ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Objective:
Introduction To Steady State 2-D Heat Transfer Numerical Solutions to Multidimensional Heat Transfer

2-D and Transient Heat Conduction Equations Partial differential equations Chapter 4
2
2 2

x2

y2

How can we solve this equation, given 4 B.C.s?

T ( x, y )

LaPlace Equation (special form of Poisson Equations)

Chapter 5
2

x2

1 T t

How can we solve this equation, given 2 B.C.s and the initial condition?

Parabolic equation

T ( x, t )

1. Exact solutions or analytical solutions - can only be obtained for limited cases with regular B.C.s - complicated functions and series are involved - serve as a tool to verify numerical solutions - excellent sources of analytical solutions in many found in many texts: (e.g., Carslaw and Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids, 1959)

2. Graphical methods - physically intuitive and tedious - limited use for simple geometries only - Not good for high accuracy calculations
3. Numerical methods - powerful - easy to get wrong results: be careful - 1 & 2 are often used to ensure that the numerical solutions are correct

FLUX PLOT

Main points: Isotherms and Heat Flow Lines

Long square duct

Main points: Symmetry lines Lines of symmetry are adiabatic. Symmetry lines are also heat flow lines. We need only to study 1/8 of the whole structure to save time.

2-D steady-state: y W T1 T1 L

T
2

T
2

x
T2

Let

T T1 T2 T1
2 2 2

T (0, y ) T1
T1 x

T ( L, y ) T1 T ( x, 0) T1 T ( x, W ) T2

(0, y ) ( L, y ) ( x, 0) ( x, W )

0 0 0 1

Separation of Variables
Assume ( x, y) f ( x)* g ( y)

Hope to obtain equations for f ( x) and g ( y) separately.

Find all solutions and the one that meets all the B.C.s. The Fourier series is often involved.

Let ( x, y)

X ( x)* Y ( y)

The solution to the differential equation for this problem is in the form of:

( x, y )
n

n x n y Cn sin sinh L L 1

You can verify that it satisfies the partial different equation as well as three of the B.C.s. For it to be the solution, we must have

( x,W ) 1
n

n x n W Cn sin sinh L L 1

Solving for Cn, we obtain:

( x, y)

2
n

1 cos n n x n y n W sin sinh sinh L L n L 1

Introduction to Finite Difference Method

Several different numerical methods have been developed. Finite difference method is more intuitive and easy to apply. Other methods include Finite element method Finite volume method Boundary element method, etc.

Numerical method -- continued Discretization: a nodal network, called mesh or grid. We can refine the mesh but we cannot obtain continuous solutions.

A fine mesh A coarse mesh Nodal points or simply nodes, nodal property such as nodal temperature - it is the temperature of the node but it also represents the temperature around the node (average).
Basic principle: Through approximation, convert the differential equations to a set of algebraic equations that can be solved numerically.

Tm,n = average temperature around node P(m, n).

Discretization of a Continuous Function

dT dx

Tm
m 1/ 2

Tm x

T
m 1

1/2

m m+1/2 m+1

dT dx

m 1/ 2

Tm Tm x

x
T x
m

d 2T dx 2

m 1/ 2

T x x

x
m 1/ 2

x
1 2

Tm

Tm

2Tm

( x)

2-D Steady State

2

T
2

T
m

T
2

Tm

1,n

Tm

x2
2

( x) Tm,n
1

1,n 2

2Tm,n

T
m

Tm,n ( y)

y2

1 2

2Tm,n

If x
Tm
1,n

y , then we obtain

Tm

1,n

Tm,n

Tm,n

4Tm,n

Finite difference equation for (m, n) Use N linear algebraic equations to solve N unknowns.

The Energy Balance Method

x

m,n+1
y y

m,n

m+1,n

m 1, n
y

m,n

m+1,n qin

m,n 1
x x

m,n

m+1,n

qin = k

y 1 (Tm+1,n Tm,n) x

2-D Steady State with Heat Generation m,n+1 m,n+1

y

x1 k y

m 1, n
y

m,n

m+1,n m 1, n m,n

m+1,n
y 1 k x

m,n 1
x

m,n 1
k y y (Tm 1,n Tm,n ) k (Tm 1,n Tm,n ) x x x x k (Tm,n 1 Tm,n ) k (Tm,n 1 Tm,n ) y y q x y 0

Ein Eg

If

y,
1,n

Tm

Tm

1,n

Tm,n

Tm,n

4Tm,n

q( x) 2 k

Corner Nodes and others -- Read pp. 200 - 205

What do we end up with is a set of linear algebraic equations. Assume there are N unknown nodal temperatures.
a11T1 a12T2 ......... a1N TN a21T1 a22T2 ......... a2 N TN ........ aN 1T1 aN 2T2 ......... aNN TN
N

C1 C2

a11 a21

a12 a22

... ... a1N ... ... a2 N

CN

aN1

... ... ... a N 2 ... ... a NN

T1 T2 . . TN
1

C1 C2 . . CN

[ A]N
aijT j
j 1

N [T ]N 1

[C]N

Ci , i 1, 2,..., N

Matrix inversion solution:

[T ] [ A] 1[C ]

1. Energy balance

2. Grid-Independent Study
3. Compare with exact solution if available