Semester I 2012/2013 Kohort 1

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

BWM 21403 MATEMATIK IV
REVISION OF FINAL EXAM

Q1

(a)

Show that y ( x ) = 2 sin x + 4 cos x is a general solution of the differential

d2y
equation, 5 2 = 5 y .
dx

(4 marks)

(b)

Solve the following equation using the separable method and give your
answer in the exponent form,

x y

dy
x2 = x3
dx

(6 marks)
(6 marks)

(c)

Determine if the following linear equations are homogeneous:

(i)

6 y 5 y '6 = 30 x

(ii)

d2y
dy
+ 7y = 4
2
dx
dx

(2 marks)
(d)

Find the general solution for the following homogeneous equation,

(i)

y 4 y 5 y = 0

(ii)

d2y
+9 = 0
dx 2

(8 marks)

Semester I 2012/2013 Kohort 1

Q2

Find the root(s) of function f ( x ) = x 3 1.7 x 2 + 0.84 x 0.108 that lies in the given
interval [a0 , b0 ] by using Bisection method. Iterate until f (ci ) < = 0.005 :
(a)
(b)
(c)

Q3

Find the root(s) of function f ( x) = x 3 3.5 x 2 + 3.28 x 0.924 that lies in the given
interval [a0 , b0 ] by using Bisection method. Iterate until f (ci ) < = 0.005 :
(a)
(b)
(c)

Q4

[a0 , b0 ] = [0, 0.65] x=0.6

[a0 , b0 ] = [0.66,1] x=0.7
[a0 , b0 ] = [1.5, 2.5] x=2.2

Find the root(s) of function f ( x) = 2 x 3 7.4 x + 0.8 that lies in the given interval
[a0 , b0 ] by using Bisection method. Iterate until f (ci ) < = 0.005 :
(a)
(b)
(c)

Q5

[a0 , b0 ] = [0.5, 0.2] x=0.18

[a0 , b0 ] = [0.25, 0.75] x=0.6
[a0 , b0 ] = [0.8,1.4] x=0.866

[a0 , b0 ] = [0, 0.6] x=0.108

[a0 , b0 ] = [1, 2] x=1.867
[a0 , b0 ] = [3, 1] x= - 1.975

Lawnco produces three grades of commercial fertilizers Grade A, Grade B and

Grade C. Each grade of fertilizer contains three different nutrients Nitrogen,
Phosphate and Potassium (as shown in the accompanying table below).

Fertilizers/nutrients

Nitrogen (kg)

Phosphate (kg)

Potassium (kg)

Grade A

18

Grade B

20

Grade C

24

The quality specification requires 26,400 kg of Nitrogen, 4,900 kg of Phosphate and

6,200 kg of Potassium in the fertilizers. This manufacturing problem can be
represented in the following system of linear equations

Semester I 2012/2013 Kohort 1

18 x1 + 20 x2 + 24 x3 = 26, 400
4 x1 + 4 x2 + 3 x3 = 4,900
5 x1 + 4 x2 + 6 x3 = 6, 200,
where x1 , x2 and x3 as the number of bags of Grade A fertilizer, Grade B fertilizer
and Grade C fertilizer can be made, respectively.
(a)
(b)

Q6

Form Ax = b based on the above problem.

Hence, find how many bags of each type of fertilizer can be produced if all the
nutrients are used, by using Crout factorization method.

Suppose that a team of three jumpers are connected by bungee cords. They are being
held in place vertically so that each cord is fully extended but unstretched. After they
are released, gravity takes hold and the jumpers will eventually come to the
equilibrium positions. By the assumption that each cord behaves as a linear spring and
following Hookes law, this free-body problem can be formulated as
(k1 + k2 ) x1 k2 x2 = m1 g
k2 x1 + (k2 + k3 ) x2 k3 x3 = m2 g
k3 x2 + k3 x3 = m3 g
where m = the mass of jumper (kg), k = the spring constant for cord (N/m), x = the
displacement of jumper that measured downward from the equilibrium position (m)
and g = gravitational acceleration ( m/s 2 ). Given that the parameter values are
m1 = 60, m2 = 70, m3 = 80, k1 = 50, k2 = 100, k3 = 50 and g = 9.81 m/s 2 .
(a)
(b)

Q7

Form Ax = b based on the above problem by substituting the given parameter

values.
Hence, determine the three unknown displacements by using Crout method.

A spring mass system consists of three masses, m1 = 2 kg, m2 = 3 kg and m3 = 2.5 kg

which are connected by springs where spring constants are k ' s = 10 N/m. After the
masses are pulled downward by the force of gravity, each spring will result to
different displacements (m). This force-balance equations can be represented as
3kx1 2kx2 = m1 g
2kx1 + 3kx2 kx3 = m2 g
kx2 + kx3 = m3 g
where gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m/s 2 .
(a)

Form Ax = b based on the above problem by substituting the given parameter

values.

Semester I 2012/2013 Kohort 1

(b)

Hence, determine the three unknown displacements by using Crout method.

The arc length of the curve y = f (x) over the interval a x b is given by

Q8

Arc length =

x 2 1
dx
x 2 +1

(a) Approximate the arc length of curve f (x) , in the interval [0, 1] by
using the trapezoidal rule, with a step size of h = 0.1.
(10 marks)

(b) Approximate the arc length of curve f (x) , in the interval [0, 1] by
using the trapezoidal rule, with a step size of h = 0.2.
(5 marks)

(c) Refer to the Table Q8 below, find the value of A and B if the exact
solution is -0.571. What is your conclusion?

Table Q8 : Different step size and absolute error for Trapezoidal Rule

Numerical Method

Absolute Error

Trapezoidal rule (h = 0.1)

Trapezoidal rule (h = 0.28)

(5 marks)

Q9

(a)

Given that,

Semester I 2012/2013 Kohort 1

e 3 = 20.086,

e 3.5 = 33.115,

and

e 4 = 54.598

Use Newton divided difference method to estimate the value of e 3.1 . Find
the
absolute error for this approximation.
(10 marks)

(b)

Fit a Newton`s divided difference interpolating polynomial to estimate log

1.2 using the data below;
log 1 = 0, log 1.4 = 0.146 and log 1.8 = 0.255
Find the absolute error for this approximation where the exact value can be
found from your calculator.
(10 marks)

Q10

Solve the following initial value problem (IVP) by using 1st Order Taylor series
(Eulers method):
dy
= xy with y (2) = 1 over interval 2 x 5 and h = 0.3 .
dx

(a)

(1 + x 2 )

(b)

( x 2 xy )

dy
= y xy 2 with y (2) = 3 over interval 2 x 3 and h = 0.2 .
dx

(c)

( x2 + y 2 )

dy
= xy with y (1) = 0.584 over interval 1 x 1.5 and h = 0.05 .
dx

(d)

( x + 1) +

dy
= xy with y (0) = 2 over interval 0 x 1 and h = 0.1 .
dx

ALL THE BEST!!!

Answers:

Semester I 2012/2013 Kohort 1

NOTE: Answers for Q2-Q7 are in approximate values (adalah dalam nilai anggaran
sahaja. Anda boleh mendapatkan jawapan yg sama/hampir sama dengannya).

Q1

(a) shown
(b)

3 y 2 = 2 x 3 + 3x 2 + A

(c)

(i) Nonhomogen
(ii) Homogen

(d)

y" 4 y ' 5 y = 0

(i)

Characteristic equation :

m 2 4m 5 = 0

(m + 1)(m - 5)=0
m= -1 @ 5
Hence, general solution : y = Ae x + Be 5 x

(ii)

d2y
+ 9y = 0
dx 2

(iii)

Characteristic equation :

m 2 = 9

m = 3i

Hence, general solution : y = A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x

Q2

(a)
(b)
(c)

x = 0.18
x = 0.6
x = 0.866

Q3

(a)
(b)
(c)

x = 0.6
x = 0.7
x = 2.2

Semester I 2012/2013 Kohort 1

Q4

(a)
(b)
(c)

x = 0.108
x = 1.867
x = 1.975

Q5

(a)

Form of Ax = b is:
18 20 24 x1 26, 400

4 4 3 x2 = 4,900
5 4 6 x 6, 200

Q6

(b)

x1 = 400, x2 = 600 and x3 = 300 .

Therefore, Lawnco will produce 400 bags of Grade A fertilizer, 600 bags of
Grade B fertilizer and 300 bags of Grade C fertilizer.

(a)

Substituting all parameter values:

(50 + 100) x1 100 x2 = 60(9.81)

150 x1 100 x2 = 588.6

100 x1 + (100 + 50) x2 50 x3 = 70(9.81) 100 x1 + 150 x2 50 x3 = 686.7

50 x2 + 50 x3 = 80(9.81)

50 x2 + 50 x3 = 784.8

Form of Ax = b is:
150 100 0 x1 588.6

100 150 50 x2 = 686.7

0

50 50

x3 784.8

Q7

(b)

x1 = 41.202, x2 = 55.917 and x3 = 71.613 .

Therefore, the unknown displacements are x1 = 41.202 m, x2 = 55.917 m and
x3 = 71.613 m.

(a)

Substituting all parameter values:

3(10) x1 2(10) x2 = 2(9.81)

2(10) x1 + 3(10) x2 10 x3 = 3(9.81)

10 x2 + 10 x3 = 2.5(9.81)
Form of Ax = b is:

30 x1 20 x2 = 19.62
20 x1 + 30 x2 10 x3 = 29.43
10 x2 + 10 x3 = 24.525

Semester I 2012/2013 Kohort 1

30 20 0 x1 19.62

20 30 10 x2 = 29.43
0 10 10 x 24.525

x1 = 7.358, x2 = 10.055 and x3 = 12.508 .

Therefore, , the unknown displacements are x1 = 7.358 m, x2 = 10.055 m and
x3 = 12.508 m.

(b)
(a)

Q8

(a)

h = 0.1, a = 0, b = 1

f ( xi ) =

xi

f0 or fn

x 2 1
x 2 +1

fi

-1

0.1

-0.98

0.2

-0.923

0.3

-0.835

0.4

-0.724

0.5

-0.6

0.6

-0.471

0.7

-0.342

Row of xi =2m

0.8

-0.22

Row of f i =6m

0.9

-0.105

10

1.0

Total

-1

-5.2

By trapezoidal rule,

x 2 1
0 x 2 +1dx
1

13
(0.1)

f 0 + f n + 2 f i
2
i =1

Semester I 2012/2013 Kohort 1

=

(0.1)
( 1 + 2(5.2) )
2

1m

= -0.570

(b)

1m

h = 0.2, a = 0, b = 1

xi

f ( xi ) =

x 2 1
x 2 +1

f0 or fn

fi

-1

0.2

-0.923

Row of xi =1m

0.4

-0.724

Row of f i =2m

0.6

-0.471

0.8

-0.22

0
Total

-1

-2.338

By trapezoidal rule,

x 2 1
0 x 2 +1dx
1

6
( 0 .2 )

f
+
f
+
2
fi

0
n
2
i =1

( 0 .2 )
( 1 + 2(2.338) )
2

= -0.568

(c)

A = | -0.571 +0.570| = 0.001

(1m)
(1m)

(2m)

Semester I 2012/2013 Kohort 1

B = | -0.571 + 0.568| = 0.003

(2m)

We can conclude that by using smaller step size (h=0.1) we can produce more accurate
result.
(1m)

Q9 (a)

Write in divided-difference table:

i

xi

fi[0]

f i[1]

f i[ 2]

20.086

26.058

16.908

3.5

33.115

42.966

54.598
(1m)

(1m)

(1m)

(1m)

Write Newtons interpolatory divided-difference polynomial,

P2 ( x) = f 0[ 0 ] + f 0[1] ( x x0 ) + f 0[ 2 ] ( x x0 )( x x1 )

= 20.086 + 26.058( x 3) +16.908( x 3)( x 3.5)

Hence, e 3.1 = f(3.1) =.= 22.016

(1m)

(2m)

Using calculator, the exact value for e 3.1 = 22.198

(1m)

So, absolute error for this method = |22.016 22.198| = 0.182

(1m)

(a) Write in divided-difference table:

i

xi

1
2

f i[1]

f i[ 2]

0.365

-0.115

1.4

0.146

0.273

1.8

0.255

(1m)

fi[0]

(1m)

(1m)

(1m)

Semester I 2012/2013 Kohort 1

Write Newtons interpolatory divided-difference polynomial,

P2 ( x) = f 0[ 0 ] + f 0[1] ( x x0 ) + f 0[ 2 ] ( x x0 )( x x1 )

= 0 + 0.365( x 1) 0.115( x 1)( x 1.4)

Hence, log 1.2= f(1.2) = = 0.078

(2m)

(2m)

Using calculator, the exact value for log 1.2= 0.079

So, absolute error for this method = |0.079 0.078| = 0.001

Q10

(a)

(1 + x 2 )

(1m)
(1m)

dy
= xy with y (2) = 1 over interval 2 x 5 and h = 0.3 .
dx

Apply Eulers Method:

f ( x, y ) =

dy
xy
=
dx 1 + x 2

xy
yi +1 = yi + hf ( xi , yi ) = yi + 0.3 i i 2
1 + xi
Calculator formula: Y + 0.3(( XY ) (1 + X 2 ))

xi

Numerical Solution, yi

2.3

1.12

2.6

1.243

2.9

1.368

3.2

1.494

3.5

1.622

3.8

1.751

4.1

1.880

Semester I 2012/2013 Kohort 1

(b)

4.4

2.010

4.7

2.140

10

2.271

( x 2 xy )

dy
= y xy 2 with y (2) = 3 over interval 2 x 3 and h = 0.2 .
dx

Apply Eulers Method:

dy y xy 2
f ( x, y ) =
=
dx x 2 xy
y x y2
yi +1 = yi + hf ( xi , yi ) = yi + 0.2 i2 i i
xi + xi yi
Calculator formula: Y + 0.2((Y XY 2 ) ( X 2 XY ))

xi

Numerical Solution, yi

2.2

4.5

2.4

6.083

2.6

7.955

2.8

10.204

12.918

Semester I 2012/2013 Kohort 1

(c)

( x2 + y 2 )

dy
= xy with y (1) = 0.584 over interval 1 x 1.5 and h = 0.05 .
dx

Apply Eulers Method:

f ( x, y ) =

dy
xy
= 2
dx x + y 2

xy
yi +1 = yi + hf ( xi , yi ) = yi + 0.05 2 i i 2
xi + yi
Calculator formula: Y + 0.05(( XY ) ( X 2 + Y 2 ))

xi

Numerical Solution, yi

0.584

1.05

0.606

1.1

0.628

1.15

0.650

1.2

0.671

1.25

0.692

1.3

0.713

1.35

0.734

1.4

0.755

1.45

0.776

10

1.5

0.797

Semester I 2012/2013 Kohort 1

(d)

( x + 1) +

dy
= xy with y (0) = 2 over interval 0 x 1 and h = 0.1 .
dx

Apply Eulers Method:

f ( x, y ) =

dy
xy
=
dx x + 1

xy
yi +1 = yi + hf ( xi , yi ) = yi + 0.1 i i
xi + 1
Calculator formula: Y + 0.1(( XY ) ( X + 1))

xi

Numerical Solution, yi

0.1

0.2

2.018

0.3

2.052

0.4

2.099

0.5

2.159

0.6

2.231

0.7

2.315

0.8

2.410

0.9

2.517

10

2.636