Key Concepts, Events, Characters: Gods handiwork: the world around them caused them to look around, scientific

scientific revolution, an important subject to study Natural philosophers: medieval scientists, many prefers refined or real analysis to systematize observations of the natural world Alchemy and hermetic magic: Renaissance magic was the preserve of an intellectual elite from all of Europe believed that the world was a living embodiment of divinity Ptolemaic universe: conception of the universe as a series of concentric theory a fixed or motionless earth at the center, imperfect earth Aristotle: most perfect kind of motion and hence appropriate for the perfect heavenly bodies though to consist of a non-material in essence Geocentric universe: spheres that surround the earth were made of a crystalline, transparent substance and moved in circular orbits around the earth The Empyrean Heaven: The location of God and all the save souls, found in the 10th sphere Epicycles: Copernicus retained Ptolemys epicycles- his idea of the plants- geocentric universe and wounds up with a complicates a system as a Alexandrian astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus: Studied both math and astronomy at Krakow, Bolosho, Pudua, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, heliocentric conception On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres: finished between 1506-1530, published in in May 1543, book on his awareness of ancient vices that contradicted the Ptolemaic earth centers conception of world Heliocentric universe: sun center of the universe, planets rotate around that Tycho Brahe: Danish nobleman, granted land near Copenhagen build elaborate castle, library, observatory Johannes Kepler: earth constructed of on basis of geometric figures, three laws of planetary motion Three laws of planetary motion: eliminates the idea of uniform circular motion swell the idea of crystal orbits spheres revolving in circular Galileo Galilei: The Starry Messenger, heliocentric system The Starry Messenger: Galileo revealed himself as a firm proponent of Copernicus heliocentric system Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: in Italian, not Latin, defended the Copernicus system The Inquisition: Galileo was dragged before them to recant his errors Isaac Newton: Cambridge, calculus, composition of light, law of universal gravitation Principia: Newton defined three laws of motion- object at rest stays at rest and object in motion stay in motion, the rate of change of motion of an object in proportional to the force acting on it, to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Universal law of gravitation: explained why the planetary bodies didnt go off in a straight line but in elliptical orbits through the sun Galen: Greek physician, teachings dominates medieval medicine, relies on animal anatomy to determine human antimony Four bodily humors: imbalance of human chemicals causes disease Paracelsus: greater than callus, appointed physician but hard to get along with, moved a lot, attacked universities by the work of Aristotle and Baron New Drugs: chemical remedies in appropriate dosages Andreas Vesalius: New Anatomy, On the Fabric of the Human Body based on his Papuan lectures, deviated from traditional practices by dissection a body to illustrate what was being discussed William Harvey: heart and not liver was beginning point of evaluation, 1578-1657, Cambridge On the Motion of the Heart and Blood: 1628, based on the meticulous observations and experiments Antoine Lavoisier:1743-1794, invented a system of naming the chemical elements, founder of modern chemistry Robert Boyle: 1627-1691, one of the first scientists use controls in experiments properties of gases, Boyles law of volume of gas varies with pressure Margaret Cavendish: observational upon experimental philosophy and grounds of natural philosophy attacked effect of the reproductive developmental cycles Maria Winkelmann: woman astronomer Querelles des femmes: arguments about women, debate about the nature and value of women Rene Descartes: French lower nobility, Jesuit education, math system Discourse on Method: 1637, written about Pescartes new system of doubt I think therefore I am: his own existence was beyond doubt based on this fact Descartes deductive method: separation of mind and matter, the mind cannot be doubted but the body and material world can, duality Scientific method: new method of acquiring knowledge inductive principals Francis Bacons inductive method: proceed from general, use systematic observations organized experiments, and correct generalizations to conquer nature in action: control and domination of nature because of central proposition