PRACTICUM REPORT OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY GERMINATION AND DORMANCY

BY GROUP 4 Diska Alfionita D. C'ai()nis'a Dianin* T. So(ai,a Afni Y. !!"!#$44%!4& !!"!#$44%!+& !!"!#$44%!#&

INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGY EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY EDUCATION FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE YOGYA-ARTA STATE UNI.ERSITY $%!$

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DORMANCY AND SEED GERMINATION A. OB0ECTI.E 1. To know some kind of seed germination responses to environmental factors (water, temperature, lig t, c emicals, etc.!. ". To know t e rate of seed germination #$ skin t ickness. %. To know t e limits of t e water needs in t e germination of a seed. B. BASIC THEORY !. GERMINATION Germination #$ an e&pert is a protrusion of root morp ological c anges suc institutions (radicle!. 'or a farmer, is t e emergence of seedling germination. Tec nicall$, germination is t e #eginning of t e emergence of active growt t at produces seed coat fragments and seedling emergence ((a lia, "))1* 1)1!. +ccording ,u$itno (")1)*-1!, germination is a process in w ic t e radicle (em#r$onic root! e&tends outward t roug t e seed coat. Be ind t e appearance of s$mptoms radicle morp olog$, t e p $siological processes occur.#iokemis comple&, referred to as a p $siological process of germination. / $siologicall$, t e process of germination takes place in several stages following important* 1. 0ater a#sorption ". 1eta#olic #reakdown of food reserve material %. Transport material to t e #reakdown of t e endosperm em#r$o activel$ growing 4. T e process of re.forming process new materials -. 2espiration 3. Growt ,eeds will #e grown in t e fruit. 4nce of ripe fruit and seeds removed, usuall$ seeds dormant for long or s ort. T is means t at alt oug t e seeds are getting enoug water and good conditions to conduct germination, t e seed will not germinate. (ormanc$ can #e caused #$ t e formation of c emical compounds in i#iting t e grain surface, t e lack of antigens t at are important or caused #$ a ard seed coat so t at water and o&$gen can not enter. (ormanc$ can #e removed in various wa$s suc as #$ free5ing, e&tend t e period of cooling, e&tended e&posure to t e cold, provide ig umidit$ in t e presence of o&$gen, intensive warming up (#urned!, t roug t e gut of #irds or mammals, is done mec anicall$ (sanding, split!, "/Group 4 IBE 11

or

left

overgrown

mus rooms

((rad6at

,asmitami ard6a,

1773*

%33!.

If t e conditions necessar$ to eliminate dormanc$ is running, t e em#r$o will #egin to make gi##erellins and c$tokinins, w ic is needed to surpass t e growt in i#itor$ effects of emplo$ment (growt in i#itor! so t at growt can #egin. If at t at time, given t e seed water it will sprout ((rad6at ,asmitami ard6a, 1773* %38!. 1an$ of t e factors t at control seed germination process, #ot internal and e&ternal. Internall$ t e germination process is determined #$ t e #alance #etween promoters and in i#itors of germination, particularl$ gi##erellin acid (G+! and a#skisat acid (+B+!. E&ternal factors in t e process of germination include water, temperature, umidit$, lig t, and t e presence of certain c emical compounds t at act as in i#itors of germination (,u$itno, ")1)*-1.-"!. +ccording (a lia ("))1* 1)1.1)"!, an earl$ and intermediate fito ormon germination processes are important for some growt include* 1. Gi##erellins w ic serves to activate $drol$tic en5$mes in digestion. ". 9$tokines function to stimulate cell division t at emerged roots and s oots institutions institutions. E&pansion in koleori5a (root tip! appears due to cell enlargement. %. +u&in serves to en ance t e growt due to enlargement koleori5a, roots organi5ations and institutions s oots and genot$ping activities (orientation on t e growt of roots and s oots is true regardless of t e orientation of t e seed!. 0ater is an important factor in t e process of seed germination, #ecause #efore t e process of seed germination in t e state de $drated. :ormall$ seeds contain appro&imatel$ -."); of t e total weig t, so t at #efore t e process of seed germination #egins to a#sor# water. T e earl$ stages of germination was taking water rapidl$, called im#i#ition. T ere are indications t at up to a certain critical moisture content, grain growt will not occur. If water is removed #efore it reac es a critical point, t en t e seeds will not #e damaged. <owever, w en t e critical t res old as #een passed and meta#olism as started, t e seeds were germinated it will mangalami deat w en dried again ((rad6at ,asmitami ard6a, 1773* %38!. /eak occurs im#i#ition on lettuce seeds for " ours, w ile respirasin$a occurred after " ours in and reac ed t e first peak after ours.=. respiration #ot started at t e 13t and reac ed a ma&imum after "4 ours. Two peaks are considered related to %/Group 4 IBE 11 ormone activit$. 'ito ormon

c emical $drol$sis and s$nt esis. 1itosis pins at t e 1"t and reac ed a peak at t e 13. 4ntogen$ germination followed two distinct meta#olic p ases, ie t e en5$matic $drol$sis of food reserves stored, and t e s$nt esis of new tissue from t e $drol$5ed compounds suc as sugars, amino acids, fatt$ acids, and minerals are released ((a lia, "))1* 1)1!. In addition to water, o&$gen is also a criticall$ important factor in t e germination process. 1eta#olic rate of earl$ germination performed anaero#icall$, #ut after t e seed coat rupture and o&$gen diffuses into t e germination continued aero#icall$. In addition, t e rig t temperature is also re>uired in t e process of germination. ,eeds usuall$ will not germinate #elow a certain temperature t at is specific to a species ((rad6at ,asmitami ard6a, 1773* %38.%3=!. ?ig t is also essential for t e germination of some seeds. ,mall seeds t at ave onl$ ver$ little food reserves to support t e growt of t e earl$ em#r$o memerluakan peru#a anuntuk are autotrop s. If t e seeds are planted too deep in t e ground, it will run out of food #efore reac ing t e surface reserve tana, and sprouts are likel$ to die #ecause t e$ do not ave time p otos$nt esi5e. 'or t e seeds of a group like t is, t e lig t is ver$ important t at germination s ould occur on t e surface or near t e surface. In addition, t e merupakna ditokrom pigment sensitive to lig t pla$s an important role in t e germination of seeds of certain species ((rad6at ,asmitami ard6a, 1773* %38!. Germination (Germination Ing.! is an earl$ stage of development of a plant, especiall$ t e seed plants. In t is stage, t e em#r$o in t e seed w ic was originall$ located on a dormant condition e&perience a num#er of p $siological c anges t at cause it to develop into a $oung plant. @oung plants are known as sprouts. ,prouts is a plant (sporop $te! $oung newl$ developed from t e em#r$onic stage in t e seed. ,tage of development is called germination and is a critical stage in t e life of plants. ,prouts are usuall$ divided into t ree main parts* t e radicle (em#r$onic root!, ipokotil, and cot$ledons (leaves t e institution!. Two classes of flowering plants are distinguis ed from t e c opped leaves of t e institution* monocots and dikotil. ,eed plants open more varied in c opped institution. ,prouts pine for e&ample can ave up to eig t leaves t e institution. ,ome flowering plants ave no cot$ledons, and called akotiledon. (0ikipedia, sprouts* "7A11A"))=!

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source * ttpAAperkecam#a an.wikipedia.wiki.id Germination #egins wit t e uptake of water from t e environment around t e seeds, good soil, air, and ot er media. T e c ange o#served is t e growing si5e of t e so.called seed im#i#ition p ase (meaning Bto drinkB!. ,eeds a#sor# water from t e surrounding environment, #ot from land and air (in t e form of dew or moisture. Effect t at occurs is due to t e growing si5e of t e seed CCDcell #iolog$! E cellFF enlarged em#r$o cells! and #eans soften. T e process is purel$ p $sical. T e presence of water in t e cells activates a num#er of en5$mes earl$ germination. 'ito ormon a#scisic acid levels decreased, w ile gi##erellin increases. Based on t e stud$ of gene e&pression in t e model plant +ra#idopsis t aliana is known t at t e germination loci regulating em#r$o maturation, suc as a#scisic acid insensitive % (+BI%!, fusca % ('us%!, and ?eaf$ cot$ledon 1 (?E91! decreased role (downregulated! and vice versa loci t at promote germination increased role (upregulated!, as GIBBE2E?I9 +9I( 1 (G+1!, G+", G+%, G+I, E2+1, street vendors, ,/@, and ,?@. It is well known t at in t e normal germination process a group of transcription factors t at regulate au&in (called +u&in 2esponse 'actors, +2's! suppressed #$ mi2:+ control c ange stimulates cell division in t e active conduct of mitosis, suc as at t e end of t e radicle. 9onse>uentl$ radicle si5e #igger and t e skin or s ell of t e pressed seeds, w ic eventuall$ #roke. +t t is stage t e necessar$ prere>uisites t at s ell #eans are soft enoug for t e em#r$os to #e #roken. (wikipedia, germination* "7A11A"))=!

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source * ttpAAperkecam#a an.com $. DORMANCY (ormanc$ can #e defined as a state of latent growt and meta#olism, w ic can #e caused #$ eit er environmental conditions or #$ a factor of t e plant itself. T e network ad failed to grow despite t e often dormant in a state of ideal ((rad6at ,asmitami ard6a, 1773* %77!. (ela$ed growt or resting state is a condition t at lasts for a limited period and, despite ongoing state support for germination. Tec nicall$, w en t e dormant seed is p $sicall$ or p $siologicall$ separated from t e parent plant. (ormanc$ ends w en conditions favora#le for pertum#ua an. Guiesen (not moving! is a descriptive term for a #reak #ecause t e seeds are less conducive to a germination (growt ripen in storage!. (ormant seeds are seeds t at failed to germinate w en placed in an environment t at supports ot er plant seed germination ((a lia, "))1*1)3!. (ormanc$ is a mec anism to defend itself against ver$ low temperatures (free5ing! in t e winter, or a droug t in t e summer w ic is an important part in t e

3/Group 4 IBE 11

life of a plant, dormanc$ must #e running at t e rig t time, and #reak free or #reak it w en t e conditions are possi#le to initiate growt ((rad6at, 1773* %77!. (ormanc$ is not onl$ pentidakaktifan meta#olic processes, #ut also often involves t e development of organs or speciali5ed materials. 1an$ comple& events associated wit dormanc$, suc as aging, and t res ing t e leaves on t e trees. (ormanc$ is a programmed developmental events memerlukann specific meta#olism to stop meta#olic activit$. ((rad6at, 1773* 4))!. (ormanc$ occurs in man$ forms. 1an$ seeds dormant for a period of time after leaving t e fruit. Trees s ed t eir leaves to avoid danger at t e time t e air #ecame cold and dr$ and t e ground free5es. 1an$ tunm#u an wet, t e top die during t e winter or droug t, w ile t e part t at is under t e ground like a #ul#, kormus, #ul#s remain alive #ut dormant ((rad6at, 1773* %77!. +ccording to (a lia ("))1*1)8!, dormanc$ class include* 1! $oung em#r$o, as in 4rc idaceae sp. "! seed skin.tig t, as in ?eguminoseae impervious to water, and are impervious to 4" Graminae. %! ,kin mec anicall$ resistant seeds, as in certain species of Graminae and species t at ave s aped ard s ell nuts. 4! / $siological, as a wide range of species, t e seeds contain growt to go t roug t e process of germination in i#itors or stimulants suppl$ growt in t e em#r$o sac, seed coat, or usk t at are not important enoug materials. T e process to #e a#le to germinate can #e o#tained t roug t e maturation of t e parent plant, dr$ing in storage, or simpl$ aging in dr$ storage. Instead t ere was a prolonged cooling demand or set of conditions, suc as temperature c anges, radiation c$cle, t e salt, #leac ing, or removal of t e usk. <owever, t ese treatments are onl$ effective for t e seeds soak up water ((a lia, "))1*1)8!. +ccording to (rad6at (1773* 4))!, T ere are t ree factors t at can lead to dormanc$, namel$* 1! Environmental factors 4ne important factor t at stimulates dormanc$ is fotoperioda. (a$ (s ort da$! stimulates man$ tim#er plants #ecome dormant. In t is case t e response of t e inflorescence, leaves must #e induced to produce in i#itor (in i#itor! or ormones 8/Group 4 IBE 11

are transported to t e s oots and in i#its growt . T is in i#ition can #e removed #$ an induction da$ (long da$! or #$ giving gi##erellic acid ((rad6at, 1773* 4))!. Basicall$ cooling itself, is not important in inducing dormanc$, and dormanc$ will not #e induced #$ t e presence of a s ort da$ w en t e temperature is too low to carr$ out an active meta#olism. <owever, t e realit$ s ows t at cooling is an essential precondition for t e opening dormanc$ ((rad6at, 1773* 4)).4)1!. T e state of water s ortage is an important t ing t at can cause dormanc$ in some plants, especiall$ in dormanc$ to survive in dr$ or ot conditions. In addition, kekeurangan nutrient especiall$ nitrogen is also a cause of dormanc$ in some plants ((rad6at, 1773* 4)1!. "! +#scisic acid (+B+! Harious s$mptoms of dormanc$ and aging t at can #e induced #$ administering +B+, w ic maintains dormanc$, in i#its germination, in i#it t e s$nt esis of en5$mes in gi##erellin.induced seed, in i#its flowering, #ud a#ortion, a#ortion fruit, leaf aging, accelerate a#scission, s oot #ud formation in Is ootI , t e formation of side s oots, reduced cell division, induced #ioc emical c anges t at lead to aging and leaf a#scission ((rad6at ,asmitami ard6a, 1773* 4)"!. %! T e interaction of +B+ wit ot er growing su#stance Giving +B+ s ould continue to #e maintained in order to keep t e effect. 0 en granting t e +B+ stopped, t e growt and meta#olism will #e active again. It is caused #$ several su#stances t at stimulate t e growt will mengantagonis +B+ effect. Gi##erellic acid is one of t e causes of t e +B+ mengantagonisan. If t e organs are dormant stored in a dark place and e&tract t e +B+, t en t e introduction of a ig concentration of G+ t oug not #e overcome in i#ition #$ +B+. In t ese circumstances, t e provision of kinetin ma$ counteract t e effects of +B+ and G+ ma$ stimulate germination ((rad6at, 1773* 4)"!. T e relations ip #etween G+ wit +B+ is inversel$ proportional. G+ can stimulate long da$ plant (long da$ plant! flowering, w ile t e +B+ gives t e opposite effect. +lt oug +B+ ma$ stimulate flowering da$ (s ort da$ plants!, #ut t ese ormones e&ert a different and opposite and not alwa$s mengantagonis eac ot er ((rad6at, 1773* 4)".4)%!. Growt and s$nt esis of .am$lase and in i#ited #$ +B+, #ut t e effects of t e #arriers will disappear #$ giving G+, kinetin or #en5$ladenine. (ormanc$ is usuall$ associated wit a s ort (s ort da$!, w ile t e release of dormanc$ associated =/Group 4 IBE 11

wit (long da$!. T is was due to long and s ort da$s related to an alleged fitikrom control agent ((rad6at, 1773* 4)%!. a. S11, Do(2an34 T e simplest e&ample of t e dormanc$ is a ard seed coat t at prevents t e a#sorption of o&$gen or water. + ard seed coat commonl$ found in mem#ers of t e famil$ 'a#aceae (?eguminosae!, e&cept for peas and #eans. In some species, water and o&$gen can not penetrate certain seeds #ecause t e entrance #locked #$ a stopper suc as a cork (stopper strofiolar! in a small ole (aperture strofiolar! in a nut s ell. 0 en t e seeds s aken.s aken, sometimes lock off so t at germination can take place. T e treatment is called s ocks (,alis#ur$, 177-* 178!. ,olving #arrier called t e seed coat scarification or scratc ing using knives, files, and sandpaper. In nature scratc es can occur due to work micro#es, w ereas t e e&perts use alco ol or ot er solvents to eliminate fat wa&$ su#stance t at sometimes inder water to enter (,alis#ur$, 177-* 178!. If t e seeds are removed from t e fruit, dried, and planted, t e seed will soon germinate. 4smotil potential in fruit 6uice too negative for germination. In addition, t ere is a specific in i#itor suc as +B+ in t e endosperm of t e seed growing alfalfa, w ic serves as a #arrier to em#r$o germination (,alis#ur$, 177-* 17=!. Germination in i#itors are not onl$ found in t e seeds, #ut also in t e leaves, roots, and ot er plant parts. 0 en carried out plants or released during litter decomposition, compounds t at can in i#it perkecam#a a# alelopati seed or root development around t e parent plant (,alis#ur$, 177-* 17=!. T e em#r$os of some species grow ver$ rapidl$ #$ transferring car#on and nitrogen compounds from food storage cells during initial cooling. In i#itor lost during initial cooling, and t e ormonal triggers suc as gi##erellins or c$tokinins grow pooled. Initial cooling can increase t e potential untum s$nt esi5e gi##erellins. +u&in does not significantl$ affect t e germination, #ut often replace all cooling gi##erellin (,alis#ur$, 177-* 177."))!. #. Bud dormanc$ Bud dormanc$ almost alwa$s develops #efore t e formation of colors in t e fall and dr$ing leaves. Buds of various trees stop growing in t e middle of summer, sometimes going #ack s owed slig t growt in late summer #efore entering into full dormanc$ in t e fall. 'lower #uds t at will grow t e following season usuall$ form on t e fruit trees in t e middle of summer. Green leaves and will #e activel$ 7/Group 4 IBE 11

farmed until t e earl$ fall w en t e leaves #egin to dr$ up during t e da$ in response to a s ort, clear, and cold. +long wit t e loss of c lorop $ll, $ellow and orange carotenoid pigments #ecome visi#le, and ant oc$anin s$nt esi5ed. T e fruit is often cooked during t is time. 2esilience frost also formed in response to low temperatures and s ort da$s (,alis#ur$, 177-* "))!. Jnavaila#ilit$ of water often accelerates t e formation of dormanc$, as t e limited mineral nutrients especiall$ nitrogen. It is important for species t at enter dormanc$ #efore ter6adina$ ig temperatures and droug t in t e tropics or arid climates. T e esta#lis ment is known for its dormanc$ in response to c anges in da$ lengt and temperature c anges in t e soil (,alis#ur$, 177-* ")1!. Bud dormanc$ dormanc$ precede t e last part true and it can #e easil$ reversed #$ moderate temperature and da$ lengt . <owever, efforts to mengindukdi secararta ap active growt failure and t en plants ac ieve true dormanc$ t at re>uires special treatment to end (,alis#ur$, 177-* ")1!. 1orp olog$ pla$s an important role in t e p enomenon of dormanc$. (ormant #uds usuall$ ave a ver$ s ort segments and t$picall$ leaves turn called #ud scales. ,cales prevents dr$ing, #locking eat loss for a w ile, and restrict t e movement of o&$gen into meristem #elow. Bud scales are also responsive to lig t mempunai space and ot er functions (,alis#ur$, 177-* ")1!. Treatment of some c emical compounds in t e #ud dormanc$ can end. +s ". kloroetanol (9l9<"9<"4<! are often called et $lene kloro idrin as #een used for man$ $ears. 0 en administered in t e form of steam, t is compound ma$ terminate dormanc$ of fruit trees. +not er treatment is #$ soaking plant parts in a tu# of warm water 4)o9 to -)o9 for 1- seconds. /eme#rian gi##erellin end #ud dormanc$ in man$ plant.leaf fall, will also end t e dormanc$ of seeds t at re>uire low temperatures, and causes flowering in plants t at re>uire low temperatures (,alis#ur$, 177-* ")"!. E&perts fisiolologi seed germination is usuall$ set as a series of events #eginning wit t e end in view of im#i#ition and radicle (root institutions, or on some seeds, cot$ledon A ipokotil! or emerged t roug t e skin lengt wise grain. (Bew and Black, 17=".17=4K 1a$er, 1784!. ,eeds can remain via#le (alive!, #ut was una#le to germinate or grow for several reasons* e&ternal conditions or conditions in an eas$ to understand is an em#r$o t at as not reac ed t e maturit$

1) / G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1

to #e a#le to germinate morp olog$ (eg on some mem#ers 4rcidaceae!. 4nl$ time t at allowed t is growing maturit$. (,ilas#ur$ L 2oss* 177-, p 174! To distinguis #etween t ese different circumstances, seed p $siologists use t e two terms* Guisen, t e seeds w en conditions are not a#le to #ekecam#a simpl$ #ecause t e conditions outside are not appropriate (eg, seeds are too dr$ or too cold!, and dormanc$ of t e seeds t at failed to germinate conditions #ecause conditions in, alt oug e&ternal conditions (eg temperature, umidit$, and atmosp eric! is appropriate. (,ilas#ur$ L 2oss* 177-, p 174.17-! T ere is a pro#lem wit t at nomenclature. (ormant seeds to germinate is often induced #$ c anges in t e environment, suc as lig t or low temperature period. 0 ere can we draw t e line on t e conditions stated as Bappropriate e&ternal conditionsBM ?GI also t ere is t e sense t at t e conditions inside t at is alwa$s a #arrier. (If water is limiting, t en t ere is s ortage of water in t e seed em#r$o cells adlam.! In ot er words, #e$ond simpl$ allowing germination conditions #$ affecting t e conditions inside. 0eIre even more correct to sa$ t e #asic conditions rat er t an to rel$ on t e word appropriate. ,o we can call as a condition of seed dormanc$ w en seeds fail to germinate t oug * T ere are >uite a lot of moisture out, #eans paired to a common set of atmosp eric conditions on t e ground, and t e temperature is in t e range t$picall$ associated wit p $siological activit$. (,ilas#ur$ L 2oss* 177-, p 17-! B. 9lassification of ,eed (ormanc$ ,eed dormanc$ associated wit efforts to dela$ seed germination, until t e time and environmental conditions makes it possi#le to carr$ out t e process. (ormanc$ ma$ occur in t e seed coat and em#r$o. ,eeds are ripe and read$ to germinate and need a place to grow climatic conditions suita#le to #reak dormanc$ and #egin t e process of germination. /retreatment scarification used to #reak seed coat dormanc$, w ile stratification is used to overcome em#r$o dormanc$. (ormanc$ is classified into various categories #ased on t e causes, mec anisms and forms. (<ttp A A dormanc$ and seed germination* "7A11A"))=! a. Based on t e factors causing dormanc$ 1. Imposed dormanc$ (>uiscence!* o#struction of active growt unfavora#le environmental conditions due to

11 / G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1

". Imnate dormanc$ (rest!* dormanc$ caused #$ circumstances or conditions in t e organs of t e seeds t emselves #. Based on t e mec anism of seed dormanc$ in 1. T e p $sical mec anism +n in i#itor$ mec anism of dormanc$ due to seed t e organ itselfK divided into* 1. mec anical* t e em#r$o does not develop #ecause of limited p $sical ". / $sical* water a#sorption disrupted due to t e impermea#le seed coat %. c emistr$* t e seed A fruit contains a c emical in i#itor ".1ekanisme p $siological (ormanc$ is caused #$ t e occurrence of resistance in p $siological processesK divided into* 1. p otodormanc$* p $siological processes in seeds is presence of lig t ". immature em#r$os* p $siological process is ampered #$ t e condition of t e seed em#r$o is not A not $et ripe %. t ermodormanc$* p $siological processes in seeds temperature c. Based on t e form of dormanc$ ,eed coat impermea#le to airA4" 1. /art impermea#le seed* mem#rane seeds, seed coat, nucellus, pericarp, endocarp ". Impermea#ilit$ can #e caused #$ t e deposition of an assortment of su#stances (eg cutin, su#erin, lignin! in t e mem#rane. %. <ard seed coat w ic can #e caused #$ genetic and environmental influences. ,eed coat dormanc$ #reaking can #e done #$ mec anical scarification. 4. /art seeds t at regulate t e entr$ of water into t e seed* mikrofil, nut s ell, rap e A ilum, strop ioleK as for igroskopikn$a mec anism governed #$ t e ilum. -. 4" turnover caused #$ t e mec anism of t e seeds in a nut s ell. (ormanc$ for 4" entr$ and e&it #arriers t roug a nut s ell it can #e #roken #$ ig .temperature treatment and deliver$ of powerful solutions. Immature em#r$os (immature em#r$o! ampered #$ ampered #$ t e

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1. 0 en t ere a#scission (a#scission of t e fruit from t e stem!, t e em#r$o still as not completed its development p ase. Eg* Gnetum gnemon (melin6o! ". Em#r$os ave not differentiated %. T e em#r$os are morp ologicall$ well.developed, #ut it still takes time to ac ieve t e perfect s ape and si5e. Because immature em#r$o dormanc$ can #e #roken #$ a low temperature treatment and c emicals. (<ttp A A dormanc$ and seed germination* "7A11A"))=! ,eeds re>uire post. arvest ripening (afterripening! in dr$ storage +fterripening dormanc$ #ecause t e need for t is can #e #roken #$ ig . temperature treatment and stripping t e skin. ,eeds need low temperatures ,pecies common in temperate regions, suc as apples and 'amilia 2osaceae. (ormanc$ is naturall$ occurs in a wa$* seeds dormant during t e fall, winter e&ceed one, and onl$ germinate t e following spring. (ormanc$ #ecause seeds will need a low temperature can #e #roken #$ giving low.temperature treatment, t e provision of aeration and im#i#ition. T e c aracteristics of seeds t at ave dormanc$ are* 4. if t e skin is peeled, t e em#r$o grows -. em#r$o dormanc$ e&perience t at can onl$ #e #roken #$ low temperatures 3. em#r$os are not dormant at low temperatures, #ut t e seed germination process still re>uires a lower temperature 8. germination occurs wit out giving a low temperature, #ut seedlings grow dwarf =. roots come out in t e spring, #ut t e new epicot$l out ne&t spring (after e&ceeding t e winter! ,eeds are lig t sensitive ?ig t affects germination in t ree wa$s, namel$ t e intensit$ (>uantit$! of lig t, lig t >ualit$ (wavelengt ! and fotoperiodisitas (long da$!. <ig .intensit$ lig t can en ance germination in seeds positivel$ p oto#lastic (germination accelerated #$ lig t!, if ig intensit$ radiation is given in a s ort duration of time. T is does not appl$ to seeds t at are negativel$ p oto#lastic (germination in i#ited #$ lig t!.

1% / G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1

,eeds positivel$ p oto#lastic stored in conditions of im#i#ition in t e dark for a long period of time will #ecome unresponsive to lig t, and t is is called skotodormant. In contrast, seeds t at are negativel$ p oto#lastic #e p otodormant w en su#6ected to lig t. Bot dormanc$ can #e #roken #$ low temperatures. Germination is causing t e red area of t e spectrum (redK 3-) nm!, w ereas t e infrared (far redK 8%) nm! in i#it germination. T e effects of t ese two regions in t e spectrum are mutuall$ antagonistic (completel$ contrar$!* if given alternatel$, t e effects t at occur later influenced #$ t e spectrum of t e last given. In t is case, t e seed as two pigments p otoreversi#le (can #e in " alternate!* /3-)* a#sor# in t e red and /8%)* a#sor# in t e infrared region If t e seeds are lig t red (redK 3-) nm!, t e /3-) pigment was c anged to /8%). /8%) t at produces a series of actions t at lead to germination. 9onversel$, if t e /8%) is t e infrared (far.redK 8%) nm!, t e pigment turns #ack to /3-) and ter am#atla germination process. (<ttp A A dormanc$ and seed perkecan#a an* "7A11A"))=! / otoperiodisitas 2esponse of seed p oto#lastic influenced #$ temperature* 1. Giving temperature 1)."))9* seeds germinate in t e dark ". Giving temperature ").%))9* seeds re>uire lig t to germinate %. Giving temperatureN %-)9* in i#ited seed germination in t e dark or lig t T e need lig t for germination can #e replaced #$ t e temperature c anged. T e need for lig t to #reaking dormanc$ can also #e replaced #$ c emicals suc as G:4%, t iourea and gi##erellin acid. (ormanc$ as in i#itors ,eed germination is t e culmination of a series of comple& meta#olic processes, eac of w ic s ould take place wit out interruption. Eac one of t e su#stances t at in i#it t e process will result in dela$s in t e w ole process of germination. ,everal in i#itors in seeds t at ave #een successfull$ isolated and was soumarin lacton unsaturatedK, #ut t e location is difficult to determine #ecause in i#itor$ different work area w ere t e su#stance is isolated. In i#itor ma$ #e present in t e em#r$o, endosperm, seed coat and pulp. (<ttp A A dormanc$ and germination* 11A"7A"))=! E&amples are eas$ on dormanc$ is a ard seed coat t at #locks t e a#sorption of o&$gen or water. + ard seed coat was commonl$ found in mem#ers of t e 14 / G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1

famil$ 'a#aceae (leguminoseae!, alt oug not found in #eans or peas, w ic s ows t at dormanc$ is not common in t e cultivated species. In some species, water and o&$gen can not penetrate certain seeds #ecause t e entrance #locked #$ a stopper suc as a cork (stopper strofiolar! in a small ole (aperture strofiolar! in a nut s ell. 0 en t e seeds #eing s aken, sometimes lock it off so it can take germination. ItIs called s ock treatment, and as #een applied to t e seed 1eliotus al#a (sweet clover!, Trigonella ara#ica, and 9rotallaria eg$ptica. (,ilas#ur$ L 2oss* 177-, p 178! ,eed dormanc$ e&periencing is usuall$ caused #$* low A no water im#i#ition process caused #$ t e structure of t e seed (seed coat! is ard, making it difficult to e&it t e entr$ of water into t e seed. , 2espiration are confused, #ecause t e mem#rane or t e pericarp in t e seed coat t at is too loud, so t at t e air e&c ange in t e seed #ecomes o#structed and causes low meta#olism and mo#ili5ation of food reserves in t e seed. , T e mec anical resistance of t e seed coat em#r$o growt , #ecause a nut s ell is strong enoug t at inder t e growt of t e em#r$o. In food crops, seed dormanc$ often found in rice, w ereas dormasni vegeta#les common in w ite cucum#er seed, melon and watermelon non seed. (dormansi * "7A11A"))=! C. PROCEDURE !. Mat1(ials a. ,eeds t in.skinned* 1. Green #eans (Phaseolus radiatus! ". 2ed #eans #. ,eeds t ick skin* 1. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica! ". 'lam#o$ant (Delonix regia! $. Tools a. 9otton and distilled water #. 'luorescent lig t A JH c. ?ow incu#ator d. :a9l e. <er#icide 1- / G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1

".

Ca(a k1(5a /repare four petri dis or ot er places as a #reeding material " different groups of one seed (t in skin and t ick skin!

/repare four sets of treatments for #ot t$pes of seeds, four of media are given two pieces of filter paper and t en etc ed wit " ml of /EG.

/lacing ") new seed grain into " petri dis es and ") long grain seeds into " petri dis .

?eaving t e seeds in t e media for one week.

+fter one week, did removing #$ replacing media wit " filter paper soaked " ml distilled water (a>uades!.

/lanting seeds t at ave germinated #$ using soil

D.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION /ada perco#aan kali ini kami melakukan pengamatan perkecam#a an pada #i6i #ung mata ari. +da dua 6enis #i6i #unga mata ari $ang digunakan $aitu #i6i #unga

13 / G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1

mata ari $ang muda dan #i6i mata ari $ang suda tua. Tum#u an $ang masi kecil, #elum lama muncul dari #i6i , dan masi dalam #i6i, dinamakan kecam#a . /ada waktu #i6i #erkecam#a , tum#u an kecil $ang di asilkan #elum mampu mencari makanan sendiri, dan masi tergantung dari persediaan makanan $anga terdapat dalam #i6i tum#u an kecil ini dise#ut kecam#a (plantula!. idup dari persediaan makanan $ang terdapat

/erkecam#a an #i6i dapat di#edakan dalam dua macam* a. /erkecam#a an diatas tana , $aitu tipe perkecam#a an, karena ter6adi per#entangan ruas #atang di#awa tana lem#aga, dan daun lem#aga terangkat keatas. 1uncul diatas tana . 1isaln$a pada kacang i6au. (aun lem#aga #iasan$a #erwarna i6au, dan kemudian gugur, sementar itu suda ter#entuk daun.daun normal. #. /erkecam#a an di#awa tana , #ila daun lem#aga tetap tinggal didalam #i6i. Bi6i akan #erkecam#a an #ila terpenu i s$arat.s$arat $ang diperlukan $aitu air, udara, ca a$a, dan panas. Oika s$arat.s$arat terse#ut tidak terpenu i tum#u an #aru $ang ada pada tum#u an #i6i #erada dalam keadaan tidur. (alam keadaan ini lem#aga dapat idup #erta un.ta un tanpa ke ilangan da$a tum#u . Tetapi ada pula #i6i.#i6i se#elum #erkecam#a memerlukan waktu untuk istira at. ,e#elum waktu istira at terpenu i, #i6i tidak akan #erkecam#a , walau s$arat.s$arat perkecam#a at terpenu i. Ge6ala ini dikenal dengan nama dormansi. Bi6i se#agian #esar spesies didaera dingin mengalami dorman atau kuisen selama musim dingin. /eru#a an tertentu ter6adi didalam sel #i6i sel terse#ut $ang memungkinkann$a #erta an pada su u di#awa titik #eku. /erkecam#a an #i6i tidak an$a dipengaru i ole su u tapi 6uga ole ca a$a, pemeca an kulit #i6i agar radikula dapat menero#os keluar oksigen dan Aatau air dapat masuk, peng ilangan 5at peng am#at kimiawi, dan pematangan em#rio, tapi tak mampu #erkecam#a atau tum#u karena #e#erapa alasan* kondisi luar atau kondisi dalam. ,ituasi dalam $ang muda dipa ami adala em#rio $ang #elum mencapai kematangan morfologi untuk mampu #erkecam#a . Bi6i dorman sering diinduksi untuk perkecam#a ole #e#erapa peru#a an k usus dilingkungan, seperti ca a$a atau periode su u renda . Bi6i #unga mata ari $ang muda dan $ang suda tua di#eri perlakuan $ang sama $aitu di#erikan /EG. Bi6i ditutup rapat dan disimpan selama 4 ari se#elum di priming. 18 / G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1

,etela itu, #i6i di priming dan di#eri air untuk memicu ter6adin$a dormansi pada #i6i dan didapatkan asil se#gai #erikut * pada #i6i #unga mata ari $ang masi muda ter6adi perkecam#a an. <al terse#ut dikarenakan air $ang di#erikan pada #i6i se ingga memicu aktifn$a ormone dan ter6adin$a perkecam#a an pada #i6i #inga mata ari muda, sedangkan pada #i6i mata ari $ang tua tidak ter6adi perkecam#a an. <al ini dikarenakan masa simpan #i6i $ang terlalu lama dan kondisi #i6i $ang suda rusak.

E. 1.

CONCLUSION Environmental conditions wit ade>uate moisture content will accelerate t e process of germination. T ese c emicals can accelerate t e rate of germination, #ut ma$ also in i#it. It depends of t e t$pe of seeds t at germinated. ,ome kind of seed germination responses to environmental factors ave a certain optimum point, w ic means at t e point of optimum germination can take place properl$. +n optimum point to environmental factors (temperature, water, lig t, c emicals,! at different specific seed. ". Germination rate is ver$ dependent on t e t ickness of t e seed coat, #ecause it affects t e a#sorption process. T e t inner seed coat t e faster t e process of germination, so conversel$ t e t ick seed coat, t e more slowl$ also t e rate of germination process. %. In t e process of germination, water too little or too muc will in i#it t e germination of some t$pes of seeds suc as mung #eans, lentils, seeds and seeds flam#o$ant acid water demand in t e germination process as a certain amount, w ic is an e&cellent num#er in state media wet A damp, called t e optimum point.

F.

DISCUSSION 6)1stion7 1. ?ook at t e grap ics power of germination and germination rate #etween treatment units. 9onsider t e power of germination #etween dr$ . moist A wet . ,oak seeds in eac group and #etween groups also tr$ to compare seeds t in and t ick skin. 0 ic group s owed t e greatest germination and w ic groups are t e smallestM 0 $M ". 0 at t e conclusionM Ans81(7

1= / G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1

1.

T e group t at s owed t e greatest germination seeds is a group t at as a t in seed, #ecause it is easier and faster to a#sor# water. 0 ile t at s owed t e lowest germination t e seeds are t ick skinned, #ecause it is difficult to a#sor# t e water. ,eed group s owed t e greatest power is t e seed medium moist A wet. T is appens #ecause in t e process of germination occurs from t e a#sorption of water into t e seed. Balanced wit t e need of water for germination. 0 ile in dr$ media germination does not occur, #ecause if t ere is no water availa#le (medium dr$! t en it does not appen t e water a#sorption and germination does not occur, nor if t e availa#ilit$ of e&cess water (su#merged media! t ere will #e a#sro#si e&cess water from t e environment w en in germination onl$ re>uires a certain amount of water, so t e e&cess water will cause t e seeds rot.

".

T e conclusion t at can #e taken from t e e&periment t is time is as follows* t e environmental conditions wit ade>uate moisture content will accelerate t e process of germination. T ese c emicals can accelerate t e rate of germination, #ut ma$ also in i#it. It depends of t e t$pe of seeds t at germinated. 1. ". Increasingl$ t in seed coat, t e faster t e rate of germination, and conversel$ t e t ick seed coat, t e more it will slow t e rate of germination In t e process of germination, water too little or too muc will in i#it t e germination of some t$pes of #eans suc as mung #eans, red #eans, tamarind seeds and seed of flam#o$an.

G.

TUGAS PENGEMBANGAN P1(tan4aan 1. 9iri morfologi mana $ang menun6ukkan adan$a perkecam#a anM ". ,elama #erlangsung perkecam#a an fisiologis, proses apa sa6a $ang ter6adi pada kecam#a terse#utM %. +paka suatu #i6i memiliki #atas.#atas toleransi tertentu ter adap #er#agai faktor ekologi perkecam#a an, termasuk diantaran$a ter adap ke#utu an airn$aM 4. +pa pengertian dormansi dan faktor apa sa6a $ang men$e#a#kan ge6ala dorman terse#utM 0a8a9an 1. 9iri morfologi $ang sangat tampak ketika perkecam#a an adala peristiwa keluarn$a radikula atau akar em#rionik $ang menem#us kulit #i6i, $ang kemudian dilan6utkan

17 / G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1

dengan peman6angan dari radikula tese#ut dan disertai dengan tim#uln$a calon #atang, ram#ut akar dan calon daun pertama. ". ,ecara fisiologis, proses perkecam#a an #erlangsung dalam #e#erapa ta apan penting se#agai #erikut* 1! +#sor#si air, "! 1eta#olisme pemeca an materi cadangan makanan, %! Transpor materi asil pemeca an dari endosperm ke em#rio $ang aktif #ertum#u , 4! /roses.proses pem#entukan kem#ali materi.materi #aru, -! 2espirasi, dan 3! /ertum#u an. %. I$a, suatu #i6i memiliki #atas.#atas toleransi tertentu ter adap #er#agai faktor ekologi perkecam#a an, termasuk diantaran$a ter adap ke#utu an airn$a. +pa#ila suatu #i6i kele#i an atau kekurangan air, maka #i6i terse#ut tidak akan tum#u . 4. (ormansi dapat didefinisikan se#agai suatu keadaan pertum#u an dan meta#olisme $ang terpendam, $ang dapat dise#a#kan ole kondisi lingkungan $ang tidak #aik atau ole faktor dari dalam tum#u an itu sendiri. ada tiga faktor $ang dapat men$e#a#kan dormansi, $aitu* 1! 'aktor lingkungan, "! +sam a#sisat (+B+!, dan %! Interaksi +B+ dengan 5at tum#u lainn$a (ormansi adala fase istira at atau fase tidak aktifn$a pertum#u an dan perkem#angan $ang ter6adi pada tum#u an. 'aktor $ang mempengaru i dormansi adala tidak adan$a air, s$stem ker6a ormon a#sisat, kete#alan, dan kulit #i6i. H. REFERENCES (a lia. "))1. Fisiologi Tumbuhan. 1alang* Oica. (rad6at ,asmitami ard6a, dkk. 1773. Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Bandung* Ourusan Biologi '1I/+ ITB ,alis#ur$, 'rank B dan 9leon 0 2oss.177-. Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Bnadung * ITB. ,u$itno. ")1). Petunjuk Praktikum Fisiologi Tumbuhan Dasar. @og$akarta * Ourdik Biologi '1I/+ J:@. www.faperta.ugm.ac.idA#uperAla#Akulia A diakses 17 (esem#er ")1)

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ttp*AAwww.forumsains.comAartikelAsistem.transportasi.dan.transpirasi.dalam. tanamanA diakses 17 (esem#er ")1)pukul 1=.4) 0IB

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