trng khng k t pht sng (th ( ng thy trn m y tnh b ti).
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1.Knh lc phn cc thng ng lc nh sng t nhin i vo. 2.Lp knh c cc in cc ITO. Hnh dng ca in cc l hnh cn hin th. 3.Lp tinh th lng. 4.Lp knh c in cc ITO chung. 5.Knh lc phn cc nm ngang. 6.Gng phn x li nh sng cho ngi quan st. C hai kiu cu to mn hnh tinh th lng chnh, khc nhau thit k ngun sng. Trong kiu th nht, nh sng c pht ra t mt n nn, c v s phng phn cc nh cc nh sng t nhin. nh sng ny c cho lt qua lp knh lc phn cc th nht, tr thnh nh sng phn cc phng ch c phng thng ng. nh sng phn cc phng ny c tip tc cho truyn qua tm thy tinh v lp in cc trong sut n lp tinh th lng. Sau , chng tip tc i ti knh lc phn cc th hai; c phng phn cc vung gc vi knh lc th nht, ri i ti mt ngi quan st. Kiu mn hnh ny thng p dng cho mn hnh mu my tnh hay TV. to ra mu sc, lp ngoi cng, trc khi nh sng i ra n mt ngi, c knh lc mu. loi mn hnh tinh th lng th hai, chng s dng nh sng t nhin i vo t mt trn v c gng phn x nm sau, di nh sng ny li cho ngi xem. y l cu to thng gp cc loi mn hnh tinh th lng en trng trong cc thit b b ti. Do khng cn ngun sng nn chng tit kim nng lng. b. Hot ng bt tt c bn Nu in cc ca mt im nh con khng c p mt in th, th phn tinh th lng ni y khng b tc ng g c, nh sng sau khi truyn qua ch y vn gi nguyn phng phn cc, v cui cng b chn li hon ton bi knh lc phn cc th hai. im nh con ny lc b tt v i vi mt y l mt im ti. bt mt im nh con, cn t mt in th vo in cc ca n, lm thay i s nh hng ca cc phn t tinh th lng ni y; kt qu l nh sng sau khi truyn qua phn tinh th lng ch im nh con ny s b xoay phng phn cc i, c th lt qua lp knh lc phn cc th hai, to ra mt im mu trn tm knh trc. c. Hin th mu sc v s chuyn ng Hnh nh hin ra trn tm knh trc l do s cm nhn tng th tt c cc im nh, y mi im nh mang mt mu sc v sng nht nh, c qui nh, theo quy tc phi mu pht x, bi mc snh ca ba im nh con ca n (t l ca ba mu , lc v lam), tc c qui nh bi vic bt/tt cc im nh con y.
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lm iu ny, cng mt lc cc in th thch hp s c t vo cc im nh con nm trn cng mt hng, ng thi phn mm trong my tnh s ra lnh p in th vo nhng ct c cc im nh con cn bt. mi thi im, cc im nh mt trng thi bt/tt nht nh - ng vi mt nh trn mn hnh. Vic thay i trng thi bt/tt ca cc im nh to ra mt hnh nh chuyn ng. iu ny c thc hin bng cch p in th cho tng hng t hng ny n hng k tip (gi l s qut dc) v p in th cho tng ct t ct ny n ct k tip (s qut ngang). Thng tin ca mt nh ng t my tnh c chuyn thnh cc tn hiu qut dc v qut ngang v ti to li hnh nh trn mn hnh.
Mu sc c to ra bi s phi mu pht x t ba loi im nh , lc v lam.
phn gii ca mn hnh tinh th lng d c th t c theo ngi s dng, tuy nhin hin th r nt nht phi t phn gii thit k ca nh sn xut. Nguyn nhn l cc im nh c thit k c nh (khng tng v khng gim c c v s im nh v kch thc), do nu thit t phn gii thp hn phn gii thit k s xy ra tnh trng tng t vic c 3 im nh vt l (thc) dng hin th 2 im nh hin th (do ngi s dng thit t), iu xy ra lc ny l hai im nh vt l s hin th trn vn, cn li mt im nh gia s hin th mt na im nh hin th ny v
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mt na im nh hin th kia - dn n ch c th hin th mu trung bnh, dn n s hin th khng r nt. d. im cht trong mn hnh tinh th lng Mt trong cc tiu ch quan trng nh gi v mn hnh tinh th lng l cc im cht ca n (khi nim im cht khng c cc loi mn hnh CRT). im cht c coi l cc im m mn hnh khng th hin th ng mu sc, ngay t khi bt mn hnh ln th im cht ch xut hin mt mu duy nht tu theo loi im cht. im cht c th xut hin ngay t khi xut xng, c th xut hin trong qu trnh s dng. im cht c th l im cht en hoc im ch trng. Vi cc im cht en chng t l v d ln vo hnh nh, cc im cht trng thng d ni v gy ra s kh chu t ngi s dng. Theo cng ngh ch to cc im cht ca mn hnh tinh th lng khng th sa cha c. Thng t l xut hin im cht ca mn hnh tinh th lng chim khong 30% tng sn phm xut xng nn cc hng sn xut c cc ch bo hnh ring. Mt s hng cho php n 3 im cht (m khng bo hnh), mt s khc l 5 im do khi la chn mua cc mn hnh tinh th lng cn ch kim tra v s lng cc im cht sn c. kim tra cc im cht trn cc mn hnh tinh th lng, tt nht dng cc phn mm chuyn dng (dn d tm cc phn mm kiu ny bi chng thng min ph), nu khng c cc phn mm, ngi s dng c th to cc nh ton mt mu en, ton mt mu trng, ton mt mu khc v xem n ch chim y mn hnh (full screen) kim tra. Mn hnh c chia thnh 9 vng nh sau
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Vng 1:
Tuyt i khng im cht
Vng 2, 3, 4, & 5: 1 im cht coi c coi nh chun chp nhn Vng 6, 7, 8, & 9: 2 im cht coi c coi nh chun chp nhn e. n nn trong mn hnh tinh th lng Cng ngh mn hnh tinh th lng phi s dng cc n nn to nh sng n cc tinh th lng. Khi iu chnh sng chnh l iu chnh nh sng ca n nn. iu ng ni y l mt s mn hnh tinh th lng c hin tng lt sng ti cc vin bin ca mn hnh (do cch b tr ca n nn v s che chn cn thit) gy ra cm gic hin th khng ng u khi th hin cc bc nh ti. Khi chn mua cn th hin th trnh mua cc loi mn hnh gp li nh vy, cch th n gii nht l quan st vin mn hnh trong thi im khi ng Windows xem cc vng sng c qu l hay khng. Mn hnh rng v mn hnh chun 4:3 thng thng Trong mn hnh tinh th lng thng c hai loi, mn hnh theo chun 4:3 thng thng v mn hnh theo chun rng. Vi mn hnh kiu CRT th thng dng nht vn theo chun thng thng, rt c bit mi c mn hnh rng. Mn hnh theo chun thng thng c t l tnh theo im nh ng ngang v im nh ng ng c t l 4:3. Vi mn hnh theo chun rng s c t l (nh trn) thng l 16:10. Tu theo nhu cu cng vic m nn chn mn hnh theo chun no. Vi chi game thng thng, lt web, son tho vn bn th nn chn loi thng. Vi mc ch xem phim, dng nhiu n bng tnh excel th nn chn mn rng m bo hin th c nhiu ni dung hn. Tuy nhin hin nay xu th ngi s dng ang dn chuyn sang s dng mn hnh rng bi dn cc game h tr mn hnh rng tt hn. Vn la chn gia loi thng v rng hin nay cng hay gy nhiu tranh ci trn cc din n bi thi quen s dng ca tng ngi. 5. Mn hnh cm ng Mn hnh cm ng l cc loi mn hnh c tch hp thm mt lp cm bin trn b mt cho php ngi s dng c th iu khin, lm vic vi my tnh bng cch s dng cc loi bt ring hoc bng tay ging nh c ch iu khin ca mt s in thoi thng minh hay Pocket PC.
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Mn hnh cm ng xut hin mt s my tnh xch tay cng vi h iu hnh Windows XP Tablet PC Edition. Mt s my tnh cho cc t im cng cng cng s dng loi mn hnh ny phc v gii tr, mua sm trc tuyn hoc cc mc ch khc - chng c ci t h iu hnh Windows Vista mi nht.
6. Mn hnh my tnh cng nghip Loi mn hnh my tnh c nguyn l hot ng ging nh cc mn hnh CRT v LCD thng thng, nhng c s dng trong cc my tnh cng nghip. Chng ch c khc bit v kch thc (thng nh hn), v c thit k lm vic lin tc trong mi trng bi, nng, m, rung ng... 7. Cc kiu giao tip kt ni ca mn hnh my tnh Hai kiu giao tip thng dng gia mn hnh my tnh v my tnh l: D-Sub v DVI. D-Sub l kiu truyn theo tn hiu tng t, cc mn hnh CRT u s dng giao tip ny.
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Kiu D-Sub
DVI l kiu truyn theo tn hiu s, a phn mn hnh tinh th lng hin nay s dng chun ny, phn cn li vn s dng theo D-Sub. Kiu giao tip ny c u im hn so vi kiu D-Sub l c th cho cht lng nh tt hn. Tuy nhin s dng kiu DVI i hi cc ho phi h tr chun ny (a s cc cc ho ri u c cng DVI, tuy nhin cc ho tch hp sn trn bo mch ch phn nhiu l khng h tr).
Kiu DVI
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IV.
Cng ngh OLED 1. Khi nim
Cc OLED l cc thit b th rn cu to t cc tm phim mng lm t cc hp cht hu c. Tm phim ny s pht ra nh sng khi c cung cp in nng. OLED c th to ra nhng hnh nh sng v r nt hn nhng li tiu th t in nng hn cc cng ngh mn hnh LED (Light-Emitting Diode: Diode pht quang) hay LCD (Liquid Crystal Display: Mn hnh tinh th lng) hin ti. 2. Cc thnh phn ca OLED Ging nh mt diode pht quang LED, mt diode pht quang hu c OLED l mt thit b bn dn th rn c dy t 100 n 500 nanomet hay khong 200 ln nh hn ng knh si tc. Cc OLED c th c hai hoc ba lp vt liu hu c; trong trng hp thit k ba lp th lp th ba s gip truyn ti cc electron t cathode ti lp pht sng (emissive layer). Trong mc ny chng ta s tp trung vo kiu thit hai lp.
Cc thnh phn ca OLED

Mt OLED gm cc phn sau:

Tm nn (substrate) - lm t nha trong, thy tinh, ... Tm nn c tc dng chng cho OLED. Anode (trong sut) - anode s ly i cc electron (hay to ra cc l trng mang in dng) khi c mt dng in chy qua thit b.
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Cc lp hu c - cc lp ny c to thnh t cc phn t hu c hay polymer.

o
Lp dn (conductive layer) - lp ny c lm t cc phn t hu c do c nhim v truyn ti cc l trng t anode. Mt polymer dn c s dng trong cc OLED l polyaniline.
Lp pht sng (emissive layer) - lp ny c lm t cc phn t hu c do (nhng khc loi vi lp dn) c nhim v truyn ti cc electron t cathode. Mt loi polymer dng trong lp pht sng l polyfluorence.
Cathode (c th trong sut hoc khng ty thuc vo loi OLED) - cathode s to ra cc electron khi c dng in chy qua thit b.
3. Ch to OLED Thit lp cho my in phun chnh xc cao to ra cc OLED polymer (nh ca Philips) Cng on phc tp nht ca vic ch to cc OLED l khi t cc lp hu c ln tm nn. Cng on ny c th c thc hin theo 3 cch:
Lng ng chn khng hay bc hi nhit chn khng - Trong mt bung chn khng, cc phn t hu c c t nng nh (lm bc hi) v s c ngng t thnh cc tm phim mng trn cc tm nn lnh. Qu trnh ny kh tn km v khng hiu qu.
Lng ng pha hi hu c (organic vapor phase deposition - OPVD): trong mt bung phn ng p sut thp c tng nng, mt cht kh vn chuyn s truyn ti cc phn t hu c bc hi ti cc tm nn lnh, ti chng ngng t thnh cc tm phim mng. S dng mt cht kh vn chuyn s tng tnh hiu qu v gim gim gi thnh ch to cc OLED.
In phun mc (inkject printing) - vi cng ngh phun mc, cc OLED c phun ri ln cc tm nn ging nh mc c phun ri ln trn giy trong khi in. Cng ngh
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phun mc gip gim ng k gi thnh sn xut cc OLED v cho php cc OLED c in ln trn cc tm film ln tc l c th to ra cc mn hin th rt ln nh cc mn hnh TV 80 inch hay cc bng thng bo in t. 4. Cc OLED pht sng nh th no? Cc OLED pht ra nh sng theo cch ging vi cc n LED. Qu trnh ny gi l s pht ln quang in t (electrophosphoresence). Qu trnh ny xy ra nh sau: 1. Ngun in cung cp mt dng in cho OLED. 2. Mt dng cc electron chy t cathode qua cc lp hu c ti anode: Cathode s truyn cc electron cho lp cc phn t hu c pht quang. Anode s ly cc electron t lp cc phn t hu c dn (iu ny ging vi vic truyn cc l trng mang in dng cho lp dn). 3. Ti bin gia lp pht quang v lp dn, cc electron gp cc l trng: Khi mt electron gp mt l trng, n s ti hp vi l trng ny (hay n ri vo mc nng lng ca nguyn t l trng b mt mt electron). Khi s ti hp xy ra, electron ti hp s to ra mt nng lng di dng mt photon nh sng. 4. OLED pht ra nh sng. Mu ca nh sng ph thuc vo kiu phn t hu c ca lp pht quang. Cc nh sn xut thng t mt vi loi film hu c trn cng mt OLED to ra cc nh sng mu khc nhau. Cng hay sng ca nh sng ph thuc vo lng in cung cp. Lng in cng ln, nh sng cng sng hn.
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Nguyn l hot ng ca OLED

5. Cc cng ngh OLED
Hin nay c mt s loi OLED sau:

OLED ma trn th ng (passive-matrix OLED) OLED ma trn ch ng (active-matrix OLED)
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OLED trong sut (transparent OLED) OLED pht sng nh (top-emitting OLED) OLED gp c (foldable OLED) OLED trng (white OLED)
Mi loi ny c nhng cng dng khc nhau. Trong cc mc tip theo, chng ta s tm hiu v tng loi OLED ny. Chng ta hy bt u vi cc OLED ma trn tnh v ma trn ng. a. OLED ma trn th ng (PMOLED) PMOLED c cc di cathode, cc di lp hu c v cc di anode. Cc di anode c xp vung gc vi cc di cathode. Phn giao nhau gia cathode v anode to thnh cc pixel (im nh) ti nh sng c pht ra. Mch in bn ngoi cung cp dng in cho cc di anode v cathode no c chn lm cho nhng pixel nht nh s pht sng cn cc pixel khc th khng. Mt ln na, sng ca mi pixel s t l vi ln ca dng in.
OLED ma trn th ng
Cc PMOLED d ch to nhng chng li tiu th nhiu in nng hn cc loi OLED khc, ch yu l do ngun in cn cho mch in ngoi. Cc PMOLED c hiu qu nht cho vic hin th vn bn hay cc biu tng v rt ph hp cho cc mn hnh nh (2 n 3 inch) chng hn nh cc mn hnh ca in thoi di ng, PDA hay my nghe nhc MP3. Ngay c vi mch in ngoi, cc OLED ma trn th ng cng tiu th t in nng hn cc mn LCD c dng rt ph bin cc thit b ny.
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b. OLED ma trn ch ng (AMOLED) AMOLED c y cc lp cathode, lp phn t hu c v lp anode. Tuy nhin lp anode s ph ln mt tm mng li cc transitor film mng (thin film transitor hay TFT) to thnh mt ma trn cc pixel. Bn thn tm TFT l mt mch in xc nh nhng pixel no s c bt to ra hnh nh.
OLED ma trn ch ng
AMOLED tiu th t in nng hn PMOLED bi v lp TFT cn t in hn mch in ngoi, do chng rt ph hp cho cc mn hnh ln. AMOLED cng c tc lm ti nhanh hn nn ph hp cho video. AMOLED c dng tt nht cho mn hnh my tnh, cc TV mn hnh ln v cc bng tn hiu hay thng bo in t. c. OLED trong sut
OLED trong sut c cu to hon ton t cc thnh phn trong sut. Khi mt OLED trong sut c bt ln, n s cho php nh sng pht ra theo c hai hng. Mt OLED trong sut c th l kiu ma trn th ng hoc ma trn ch ng. Cng ngh OLED ny c th c dng lm mn hin th trn knh t hay my bay (head-up display).
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OLED trong sut

d. OLED pht sng nh Cc OLED pht sng nh c mt tm nn c hoc c th phn x. Cc OLED ny ph hp nht vi kiu thit k ma trn ng. Cc nh ch to c th s dng cc OLED pht sng nh trong cc th thng minh.
OLED pht sng nh
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e. OLED gp c OLED gp c c tm nn lm t cc l kim loi mm do hoc lm t nha. Cc OLED gp c rt nh v c tui th cao. Khi c dng trong cc thit b nh in thoi di ng hay PDA, tnh trng v mn hnh s khng cn xy ra. C kh nng cc mn OLED s tr thnh cht liu cho cc b qun o thng minh khi cc b qun o ny c tch hp cc chip my tnh, in thoi di ng, b thu GPS v mn hnh OLED.
Mn hnh OLED mm do ca Sony f. OLED trng
OLED trng pht ra nh sng trng sng hn, ng nht hn v hiu qu nng lng hn nh sng pht ra bi n hunh quang. Cc OLED trng cng c cht lng nh sng ca n si tc. Do cc OLED c th ch to thnh cc tm ln nn chng c th dng thay th cc n hunh quang hin ang c dng nhiu trong cc ton nh v cn h. Vic s dng cc OLED trng c th gim m k nng lng cho vic chiu sng.
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6. u v nhc im ca OLED Cc u im ca OLED Cng ngh LCD hin l la chn s mt trong cc thit b nh v cng rt ph bin trong cc TV mn hnh ln. Cng ngh n LED thng c dng to thnh cc ch s trn cc ng h in t v cc thit b in t khc. Cng ngh OLED a ra rt nhiu u im so vi cc cng ngh trn:

Cc lp hu c nha ca OLED mng hn, nh hn v mm do hn cc lp tinh th ca LED hay LCD. Bi v cc lp pht quang ca OLED nh hn nn tm nn ca OLED c th mm do thay v cng rn. Tm nn ca OLED c th lm bng nha thay v bng thy tinh c dng cho LED v LCD.
OLED sng hn LED. Bi v cc lp hu c ca OLED mng hn nhiu cc lp tinh th v c tng ng ca LED nn cc lp pht quang v lp dn ca OLED c th ch to thnh nhiu lp. Thm na, LED v LCD cn dng thy tinh h tr v thy tinh li hp th mt phn nh sng trong khi OLED li khng cn dng thy tinh.
OLED khng cn chiu sng nn nh LCD. LCD hot ng bng cch chn cc vng nh sng ca n nn to thnh hnh nh, trong khi OLED t pht sng. Bi v OLED khng cn chiu sng nn nn chng tiu th t in nng hn nhiu so vi LCD (hu ht in nng cho LCD dng cho chiu sng nn). u im ny c bit quan trng i vi cc thit b s dng pin nh in thoi di ng, PDA hay my tnh xch tay.
OLED c ch to d dng hn v c th c lm thnh cc tm c kch thc ln. Bi v OLED ch yu l nha do, chng c th c lm thnh cc tm rng v mng. Vi LED hay LCD iu ny l rt kh khn.
OLED c gc nhn rng hn, vo khong 170. Do cc LCD hot ng bng cch chn nh sng nn chng c mt tm nhn hn ch nhng gc nhn nht nh. Cc OLED t pht ra nh sng nn chng c mt gc nhn rng hn nhiu.
Cc nhc im ca OLED OLED c v l mt cng ngh hon ho cho mi kiu hin th, tuy nhin chng cng bc l mt s vn :
Thi gian sng - trong khi cc tm film OLED xanh v c thi gian sng lu (khong 10 000 n 40 000 gi), th cc tm film xanh da tri hin ti c thi gian sng t hn nhiu (ch khong 1000 gi).
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Ch to - Hin ti cc cng on ch to vn cn rt t. Nc - nc c th d dng lm hng OLED.
7. Tng lai ha hn ca cng ngh Cc nghin cu v pht trin trong lnh vc OLED ang din ra rt nhanh v c th s dn n nhng ng dng trong tng lai nh mn hin th head-up (trn knh -t hoc my bay), cc bng tn hiu, bng thng bo, n chiu sng cc ta nh v cn h v c cc mn hnh mm do. Do OLED c tc lm ti nhanh hn LCD gn 1000 ln nn 1 thit b vi mn hnh OLED c th thay i thng tin gn nh theo thi gian thc. Cc hnh nh video s tr nn trn tru v sng ng hn. Trong tng lai cc t bo c th s l nhng mn hnh OLED v lin tc c cp nht nhng thng tin mi nht (ging trong phim Minority Report), v ging nh mt t bo giy thng thng, bn cng c th gp n li khi c xong v nht n vo ti hoc cp ca mnh. Chng ta c th thy mt tng lai ti sng ang ch n OLED pha trc.
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V.
Chut my tnh Mouse 1. Khi nim
Chut my tnh l mt thit b ngoi vi ca my tnh dng iu khin v lm vic vi my tnh. s dng chut my tnh nht thit phi s dng mn hnh my tnh quan st to v thao tc di chuyn ca chut trn mn hnh. 2. Cc loi chut my tnh Chut my tnh phn loi theo nguyn l hot ng c hai loi chnh: Chut bi v chut quang. Ngoi ra cn c chut khng dy. a. Chut bi Chut bi l chut s dng nguyn l xc nh chiu ln ca mt vin bi khi thay i khi di chuyn chut xc nh s thay i to ca con tr trn mn hnh my tnh. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca chut bi c dy bao gm:

Vin bi c t ti y chut, c kh nng tip xc vi b mt bng phng ni chut tip xc. Vin bi c th ln t do theo cc chiu khc nhau. Hai thanh ln trong b tr tip xc vi vin bi. Bt k s di chuyn ca vin bi theo phng no u c quy i chuyn ng theo hai phng v lm quay hai thanh ln ny. Ti cc u thanh ln c cc a c l ng trc vi thanh ln dng xc nh s quay ca thanh ln. Hai b cm bin nh sng (pht v thu) xc nh chiu quay, tc quay ti cc a c l trn thanh ln. Mch phn tch v chuyn i tn hiu. Dy dn v u cm theo kiu giao tip ca chut truyn kt qu iu khin v my tnh.
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b. Chut quang Chut quang hot ng trn nguyn l pht hin phn x thay i ca nh sng (hoc la de) pht ra t mt ngun cp xc nh s thay i to ca con tr trn mn hnh my tnh. u im ca chut quang thng l: - phn gii t c cao hn nn cho kt qu chnh xc hn so vi chut bi nu s dng trn cht liu mt phng di chut hp l (hoc cc bn di chuyn dng). - iu khin d dng hn do khng s dng bi. - Trng lng nh hn chut bi. Nhc im ca chut quang thng l s kn chn mt phng lm vic hoc bn di chut, trn mt s chut quang khng th lm vic trn knh. Nhng nhc im ny s dn c loi b khi chut quang s dng cng ngh la de. Ngy nay chut quang v cc loi chut khc ang dn thay th chut bi do chng c nhiu u im v khc phc cc nhc im ca chut bi thng thy trn.
c.
Chut khng dy
Khi s dng chut my tnh c dy dn thng thng nhiu ngi s dng c cm gic b vng vu, cn tr qu trnh di chuyn chut. Chut khng dy ra i nhm to s thoi mi cho ngi s dng chut my tnh.
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Chut khng giy gi tn hiu vo my tnh thng qua mt b thu pht. B thu pht c th dng sng (bluetooth hoc sng khc) nhn tn hiu t chut khng dy n. Chut khng dy thng nng hn cc loi chut khc do chng phi cha ngun cung cp nng lng cho n hot ng l pin. a phn chut khng dy ngy nay thuc loi chut quang.
3. Cc kiu giao tip ca chut my tnh Chut my tnh bt buc phi c kt ni vi my tnh thng qua cc chun cm hoc mt thit b khc nu l chut khng dng dy. Kiu giao tip trc y i vi chut my tnh thng l: COM, DIN, tuy nhin n nay cc dng cng ny khng cn c tip tc s dng. Kiu giao tip thng dng cho n nm 2007 l giao tip PS/2. Giao tip qua cng USB s dn c thay th cng PS/2 bi tc v cc kh nng m rng tnh nng trn chut.
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VI.
Bn phm Keyboard 1. Khi nim
Trong my tnh, mt bn phm l mt thit b ngoi vi c m hnh mt phn theo bn phm my nh ch. V hnh dng, bn phm l s sp t cc nt, hay phm. Mt bn phm thng thng c cc k t c khc hoc in trn phm; vi a s bn phm, mi ln nhn mt phm tng ng vi mt k hiu c to ra. Tuy nhin, to ra mt s k t cn phi nhn v gi vi phm cng lc hoc lin tc; cc phm khc khng to ra bt k k hiu no, thay vo tc ng n hnh vi ca my tnh hoc ca chnh bn phm. 2. Cu Trc Phm Chc Nng c Bit (Function Keys)

ESC : hy mt lnh F1 : Tr Gip F10 : Hin th bng Danh Sch H S (File Menu) F11 : ng/M Ca S Ton Mn Hnh (Full Screen Window Mode) F12 : M Danh Sch Ca S (Window Menu)
Phm nh Ch(Alphabetical Key Pads) QWERTYUIOP{}| A S D F G H J K L "' Enter Z X C V B N M <, >. ?/ Shift Phm iu Khin (Navigation Keys) Insert Home Page Up
Delete End
Page Down
Phm nh S(Numerical Key Pads)
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Num Lock / * 789 456 123 0 . Enter 3. Cng ngh bn phm Bn phm khng dy: Bn phm khng dy ang dn ph bin vi nhng ngi s dng mun s t do ang tng ln. D sao, bn phm khng dy cn pin hot ng, v c th sp t mt vn an ninh v nguy c ca s nghe trm.
WristPC: Vi thit k th ny c th d dng mang n vo c tay ging nh mt phn ca b qun o trn ngi, tht tin dng cho nhng ai hay di chuyn.
Bn phm cm ng Laze: Cng c laser ny s t bn phm o ln bn hay bt k mt phng no thun tin. Ngi dng ch vic g ln bn phm o, thit b s dch chuyn ng ca ngn tay v a d liu v PDA hay my tnh kt ni vi n.
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B n phm Ergonomic ca Maltron n: Bn phm m ny c thit k ph hp vi hnh dn ng ca b n tay gi g m bt s cng thng v cc chng bnh n ca c tay. t
Lo ogitech diN Novo Edge : Thit k mng gn ch 11 mm, m mang tnh t p ph ca Lo ogitech. y l thit b ngoi vi i c o, kt hp gia bn ph hm a chc nng v chut cm ng To ouchDisc scrolling s khng cn dng chut nh trn my y tnh xch h tay vy. Thi T t b kt ni Bluet tooth gn tr t c tip vo my tn nh thng qua cng USB thng dng. Cc nt hot ke eys c th hit k trn ng nh n mnh d i bn ph hm, khi c s dng, chng li hin ra mt cch h bt ng v v th v. Khi khng s dng, bn c th n tr n gi c c cng dng nh b phn sc pin. Tng th ch hu ht cc h iu h nh thng g dng.
ekTex Fabric Keyboard : loi b n phm c th cun li c, n n linh hot v n tin dng Ele ch ho nhng ai a hay phi di chuyn.
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Phn XIII X Lp rp my m tnh h
I.
C n b: Chu
cc linh ki k n y . - Chun b y - Chun b cc dng c nh vng tay tnh in, trc vt, ki im.
II.
C bc lp rp: Cc
Nguyn n l: Lp nhng thit b n gin trc, lp t trong g ra ngoi. . 1. Gn CPU vo v mainbo oard: - D cn gt ca socket trong mainbo oard ln ca ao.
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- Nhn vo pha chn cm ca CPU xc nh c v tr lm trng vi socket.
- t CPU vo gi ca socket, khi CPU lt hn v p st vi socket th y cn gt xung.
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2. Gn qut gii nhit cho CPU:
Bi kem tn nhit ln CPU trc khi gn qut.
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- a qu q t vo v tr gi qut bao o quanh so ocket trn main. Nhn u tay y qut lt xung gi , i vi loi mi by gi th c 4 gc c nh trn m main khp vi qut nh n t hnh. bn c th thy trn
- Gt 2 cn gt pha trn qu ut c nh qut vi gi hoc n ln lt 4 cht vo ma ain i vi loi mi by b gi v xoay x theo chiu mi tn trn kha k c n nh qut vo o main.
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- Cm dy ngun cho qu q t vo chn c cm 3 c k hiu FAN trn n main.
3. Gn RAM R vo main: m P i xc nh khe RAM R trn main m l d ng loi RA AM no v phi m bo tnh h tng - Ph thch, nu kh hng bn s lm gy y RAM.
- M hai cn gt khe RAM R ra 2 pha, p a thanh t RAM M vo khe, nhn u tay n kh hi 2 cn gt t mp vo v v gi ly thanh RAM. t y 2 cn gt ra 2 pha, RA AM s bt ln. - Lu : Khi mun m ra th ly tay
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4. Chun b lp main vo thng my. - i vi mi mainboard c s cng v v tr cc cng pha sau khc nhau nn bn phi g np pha sau ca thng my ti v tr m mainboard a cc cng pha sau ra ngoi thay th bng ming sc c khot cc v tr ph hp vi mainboard. - Gn cc vt l im ta gn mainboard vo thng my, nhng chn vt ny bng nha v i km vi hp cha mainboard.
5. Gn mainboard v thng my. - a nh nhng main vo bn trong thng my. - t ng v tr v vt vt c nh mainboard vi thng my.
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- Cm dy ngun ln nht t b ngun vo mainboard, i vi mt s main cn phi cm u dy ngun 4 dy vung vo main cp cho CPU. 6. Lp b ngun Gn dy cp ngun cho main v CPU
Cho Main
Cho CPU
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7. Lp cng: - Chn mt v tr t cng thch hp nht trn cc gi c sn ca case, vt vt 2 bn c nh cng vi Case.
- Ni dy d liu ca cng vi u cm IDE1 trn mainboard, hoc SATA i vi chun mi by gi.
Chun SATA
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Cp ngun cho HDD chun SATA.
Lu !: Trong trng hp ni 2 cng trn cng mt dy d liu, bn cn phi xc lp chnh, ph bng Jumper i vi chun ATA(dy IDE). Trn mt a c quy nh cch cm Jumper xc lp chnh, ph: Master - chnh, Slave ph.Nu a khng c quy nh th v tr jump gn dy d liu l xc lp cng ny l chnh, cm jumper v v tr th 2 tnh t dy d liu l xc lp ny l ph.
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Ni cp d liu ln Main
8. Lp t a mm. a mm vo ng v tr ca n trn thng my. Th nt nhn y a mm mt trc ca thng my c y c a khng. Vn vt c nh mm vi Case. Ni dy d liu ca mm: u b nh tro gn vo , u khng tro gn vo u cm FDD trn mainboard. Ni dy ngun u dp 4 dy (u nh) vo .
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9. Lp CD-ROM M np nha pha trn ca mt trc Case. y nh CD t ngoi vo, vn t 2 bn c nh vi Case.
Ni dy cp d liu vi IDE2 trn main. C th dng chung dy vi cng nhng phi thit lp cng l Master, CD l Slave bng jumper trn c 2 ny. Trong trng hp dng 2 CD, cng phi xc lp jump trn c 2 gip HH nhn dng chnh, ph. 10. Gn cc card m rng. Hin nay hu ht cc loi card m rng u gn vo khe PCI trn main. Trc tin, bn cn xc nh v tr gn card, sau dng kim b thanh st ti v tr m card s a cc u cm ca mnh ra bn ngoi thng my.
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t car rd ng v tr, nhn mnh u tay, v vn vt c nh n card vi mainboar rd. Lu ! Cch ny cng thc hin cho card c mn hnh h gn kh he AGP.
p d liu v cp ngun cho card d. Ni cp
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11. Gn dy cng tc ca Case. Xc nh ng k hiu, ng v tr gn cc dy cng tc ngun, cng tc khi ng li, n bo ngun, n bo cng. Nhn k nhng k hin trn hng chn cm dy ngun, cm tng dy mt v phi chc chn bn cm ng k hiu. Nu khng my s khng khi ng c v n tn hiu pha trc khng bo ng.
Cc k hiu trn main: MSG, hoc PW LED, hoc POWER LED ni vi dy POWER LED - dy tn hiu ca n ngun mu xanh ca Case. HD, hoc HDD LED ni vi dy HDD LED - dy tn hiu ca n bo cng ang truy xut d liu.
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PW, hoc PW SW, hoc POWER SW, hoc POWER ON ni vi dy POWER SW - dy cng tc ngun trn Case. RES, hoc RES SW, hoc RESET SW ni vi dy RESET - dy cng tc khi ng li trn Case. SPEAKER - ni vi dy SPEAKER - dy tn hiu ca loa trn thng my.
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12. Ni dy cho cng USB ca thng my. i vi mt s thng my c cng USB mt trc to s tin li cho ngi s dng. cng USB ny hot ng bn phi gn dy ni t thng my vi mainboard thng qua u cm bn trong mainboard c k hiu USB. 13. Kim tra ln cui Kim tra ln cui cc thit b gn vo thng my gn ng v tr, dy d liu v ngun cha. Buc c nh nhng dy cp cho khng gian bn trong thng my thong mt to iu kin cho qut CPU gii nhit tt gip my hot ng hiu qu hn. Trnh trng hp cc dy ngun, cp d liu va vo qut lm hng qut trong qu trnh hot ng v c th gy chy CPU do khng gii nhit c.
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ng np 2 bn lng thng my v vn vt c nh. 14. u ni cc thit b ngoi vi y l bc kt ni cc dy cp ca cc thit b bn ngoi vi cc cng pha sau mainboard. - Cm dy ngun vo b ngun - Cm dy d liu ca mn hnh vo card mn hnh (VGA Card) - cng mu xanh.
- Cm bn phm vo cng PS/2 mu tm hoc USB ty loi bn phm. - Cm chut vo cng PS/2 mu xanh m hoc USB ty loi chut. 15. Khi ng v kim tra: Nhn nt Power khi ng v kim tra Nu khi khi ng my pht 1 ting bip chng t phn cng bn lp vo hot ng c. Nu c nhiu ting bp lin tc th kim tra tt c cc thit b gn vo ng v tr, cha.
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III.
Nhng lu khi mua my
1. Tm hiu th trng Cng vic ny rt l quan trng trong khu chun b, vic tm hiu th trng s gip bn nm bt c nhng thi im cn thit mua my tnh. Chng hn nh hin nay khi m gi USD tng vt th c ngha l chic my tnh ca bn cng s tng theo do hu ht cc cng ty u nim yt gi USD. Vic tm hiu ny s gip bn gim i c s tin ng k khi thanh ton.
2. Tham kho gi c chung ca cc mt hng Nhiu cng ty bn my vi gi trn tri nhng cng nhiu cng ty bn vi gi di t. Khng phi mc l tt v nhng cng ty ch yu l chi tin cho cc cng vic qung b, lng nhn vin phc v nn h s ly s tin li b p vo. Nhng bn cng tuyt i khng nn mua nhng cng ty r hn v y c th l cng ty la. Vy tt nht bn nn tm mua ti nhng cng ty c danh ting v gi c ph hp Vic ly bng bo gi rt d hoc bn c th gh thm cc trang web ca cng ty tham kho gi trc khi i mua. 3. Chn mua linh kin ph hp vi nhu cu s dng Chng ta phi t ra cc cu hi trc khi mua nh: mua my v lm g? nh mua gi khong bao nhiu?. Tt nht nu bn khng am hiu lm th cc bn hy nh mt anh k thut vin quen bit hoc mt ngi bn am hiu v my tnh t vn v dn i mua trnh c nhng t vn ngt ngo ca nhng nhn vin bn my tnh, thc cht h ch mit mi cho thi ch v k thut h s khng am hiu lm. Khng nn khi n thy nhn vin a ra bng bo gi my b thy ging vi cu hnh mnh nh mua th ly lin. Ch cn bn mua y cc linh kin ca mt b my th chc chn cc anh k thut vin lp rp v ci t cho bn phn mm t A ti Z. 4. Ch k lng hng ha m bo mi 100% v tem bo hnh c ghi ng ngy cha? Cc bn ng ch quan nhng khu ny, y c th s l mt khu ch cht i vi tnh n nh ca my bn. Cc bn cn cn trng nhn tng b phn linh kin m cc anh k thut vin ang lp rp xem c vn g khng. Thi gian bo hnh ghi trn tem c m bo ng vi thi gian mnh mua my khng, cn ch n thi gian bo hnh ca
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nh phn phi na, thi gian m cng xa th c ngha linh kin ca bn c nht kho lu lm ri. 5. Hy ch n nhng sn phm khc Khi mua cc bn c th nn n nhng linh kin bn cnh bng gi. C th vi cng mt chc nng gn nh nhau nhng gi tin cch bit mt tri mt vc. V d CPU AMD c tc ngang vi INTEL nhng gi ca AMD lun r hn c khi c chc USD, hoc nh cng 160GB c gi ch hn 80GB khong chc USD nhng khng gian lu tr gp i. 6. Cng vic cui cng Trc khi mang my ri khi cng ty d c gp my i na cc bn cng phi cn nn kim tra ton b mt ln nhng linh kin i km vi my bng cch gi nhng quyn s hng dn xem mc lc linh kim i km. Cc bn c th mang theo mt phn mm tin ch kim tra thng s phn cng bn cnh khi n mua nh CPU-Z chng hn, cng c s gip bn bit c cu hnh my gm nhng linh kin c chnh hng khng.
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Phn XIV Ci t h iu hnh Windows XP Professional SP2
I.
Gii thiu
1. S ra i Windows XP c pht trin trn nn tng ca Windows 2000 c nng cp vi b m ngun mi hn,tt hn, v c k tha nhng g gi l tinh hoa, tinh ty ca Windows Me. Ra i trong k nguyn tin hc bng n m m khp hnh tinh, vi mng Internet ang ging nhanh nh thin la a vng ti tn cc hm hc v thng mi in t ang trn pht trin mnh nh mt xu hng thi i, Windows XP tp trung mnh vo cng ngh Internet. N bao gm vo mnh cc tnh nng u vit ca cc cng c phn mm ng dng v thit b trc nay chuyn tng cng tnh bo mt, tc , s n nh v tin ch ca hot ng truy cp Internet. Windows XP cng l mt bc t ph trong ci mc tiu lu di ca Microsoft l c mt h iu hnh duy nht cho c cc my vi tnh doanh nghip ln gia nh. 2. So snh WinXP Professional v WinXP Home Edition Khi chnh thc pht hnh ra cng chng, vo ngy 25-10-2001, Windows XP s ch c hai phin bn Windows XP Professional cho ngi dng doanh nghip (thay th Windows NT Workstation v Windows 2000 Professional) v Windows XP Home Edition cho ngi dng gia nh (thay th Windows 9x/ME).
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C g khc bit gia 2 bn Professional v Home ? iu ni tri nht l gi c. Vo lc chnh thc pht hnh ngy 25-10-2001, gi bn l trn ton th gii ca bn full ca Professional l 299 USD, cn ca Home l 199 USD. V chc nng, bn Home dnh cho ngi dng c nhn, gia nh v doanh nghip nh. Cn bn Professional dnh cho mi trng doanh nghip, lm vic theo nhm, trn mng. Nhng chc nng ch c trong bn Professional nh :h tr SMP, Roaming user profiles, Remote desktop, kim sot truy cp (Access control), m ha h thng file (Encrypting file system), cc file v th mc Offline, dch v ci t t xa (Remote installation service), h tr Windows server domain, chnh sch lm vic theo nhm (Group policy), ci t v bo dng phn mm (Software installation and maintenance), v h tr (add-on) giao din ngi dng a ngn ng (Multi-lingual user interface). Giao din ca Windows XP tht l mi l, c nh gi l mt bc nng cp ni bt nht k t khi Windows 95 ra i. Hng Microsoft ni rng Windows XP, c xy dng trn c my Windows ng tin cy, c c trng l mt dng v ti mi v c kh nng em li nhng kinh nghim s dng my PC mi tht tuyt vi. Windows XP hng ti tng lai, thot ra khi ci giao din ngi dng Windows qu quen thuc ti nhm chn. 3. Ti sao li gi l Windows XP ? "XP" c trch t danh t "Experience" (kinh nghim) tng ha ton b cc kinh nghim vi tnh trc nay. Chng hn, trc nay ngi dng vn than rng Windows 95,98 ri thm ch c Windows ME d b hng hc, b "crash", treo my thng xuyn nh mun tru ngi ngi dng. Nguyn nhn l v chng c vit vi b m ngun "gia dng" ch khng phi l m ngun dnh cho doanh nghip nh Windows NT v Windows 2000. Rt kinh nghim, vi Windows XP, Microsoft s hp nht b m ngun li theo tiu chun doanh nghip, s lm cho version gia nh chy trn tru, n nh v ng tin cy hn ln. Al Gillen, nh phn tch thuc hng nghin cu th trng IDC, nh gi : "Windows XP s mi hn v nhit tnh vi hi hn. nhng iu quan trng nht l n s n nh hn." 4. Cc chc nng then cht ca Windows XP t s c (crash) hn : C hai phin bn cho gia nh v doanh nghip u da trn cng mt b m ngun c tiu chun doanh nghip. D s dng hn : Cc menu c ci thin li khng ch tao nh hn m cn mang tnh trc gic hn v d truy xut hn. Satrt Menu trc y s tr thnh loi "c in" (classic) m nhng ai hoi c vn c th ty chn. Mnh hn : Cng mt lc, PC c th chy nhiu ng dng hn. Chc nng "a ngi dng" (multiple users) cho php nhiu ngi cng xi chung mt my PC m khng cn phi ng cc chng trnh li. Ngoi ra vic kt ni nhiu my PC v thit b ti nh cng d dng hn. Nhanh hn : Chc nng mi "Always-on" (lun lun sn sng) lm cho vic m my PC nhanh ti mc ch cn mt ci click.
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II.
Ci t H iu hnh Windows XP Professional SP2
u tin bn cn xc nh xem phm no c th gip bn vo BIOS, ty theo cc hng sn xut m s c cc phm khc nhau vo BIOS (cc phm thng dng l F1, F2, F8, F10 hoc DEL) Nh v d sau y, sau khi bm nt power, my s xut hin mn hnh kim tra thit b v bn thy dng ch Press DEL to run setup, iu c ngha l vo c BIOS ca my ny ta cn nhn nt DEL
Vic k tip khi vo n BIOS l bn cn xc nh cc phm chc nng (di chuyn, thay i gi tr, ...) v bn khng th dng chut. Cng v ty theo cc hng sn xut nn giao din BIOS setup utilities cng s khc nhau, nhng cc mc gn nh tng t nn bn khng cn lo lng khi khng thy n ging hnh v d
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K n bn dng cc phm chc nng chuyn n mc Boot Boot device Priority v chn First boot device l a quang ca bn
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Sau khi thit lp bn nhn F10 v chn OK lu cc thit lp v thot
Sau khi khi ng li, my tnh bt u qu trnh ci t.
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Mn hnh u tin ca tin trnh ci t hin ra, trong mn hnh ny, bn c th bm phm F6 ci t driver ca nh sn xut nu bn s dng cng theo chun SCSI, SATA, RAID. Sau Setup s np cc file cn thit bt u ci t.
V by gi ci t WinXP, nu bn mun v ci trc mt OS XP trc th bn c th th repair n li bng cch nhn R. Cn nu khng th nhn Enter tip tc, nhn F3 nu mun thot ci t.
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Nhn F8 ng vi yu cu v bn quyn trc khi ci t Nhn Esc nu khng ng
La chn hoc to ra mt phn vng mi ci t WinXP trn . Nu a cng cha c phn cng hoc bn mun to ra mt phn vng mi th nhn C bt u qu trnh to mi. Bn c th chn la dung lng cho phn vng mi to. Cn nu khng bn c th bt u ci t ngay trn phn vng c sn bng cch nhn Enter.
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Bn nn chia a thnh 2 phn vng, gm: phn vng khi ng (Primary) ci WinXP v phn vng Logic (extanded) lu tr d liu quan trng ca bn. Nh vy, khi WinXP b h hng bn ch cn nh dng v ci li phn vng WinXP, khng nh hng n phn vng d liu. Trc khi ci t WinXP, bn c th s dng Fidsk phn vng nu ch cn nh dng theo FAT32. Nu mun phn vng theo nh dng khc (NTFS, Linux...), bn cn dng Partition Magic.
La chn nh dng bng cp pht tp tin cho phn vng, WinXP h tr NTFS v FAT32. Bn c th la chn Quick nh dng nhanh nhng iu ny c th s lm cho h thng b qua vic kim tra v sa cha cc sector b li. y cc bn ch nn chn 2 mc di. i vi vic ci t Win98 th ch h tr FAT.
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Bt u qu trnh nh dng phn vng.
Sao chp cc tp tin t CD sang th mc ci t Windows. S mt mt vi pht hon thnh!
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Sau khi hon thnh, my tnh s t khi ng li v qu trnh ci t s c tip tc. Bn c th nhn Enter restarts ngay.
Khi khi ng li cng s xut hin thng bo Press any key to boot from CD. Ln ny, bn ng bm phm no c my khi ng bng a cng v tip tc qu trnh ci t trong ch giao din ha (GUI - Graphical User Interface).
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Qu trnh ny Windows s t ci t.
Mn hnh Regional and Language Options xut hin. Bn bm nt Customize thay i cc thit t v dng thc hin th s, tin t, thi gian, ngn ng cho ph hp vi quc gia hay ngi dng. Bm nt Details thay i cch b tr bn phm (Keyboard layout) Bm Next tip tc.
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Trong mn hnh Personalize Your Software, nhp tn ca bn (bt buc) v tn cng ty/t chc bn ang lm vic (khng bt buc) -> Next.
Khi mn hnh Your Product Key xut hin, nhp m kho cu b ci t WinXP gm 25 k t c km theo sn phm khi mua (in trong tem Certificate of Authenticity dn trn bao b).
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Tip theo, trong mn hnh Computer Name And Administrator Password bn t tn cho my tnh khng trng vi cc my khc trong mng (c th di ti a 63 k t vi gia thc mng TCP/IP, nhng vi giao thc mng khc ch h tr ti a 11 k t). t mt m ca Admin (ngi qun l my), nu my ch c mnh bn s dng v bn khng mun g Password mi khi chy WinXP, hy b trng 2 password ny (bn xc lp password sau ny cng c).
Nu my bn c gn Modem, Setup s pht hin ra n v hin th mn hnh Modem Dialing Information. Bn ch nh Quc gia/vng (Country/region= Vietnam), m vng (Area code=8), s tng i ni b (nu c) v chn ch quay s l Tone (m sc) (ch Pulse xung hin nay khng xi Vit Nam). Chnh ngy gi v mi gi h thng cho ph hp vi ni ca bn next.
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Nu bn c card mng, Setup hin th mn hnh Networking Settings ci t cc thnh phn mng.
Bn chn Typical settings ci Client for Microsoft Networks, File and Print Sharing, QoS Packet Scheduler v giao thc TCP/IP vi cch nh a ch t ng. Nu bn chn Custom settings (dnh cho ngi nhiu kinh nghim) ri bm Next, bn s c th thay i cc thit t mc nh trong mn hnh Network Components bng cch thm (nt Install), b bt (nt Uninstall) hay iu chnh cu hnh (nt Properties) cc dch v.
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Trong mn hnh Workgroup or Computer Domain, bn t tn cho nhm lm vic (workgroup) khi kt ni mng ngang hng hay nhp tn Domain (h thng my ch mng) m my s l thnh vin.
Sau khi hon tt vic sao chp file, Setup s to Start Menu -> ng k cc thnh phn (registering components) -> lu cc thit t -> xa cc th mc tm -> khi ng li my (bn c th ly a CD WinXP ra c ri ).
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Khi thng bo cho bit l Windows s thay i phn gii ca mn hnh (mc nh l 800 x 600 hay 1024 x 768), bn bm OK tip tc.
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Mn hnh cho mng xut hin, bm Next -> Nu bn c Card mng hay Modem, Setup s gip bn cu hnh mi kt ni Internet trong mn hnh How Will This Computer Connect to the Internet?. Bn c th chn Telephone Modem (nu c modem thng), Digital Subscriber line - DSL (Modem DSL/ modem cp) hay Local Area Network - LAN (thng qua mng ni b). Nu khng cn cu hnh lc ny, bm Skip b qua.
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Trong mn hnh Ready to register (ng k s dng sn phm), bn c th chn No, not at this time ng k sau -> bm Next.
Trong mn hnh Who will use this computer?, bn c th thit lp n 5 ti khon ngi dng (nu c nhiu ngi dng chung). Tn (Your name) c th di 20 k t (khng c c k t c bit nh: * + , / : ; < = > ? [ ] |) v khng c trng nhau -> Next ->
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Bm Finish hon tt v ng nhp vo ti khon bn va to. Nhn Finish hon tt ci t.
Sau khi ng nhp, bn phi ng k quyn s dng hp php Windows trong mt thi gian hn nh, th d: 30 ngy (xut hin system tray thng bo 30 days left for activation) bng cch bm vo ci biu tng thng bo (hnh chic cha kha) v thc hin theo hng dn. Sau khi ng k s khng cn thy thng bo ny.
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III.
Ci t driver cho cc thit b onboard
Bn b a driver ca Mainboard vo a quang c. a driver ny s c khi cc bn mua Mainboard. N cha driver ca cc thit b trn Mainboard nh cc cng xut nhp c onboard v mt s phn mm h tr.
Bn nhn XPress Install chn ci t tt c cc driver mt cch t ng. Nu khng mun bn c th chn ci t tng driver bng cch nhn Install vo nhng mc cn thit.
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IV.
Ci b Office 2003
B a Microsoft Office 2003 vo a c, a s t chy v hin ln hp thoi bn la chn. Cn nu a khng t chy ci t bn c th vo Explorer chy file ci t trong a.
Bn chn Office Enterprise ci t b Office thng dng gm Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Access v mt vi cng c khc. Sau khi chn qu trnh ci t s bt u, cc files ci t s c copy sang my tnh ca bn.
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Tip theo hp thoi ci t, yu cu bn nhp key. y key c in sn bn ch cn nhn next tip tc
Tip theo bn in tn, ch k hoc tn vit tt v t chc hoc cng ty ca mnh next
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Hp thoi ny s hi bn c ng v cc iu khon trong bn quyn ca nh sn xut hay khng. Chn I accept the terms in the License Agreement ng v nt next s hin ln next.
Hp thoi tip theo s yu cu bn la chn cch ci t: - Typical Install: ci t b Office vi cc thnh phn thng xuyn c s dng nht, thm vo y bn c th ci t tip trong lc u s dng hoc thm vo sau Add/Remove Program trong Control Panel. - Complete Install: ci t y b Office ln my tnh ca bn, bao gm tt c cc thnh phn cu thnh v cc cng c. - Minimal Install: ci t b Office vi cc thnh phn cn thit nht. Ci t s chim dung lng a thp. - Custom Install: bn c th ty chn ci t cc thnh phn cn thit cho mnh. y ti chn Custom Install, pha di mc Install to chn ni ci t. Bn nn gi nguyn mc nh ca my next
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phn tip theo, bn c th la chn nhng chng trnh no bn hay s dng ci t. B du check trc nhng mc khng cn gim bt dung lng ci t. y ti b Publisher v InfoPath. Click mc choose advanced customization of applications tng cng thm la chn cho ci t.
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Tip theo bn c th la chn tip tc bng cch click vo mi tn bn cnh cc thnh phn. y mc nh chy t My Computer, bn c th la chn ch ci t khi bt u s dng mc Installed on First Use hoc b nhng phn no khng cn mc Not Available next
Kim tra li ln na cc thnh phn c ci t, click Install bt u qu trnh ci t.
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Qu trnh ci t ang din ra.
Ci t hon thnh. y bn c th thm vo cc thnh phn hoc bo v t cc gi tr ti v t mng. Check vo bn di gi cc yu cu ca bn sau khi ci t hon thnh. Bn c th hy cc file ci t vt qu 282 MB, nhng y khuyn bn ng nn hy chng. Click Finish hon thnh ci t.
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Kim tra li b Office 2003 c ci t.
V.
Ci t b g ting Vit
y ti s gii thiu v Unikey. B a ci t vo my, vo Explorer tm n a ci t. Lm theo hng dn copy ton b file vo th mc ci t trn C.
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Chy file Unikey.exe l c. y l hp thoi Unikey, bn nn chnh li cho ph hp vi b g ca mnh. Bn check vo Giao dien tieng Viet c d hiu hn.
Di y l nhng thit lp quen thuc ca ti. Nhn nt Taskbar thy biu tng trn thanh Taskbar
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VI.
Ci b Font ting Vit
Bn chn start Control Panel, trong hp thoi Control Panel bn chn Fonts.
Trong hp thoi Fonts, bn chn File Install New Font
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Hin ra hp thoi Add Fonts, bn chn ng dn n th mc cha font ci t trn a quang Ok.
Click Select All chn tt c Ok ci t.
Qu trnh ci t s bt u v t kt thc khi hon tt.
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Phn XV Cc phng php ci driver cho cc thit b

I. Ci t a CD
Nh trn ti gii thiu vi cc bn cch ci t t a CD c c khi mua Mainboard, cc loi a dirver ny cng c khi cc bn mua cc thit b khc nh sound card, Lan card, VGA card hoc cc thit b ngoi vi ni vi my tnh nh my in, my Scan... v cch ci t cng tng t nh vy. Bn b a vo v chy file ci t l c hoc chy nhng chng trnh cn thit my nhn din thit b. C th my s t kim tra v chy flie ci t dm bn. Thng th driver cc loi di ng by gi h iu hnh khng nhn bit c, nn i vi cc loi di ng ca Samsung hay SonyEricson khi mua cc bn s c c a driver km theo. y ti s gii thiu cc bn cch ci t driver cho thit b in thoi di ng SonyEricson W700i. Khi b a vo my s t chy flie ci t. hp thoi u tin s yu cu bn chn ngn ng ci t. Ti chn ting Anh v my th ting khc khng bit t g.
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hp thoi ny s cho cc bn la chn cc phn mm h tr, mun OS nhn driver ca my in thoi c c cc flie trong my W700i, ti s ci PC Suite Install. Cn cc phn mm khc ch l h tr nh Adobe Photoshop Album SE dng xem nh, QuickTime xem Video nhiu nh dng. Bn c th t ci thm nu mun.
Qu trnh ci t ang din ra, my ang ti file ci t ln
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Hp thoi ci t xut hin Next tip tc.
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Tip theo l nhng yu cu v khon ci t chn I accept the terms in the license agreement ng Next tip tc.
La chn cch ci t, ti chn Complete ci t y , bn c th chn Custom nu mun la chn cc thnh phn ci t Next
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By gi th click Install bt u ci t.
Qu trnh ci t ang din ra.
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Hon thnh ci t Finish
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Sau khi hon thnh c hai hp thoi xut hin, lc ny bn ni in thoi vo my tnh OS tm driver. Hp thoi Connection Wizard tm driver. Hp thoi Sony Ericsson PC Suite cho php bn la chn cc cng c mc nh.
Pha di thanh Taskbar my nhn driver ca in thoi
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Trng hp trn l bn mua mi c a driver, vy nu bn lm mt hoc mua li c th sao? Khng phi lo, bn c th mua cc a driver t cc ca hng bn a vi tnh. Nu l in thoi th cc bn c th ci driver theo i my d dng khi b a vo. Vy nu mt s thit b khc bn khng bit m th sao(thng th cc thit b onboard rt kh bit m) ? Di y l cch ci driver t a m khng cn bit m hay s hiu thit b. u tin bn cn c a driver ca thit b cn ci, nh a sound, lan, VGA Bn c th kim tra xem my ci t y driver cha bng cch click chut phi vo biu tng My Computer chn Properties. Hp thoi Sytem Properties hin ra bn chn tab Hardware, click nt Device Manager.
Hp thoi Device Manager hin ra, bn xem thit b no c du chm hi mu vng l cn thiu.
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Click chut phi vo thit b c du chm hi mu vng v chn Update Driver
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Hp thoi Hardware Update Wizard hin ra, bn click next qu trnh ci t din ra t ng.
y l qu trnh d tm ca my, ti s ci t 3 thit b Sound, Lan, VGA onboard
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My tm c v ang tin hnh copy cc file t a CD vo a ci t ca bn. Sau khi hon thnh nhn Finish hon tt.
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II.
Ti flie ci t t mng
Ngoi vic mua a, cc bn c th ln internet tm flie ci t cho cc thit b ca mnh. y cc bn ch nn ti file ci t t chnh hng cung cp thit b mi an ton v tt nht. i vi cc thit b ri th kh d bit driver cn tm v c th bit c tn nh sn xut v m ca n, nhng cn i vi thit b onboard th khc v n thng l cc thit b ca hng khc tch hp trn Mainboard nh Sound card onboard chng hn. Vy iu cc bn cn bit y l tn ca Mainboard c th ln mng tm v c thng tin v cc thnh phn trn n. Cc bn c th dng phn mm CPU-Z nh gn kim tra tn Main.
Sau khi tm c v ti v bn chy trc tip flie ci t. Thng c tn l setup.exe, trong nh l driver Realtek_AC97 setup.exe
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Hp thoi ci t hin ra Next
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Bt u qu trnh ci t
Khi hin ra thng bo ny, bn click Continue Anyway tip tc ci t
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Qu trnh ci t c tip tc.
Khi hon thnh, my s yu cu bn khi ng li Finish hon thnh v restart
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Sau khi khi ng li di khay icon s c biu tng ci loa nh trong hnh l c. Bn c th vo control Panel Sound and Audio Devices tinh chnh li theo mnh.
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Phn XVI Tin ch Hirens Boot CD

I. Qun l phn vng - Partition Magic Pro 8.05
Partition Magic Pro l mt cng c qun l partition(phn vng) ca cng rt ni ting, khng ch v n mnh m cn d s dng v cung cp rt nhiu cng c phn chia thay i a rt hu dng. i vi nhng ai quan tm n hirens boot th khng th khng bit n chng trnh ny. Do mc d cc bn bit v n, ti vn s chn n gii thiu cho cc bn v cng c phn vng. Theo ti thy mt s bn cha tht s hiu r vn v partition v chng trnh ny. Nn ln ny ti s ni k hu ht ng dng ca chng trnh ny. Nu ni v cu to HDD th cc bn cng nm c i cht, y ti s ni s li khi nim v Master boot record(MBR). Mi HDD c mt MBR dng lu tr thng tin v cc phn vng v ci t trn HDD. MBR l sector u tin dng boot vo thng tin HDD tt nhin l mt thnh phn khng th thiu khi ng HDD. Nu gp vn v MBR th tht qu l tai hi. Mt HDD c 1 MBR nhng li c th c nhiu boot sector. Vy boot sector l g? C th hiu n gin boot sector chnh l sector u tin ca mt phn vng, v cng l dng cha thng tin v phn vng . Mt boot sector c th cha thng tin ca nhiu phn vng, cn cha c bao nhiu th ti cha th nhng chc chn l t nht c 3 v ti th ti y. Mt HDD c th chia c bao nhiu phn vng? Tht ra mt HDD ch c th chia c ti a 4 phn vng primary(chnh) v mt phn vng extended(m rng). Phn vng primary thng dng ci h iu hnh(OS). Vy mt phn vng primary c th ci t my OS? Bn c bao gi th cha? Theo ti th th c th ci 2 ci, cn c th ci nhiu hn na hay khng th ti cha th. Nhng ti ch mi ci WinXP vi winXP, Ubuntu, cn vi ci khc th cha th. Bt u boot cc bn la chn nh trong hnh l c.
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i mt t sau khi load xong giao din chng trnh s nh hnh bn di. N s hin th ht tt c nhng g c trong a ca bn. y cha c phn vng c chia hoc format nn c hnh nh bn di. V y l OS o nn mi trng ht!
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Bn ng quan tm n thanh menu bn trn, tt c cng c ch cn click phi chut l c ht. V cha c phn vng nn chng ta bt u to t u Create...
Hin ra bng Create Partition, c my mc cn ch sau y: Create as: La chn loi phn vng cn to. Primary Partition: Phn vng chnh, nh ni trn ch yu dng ci OS. Logical Partition: Phn vng logic nm trong phn vng m rng(Extended), thng dng cha d liu.
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Partition Type: La chn nh dng phn vng. i vi Windows th l FAT hoc NTFS, cn vi Linux th bn cng thy nh hnh bn di. Nu ci Windows t 2000 tr ln th ti khuyn cc bn nn la chn NTFS, cn v sao th cc bn c th c thm phn HDD ti gii thiu trn.
Tip theo l mt s mc nh sau: Label: Nhn a. Nn t tn d nh v d nhn bit phn vng ny ci OS no, nh trong hnh ti t l WinXP2. Vic t tn ny kh quan trng v khi gp mt s trng hp cn thit bn s la chn d dng hn. Size: dung lng. Nn chn va ng nn qu ln, khong 30GB nu HDD ln, cn t th 10G cng . Cluster Size: Mt cluster bng mt nhm sector. Bn c th la chn dung lng cluster nhng nn mc nh. Ci ny ch xut hin khi bn chn nh dng NTFS. NTFS Version: La chn phin bn NTFS. Ci ny nn mc nh lun v n s t nhn bit.
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Sau khi xong OK lu.
Tip tc to phn vng, ln ny ti to phn vng logical cha d liu.
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Cng la chn nh trn OK.
Ti to thm mt phn vng Primary vi dung lng cn li v t tn l WinVista. Sau khi to xong click chut phi ln na bn s thy thm nhiu cng c hin ra. u tin l Resize/Move: thay i dung lng v di chuyn phn vng. y l cng c mnh v rt hay ca phn mm ny.
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Cc bn c th ty thay i m khng phi s mt d liu. a con tr n 2 u gii hn ca phn vng, tng hoc gim ty , nhng nn nh nu gim th dung lng cn li phi ln hn dung lng v ang dng cha d liu, nu khng d liu s b mt.
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Tip theo l mc Delete Hy phn vng.
Nh hnh bn di, chc chn hy th nh ch OK v bn di OK. Phn vng s b hy hon ton, mt c nhn a v nh dng.
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Mc label Thay i nhn a.
Mc Format la chn nh dng.
Chn Merge nu bn mun ni 2 phn vng li vi nhau.
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Tt nhin l ch ni vi phn vng nm gn k n m thi, nh hnh bn di l s ghp D vo mt th mc nm trong C. t tn folder bn di OK.
Chn Info... xem thng tin v phn vng . Kh y , cho ta bit sector u, cui v tng s sector.
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Mc Convert: chuyn i. Nu my bn ang dng FAT32 th nn dng ci ny chuyn qua NTFS m khng mt d liu.
Mc Advanced: thm ci t. Hide partition: n phn vng. Set Active: Chn phn vng hot ng. Resize Clusters: thay i dung lng cluster.
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y l mt bn thng bo nu bn chn set active OK.
Sau khki active WinXP2 th WinVista b n. hin phn vng ny bn cng lm cc thao tc nh trn.
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Nhng phn tip theo bn chn Unhide Patition.
Xut hin bng thng bo OK.
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Sau khi chnh xong tt c hon thnh cc bn click Apply.
Chn Yes ng vi nhng thay i.
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Bt u thm vo nhng thay i ca bn.
Kt thc thnh cng OK restart h thng.
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II.
Sao lu h thng
1. ImageCenter 5.6 Image Center l cng c sao lu d phng d liu v h iu hnh, khi HH b virus th bn ch ly n ra v phc hi. Image Center to file image (mt dng backup) bn lu ni an ton, khi c s c th bn phc hi li t file image ra. T menu chnh, chn "2. Disk Clone Tool" "1. ImageCenter 5.6"
Giao din chnh ca chng trnh
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C 3 ty chn cho bn: Create Image: To file nh t mt phn vng bt k. Restore Image: Phc hi file nh ca mt phn vng Disk to Disk: Sao chp phn vng t a ny sang khc trn cng mt my tnh. a. To mt file nh sao lu phn vng thnh mt file nh bn chn Create Image xut hin hp thoi Creating an Image. Bn chn phn vng cn sao lu bng cch check vo trc phn vng , y ti chn C Next
Tip tc l t tn cho phn vng, bn click vo nt Browse chn ni sao lu. Bn c th mc nh nhng ti khuyn bn nn la chn ni sao lu ca mnh. Tt nht bn nn to ra mt phn vng dnh sao lu.
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Trong hp thoi New Image File, bn click vo Drives chn a. y ti chn D, t tn File Name, bn nn t tn cho d nh. Ngoi ra hng bn tri cn mt s ty chn bn c th click th nh New Floder to th mc mi; Help gip ; Verify kim tra li, Properties ty chnh; Comments mt li bnh gip bn sau ny d dng tm file. Click Ok tip tc.
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Tr li hp thoi Creating an Image kim tra li ln na, nu mi th tt Next. Nu sai Back tr li sa.
Hp thoi Compress Image File cho php bn la chn nn file hay khng. C 3 ty chn: No Compression khng nn; Low nn nhng mc thp; High nn mc cao. k bn bn c th xem mc so snh nn file gim t 12.27.36.1. y bn nn chn nn nhng nn chn Low v file nn s nhanh v t hng hn, nu bn my bn cn nhiu dung lng cha s dng Next
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Kim tra ln cui Finish hon thnh.
Trong hp thoi ny bn c th chn Advanced Options thm ci t. Nu mun bn c th t Password. Check for File System Errors: nh du file b li Disable SmartSector Copying: b qua vic sao chp sector li Verify Disk Writes: Kim tra li vic ghi a Verify Image Contents: Kim tra li thnh phn ca file Image Split Image File Into Multiole Files: Ch file Image thnh nhiu file nh v bn c th chn dung lng bn di File Size.
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Qu trnh to file nh hon thnh.
b. Bung mt file nh Sau y ti s hng dn bung mt file nh, trong giao din chnh ca chng trnh chn Restore Image.
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Qu trnh lm ngc li lc to file nh, trong hp thoi Select Image File Browse to ng dn n file nh cn bung Next.
Chn phn vng cn bung file nh. y ti chn C, pha di c mt s ty chnh cn quan tm: Resize Source Partitions... chnh li dung lng phn vng; Delete Disk Partitions... Xa phn vng. Click next tip tc.
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Bn xc nhn li OK tip tc.
Trc khi bung file, chng trnh s hi bn c cn chon ci t g na khng Check for File System Errors: nh du file b li Skip Bad Sector Check: B sector li b nh du Verify Disk Writes: Kim tra li vic ghi a Hide Partitions After Restore: n phn vng sau khi khi phc
Sau khi chn xong OK Finish
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Qu trnh ang din ra.
hon thnh nhng cha c phn vng c Active, nu mun Active Yes
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Chn phn vng Set Active Close hon tt. Ht!
2. Norton Ghost 11.0.2 Norton Ghost l mt chng trnh sao lu h thng mnh v kh ph bin, i vi dn k thut th n rt quen thuc. Cc bn nn bit nu h thng b li khi em bung ghost m cng b li th qu l rt tai hi. Ti bit mt vi bn cng au u khi gp trng hp ny. Vy hy bt u bng vic cho a hiren boot vo, nn dng phin bn mi nht l 9.5. Cng theo cc bc nh ti hng dn ImageCenter, nhng vo ti hnh bn di th chn mc 2. Norton Ghost 11.0.2 Enter.
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Tip theo l mt hng la chn. Phn ny ti bit chc rng khng t ngi thc mc, tuy bit chn mc 8 vo ghost nhng h li khng bit my phn trn lm g. y ti ch hiu chc chn mt vi ci nn khng th ch cho cc bn bit ht c. Nh hnh bn di cc bn s thy: 1. Ghost with USB support: Phn ny h tr ghost USB. 2. Ghost with SCSI support: h tr ghost cng dng chun SCSI, chun ny thng dng cho my ch. Cc bn mun bit thm th c phn gii thiu v cng trn. 3. Ghost with Network support: h tr ghost qua mng. Ti cng khng r c ch n ra sao, nu cn bn cng nn th. 4. Khng bit 5. Khng bit 6. Ghost: h phn ny th bit, phn ghost ny s ch file ghost ca bn ra thnh nhiu phn, mi phn <=700MB. Nh vy bn c th chp cc phn ny vo a CD, khi no cn bung th b a vo ln lt theo th t. 7. Ghost: phn ny cng vy ch khc l chia mi phn <=4470MB, c th chp y mt a DVD. 8. Ri chn 8 vo ghost thi Enter.
u tin l thng tin nh sn xut OK.
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bng u tin c my mc cn quan tm: Local: ty chn. Options: ci t Help: gip Quit: thot Tp trung vo phn Local: Mc Disk: sao lu phn vng a ny sang mt a vt l khc(tt nhin phn ny ch dng khi my bn c 2 a cng vt l). To Disk: t a sang a. Ngha l b c phn vng t a ny sang a khc, khng ghost. To Image: ghost phn vng trn a ny nhng li sao lu trn kia. From Image: Bung file ghost t a ny sang kia.
Mc Partition: ch thao tc trn mt a vt l chn(phn ny thng dng nht). To Partion: Ln ny l b c phn vng ny sang mt phn vng khc v cng khng ghost. To Image: Sao lu mt phn vng thnh mt file nh. From Image: Bung mt file nh c sao lu.
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Mc Check: Kim tra. Image file: Kim tra file nh ghost. C ngi khuyn rng bn nn kim tra file nh trc khi bung ghost. Disk: Kim tra a. Ci ny th khng cn thit lm. Bn cn rt nhiu chng trnh chuyn kim tra a trong hiren boot.
a. To mt file ghost Nh gii thiu trn ta chn Local Partition To Image.
Tip theo l la chn a, nu c 2 th s hin ln hai ci. y ti ch c mt nn c mc nh l c OK.
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Phn ny yu cu bn la chn phn vng cn sao lu, nhp chut vo phn vng cn sao lu OK. phn phn chia a ti c ni cc bn nn t tn cho d nh l vy! Mt s ngi khi phn chia a thng khng quan tm n vic ny nn n lc la chn th hi lng tng khng bit chn phn vng no cho ng.
hp thoi ny cho php bn la chn ni sao lu. Mt s ngi khuyn rng bn nn to mt phn vng ring sao lu cho chc n, khi s b xa nhm. Theo ti ngh nh vy cng tt nhng tht ra khng nht thit lm, bn ch cn to mt th mc trong phn vng DATA l c. y ti lm trn o nn khng to th mc m lu thng vo D lun.
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Sau khi la chn xong bn t tn cho file sao lu File name bn di, theo ti lc ny mi cn quan tm. Bn nn t tn tht cn thn sao cho d nh tin qun l v khng phi xa nhm. y ti t l WinXP2 theo OS ti ang dng trn phn vng ghost.
Sau s xut hin bng thng bo nh bn di hi bn c mun nn file khng. No: khng nn. Dnh cho my cn qu nhiu ch trng khng bit lm g cho ht, phn ny gn nh khng ai la chn. Fast: Nn nhanh, file nn ch cn khong 2/3 so vi dung lng tht ca phn vng, ch l tnh chung chung thi ch khng c chun no chc chn u. Phn ny thng dng v nhanh v file nn s rt tt. Nhng ch dng khi my cn nhiu khong trng. High: Nn chm nhng file nn nh hn rt nhiu so vi dung lng tht ca phn vng. Phn ny dnh cho my cn qu t ch trng trong HDD.
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Thng bo tip theo s hi bn l c ng hon thnh vi vic to ra mt phn vng nh khng(tc l file nh) Yes. Cn nu chn No ti cng khng bit s xy ra chuyn g? Cc bn c th th nhng theo ti ngh nu chn No phn ghost ca bn s trn lan m khng c gom li thnh 1 file nh duy nht. Nu thy kin ny sai th ng gp kin nha!
Ri ci thng bo li di y, ti ngh khng t ngi tng gp. Trong bui thi mn phn cng nhiu bn lc ghost khng bit lm sao vi li ny. Cc bn i khi nhn thy rng vi lc mnh ghost cng a NTFS th khng b g lc th b li ny. Khng phi ch cc bn m i khi ti cng gp trng hp ny, sau nhiu ln suy ngh v c gng dch thng bo li ny ti nhn ra rng: trong mt vi trng hp khng bit b g m n bo l khng h tr NTFS nhng tht ra cc phin bn ca Norton Ghost sau ny u h tr NTFS. Nn c OK l c.
Bng thng bo tip theo bn s thy r l n ni gp vn vi NTFS v khuyn ta nn thot ra, sa li bng cch khi ng li v chy lnh CHKDSK. Sau c th tip tc bnh thng. Tht ra khng cn phi kh s nh vy c Continue tip tc ghost l c.
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Cc bn thy y vn OK v hon thnh Continue.
b. Bung mt file ghost Cng nh trn nhng ta chn From Image.
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Xut hin ngay hp thoi cho bn la chn file bung ghost, bn c th thy file no ghost tt s c mu nh trong hnh Open.(Tht ra ch cn click chut vo l n t chn ri).
Tht ra bng ny ch cho bn thy ngun ni m bn ghost file ny OK.
Tip theo l a bn chn ni ghost lc u Ok.
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La chn ni bung ghost OK.
Bng thng bo s xut hin hi bn ln na c chc chn mun bung khng, vic ny s ghi li ton b d liu trn phn vng chn Yes.
Hon thnh. Trong hai nt nu mun tip tc s dng Norton Ghost tip tc th Continue. Cn nu mun thot v restart li my Reset Computer.
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III.
Kim tra li b nh Ram
1. DOCMemory 3.1 RAM Diagnotics Tools Bn BOOT bng Hiren BOOT CD, chn 2. Start BOOTCD.
Chn 5. Testing Tools
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Bn chn 1. DOCMemory 3.1 RAM Diagnotics Tools
Phn mm s load v hin ra
Khi c b li l s hin Fails: 0

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2. Goldmemory 5.07 - Memory Diagnostic Tests Cng lm cc bc nh trn nhng nhn phm s 2 chn Goldmemory 5.07 - Memory Diagnostic Tests.
Chng trnh Goldmemory 5.07 s t chy v test cho cc bn lun. Nu n chy ht 100% m khng bo li l RAM tt.
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Cn hin nh bng di y l Ram b li, cc bn nn thay Ram mi hoc em i bo hnh (i vi ram cn trong thi gian bo hnh)
3. Memtest86+ 2.01 Cng nh trn nhng chn mc 3. Memtest86+v2.01
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Chng trnh s t ng test ram cho bn.
Thng thng mt ln kim tra ko di trong khong 20 n 30 pht. B nh c th sau khi s dng mi b li hoc n cha li ngay t khi bn mi mua n. Mt s triu trng bao gm hin ln mn hnh mu xanh "cht chc" khi xung t vi mt s chng trnh c nh no . My tnh s vn hot ng bnh thng cho n khi im b li trn b nh b truy cp n. Memtest86 l chng trnh kim tra b nh min ph nh gn, c th cha va mt a mm khi ng. Chy chng trnh v nu thy b nh my tnh ca bn vt qua c 10 ln kim tra l n. Nu pht hin ra mt li d l nh thi, bn vn nn thay th thit b b nh bng mt thit b mi. IV. Kim tra v sa li cho a cng
1. HDD Regenerator 1.51
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Bn b a Hirens boot vo boot, ti menu chnh bn chn mc 5. Hard Disk Tools...
Tip theo bn chn mc 1. HDD Regenerator 1.51.
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Chng trnh s t chy v bo vi bn s a c tm thy, chn a cn Test, nhn mt phm bt k tip tc.
Chng trnh s cho php bn chn s sector bt u Test Enter
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Ch hng trnh h bt u Test, n s t tm v v sa cc c sector b li, nhn CTRL+Bre eak nu mu un dng Test. T Bn c th xem m thng tin n ny d i hai mc di: B 0 bad sectors found: s sector li tm c R 0 bad sectors recovere ed: s sect tor li sa c
2. HDAT T2 4.53 Bn lm cng nh trn n nhng ch hn mc 5. HADT2 4.53
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Chuyn khoa PC
Giao din chnh ca chng trnh cho php bn chn thnh phn Test: FDD mm, ATA cng, ATAPI a quang. y ti chn ATA Enter
La chn menu hin th cch Test, ti chn Drive Level Test Menu.
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Chuyn khoa PC
Trong Menu chn cch test Read and Repair bad sectors: c v sa cc sector b li Enter.
Chng trnh ang test, bn nn dng cui cng c ch cho cc bn xem cch hin th cc sector li qua mu sc nh xanh: tt, vng: cn ch , : li. Dng Errors s cho cc bn bit s sector b li v c sa.
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Chuyn khoa PC
Trong menu m chnh cn mt s la chn bn cn bit nh: Read bad sector: s ch c cc sector b li Wipe W drive e: xa sch h a Most Powe erful Test: thm quyn kim tra a. W 1 1.30 3. WDClear Cng nh n trn nh hng ta chn 8. More e... Mor re tip.
Ri chn mc 5. WDClear W 1 1.30
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Chuyn n khoa PC
Ch hn 1 bt u
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Chuyn khoa PC
Chn Primary Master chn 1
Chn a select Drive Enter
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Chuyn khoa PC
Nhn Enter la chn a
a c chn nhn 1 phm bt k tip tc
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Chuyn khoa PC
Chn Read Verify Drive kim tra li
Nhn phm R ng test.
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Chuyn khoa PC
Qu trnh test ang din ra, nu c li chng trnh s bo bng mt dng bn di v s ch r v tr li t Cylinder, Header n sector.
Sau khi xong chng trnh s hi bn c cn xem kt qu khng, nu cn nhn phm V. Nu khng nhn mt phm bt k tr v menu.
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Chuyn C khoa PC
V y l kt qu
Ngoi menu, m nu chn Clea an Drive s xa sch a v kim tra li.
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Chuyn khoa PC
Sau khi chn s xut hin bng thng bo ni tt c d liu s b hy nu test. ng chy nhn phm R.
N s hi bn c chc chn l mun chy khng. Nhn Y ng .
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Chuyn khoa PC
ang test.
4. So snh HDD Regenerator 1.51 Test Giao din Cng dng T t D s dng Kim tra v sa li sector a cng. Khng HDAT2 4.53 T t D s dng Kim tra v sa li sector cho FDD, HDD, quang. Cho php sa v xa sch a, v mt s ng dng khc. WDClear 1.30 T t D s dng Kim tra v cho bit li nm v tr no trn a cng. Cho php sa v xa sch a.
ng dng m rng
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Chuyn khoa PC
Ti liu tham kho

Gio trnh Phn cng my tnh Trung tm Ispace B ngun sc sng b n - ITConnect s 02 thng 07-2005 Cu trc my tnh v thit b ngoi vi - Nguyn Nam Trung(NXB Khoa hc K thut. 2000 ) Lch s my tnh qua nh - ICTnews - Nht bo The Times (Anh) Cc trang Web
http://www.ispace.edu.vn http://www.ispace.edu.vn/forum http://www.petri.co.il/install_windows_xp_pro.htm http://www.ledmobile.net/diendan/ http://www.bacbaphi.com.vn/entertainment/ http://athena.com.vn/forum/ http://hocit.com/forum/ http://www.fotech.org/forum/ http://www.hvaonline.net/hvaonline/ http://www.tuvantinhoc1088.com/ http://zensoft.vn/ http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http://thegioididong.com/Forums/forums/ http://www.vnexpress.net/GL/Vi-tinh/Kinh-nghiem/ http://tapchipc.com/forums/ http://www.pc4viet.com/ http://santabyte.com/news/ http://www.quantrimang.com/ http://vietbao.vn/ http://aptechitevn.com/forums/ http://www.itgatevn.com.vn/ http://forums.2it.in/foundation-program/ http://vocmaytinh.sky.vn/ http://www.ictnews.vn/Home/may-tinh/ http://www.thongtincongnghe.com/article/ http://vi.wikibooks.org/wiki/ http://www.narga.net/ http://www.pcworld.com.vn/
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Tim Hieu Phan Cung May Tinh

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Su tm v bin son: Ho Kang Trung Kien

TM HIU PHN CNG

H Kang Trung Kin

H Kang Trung Kin

Thn tng anh Ha

-Trung tm m o to bc b s my tnh t thc hnh h

-Trun ng tm o to bc s my tnh th hc hnh

VI. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. VII. VIII.

-Trung tm m o to bc b s my tnh t thc hnh h

-Trun ng tm o to bc s my tnh th hc hnh

-Trung tm m o to bc b s my tnh t thc hnh h

-Trun ng tm o to bc s my tnh th hc hnh

-Trung tm m o to bc b s my tnh t thc hnh h

-Trun ng tm o to bc s my tnh th hc hnh

-Trung tm m o to bc b s my tnh t thc hnh h

Ti liu tham kh ho ..................................... ............... ............... .......................... 42 28

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

PHN I Tng quan my tnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

S lc lch s pht trin my tnh thi k u

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Lch s pht trin my tnh c nhn

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

1999: Pentium III ra i. H iu hnh Windows 98.

Trung tm m o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

2006: Intel Core e 2. H iu hnh Win ndows Vist ta (2007).

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

PHN II B vi x l Control Processing Unit (CPU)

B x l du chm ng (FPU): Thc hin tt c cc lnh lin quan n du chm ng

B phn np/lu: Qun l tt c lnh c hay ghi b nh.

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

B phn qun l b nh (MMU): Chuyn i a ch ca ng dng thnh a ch b nh

B phn x l vector (VPU): X l cc lnh n, a d liu (single instruction multiple

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm m o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh

- Pentium 4 bus 533 MHz: 3.06 GHz

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh