EconomicGeology Vol. 85, 1990, pp.

1629-1644

Metal Ratiosof the Quiruvilca Mining District, Northern Peru

PAULJ. BARTOS
ASARCOInc., RockyMountainExploration Division,9305 WestAlamedaParkway,Suite202, Lakewood, Colorado80226
Abstract

Vein-scale metalratio configurations of the Coco-LuzAngelicaareaof the QuiruvilcaCuPb-Zn-Aglode districttend to reflectlocalzoningaboutvein intersections. Thesevein intersections commonly containgreaterrelative amounts of early-stage pyrite, suggesting that metalratioworkin combination with detailed mapping of mineral abundances along strikeof a vein couldsignificantly assist in the evaluation of the exploration potential. The vein-scale metalzoning appears to document theparallel evolution of fluid-controlling structures whichdeveloped synchronously with the evolving hydrothermal system. For example,the widermiddleportionof the cymoid-curved Cocoveindominantly contains paragenetically early pyritic mineralization, whereas the thinner distalendsdominantly contain paragenetically later sphalerite-galena mineralization; this is an evolutionseenin other vein
districts such as Freeland-Lamartine, Colorado.

The configurations of individual metalratiosare quitevaried;henceinterpretation should be based on the metalratiosasa group,along with considerations of geology andstructure.
Only ratios derived from ore or near-oreblocksappear to be valid; wasteblocksseemto produce spurious results. Scales should be oreblockor larger; smaller scales appear to generate too muchnoiseto discernsignificant patterns. District-scale metalratiosof basemetallodedeposits showconsiderable variation in absolute value and range.However,the consistent zonationpatternsseenin thesedeposits (inner copperzones,outer zinc-lead-silver zones) are permissive evidence for an underlying fundamental control,here proposed asthe progressive cooling of hot metal-bearing fluidsby
distalgroundwater.
Introduction

METALratios are one way of quantifyingthe metal zonation patternsin Cordilleranvein deposits. Metal ratioshavebeen calculated and appliedasan exploration tool since the late 1920s (Broderick, 1929; Brown, 1935). Early workersbasedtheir interpretation of metal ratios upon the zonalisttheoriesof Spurr(1907, 1923) andEmmons (1924), in whichan ore fluid is presumedto move upward and outward from a magmatic source,depositing variousminerals in variouszonesasresultof decreases in temperature of the fluid.Later workershavequantified andrefined the metal ratio techniques(Goodell and Petersen,
1974; Birnie and Petersen, 1977; Diaz and Petersen,

1979; Bushnell,1980).

Thisstudy deals withthe southern partof theQuiruvilcabasemetallode district(Coco-Luz Angelica area),whichis located approximately 80 km eastof Trujillo in north-central Peru (Fig. 1). Detailsof the districtandregional geology are presented in Lewis (1956) andBartos (1987aandb); onlya brief outline will be presented here.Theword"Quiruvilca" means "sacred tooth" in Quechua, the linguafrancaof the
Incas (J. Fox, pers. commun.,1983), and refersto a prominentvolcanicneck exposed severalkilometers northeast of the district.Since1789, over elevenmil-

lion tonsof Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag vein ore havebeen pro0361-0128/90/1142/1629-1653.00

duced.The Quiruvilcadistrictencompasses over 100 veinsdominantlywithin Tertiary andesitcflowsand flowbreccias. The composition of the wall rockisrelatively constant throughout the districtand hasnot significantly distorted the alteration andmetalzoning patterns.The veins at Quiruvilca are zoned from a copper-richcentral zone to outer lead-zinc-silvermanganese zones(Lewis, 1956); the districtresembles other basemetal lodessuchasJulcani,Peru (Petersenet al., 1977); CentralCity, Colorado(Sims and Barton, 1962); and Butte, Montana (Meyer et al., 1968). (See Bartos,1989, for a more thoroughdiscussion of basemetal lodes.) The Quiruvilca district hasbeen subdivided into four broadly concentricmineralogic zonesbasedon the characteristic or dominant mineralogy of the vein fillings(Lewis, 1956; Bartos,1987a): the innermost enargite zone,containing pyrite-enargite-tetrahedrite veins;the transitionzone,containing dominantly pyrite-sphalerite-dolomite-tetrahedrite veins;the leadzinc zone, containing dominantlypyrite-sphaleritequartz-carbonate-galena veins; and the outermost stibnite zone, containing carbonate-quartz-pyritesphalerite-stibnite-arsenopyrite and quartz-stibnite veins (phases listed in relative order of abundance; Fig. 1). Ore at Quiruvileais divided into four categories for miningpurposes, three of whichroughlyeorre-

1629

1630

PAUL J. BARTOS

.... STIBNITE ZONE '--_._

- '.--''-'

TRUJIL 'Q
PERU

QUIRUVILC

,.ENARGITE

X LE*D-Zl. ZO.

/,% .... -0

;._

.... TR*.ITIO. , ZONE

__ ....,.

, _

t/' ,,::

_.

SCALE IN KILOMETERS

,."' '"

- ,....

/,.,'_--r
I

-"'

RIGHT ..';
-""

,,:"
' , 8o Vein, showing dip

. - -'

COCO .-

LAMERCED 2 Y /LA MERCED

-'h '5>-- ; LUZANGELICA

./

,,.' .-"

FIG. 1. Simplified mapof the Quiruvilca district,Perushowing veinsanddistrict-scale zonation. Bottom portionis the Coco-Luz Angelica area.ModifiedafterLewis(1956) andCorporaclon Minera
Nor Peru maps.

spond to the zonetypes(Table1), although many from veins in the stibnite zone; metal values for this veins contain morethanoneoretypein theirrespec- zone were calculatedfrom drill hole interceptsand tive blocks. The definition of oretypeby the mine assays of stibnitezoneveins(Table 1).
controllingmetal distribution metals along withaconsideration ofmetal prices. Very Mineralogicphases roughly, copper orecorresponds totheenargite zone, Copper is concentratedin the central portion of complexore to the transition zone,andlead-zincore the districtandispresentprincipally in the sulfosalts to the lead-zinc zone.No ore hasbeendeveloped enargiteand tetrahedrite, with lesseramountsoccurrequiresa comparison of the assays of the different

QUIRUVILCA, PERU, METAL RATIOS

TABLE1. Metal Content of Ore Representative of the Individual MineralogicZonesat Quiruvilca

163 1

TABLE 2.

Hypogene Vein MineralsandTheir SilverContent,

Quiruvilca District, Peru
Formula Ag (wt %)

Ore type (equivalent zone)

Cu ore

Au Ag (oz/ton) (oz/ton) Cu (%) Pb (%) Zn (%)

0.02 0.02 0.02 2.75 5.07 5.45 2.20 1.23 0.29 0.27 1.20 2.67 0.75 3.51 6.86

Mineral
Sulfide ore

(Enargite zone) Complex ore (Transition zone)

Pb-Zn ore

Acanthite a
Alabandite

AgzS
MnS

Major
--

Arsenic, native

As

2.9

(Lead-zinc zone)

(Stibnite zone) 2

0.03

4.50

0.37

2.68

7.84

Arsenopyrite Bornitc a Boulangerite

Bournonite

FeAsS CusFeS4 PbsSb4S

CuPbSbSa

N.D. 0.03, 0.6 -N.D., N.D., N.D.

Assays of reasonably assured ore, Quiruvilcadistrict(1981) Chalcocite(Pr) 2 Averageof drill hole intercepts andchannel samples ascom- Chalcopyrite Chatkalite piled by B. Watson (1966) Covellite a
Digenite Electrum 2 Enargite

Cuss CuFeS2
Cu6FeSnSs CuS

0.08 N.D., N.D.

--

0.4, 0.8

CuoSs (Ag, Ag) CuaAsS4

PbS

-8.4 N.D., N.D.

0.5, 0.5, 0.7, 2.3

ring in chalcopyrite. Other hypogene copperminerals (bornitc, digenite, covellite, chalcocite)are present in trace amounts and do not influencecopperdistribution.

Galena

Geocronite Gratonite4

Pb,SbAsS8 PboAs4Ss

0.3

--

Hessitc
Hutchinsonitc

AbgTe
(Pb, TI)(Cu, Ag)AssSo

56.7 s
--

Lead and zinc abundance increases outward from the center of the district. Lead and zinc occur dom-

Jamesonitc Jordanitc
Luzonite
Marcasite

Pb4FeSb6S4 (Pb,TlhaAsTSa
CuaAsS4
FeS

-----

inantlyin the minerals galena andsphalerite, respectively,although minoramounts of leadarealso found

in sulfosalts such as bournonite, boulangerite,geocronitc, andjamesonitc. Silver abundance increases toward the periphery
of the district and then decreases in the outer stibnite

Orpiment

AsSa

--

Pb-As-Sglass Pyrite Realgar

Robinsonitc

(Pb, As, S) FeSz AsS

Pb7SblSs

-N.D., N.D. ---

zone. Electron microprobedata suggest that tetrahedriteis the principalmineralogic source of silver at Quiruvilca. Silverhasalso beendetected in galena,
tennantite, acanthite, geocronite, native arsenic,

Schaphachtite Seligmanitc Sphalerite

Stannite

AgBiSz PbCuAsSa ZnS

CuFeSnS4

11.3

-N.D., N.D.
--

Stibnite Tennantite

SbSa CulzAsiSi$

-0.06, 0.2, 0.8

Tetradymite
Tetrahedrite

BitTerS
CuSb4Sa

N.D.
20.9

'

N.D., 0.4, 1.5,

13.4, 13.4,

schapbachite, covellite, bornitc,chalcocite, electrum, andhessitc (Table2). Silver-bearing phases otherthan galena,tetrahedrite, or tennantiteare not common andtypicallyoccurasinclusions withinpyrite. Goldcontentappears to varyminimally throughout the district. Minerals containing gold are poorly known. One occurrence of gold in the Coco vein is aninclusion withinpyriteconsisting of electrum with 8.4 wt percentAg and hessitc(Ag2Te)with 6.6 wt percentAu (Haagensen et al., 1979).
Paragenesis of Metals

Tuugstenite

WS

N.D.

Nonsulfidegangue
Barite Calcite BaSO4 CaCOs

Clinozoisite Dolomite

CaAIsSisO(OH) CaMg(COs)3

Manganaxinite Manganocalcite
Quartz
Rhodochrosite

Ca(Mn, Fe)AIBSiOs(OH)

(Ca, Mn)COa
SiOa
MnCOs

All veinsin the Quiruvilcadistrict,regardless of zonal position,displaya paragenesis in which four gross stages arepresent. Thesestages are,fromoldest to youngest, a pyrite stage, a basemetalstage, a sulfosaltstage,anda carbonate stage(Fig. 2). Economic metals of interest, with the possibleexceptionof gold--for which there are only limited data--were all dominantlydeposited in the basemetal stage.In general,the deposition of copperprecededthat of zinc. Somelead wasdeposited prior to copper,but mostwasdeposited afterward.Lead deposition pre-

Analysis by R. B. Haagensen, T. Kartelias, andD. D. Maier, 1979; D. D. Maier, 1981 (ASARCO CentralResearch); unless otherwise noted,identificationof all mineralswasconfirmed by opticaland/orXoraymethods N.D. = notdetected (generally <0.02 wt %);-- = nomicroprobe analysis
done

Electron microprobe analysis for silverof oneor moreparticles; samples

taken from the Coco and Satellite veins

Identification by electron microprobe (ASARCO CentralResearch), unconfirmedby this study

a Bornitc and covellite were off formula

4 Suspected by Lewis(1956) but unconfirmed by thisstudy

s In addition,there is 6.6 wt percentAu

Identification by microscopic, chemical, and X-ray methods (BurkartBaumann andOtteman,1972), unconfirmed by thisstudy

1632
PYRITE STAGE

PAUL J. BARTOS
BASE METAL STAGE
SULFOSALT STAGE

CARBONATE

STAGE

I
PYRITE

ENARGITE/LUZOHITE
TETRAHEDRITE/
TEHHAHTITE SPHALERtTE GALEHA

CHALCOPYRITE ARSE HOPYRITE

STIBNITE PB-AS-SB-S SULFOSALTS QUARTZ

RHODOCHROSITE MANGANOCALCITE
OOLOMITE

CALCITE

TIME

Additional paragenetic information in Bartos (1987aandb).

FIC.2. Simplified paragenetic sequence of dominant veinminerals, Quiruvilca district. Linethicknesses proportional tophase abundances. Phases ofeconomic interest (enargite, tetrahedrite--principally foritssilver content--sphalerite, and galena) arealmost exclusively deposited inthebase metal stage.

ceded,accompanied, and followedzinc deposition. Silverdeposition (in tetrahedrite) accompanied, but mainlyfollowed, copperdeposition in enargite (Fig. 2). Somesilverwasalsodeposited in the late sulfosalt
stage.

only metal ratio with a consistent monotonic trend; it steadilyincreases awayfrom the inferredore fluid source (Goodell and Petersen, 1974; Birnie and Petersen, 1977; Petersenet al., 1977; Diaz andPetersen,

1979; Bushnell,1980). Thesegeneralizations donotholdtrue forthe Quiruvilcadistrict.Ag/Pb,Ag/Zn, and Cu/Zn monotonComparisons with metal ratio studies of other districts icallydecrease outwardfrom the districtcenter;Pb/ Cu, Ag/Cu, andAg/Au increase outwardto the outer The metal ratiosof Quiruvilcaand thoseof some stibnite zone,wherethe values thendecrease. Pb/Zn otherbasemetallode deposits are presented in Table valuesremain essentially constantthroughoutthe 3. The range(frominnerto outer zones) andabsolute district. value of metal ratiosat Quiruvilcaare considerably Vein-scale metal ratios lower thanthoseat Julcani, generally by an orderof magnitude.This primarily reflectsthe higher silver The metal ratio calculation techniques outlinedin values presentin the oresat Julcani. Within an order Goodelland Petersen(1974) were modifiedfor this of magnitude, QuiruvilcahassimilarAg/Pb, Ag/Cu, study.Ratioswere calculated from Corporaclon Miand Pb/Cu valuesasCentralCity. Ag/Zn andPb/Zn hera Nor Peru'sore reservedata (1981, 1984) using valuesare an order of magnitude higher for Central silverandgoldvalues in oz/short tonandcopper, lead, City than Quiruvilca,whereasAg/Au valuesare two andzincvalues in wt percent. At Quiruvilca, a typical ordersof magnitude lower. The ranges in mostmetal ore blockis 30 by 30 m in verticalprojection. The ratiosat both Central City and Quiruvilcaare com- averagegrade of a given ore block is derived from parable;Central City doeshave a wider range(1-2 standard wet chemical analyses of 10 to 35 channel ordersof magnitude)in Ag/Au, Ag/Pb, and Cu/Zn samples and includesmining-widthdilutionfactors. ratios. Basedon the limited information available, the Metal ratiocontourdiagrams are presented for two magnitude andrangeof metalratios varyfromdeposit veins, the transition zone Coco vein and the lead-zinc to deposit andcanbe compared onlyqualitatively. zone Luz Angelicavein. These configurations were Published studies suggest that eachmetalratiohas drawn as conservatively as possible in an attemptto a characteristic trend outward from the inferred minimize bias.A given metal ratio value wasconsidsource of the mineralizing fluidsto the farthestlimits ered representative of the entire block;contourlines of related veins. For example,Ag/X ratiostend to through blocks(ratherthanat blockboundaries) were peakandthen decrease outward.Zn/X ratiostendto minimized. Contourconfigurations beyond the outer have both maxima and minima zones outward from marginof the ore blockwere avoided,although sevthe inferred fluid source.Pb/Cu appearsto be the eral linescouldprobablybe connected.

QUIRUVILCA,PERU,METALRATIOS
TABLE 3.

1633

Metal Ratio Valuesof Quiruvilcaand Other SelectedBaseMetal Lode Deposits

District
Quiruvilca,
Peru

Zone
Enargite
Transition

Mineralogy
Py-en-(tet)-(cp)(orp) Py-tet-spl-dol-qtz Py-spl-gl-qtz-mn(tet) Py-spl-asp-stib-qtzrhod

Pb/Cu
0.12

Ag/Cu
1.2

Ag/Pb
10.2

Ag/Zn
3.7

Pb/Zn
0.36

Cu/Zn
2.93

Ag/Au
137

Lead-zinc

0.97 9.21 7.24

4.1 18.8 12.2

4.2 2.0 1.7

1.4 0.8 0.6

53

0.34 0.39 0.34

1.1

0.35 0.04 0.05

253 272 150

Stibnite

Central City,
Colorado

Central
Intermediate

Py-cp-tet-[en]
Avg.

0.005-2.05
0.58

1.5-23
9

0.8-314
95

2-141 0.07-2.8
1-39
20

2-15
9

0.8-5
3

Py-qtz-spl gl-carb(tet)-(cp)
Avg

4-80
42

13-39
26

0.5-3
1.7

0.4-2.3
1.3

0.03-0.1
0.06

3-13
8

Peripheral

Spl-gl-carb-qtz barfl

--

--

0.3-17
4

0.5-65
13

0.65-15
4.3

--

19-700
149

Avg

Julcani,

Hermania (all Py-wolf-en-bar

0.1-54
10-100
0.3-5

1-100
100
20-100

10-100
1-10
4-100

Peru a

veins)
proximal
distal

Mimosa (all veins) proximal

distal
Docenita

GI-Ag, Bi sulf.splsid Py-tet-spl-cpbis Py-spl-gl-boul

Py-en-tet-bar
Tet-bour-Bi sulf

10-1,000
1
1-100

20-1,000

1-5

GI-Pb sulf-orp-real

> 100

Averages for definedzones; Au, Ag valuesin oz/metricton; Cu, Pb, Zn valuesin wt percent Minerals: arsenopyrite = asp, barite = bar, bismuthinite =bis, boulangerite = boul,bournonite -- bour,carbonate = carb,chalcopyrite = cp, dolomite = dol, enargite= en, fluorite = fi, galena-- gl, manganocalcite = mn, orpiment = orp, pyrite -- py, quartz = qtz, realgar = real, rhodochrosite -- rhod, siderite -- sid, sphalerite= spl, sulfosalt -- sulf, tetrahedrite = tet, wolframite -- wolf [ ] = locally abundant,( ) = minor phase SimsandBarton(1962) 2 Average of crudeore shipped directlyto smelter aPetersen et al. (1977)
4 Contour intervals

As contouring of metal ratiosis subjectiveby nature, gradedata comprising individualore blocksfor the CocoandLuz Angelica veinsare includedwithin the Appendix.Readersare invited to construct alternate metalratio configurations andcompare their interpretationswith thoseof the author'sasdescribed below.In this study,locationof ore fluid source and
the direction of fluid flow were inferred from the

on the trace of the intersection with the Elba vein.

Other ratio configurations (Ag/Au, Pb/Zn, and perhaps Ag/Zn)arecentered in thisareabut notasclearly
correlatable to the Coco-Elba vein intersection. Still

configurationof the metal ratio contoursin accordancewith GoodellandPetersen(1974), who interpretedlobesin the contours asexpanding awayfrom
the fluid source.

The metal ratio configurations of the Coco vein generallycenter on the area of the intersectionof the Coco vein with the Elba and Coco Split veins (Fig. 3). However, there is considerable variancebetween

the metalratio configurations in detail.For example, the Pb/CuandAg/Pbconfigurations arewell centered

otherratios,suchasCu/Zn or Ag/Cu, exhibitlittle or no apparentcorrelationwith the vein intersection. Taken as a group, the metal ratio configurations appear to have been influencedby the juncture of the Elba vein with the Cocovein. This is interpreted asindicating thatthisveinintersection controlled fluid flow. The convexupward configuration of all plots (exceptpossibly Ag/Au andPb/Zn) suggests that fluid flow wasnearly vertical. Plotsof metalgrades yield differentconfigurations (Fig. 4). Theseplotsshowthat the centralportionof the Cocovein contains significantly higherconcentrations of copper,silver,andgoldthanthe ends. This central core has a mineralogydominatedby pyrite,

1634
Pb/Cu

PAUL 1.BARTOS
Ag/Pb
ii-'-:3 :

',,....',, -3?--:.?.??.?.--'-.-.-'.....?,'..-.:/.. -'. -- p?-}i2

,...... -.I'--" '...:i .-:.-'.':.?' '-'-' ".-:-':..... - -!.t ' { ' ": "" "" '" ''

...............
I "-:-'.-t i.. ":.'. -.'.-'....'-.:.'.-'.-;_,..:'?"i:'e:.
:

--.. 1'--1<5
-[] 5-20
' >2o
':.:-i

' "t"i [' ""'"'"-' '""' '"'

'%- i; -:-'";:?

Ag/Cu

Cu/Zn

VEIN WIDTH

................. ....,: _ ........... ]

'
JUNCTURE WIT

....... .......... l'"-''''' o.,o. Pj] ;:

{ WAST[

ELBA VEIN

oo
0 lOOm

FIG.3. Longitudinal section of the transition zoneCocovein,looking northwest andshowing simplifiedmetalratioconfigurations. HathureAline represents the ground surface. The thin dashed line is the outerboundary of developed ore blocks. The configuration of the metalratioplots(except for Cu/ZnandAg/Cu)is influenced by thejuncture of theElbaveinwiththe Coco vein,suggesting that thisveinintersection controlled fluidflow.Theconvex-upward configuration of all plots (except possibly
Ag/Au and Pb/Zn) suggests near-verticalfluid flow.

Of the otherveins in the Coco~Luz Angelica area, ingthe pyriticCu~Ag~Au corearelead-zinc-rich zones onlythe lead-zinc Luz Angelica veinhasenough ore that contain greateramounts of sphalerite, galena, blocks to allowmeaningful contouring of metalratios quartz,and manganocalcite and significantly lesser (Figs.6 and 7). As in the Cocovein, there is considamounts of pyrite andtetrahedrite~tennantite. erablevariationamong the ratio patterns, but metal

tetrahedrite~tennantite, and dolomite (Fig.5).Flank-

QUIRUVILCA, PERU, METAL RATIOS

1635

eral veins,particularlyLa Merced 3 (Figs. I and 6). Metalratioplotsof a verticalprojection of La Merced 2 (not shown)similarlysuggest a fluid source with
near-vertical flow in this area.

The metalratio plotsof the Luz Angelica veinalso suggest another fluidflowcenterat thejuncturewith the Luz Angelica Splitvein.The vein mineralassemblage in this area exhibitshigh pyrite content(Fig. 8), and sothe presence of relativelyhigher amounts of veinpyritemayindicate centers of fluidflow. The configurations of the metalgrades of the Luz Angelica vein (Fig. 7) are significantly differentfrom thoseof the metalratios(Fig. 6). The Luz Angelica metalgradeplotsdo not correlate with vein intersections.Rather,there is the suggestion that the western portionof the veinis significantly richerin all metals, exceptpossibly silver,than the easternportion.This western portion has now been almost completely
mined out.

Comparing the metal ratio valuesof the Cocoand Luz Angelicaveinsrevealscertainambiguities. For example, someof the ratiosin the Cocovein,suchas Pb/Cu,Ag/Pb,or Ag/Zn,haveabsolute values asmuch asan order of magnitudedifferentfrom thosein the Luz Angelica vein.Other ratiovalues, suchasPb/Zn, Ag/Au,Cu/Zn, or Ag/Cu,areroughly the same in the two veins. In addition, the sequence of Ag/X ratios in %Pb the twoveins differs. For example, moving awayfrom the inferredfluidcenterat Coco(asdefined fromthe configuration of all metal ratios),Ag/Pb valuesdecrease. At Luz Angelica, Ag/Pbvalues increase away fromthe inferredfluidcenter.The sequence for Ag/ Zn andAg/Auin the two veinsis likewisecontrary. Further, the configurations of metalgrades (Figs. 4 and 7) for thesetwo veinsdo not correspond well to metalratio configurations (Figs.3 and 6). PractiJUNCTURE WITH tioners of metalratioshavesuggested that the useof COCO SPLIT gradeplotssuchasFigures4 and7 are not usefulin zoning studies,since complications from physicochemicaland structuralcontrolsobscure interpretation (GoodellandPetersen,1974, p. 347). In theory, metal ratios factor out structuralcontrols(Goodell and Petersen,1974); at Quiruvilca,the metal ratio plotsshowa better correlation to structural controls, JuNc wrrH ELBAVEIN suchasvein intersections, than do the gradeplots. 100 m Given the considerable variationsbetween plots NO VERTICAL EXAGGERATION for a givenvein, it isimperativethat vein-scale metal be basedupon all possible conFIG.4. Longitudinal section of theCoco vein,looking north- ratio interpretations west andshowing simplified grade configurations. Hachured line figurations as a group.In addition,the underlying representsthe ground surface.The thin dashedline is the outer fundamentals suchasgeologyor structurecannotbe boundary ofdeveloped oreblocks. Novertical exaggeration. ignored.

ratioplots of thisveintendto suggest upward, nearFactorsAffectingApplicationof Metal Ratios vertical fluidflowfromthe deeper western portion One problem in metal ratio work lies in the unof the vein.Thisproposed fluidsource region is a zonenearthe intersection of Luz Angelica with sev- derlyingzonalistassumption of a singleore fluid.

1636

PAUL J. BARTOS
4000m

700W

I OOW

PYRITIC CORE
3870

., .......

,..................

,,,

3900m

"qz

. ... :'?('.'::::':.'.'.':'.'.'.':'::::':'i.

..............

...

qz
gI

mc

dl

'

v
LEVEL .......
....

,
" ,
mc

... ....... .......:;..'?

d,. ,...:

......

......

S ,:...... ::...:.by::::...:.?..:.:..::...;<Y/''/.''<.: .... ..:::i fi:.:? i?: :.::?,::;::..?:Y t..:.:.(':':: ?:::.:.:. :':

..... ,, ' 'g "":'"?' "":?]':i;';:P'?i";:'"':::

LEVEL . ___ '

_ ' / ....... ''.:::::":'''';::"-=;:' " ''" ''':;':

. ,
JUNCTION WITH ELBA

?00m

JUNCTION WITH COCO SPLIT

I
LONG

I
coco
VERTICAL

I
VEIN
PROJECTION EXAGGERATION

I
0

I
lOOm

3600m

NO VERTICAL

FIG. 5. Longitudinal section of the Cocovein, lookingnorthwest and showing lateraland vertical variations in veinfill. Pyrite-dominant coreshown withstrong hachures. Pyritecontent emphasized by stipples. Horizontalaxisis true scale distance; verticalaxisis volumepercentvein minerals from 0 to 100 percentestimated at differentsitesalongstrikeof vein. No verticalexaggeration. Abbreviations: ca = calcite,dl = dolomite, gl = galena, jm = jamesonitc, mc -- manganocalcite, py = pyrite, qz
= quartz, sl = sphalerite,tt = tetrahedrite-tennantite.

Multiple mineraldepositional stages arethe normfor during,mining cannot be ruled out, mostof the disvein deposits. The overlapof multiple depositional erepaneiesare probably due to inhomogeneities oreblocks. Asa result,reliance upon eventscouldpresentsevereproblems in metalratio withinindividual or one particular metal ratio value interpretation unless they occurred withinthe context one set of assays of a single mainstage of mineralization, emanating would probablylead to overinterpretation;multiple consistent alterationand mineralization assemblage. In addition, waste blocks and low-value sample Since the latter is the case at Quiruvilca (Bartos, points appear to introduce spuriousmetal ratio conFor example,the Luz Angelicavein con1987a),the metalratioresults are applicable in this figurations. tains waste blocks in the far easternupper end (Fig. study. In otherdeposits, multipleunrelated deposi6) that are composed of massive manganoealeite with tionalstages mayobfuscate the interpretation of the traces of sulfides (pyrite, sphalerite, and galena; Fig. resultant metalratios; carefulparagenetic studies are 8). These waste blocks produce metal ratio values needed to insure thatmetalratiointerpretation isap- similar to the inferred fluid flow centers found at the plicable. Splitintersections (low Another factor that must be considered before the La Merced 3 andLuz Angelica Ag/Pb,Ag/Zn,Pb/Cu,andAg/Cu;highCu/Znvalues). metalratiosare rigorously appliedis the character It is considered unlikely on the basisof paragenetic anddensity of sampling. At Quiruvilca, asin anyop- and zoning argumentsthat the metal ratios of these eratingmine,literallythousands of assays constitute wasteblocksindicatea fluid flow center (andthus a the database.Nonetheless, there are differences be- potentialexploration target).Rather,it appears that

froma constant source area, andproducing a generally data setsare required.

tween reality andtheestimated oreblock grades. For

the low total metal contents of these waste blocks

example, during1980, differences betweenestimated distort the metal ratio configurations. Metal ratio andminedstope grades at Quiruvilca varied between studiesappear to apply only to ore and near-ore 5 and50 percent, with the average being25 percent blocks; wasteblocks maypresent potentiallymislead-

(Corporacion MineraNor Peru,unpub. rept., 1981). ing results. Although variables suchasinaccurate lab analyses, Metal ratio studies alsoappearto applyonlyat the

faulty samplingprocedures,or excessive dilution ore block or larger scale.Below the ore block scale

QUIRUVILCA, PERU, METAL RATIOS

1637

:.= <o. 5' I-I

f.:::::::R;.':.;::(:.. ...........

Ag/Zn . ------

;< 200 l-l> coo

Ag/Au

:.....,- .... <.?...?.,.._..,-::;?: ...;;...::.,.......:.....::...-... '"""U[:' ' ..... _ ...-....-.....-..:..---, --] ............ .:.:.'.-:;....-..-:..:.--':.-'.--i :. ::,.-:..-'!:..!..'=-:.:':......... "---'--'-..;
':: ." .::- e:'-': :".7::;7'.-?'] -:

.......... "-'...................................
e.*.v:::::::.:::: ..... :':.:;::. .:::: :.:.:*.1

%;5::-:<.-.-. ":-";:.-".-"-?:'.?;:" .:..':.::.'.'.'.'..': :.'.::Z-::.':'.-:F.-'.-' S::.":...-;?:.::.';;:.:.?.;..'.-'.:.-'_..?..-...'"'-::::' .::?:--'..-....-.':::.-'..-'.::' :.'-..'.'-:...?.-; ',:4:.-'.:[.-'.'-';.-"

,....

'';i:?.:;:?.:.::.:-? i' .:.".: :':.::":. ::...:'-'.':':{:.'::';?

'::'.;:,.".;i:-.':.];.:,' -'-"

Ag/Cu

<o.2
o.-o.4
:." ; ..:.)::.:?-:'-";.:'.-:.'::: {?:-"-'::-"-'-".::5 :' :-

Pb/Zn

........... -"..'-J4..-..::. ........... .....

,'-:.: ..... ::-: 4:'.'-:'-':-"."

,r"-.:'-. :. .:'/":' .-.:':iJ .!-:, '-:""e.'"--'"."/E.::..;::::'" "

.:::.-:.-...::.:.:.:.../.::.:.:..,: :.-'....'j.::::::::( ,

...::.... I
_l
VEIN

J--> 0.4

-', ........ _ _ ..:.--...:..-....-..--,.

::.':-..:..:::.:.:;:.'..:.'-'-'.-:: '. :::: .:::i::..-":!:-':::'-"'"':"'".:.:::ii!!:;

'.:..:.:::...'.; .........

======================== :.?.-.:::.::.::.::: :.:.'...'..-_'.-..',.

WIDTH

E] <1.5 m

JUHCTURE

WITIt

JUHCTURE WITH LA MERCED '3

oIIIIIoo m

LUZANBELICA PLIT

NOVERTICAL EXAGGERATION

FIG. 6. Longitudinalsectionof the Luz Angelica lead-zinc zone vein, looking north and showing

simplified metalratio configurations. Hachuredline represents the groundsurface. The thin dashed line is the outerboundary of developed ore blocks. The configuration of the metalratioplotssuggests near-vertical fluid flow nearthe intersections of the Luz Angelicavein with the La Merced 3 andLuz
Angelica Split veins.

to generate onlyrandom noise; a largerviewisneeded mine metal ratio trendseffectively. Figure 9 shows to distinguish usefulpatterns. detailed mineralogic mapping along strike oftheRight Discussion veinwhichisa sphalerite-galena vein(Bartos, 1987a) occurring within the transition zonenorthof the Coco Because metalratiowork utilizesa largecollection vein (Fig. 1). The Rightveiniscomplexly zonedalong of numbers,there is the temptationto believe that strike with wide variations in the relative abundance the metalratiosare somehow morequantitative than of sulfide and gangue phases (Fig. 9). Metal distri- they really are. Contouringand interpretingmetal onesthat cannot butionalongstrikeis alsohighlyerratic(Fig. 9), il- ratiosremain subjectiveprocesses, lustrating thelargeinternal variability seen withinin- be divorcedfrom the constraints of the underlying dividual ore blocks. Six lead-zinc ore blocks have been geology. defined fromthe segment of the Rightveinshown in In general,vein-scale metalratiosreflectlocalzonFigure9. Metal ratiosfromdataon thisscale appear ingsuperposed ondistrict-scale zoning. At Quiruvilca,

there 'is too much random noise to be able to deter-

QUIRUVILCA, PERU, METAL RATIOS

4000m

1639
I [

500W

100W

100E

3900m

--

3800 LE

mc

3800m

22_O_L_EVILo z ., o,
JUNCTURE WITH
LA MERCED '3

URE

WITH

dl z 't
LUZ ANGELICA VEIN

'. LUZ ANELICA SPLIT

3700m

--,

.,..
LONG VERTICAL PROJECTION NO VERTICAL EXAGGERATION

0 100m

360urn

FC.8. Longitudinal section oftheLuzAngelica vein,looking northandshowing lateral andvertical variations in vein fill. Pyritecontent emphasized by stipples. Horizontal axisis true scaledistance; vertical axis isvolume percent veinminerals from0 to 100 percent estimated at different sites along
strike of vein. No vertical exaggeration. Abbreviationsas in Figure 5.

of Ag/Auzonation about granowere probablyopenmuchlater in the hydrothermal (1979) observations in the Tayoltita bonanza Au-Agdisevolution,significantly afterbaseandprecious metal dioriteintrusions Ag/Au ratiosto dedeposition. Vein segments suchasthis one appearto trict, correlatedthe increasing salinities of the hydrothermal fluid, a conbe spatially removedfromricher, earlier formedvein creasing segments, andthus,further driftingin the far eastern dition inferred due to increasedmixingwith dilute areaof Luz Angelica wouldprobably notbe warranted ground water.Deposits with similar trendsof desalinities and/or temperatures withtimeand/ unless mapping of the surface expression of the vein creasing havebeendocumented by otherworkers farther east revealedanotherpyritic center. Metal or space 1974; Sawkins and Rye, 1977; ratiopatterns, in conjunction with the mapping of the (Rye and Sawkins, andNorman,1984). Thus,the relative proportions of vein phases along strike, Slack,1980;Robinson outward cooling ofhotmetal-bearing fluids thereforecanconsiderably assist in the evaluation of increasing ground waterprovides a mechanism forthe the exploration potential of particular veinsegments. by distal zonation patternseenin a wide varietyof On the districtscale,the mineral-metal zoningof consistent basemetallode deposits tendsto be remarkably con- deposits. sistent(inner Cu zone, outer Pb-Zn-Ag zones).The prevalenceof this consistent zoningpattern, despite Summary the multitudeof physical andchemical variables that Vein-scale metalratio configurations at Quiruvilca influenceore deposition, permitsthe inferenceof a tend to reflect local zoningaboutvein intersections. similarunderlyingfundamental control. theseareas commonly contain orethatisricher Many workers have advocatedtemperaturegra- Since dients asbeingprincipally responsible for the mineral thanaverage veinsegments, the metalratios havediapplication. Not every metalratio andmetalzoningfoundin ore deposits. For example, rect exploration equally wellin determining possible fluidflow the zoningof the Sn-Cu-(Pb-Zn) lodesof Cornwall, works the combined useof all possible ratiosalong England,hasbeen relatedto geoisothermal surfaces centers; geologic zoning andparagenetic studies of the Permo-Carboniferous granitebatholith(Park with detailed and MacDiarmid, 1975). Similarly,Graybeal(1984) is recommended. On the district scale, absolute metal ratio values related the metal zonationof the Patagonia Mountains, Arizona, to isothermcontoursestablished by andtheir contour gradients varyfrom deposit to deemplacement of a granodiorite batholith. posit. However, in general, the zonation ofbase metal
In certain cases,these isotherm contours can be

lodedeposits is quitesimilar whichpermissively ar-

for anunderlying fundamental control, perhaps relatedto cooling of hot metal-bearing hydrothermal gues cooling of hotmetal-bearing fluids fluidsby dilutionwith groundwater. For example, by theprogressive Clarke and Titley (1988), building upon Smith's by distalgroundwater.

1640

PAUL J. BARTOS

5 -

83 7'5 74

m VEI

LEGEND

N

m

IGHT VEIN 870 LEVEL

PLAN VIEW

--- UNMINERALIZED FAULT

: DISSEMINATED MINERALIZATION (IN FAULT GOUGE)
r OIP OIRECTION

1% ''
o

mc

ca mc mc mc [-100%
50
25

tt
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE

'tt-

-'"'"tt

tt

c
1000m

100cm

60cm

VEIN

WIDTH

50cm

30.

-0

10-

-10
0

D
25_25

2.0

1,5--

%Cu A

1.5
1.0

1.0--

0.5-

05

0.0

FIG. 9. Comparison of geology, relativeproportionof vein fill, vein width, andmetalvaluesof the Rightvein. A is a planview of the Rightvein on the 3870 level (modified fromCorporacion Minera Nor Perumaps). The Rightveinis a sphalerite-galena veinoccurring withinthe transition zone.B is a relative abundance diagram showing thelateral variation in veinfill from0 to 100percent. Abbreviations asin Figure5. C isa diagram plotting veinwidth.D, E, F, andG areplots showing, respectively, silver, copper, lead,andzinccontents. Points ondiagrams B through G canbe located directly ontotheplan

mapby using a straight edgeoriented perpendicular to thebaseline of therespective diagrams. Six

lead-zincore blocks(three abovethe level, three below) havebeen definedfrom the vein interval
shown here.

QUIRUVILCA, PERU, METAL RATIOS

15'--I ,--.15

1641

G
--35

25-

25

15

--15

--

--

5 0

FIG. 9.

(Cont.)

Acknowledgments

Brown,W. H., 1935, Quantitative studyof ore zoning,Austinville mine, Wythe County, Virginia: ECON. GEOL.,v. 30, p. 425433.

The metal ratio work of DouglasM. Smith, Jr., in Burkart-Baumann,I., and Otteman, J., 1972, Uber niedug thero Mexico and elsewhere,hasservedasa continuing inmale sulfidbildugen yon Quiruvilca,Peru: NeuesJahrb.Minerspirationfor this work. I would like to thankthe Coralogie Monatsh.,v. 12, p. 541-551. of tetraporac[on Minera Nor Perufor allowinguseof reserve Bushnell,S. E., 1980, Sulfur zoningand geochemistry hedrite and sphalerite in the Cananea-Duluthbreccia pipe, datawhile I wasworkingat Quiruvilcaandin particCananea,Sonoralabs.]:Geol. Soc.America Abstracts with Proular, Hans Stein and Walter Eberhart, who provided grams, v. 12, p. 397. additionalreservedataon the Luz Angelicavein ob- Clarke, M., and Titley, S. R., 1988, Hydrothermal evolutionin the formationof silver-goldveins in the Tayoltita mine, San tained after I left. Fred Graybealand SalAnzaloneof Dimas mining district, Mexico: ECON.GEOL.,v. 83, p. 1830ASARCO graciouslyallowed publicationof the re1840. servedatacontained in the Appendix.Portions of this Diaz, N., and Petersen,U., 1979, Cocientesmetalicosy zoneampaperwere derivedfrom a Masters thesiscompleted iento en Colqui: Soc.Geol. Peru Bol., v. 60, p. 129-152. W. H., 1924, Primarydownwardchanges in ore deposits: at Stanford University under Marco Einaudi. Lois Emmons, Am. Inst. Mining Metall. PetroleumEngineers Trans.,v. 70, p. Bormolinipreparedthe manuscript. Darby Fletcher 964-997. andEconomic Geologyreviewersprovidedexcellent Goodell, P. C., and Petersen, U., 1974, Julcani mining district, reviews. Discussions with Ulrich Petersen helped Peru: A studyof metal ratios:ECON.GEOL., v. 69, p. 347-361. clarifymanyof theseideas. Permission to publish was Graybeal,F. T., 1984, Metal zoningin the Patagonia Mountains, Arizona: Geol. Soc.Arizona Digest, v. 15, p. 187-197. grantedby ASARCOIncorporated.
Gustafson, L. G., 1961, Paragenesis and hypogenezoningat the Magmamine, Superior,Arizona:Unpub.Ph.D. thesis, Harvard
REFERENCES

Univ., 95 p.

Bartos,P. J., 1987a, Quiruvilca, Peru: Mineral zoningand timing of wall-rockalterationrelative to Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag vein-fill deposition: ECON. GEOL., v. 82, p. 1431-1452.

--

1987b, Geology,mineralization,alteration,and zoningof the Cu-Pb-Zn-Aglodesat Quiruvilca,Peru, in PacificRim Congress 87--An international congress on the geology,structure,

mineralization, and economicsof the Pacific Rim: Melbourne, Australasian Inst. Mining Metallurgy, p. 519-523. -1989, Prograde and retrogradebase metal lode deposits andtheir relationship to underlying porphyrycopperdeposits: ECON. GEOL., v. 84, p. 1671-1683. Birnie,R. W., andPetersen, U., 1977, The paragenetic association and compositional zoning of lead sulfosalts at Huachocolpa, Peru: ECON. GEOL., v. 72, p. 983-992. Broderick,T. M., 1929, Zoning in Michigan deposits: ECON. GEOL., v. 24, p. 149-162, 311-326.

Haagensen, R. B., Kartelias,T., and Maier, D., 1979, Quiruvilca complex ore test:Investigations of Cocoandsatellite veinores: Lakewood,CO, ASARCOInc. unpub. rept., 13 p. Hammer,D. F., andPeterson, D. W., 1968, Geology of the Magma minearea,in Ridge,J. D., ed., Ore deposits of the UnitedStates, 1933-1967 (Graton-Sales vol.).' New York, Am. Inst. Mining Metall. PetroleumEngineers,p. 1281-1310. Harrison,J. E., 1955, Relationbetweenfracturepatternandhypogenezoning in the Freeland-Lamartinedistrict, Colorado: ECON. GEOL., v. 50, p. 311-320. Lewis,R. W., 1956, The geology andore deposits of the Quiruvilca district,Peru: ECON.GEOL.,v. 51, p. 41-63. Maier, D. D., 1981, Quiruvilcaunit: Microscopical analysis--zinc concentrates andtailings: Lakewood, CO, ASARCOInc. unpub. rept., 8 p. Meyer, C., Shea,E. P., Goddard, C. C., Jr., and staff, 1968, Ore deposits at Butte, Montana,in Ridge, J. D., ed., Ore deposits

1642

PAUL J. BARTOS
Sawkins,F. J., and Rye, R. O., 1974, Fluid inclusionand stable isotope studies indicatingmixingof magmatic andmeteoricwater, Caudalosa silverdeposit,central Andes,Peru: Internat. Assoc.Genesisof Ore DepositsSymposium, 4th, Varna, USSR,v. 2, Proc. p. 110-116. Sims,P. K., and Barton, P. B., Jr., 1962, Hypogene zoning and ore genesis, CentralCity district,Colorado: Geol. Soc.America, v. D, BuddingtonVol., p. 373-395. Slack,J. F., 1980, Multistagevein oresof the Lake City district, westernSanJuanMountains,Colorado:ECON.GEOL.,v. 75, p.
963-991.

of the United States,1933-1967 (Graton-Sales vol.): New York, Am. Inst. Mining Metall. PetroleumEngineers,p. 1373-1416. Nagel, R. H., 1960, Ore controls in the Morococha district,Peru: ECON. GEOL., v. 55, p. 962-984. Park, C. F., Jr., 1965, Zoningin ore deposits (the pulsation theory andthe role of structure in zoning),in Problems ofpostmagmatic ore depositionsymposium: Prague, Czechoslovakia Geol. Survey, v. 1, p. 49-51. Park, C. F., Jr., and MacDiarmid, R. A., 1975, Ore deposits,3rd ed.: San Francisco,W.H. Freeman Co., 530 p. Petersen,U., 1965, Regionalgeologyand major ore depositsof central Peru: ECON. GEOL., v. 60, p. 407-476. Petersen, U., Noble, D.C., Arenas, M. H., and Goodall, P. C., 1977, Geology of the Julcani miningdistrict, Peru:EON. GEOL., v. 72, p. 931-949. Robinson, R. W., and Norman, D. I., 1984, Mineralogyand fluid inclusionstudy of the southernAmethystvein system,Creede miningdistrict, Colorado:EON.GEOL.,v. 79, p. 439-447. Rye, R. O., and Sawkins,F. J., 1974, Fluid inclusions and stable isotopestudies on the Casapalca Ag-Pb-Zn-Cudeposit,central Andes,Peru: EON.GEOL.,v. 69, p. 181-205.

Smith, D. M., Jr., 1979, The significance of silver-goldratios at the Tayoltita mine, Durango, Mexico: Soc. Mining Engineers
AIME Trans., v. 266, p. 1834-1838.

Spurr, J. E., 1907, A theory of ore deposition:ECON.GEOL.,v.

2, p. 781-795.

-1923, The ore magmas: New York, McGraw-Hill, 915 p. Watson,B. N., 1966, A studyof the Quiruvilcaminewith emphasis on the future of exploration:Corp. Minera Nor Peru, unpub.
rept., 77 p.

APPENDIX

Coco Vein Ore Blocks (1981)

3870 ,_,-v,-u

,r,.... ;-;-, == -

128!301 I !

!33:351

37

1501

-----

I--'25j-- .27129[--T
.. , I I I I

--- -J
LEVEL

3800 LEVEL
121

L.........
lOO rn

59I 57I 55 15312ql 16i'16114

- 4._/I ' I
I

101 616
,

113111 i I 9 Ii 7 ] 51 3 [ I1 I I 481191 17115 I J I I I 43720 LEVEL 42 43 I 44145146 147 149 381 39 4o

I I

13755

;,,_ I

_J-

, -l_ ,

J__ ,L_ J

400W

100W

lOO

rn

FIG. A1.

Ore blocks of the Coco vein.

Block
no.

tu

(oz)
I 2 3 4 5 6 7
8

Ag (oz)
1.82 1.35 6.11 3.59 6.93 6.20 12.98
6.94

Cu (%)
0.25 0.22 0.54 0.32 0.42 0.50 1.00
1.22

Pb (%)
0.48 0.53 0.54 0.34 0.57 0.63 0.49
0.69

Zn (%)
1.10 1.00 1.51 1.14 1.56 1.75 2.03
2.13

Block no.
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21

Au (oz)
0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
0.03

Ag (oz)
14.17 6.36 7.83 6.20 14.07 2.46 5.61
14.11

Cu (%)
0.70 0.61 0.70 0.43 0.71 0.29 0.48
0.60

Pb

(%)
0.59 0.71 0.61 2.83 1.49 1.56 2.05
1.49

(%)
2.01 4.00 5.31 9.97 8.81 6.76 9.45
8.63

0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04

0.03

9
10 11 12

0.04
0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02

12.89
11.14 14.03 12.01

1.32
0.93 1.25 0.84

0.75
1.08 0.61 0.89 0.61

2.22
3.75 2.07 3.17

22
23 24 25

0.02
0.02 0.01 0.02

20.87
7.48 8.69 13.93

0.89
0.66 0.55 0.60

0.69
0.41 0.40 1.15

7.17
5.63 1.85 4.31

13

11.57

0.61

1.52

26

0.02

9.36

0.57

1.34

5.42

QUIRUVILCA, PERU,METAL RATIOS

1643

APPENDIX
Block no.
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
44

(Cont.)
Block no.
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

Au (oz)
0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02
0.03

Ag (oz)
7.27 9.84 6.89 18.85 2.91 6.06 6.06 0.82 0.82 3.91 3.91 2.22 5.73 4.47 7.07 14.07 8.61
15.01

Cu (%)
1.00 0.44 0.54 0.83 0.15 0.69 0.69 0.28 0.28 0.36 0.36 0.17 0.33 0.47 0.47 0.86 0.81
1.06

Pb (%)
0.84 1.03 0.52 1.05 0.39 0.98 0.98 0.53 0.53 1.73 1.73 1.14 3.37 0.62 0.52 0.29 0.40
0.35

Zn (%)
2.26 2.95 1.28 1.69 1.39 4.53 4.53 1.98 1.98 4.46 4.46 5.20 9.15 2.95 0.85 1.19 1.83
1.59

Au (oz)
0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03

Ag (oz)
6.88 8.51 3.10 6.64 6.64 5.28 5.28 3.43 3.43 1.31 1.31 6.11 6.11 4.96 4.96 9.79 9.79

Cu (%)
0.38 0.65 0.32 0.14 0.14 0.32 0.32 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.45 0.45 0.12 0.12 0.36 0.36

Pb (%)
0.29 0.80 0.33 3.57 3.57 0.53 0.53 1.09 1.09 0.43 0.43 1.89 1.89 1.96 1.96 3.83 3.83

Zn (%)
0.65 2.13 1.40 11.86 11.86 5.38 5.38 5.96 5.96 1.15 1.15 4.99 4.99 3.68 3.68 7.82 7.82

Luz AngelicaOre Blocks(1981, 1984)

2'

,.,,,_.__ III/./

(NO INFORMATION)

MINED OUT
/
-1
..---' rl

3800 LEVEL

'

//////////////////

, ,

' '86 ., ,,, ', ,,', ,,,, // .....

I ',

22 23 24 I25 I52 Io4

_

;s ls ;s_ ; ss[ I oom 4oow

FIG. A2

__

s7ls;shos; __ _ 107 ;10sl10;10',11;2, _ _ _ .... I NOVERTICAL EXAGGERATION 100E

Ore blocks of Luz Angelica vein.

Block no.
2 3 12 13 14 16 17 22 23 24 25 26 31 42 45 49 50 51 52 53
54

Au (oz)
0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.01
0.02

Ag (oz)
5.07 4.19 5.94 11.37 7.98 7.81 4.75 2.51 3.04 4.47 7.53 12.61 2.56 2.43 1.92 10.34 2.52 1.56 5.41 3.85
3.85

Cu (%)
0.23 0.27 0.21 0.67 0.54 0.32 0.40 0.15 0.40 1.26 0.64 0.70 0.45 0.82 0.35 0.53 0.12 0.34 0.19 0.27
0.19

Pb (%)
3.72 2.42 5.56 9.03 6.04 4.34 2.41 1.15 1.63 4.18 4.69 7.13 1.64 2.11 2.06 4.38 0.36 1.63 0.64 2.37
3.47

Zn (%)
5.70 3.61 7.05 13.88 10.28 7.73 3.93 4.79 6.59 10.98 8.88 17.72 7.57 7.68 3.65 14.75 9.20 10.44 8.82 6.51
6.99

Block no.
55 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 76 77
78

Au (oz)
0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01

Ag (oz)
13.14 15.64 15.64 1.74 4.99 7.19 4.68 8.10 6.86 11.32 7.36 7.86 3.38 3.13 3.86 4.44 6.12 4.35 3.51 5.84
3.71

Cu (%)
0.70 0.76 0.76 0.37 0.48 1.00 0.54 0.39 0.40 0.43 0.28 0.34 0.44 0.36 0.29 0.34 0.40 0.31 0.24 0.27
0.24

Pb (%)
5.45 3.60 3.60 1.22 2.10 2.10 1.68 1.85 2.04 2.36 0.90 1.94 1.31 0.69 1.66 1.48 4.62 2.46 2.56 1.12
1.80

Zn (%)
10.95 11.09 11.09 5.69 4.60 3.10 4.08 4.10 3.26 4.73 3.21 3.47 4.54 1.83 7.68 4.97 9.97 4.98 4.95 2.86
4.81

1644

PAUL J. BARTOS

APPENDIX
Block no.
79 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

(Cont.)
Block no.
96 97 98 99 100 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112

Au (oz)
0.01 0.01 0.01 Trace 0.01 Trace 0.01 Trace Trace Trace Trace 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03

Ag (oz)
3.86 1.86 2.10 0.59 0.35 0.63 0.45 1.03 1.03 0.76 0.76 6.19 9.92 6.80 8.92 12.05

Cu (70)
0.59 0.55 0.44 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.31 0.27 0.22 0.30 0.32

Pb (70)
3.09 1.96 1.61 0.25 0.16 0.26 0.19 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 2.78 2.71 2.03 2.07 2.97

Zn (70)
5.92 5.78 4.09 0.86 0.80 1.12 1.12 0.20 0.20 0.26 0.26 3.12 4.71 5.16 6.65 9.95

Au (oz)
0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Ag (oz)
7.64 13.64 6.49 10.35 11.60 5.76 3.06 3.89 1.66 3.87 3.30 5.66 2.81 7.71 3.81 0.90

Cu (70)
0.29 0.25 0.29 0.50 0.60 0.34 0.23 0.13 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.27 0.48 0.35 0.10

Pb (70)
2.12 3.50 2.04 2.71 2.56 2.22 1.12 1.28 0.53 2.02 1.12 3.74 1.48 2.90 1.10 0.22

Zn (70)
4.80 6.00 5.03 7.98 8.75 6.61 7.58 4.23 1.48 4.07 4.98 7.99 3.67 9.08 13.14 2.60