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The Fountain of Blood
The Fountain of Blood
by John Hudson
www.darkladyplayers.com
The suggestion of Amelia Bassano Lanier as the principal author of the
Shakespearean works, made in the November 2009 issue of The
Oxfordian, has understandably raised questions about the points of
connection between the plays and her volume of poetry Salve Deus
(1611). The resemblances in literary style are easiest to see for the final
Cookham poem which uses a similar literary form (and some similar
language) to A Midsummer Night’s Dream —for instance about dust,
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cobweb, birds warbling and so on. However that still leaves the peculiar
1840 line crucifixion poem Salve Deus, which gives its name to the
collection. A full explanation needs to address this as well. I will first
consider the overall form and then some aspects of the content.
Salve Deus and its many prefaces has a strange literary structure that
features different kinds of audience address. It uses the conventions of a
multiple frame-narrative and resembles an ongoing commentary to the
audience about a play performance, addressed to various concentric
circles of audience. The performance onstage is a historical religious
play-within-a-play featuring Jesus, Pilate’s Wife, the Virgin Mary, an
angel and so on. These characters occasionally speak directly, but mostly
are dumb, their actions being narrated in the third person. Then there is
the main 2 person contemporary play into which they are set, comprising
the narrator and writer (Amelia herself), and the Countess of Cumberland
who does not speak, but who the narrator sometimes addresses,
suggesting the relevance to her life of what has been happening.
The next concentric circle of the audience includes noble ladies like the
Queen and Mary Sidney, who would perhaps have been seated in a box in
the theater. Beyond them is the audience of virtuous readers in general.
The narrator addresses each of these audiences separately. Finally, to
complicate the matter further, inside the address to Mary Sidney there is
the unusual theatrical device of a masque-within-the-play, in which Mary
Sidney and classical characters are actors. So the peculiar overall
structure of the volume---which has never been adequately explained---
appears to be the result of the author using a theatrical model.
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consider some Shakespearean equivalents. Towards the end of the poem
the following appears, as the last two stanzas of one verse and then an
octet:
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“crimson river of warm blood/Like to a bubbling fountain” (2.3.23-4)
flows from Lavinia’s lips, and with her amputated hands, her three
wounds resemble “a conduit with three issuing spouts” (2,3,29). All three
of these characters, Caesar,Duncan and Lavinia have been compared to
Christ figures in the Shakespearean literature. The language used of all of
them resembles the depiction of Christ in Salve Deus. Finally the overall
theme of Salve Deus has been compared to the Rape of Lucrece, and as
Bowen notes some of the references, for instance to the red and white,
appear to have been directly derived from the poem. It also refers in
anticipation to blood being used to ‘wash’ (1258), before a reference to a
‘purple fountain’ (1785) and crimson blood bubbling ‘in two slow rivers’
(1789).
It seems most likely that the crucifixion imagery of Salve Deus is related
to the similar grotesque imagery used in the Shakespearean plays. Since
there is no obvious reason why a Jacobean poet would borrow such
peculiar imagery from these Shakespearean plays (which were no longer
being performed and not readily available in print), this provides
additional support for the suggestion that they were all created by the
same hand.
References
Bowen, Barbara. “Beyond Shakespearean Exceptionalism”. Shakespeare Matters:
History Teaching, Performance. Ed. Lloyd Davis. Newark: University of Delaware
Press, 2003. 209-221.
---. “The Rape of Jesus; Aemelia Lanier’s Lucrece”. Marxist Shakespeares. Eds.
Jean E. Howard and Scott C. Shershaw. London: Routledge, 2001. 104-127.
Geddes,Louise. "The wounds become him" : sacrifice, honor and the hazard of
much blood in Shakespeare's Roman plays. PhD. thesis. CUNY.2009.
Kirschbaum, Leo. ‘Shakespeare’s Stage Blood and Its Critical Significance’ PMLA
vol 64. no. 3. (1949) 517-29.
Woods, Susanne. The Poems of Aemelia Lanier: Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1993.