[Introduction] The Commonwealth of the Philippines (Tagalog: Komonwelt ng Pilipinas) was the administrative bod that governed the

e Philippines from !"#$ to !"%& aside from a period of e'ile in the (econd )orld )ar from !"%* to !"%$ when +apan occupied the countr , The Commonwealth was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for the countr -s full achievement of independence,

[.are/.awes/Cutting 0ct] In 1ecember !"#*2 the 3nited (tates Congress passed the .are/.awes/Cutting 0ct with the premise of granting 4ilipinos independence, The 5sro' mission secured the .are6.awes6Cutting 0ct2 which was re7ected b the Philippine 8egislature and 9anuel :ue;on, Provisions of the bill included: It was vetoed b President .erbert .oover but the 0merican Congress overrode his veto in !"## and passed the bill, The bill2 however2 was opposed b the then Philippine (enate President 9anuel 8, :ue;on and was also re7ected b the Philippine (enate, This led to the creation and passing of a new bill <nown as T dings/9c1uffie 0ct T dings/9cduffie 0ct allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippine with a ten/ ear period of peaceful transition to full independence, 0lso <nown as =Philippine Commonwealth and Independence act> The T dings 9c1uffie 8aw is basicall a revised cop of ./. 8aw, it made some changes as follows, !, the e'tension of the e'piration of the independence law to october !2 !"#% *, The relin?uishment of the 3( right to ac?uire militar reservation in the Philippines #, The insertion of the provision that the ?uestion of naval bases would be sub7ect to future negotiaton of naval bases would be sub7ect to future negotiation b@w 3( and Philippines The resistance to the +apanese occupation continued in the Philippines, This included the Hukbalahap (=People-s 0rm 0gainst the +apanese=)2 which consisted of #A2AAA armed people and controlled much of Central 8u;on, Bemnants of the Philippine 0rm also successfull fought the +apanese through guerrilla warfare liberating all but !* of the %C provinces, Deneral 9ac0rthur and President 5smeEa returning to the Philippines The 0merican Deneral 1ouglas 9ac0rthur-s arm landed on 8e te on 5ctober *A2 !"%%2 and the were all welcomed as liberators2 along with Philippine Commonwealth troops when other amphibious landings soon followed, 4ighting continued in remote corners of the Philippines until +apan-s surrender in 0ugust !"%$2 which was signed on (eptember * in To< o Fa , Gstimates for 4ilipino casualties reached one million2 and 9anila was e'tensivel damaged when certain +apanese forces refused to vacate the cit (against their orders from the +apanese .igh Command), 0 national elections for the new official of the new government was conducted participated b # main political parties, 9anuel 8, :ue;on and (ergio 5smeEa of the Hacionalista Part were proclaimed winners2 winning the seats of president and vice/president2 respectivel ,

The new government embar<ed on ambitious nation/building policies in preparation for economic and political independence (which will be discussed b apple) The Commonwealth era was interrupted when the +apanese occupied the Philippines in +anuar *2 !"%*, The Commonwealth government2 lead b 9anuel 8, :ue;on and (ergio (, 5smeEa went into e'ile in the 3,(,2 :ue;on died of tuberculosis while in e'ile and 5smena too< over as president, 0t the same time2 the +apanese forces installed a puppet government in 9anila headed b +ose P, 8aurel as