Art Law Research Resources: An Introduction Author(s): Erin Elliott Source: Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries

Society of North America, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Fall 2011), pp. 80-88 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Art Libraries Society of North
America

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ArtLaw Research Resources: An Introduction

ErinElliott
Thelaw,in theform ofcourt decisions and legislation, canhave a profound effect on theartworld. Research involving legalsource in materials researchers understand or the current situation of such as and art, helps explain manyaspects copyright censorship, a number artlibrarians themostauthoritative information. This article describes of resources can use to findand by providing and sources without The resources here have been used at interpret primary secondary legal expensive subscriptions. presented a smallgraduate art law theSotheby's Institute ofArt, artschool,to assiststudents courses. taking

and interpreting can be intimidating. theseprimary resources Artlaw research withsourcesunfamiliar involvesworking to In 2008 the artist RichardPrinceused forty-one images mostartlibrarians as well as thechallenge ofparsing and navitakendirectly from thebook Yes,Rasta,a collection of photoin thesourcematerial. often denselegallanguagefound gating in a Patrick series of entitled Canal Cariou, graphs by paintings Thereare a numberof ways to searchforand use legal Zone.Theworks witheight material wereexhibited byGagosianGallery The outsidetheusual artresearch generally purview. workssellingfora totalof morethan$10,000,000. Princedid resources were selected based on several presented yearsexperinotask Cariou'spermission to use thephotographs and did not ence and assisting withfaculty students artlaw working taking withdraw theworksfrom sale whenCariousentnotice thathe ata smallgraduate artschoollibrary withlimited courses funds. was suingRichard Princeand GagosianGallery forcopyright Whilenot the descriptions offer some of themore exhaustive, A New York federal court ruledinMarch 2011that infringement. and accessible for bothprimary financially legalresearch options Prince'sworksdid not sufficiently transform Cariou's photosources. The online resources featured are either free secondary to apply.1 Prince'sworkswere ofcostoravailableat graphsforfair-use exceptions academic libraries. many considered tohaveusurpedthemarket for Cariou'sphotograph Tobetter another caseis usedthroughout resources, compare an upcoming editions. cancelled exhibition of Indeed,a gallery ArtFoundation, thisarticle. Massachusetts MuseumofContemporary Cariou'sworksoverconcern of Inc.v. Bchel3 theywould appear derivative madeheadlines in theartworldin 2007and 2008. thePrince all unsoldworksin the This case is Thejudge ordered paintings. two cases, because the initialrulingwas actually and notices seriestobe destroyed tobe sentto all owners ofthe The Massachusetts Art Museum of Contemporary appealed.4 worksthat sold stating that itis a violation ofcopyright law for Bchelentered into (MASS MoCA) and Swiss artist Christoph the works to be displayed. The PatrickCariou v. RichardPrince, an unwritten in2005for Bchelto create a large-scale agreement and Rizzali International installation Inc.,Lawrence GagosianGallery, Gagosian, workat the museum.Due to variousfactors, the Inc.case demonstrates thewide-ranging influence a Publications, installation was never MASS MoCA filed suit completed. against ina court decision oflaw canhaveon artists, artcollec- Bchel galleries, theright to exhibit theincomplete installation. claiming andmuseums. Itcanprotect an artist's butitcanalso tors, rights, Bchelfiled a counterclaim and artist ofattribution citing rights limit artistic In thiscase actualworksand exhibition freedom. toprevent themuseum from the integrity, attempting exhibiting weredestroyed. Ownerswho paid largesumsarenow catalogs workas itwouldnegatively affect his reputapartially complete from orreselling their prevented lawfully displaying purchases. tion. The case involved ofboththeVisualArtists interpretations The artand legal worldsoften in thisway.The court intersect Act of 1990 and the Act.6 broader (VARA)5 Rights Copyright cases can be fascinating and complex and,due to thecommon- In 2008 the United States District Court for the District of July law system of legal precedent, affect the Massachusetts theycan profoundly ruledinfavor that ofthemuseum, incomstating future creation ofart, theartcommunity, and theartmarket. worksof artwere not coveredby VARA.7 This decision plete and research can involveeither was Manyareas of artwriting and in January to theinitial 2010,and contrary appealed, theimpactor potential influence of thelaw. The ArtLaw and Massachusetts District Court theappealscourt that found ruling, Cultural Website Initiative a resource created Bchel'smoral (ALWI),2 Property forprotection underVARAand rights qualified FoundationforArt Research(IFAR) in by the International within hisunfinished workfell themeaning ofa "workofart"as information forover 200 art-related stated 2008,providessummary in theCopyright Actof1976.8 courtcases and attests to theimportance and growing interest witharticles research on a case can start availPreliminary in thearea.Exploring courtcases,statutes, and codes can help able through traditional onlineartand news sourcessuch Art researchers understand orexplain thecurrent inaspects Full situation and ProQuest The language Text, LexisNexis, Newspapers. of art as diverse as copyright artist in articles protection, censorship, and easy from thesesourcesis often straightforward ofcultural and provenance. estates, protection heritage, Finding tounderstand. Another useful is IFAR'sArtLaw & starting point

Introduction

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Cultural Website Initiative forcase summaries created Property withartresearchers in mind.The IFARALWI can be a particuresource and will be discussedin greater detailin larlyhelpful thesecondary sources section below.Theinformation from these sourcescan providea detailedexamination of the cases and related and discussion law,but foran informed understanding ofthecase thecourt decisionand citedstatutes or codes should and reviewed. be consulted

Lexis: Cases

Lexis is a subscription databasebut one thatis available academic institutions as partof theLexisNexis through many Academicproduct.It includesUnited States case law from 1790onwardincluding UnitedStates Courtdecisions, Supreme Circuit Courtof Appeals decisions, and StateCourtdecisions from all courtlevels.It also includesall federal laws and all state annotated. Canadiancasesand legislation and codes,often limited international resources arealso available.11 legal Sources: Codes and Statutes Cases, Primary Most courtdecisionsare in thepublicdomainand availsourcesare "official of the able forfree Legal primary pronouncements from varioussources. Lexissupplements thebasic lawmakers: thecourt andregu- courtdocuments decisions, government legislation summaries of the cases by providing helpful lations thatform thebasis ofthelegaldoctrine/'9 Theseinclude and headnotes that listthekeylegalpoints ofa case and clearly theU.S. Constitution, international theU.S. Code, and treaties, linkdirectly to therelevant section ofthecourt document. The statutes suchas theCopyright Act.Thedistinction between code Lexisplatform includes toreferenced codesand stathyperlinks and statute A statute can cause confusion. is thefulllegislation utesand to availablebriefs and other documents related to the as passed inCongress suchas theCopyright Actthat was passed case.Perhaps themostuseful feature Lexisprovides is accessto in 1976.TheU.S. Code is a compilation law bysubject. ofcurrent Citations or "Shepardizing." theShepardize Shepard's Selecting Variouselements of the Copyright Act are locatedunderthe at the of a will case a list of resources that option topright up bring sections oftheU.S. Code. A statute appropriate subject mayend reference that In case. addition an to invaluable particular being ofthecode orscattered sections. toolfor up in onesection amongseveral further itis also essential for material, finding checking Another sourceis case law in the form of on further - forexampleifan important primary withrespect to thecase activity In theUnitedStates, decisionssuppliedby courts. courtdeci- initial decision was appealed. sionsarecontrolled or influenced byvalidlaw as laid outin the The MASS MoCA case highlights some of thesefeatures. and by earlier codes and statutes decisions withsimilar factual To findinformation on the case in Lexis,use the "Look Up a and legalissues.In theUnitedStates, court decisions areusually Legal Case" section on theinitial 1). Easy Searchscreen (Figure within thepublicdomain. In thepastfewyearsthis material has can be done ifavailable, the official casecitation, Searching using becomeincreasingly accessible. one or bothoftheparty names,or a topicsuchas "unfinished As withall primary these case decisions, sources, codes,and works."In thisexamplethesearch willbe doneby party name statutes are theultimate For seriousresearch on any authority. and use "Christoph Bchel." and mostauthoritative theoriginal topic,theaim is to consult ifpossible.For example, sourceof information a treatment on ofartin theUnitedStates would likely refer to landcensorship markcases such as Cincinnati v. Contemporary ArtsCenter. City v. Barrie.10 Cincinnati a from controversial Robert of Stemming in 1990, exhibition this was thefirst case Mapplethorpe obscenity a in museum and director its the United States. against Reading entire cases and statutes The conclusion maynotbe necessary. and background sectionsof legislation along withreferenced suffice. thesesources, demonstrates however, mayoften Citing a thoroughness ofresearch. Four resourcesfor access to US primarysources will be discussed here: Lexis,Justia, Public Library of Law, and Scholar. There are other sources suchas available, Google many Westlaw. thefocuswillbe limited to resources However, easily accessedoutsidea law library and at little orno cost.Ofthefour a paid subscription, Lexisis theonlyone that resources, requires but it providesthemostcomprehensive 1: LexisNexis Academic screen. Search term Figure EasySearch "Christoph coverageforbothUS Bcheris entered in oneofthe"byParties" in the"Look and international and legislation court decisions all enhanced fields up a Legal by a Case" section. 2011 division Reed Elsevier Inc. LexisNexis, Copyright of valuable annotation and navigation. and PublicLibrary Justia Reserved. LexisNexis andthe Burst areregistered Knowledge logo of Law bothoffer basic presentations of cases,codes,and stat- AllRights trademarks Inc.andareusedwith the ofReedElsevier Properties permission areorganized and searchable in different formats. utes,butthey ofLexisNexis. Google Scholargives freeaccess to US courtdecisionswith crossreferencing forcitedcases,but codes and statutes helpful The results (Figure2) listtwo cases and providethecase arenotincluded. thetypeofcourt, and thedate ofthedecinumber or citation, FortheMASS MoCAexample, thenamesofthetwoparties sion. By lookingat thetwo results one can see thattheinitial in thesuitwillbe used as starting searchterms to demonstrate decision 565F.Supp2d 245)that was madeJuly 11, (casenumber the amountand depthof material thatcan be retrieved often was appealed,and theappeal (case number 593 F.3d38) 2008, withrelatively minimal information.
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- Lexis not 2. Annotated statutes only provides full textforfederaland state codes and statutes,it also annotates them to provide easy access to relevant case decisions and otherresources. 3. Law Reviews and Periodicals- Lexis provides hyperlinks,usually to the full text of law review articlescitingthe case.

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Mas*. Museumof Contemporary ArtFound., Inc. v. Buchel,.. No. 07-300W-MAP,UNITEDSTATES OISTRICTCOURTFOR THE/ DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, S6S F. Supp. 2d 245; 2008 U.S. Dtit. LEXIS S9S81; Copy. L. Rep. (CCH) P29.637, July 11, 28 e' part and vacated part by, Remandedby . Museumof Contemporary ArtFound., Inc. v. Buchel,2010 U.S. Decided, Affirmed App. LEXIS 1842 (1st Cr. Mas., Jan. 27, 2010)

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2: LexisNexis Academie list results on party name Figure fora search "Biichel." Two cases are listed: the initial and an decided case, 11, 2008, July decided a 2010. 2011 division 27, LexisNexis, appeal, January Copyright of Reed Elsevier Inc. AllRights Reserved. LexisNexis and the Burst Knowledge areregistered trademarks Reed andareused Elsevier Inc. logo of Properties with the LexisNexis. permission of was decidedJanuary are described in 27, 2010.Case numbers moredetailin theCitation in this section later paper. A closerlook at the latestdecision(Figure3) shows the at thetopofthescreen: information following 1. Case number/citation. 2. Court. 3. Prior or Subsequent withhyperlinks to the history case(s). 4. Case summaryprovided by Lexis including to the full text of cited codes and hyperlinks statutes. 5. Indication of a positiveor negativetreatment. If in the decision the case has (red negative hexagon), beenchanged, usuallyon appeal.Ifpositive (green in force. is still diamond)thedecision - producesa listof resources 6. Shepardize thatcite thecase. The resources after 4) may presented Shepardizing (Figure be in thefollowing groups: 1. Decisionsthat citeor follow thecase in question.

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4: LexisNexis Academic results screen the Figure after Shepardizing v. Christoph Biichel court decision. 2011LexisNexis, appeal Copyright a division Inc.All Rights Elsevier Reserved. LexisNexis andthe ofReed Burst areregistered trademarks Reed Elsevier Knowledge logo of Properties Inc. and areused with the LexisNexis. permission of and secondary accesstobothprimary sources Wide-ranging Lexisis often thenameof through possible by simply providing one party in a case.
MassachusettsMuseum of Contemporary Art Foundation, Inc.

Lexis: and Cases Statutes

In addition to searching for access cases,Lexisalso provides to specific statutes or sectionsof the US and statecodes and in theleft the"US Legal" section menu.The regulations through U.S. Code is madeup offifty-one and eachchapter can chapters, Code citations followthe pattern of comprise manysections. number USCS section number. Forexample, theVisual chapter

3: LexisNexis Academic elements Figure display ofcase593F3d 38 with key 2011LexisNexis, a division Reed Elsevier Inc.All highlighted. Copyright of Reserved. LexisNexis and theKnowledge Burst Rights logoare registered trademarks Elsevier Inc.andareusedwith the ofReed Properties permission ofLexisNexis.

5: LexisNexis Academic US Legal search screen Federal Statutes, Figure for Codes & Regulations. International Browse section, Ofnote: options Legal the Annotated U.S.Code, Constitution the United andCFRand States for of Public Lawsource 2011LexisNexis, a division option. Copyright ofReed Elsevier Inc. AllRights Reserved. LexisNexis andthe Burst Knowledge logo areregistered trademarks Reed Elsevier andareused Inc. with of Properties the LexisNexis. permission of

82

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Artists Actis included in Chapter 17 (thischapter covers Rights section106Aof theU.S. Code, and it is citedas 17 copyright), A. Itwouldbe entered USCS 106 this term wayas a Lexissearch 5, arrow1). The section (Figure signcanbe created bycopying and pasting from a character or Alt+0167, map,bythekeystroke + 6 an on Option Applecomputer keyboard. The entire U.S. Code may also be viewedby selecting the Browsehyperlink arrow a for list of that 5, 2) (Figure chapters If the exactcode sectionis unknown, expand to list sections. to PublicLaws (Figure 5, arrow3) changetheSourceselection and thensearch on thepopularnameofthelaw suchas "Visual Artists Act." Rights The statutes, in Lexisare codes,and regulations presented to withinthe sources referenced supplemented by hyperlinks code and annotations added by Lexisthatincluderelated statand texts. utes,law review articles, forms, The cases, codes, and statutesare important primary resources but can often be difficult to read and interpret. Lexis assistsunderstanding and navigating thematerial byproviding case summaries, embeddedhyperlinks to citedcodes and statutes with annotations and Shepardizedlists withhyperlinks to other and full-text law reviewarticles thatall cases,statutes, either follow orcitethecase in question.

Forthese reasons and a similar PublicLibrary of resource, Justia Law,arerecommended. InJustia andcodesaregrouped cases,constitutions, statutes, and then ofcourt suchas Supreme Court geographically bytype or Court ofAppeals.There is also a basicsearch butthis function, resource worksbestwhenexactcase numbers or party names are knownor withexactcode or regulation citations. Thereare no annotations, or hyperlinks. To locate the cross-references, court decision for the MASS MoCA selectUS case, appealed Case Law (Figure Circuit Cases option underthe 6), thenthe1st US CourtofAppeals,theyearof thedecision(2010),and then themonth ofthedecision Thematerial (January). appearsin the form issuedbythecourts orgovernment offices 7). (Figure

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MA Museum of Contemporary Art v. Buchel

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The fulltextof courtdecisionsis often availableforfree, usually fromthe various courtwebsitesbut oftennot all in one place or withcross-referencing of any kind.For example, 1 United StatesCourtofAppeals theinitial MASS MoCA case can be foundon theUnitedStates borthe FintCircuit ^^ District Courtfor theDistrict ofMassachusetts and the website,12 appeal case is availableon theUnitedStatesCourtofAppeals fortheFirst Circuit website.13 US court decisions are also availableon thecentralized PACER(Public AccesstoCourt Electronic The PACER Case Locatorwas launchedin Records)website.14 access to cases from most spring2010 and providesfee-based US courts. is a reliable source for almost Justia15 (http://law.justia.com) the same raw courtdocuments. It is updated daily as materialbecomesavailableand is completely 7:Justia.com freeof charge. view Museum ofContemporary Justia Figure ofMassachusetts Art v. Inc. court Bchel decision. Foundation, codes and all for and at states the federal appeal Christoph provides regulations level in additionto courtdecisionsforboth levels,all witha more intuitive interface for thenon-legal researcher than PACER.
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10:Google results andjourScholar, Figure four opinions first ofa "Legal nals" search Bchel." are two results for"Christoph Ofnote: first forthe andsecond cases two are lawreview or articles. for journal The "How Cited" tab (Figure 11) is like the Lexis inthat itshowsother function caseswithdecisions Shepardizing thathave citedthecase in questionin the "Citedby" section. inconcept The "Related documents" section is similar to thelaw in a LexisShepardizing reviewssection results page. The links do notnecessarily lead to fulltext.
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9: Google initial Scholar search Figure page (http://scholar.google.com). Of note: tolimit search to"Legal and option opinions journals/' Theadvancedsearch screen allowssearches tobe limited by orlocation ofcourt. type A "Legal opinionsand journals"searchusing "Christoph Bchel"as thesearch term results 10).The yieldsfifteen (Figure first two are thetwo cases,thefollowing itemsare law journal articles. The cases will be fulltextbut without and the summary headnotes availablein Lexis.The articles or not be may may full text. Lexislistslaw journal for available articles publications in its database.GoogleScholarmaybe able to searcha wider or different number oftitles, butchancesare itmaynotlead to fulltextwithout a subscription either to thejournalor a legal literature resource. There arebenefits tosearching bothLexisand and if researchers should endeavor to GoogleScholar, possible, doso. to other cases GoogleScholarprovides helpful hyperlinks but does not seem to hyperlink to codes and statutes. In the MASS MoCAcase,hyperlinks to VARAand theCopyright Act arenotpresent.
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Sources Secondary
and annotated The case summaries in statutes mentioned theprevioussectioncan provideassistance in deciphering the sourcematerial. discusHowever,forcomprehensive primary sions on the implications and effects of cases and legislation, sourcessuch as law reviewsand journals, treatises, secondary and casebooksare essential. The languageused in secondary sources is usuallylessdifficult tounderstand, and thediscussion can varyfrom theoretical topractical.
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Law Reviews and Journals

inlaw reviews Articles andjournals canbe ofgreat valuefor a case and thecodes and statutes involved. The understanding will usuallyprovidein-depth articles discussionof cases and in accessible statutes language. Law reviews area specialtypeoflegaljournal. Law reviews are usuallyeditedby law students and includeimportant and and theories in US law. on developments timely commentary Articles in law reviewsoften contain detailedanalysesof legal and theyusuallyincludeextensive literature, topics,relevant withcitations footnotes for and secondary source mateprimary rial.Thesefeatures canbe ofgreat assistance the research during process.Legal journalsmay also be publishedby bar associationsor legal publishers. The focusin thesejournalsis often morepractical thantheoretical. Some of themostpopularonlinesourcesforlaw reviews and Hein Online. No single productis are Lexis, Westlaw, for older (pre-1990s) completely comprehensive, particularly In additionto thelaw reviewand legaljournaltitles, material. and Hein Online also feature with footnotes Lexis,Westlaw, to the cited resource when available. The helpfulhyperlinks in thissection willbe on Lexisdue to costand accessibility focus considerations. Lexisoffers accessto secondary sourcematerial and magaover 500 law reviews,legal newspapers, through and legaljournals in Lexis zines.18 Law reviews can be searched theleft-hand menuand then "Law "US Legal" from byselecting Reviews"from theexpandedmenu(Figure 12). on "Christoph Bchel"yieldssevenlaw review Searching all areavailablein full-text articles 13).Forthisexample, (Figure

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13:LexisNexis Academic a search results on"Christoph Bcher Figure for inthe "Law Reviews" section. 2011 a division Reed LexisNexis, Copyright of AllRights Elsevier Inc. Reserved. andthe LexisNexis Burst Knowledge logo areregistered trademarks Reed Elsevier andareused Inc. with of Properties the LexisNexis. permission of tormat. on thejournal orreview title and thedateor Depending thearticle, Lexismayonlyprovide citation information. Othersourcesof law reviewand legaljournalarticles are availablealthough are not as as the they usually comprehensive services suchas LexisandWestlaw. specialized legalsubscription Arts& Sciences IV collection includes JSTOR's manylegaljournalswithcontent backoverone hundred dating years.19 Google Scholar canbe used to search for legaljournalarticles usingthe and journals" search is a "legalopinions option. GoogleScholar but the view full to the text for articles goodstarting point, ability willoften a subscription found to thereview orjournal, require a legalliterature databasesuchas LexisorWestlaw, or a visitto a law library A number to consult ofspecialized print holdings. are availableforfreeonline,such as Cardozo legal periodicals
Arts& Entertainment Law Journal.20 A shortlistis included on the

at theend ofthis resources website provided paper.

Treatises and Art Law Texts

Whilelaw reviewsand legal journalsmay providesome - in particof the mostup-to-date law texts legal discussions, - often ular treatises have the mostthorough and methodical A legal treatise treatments. coversa particular area of law and Treatises providesan in-depth analysisof the subject. usually tablesofrelevant casesand statutes as well.An authoriprovide LexisNexisAcademic tative all aspects sourceon almost ofartlaw is thethree-volume Art treatise Lerner and TheLerner Bresler. Judith Law21by Ralph with Bresler treatise is arranged relevant case commenbytopic of and discussion documents. The statutes, tary, manysample in 2005and does not edition was published mostrecent (third) includediscussion of theMASS MoCA case,but it does cover oftheVisualArtists Actand copyright. manyaspects Rights but addressnot onlyartlaw in general Many othertitles museum ethics, contracts, specific subjects including copyright, Casebooksare published for law,and legal issuesforauctions. use in law classesand reprint fullor abridged versions of key cases withaccompanying discussion to helpexplaintheimpor^*&d&&& tant and issues nuances. Casebooks also include tables legal any A art of cases to assist researchers. recent law that casebook 12: Academic search screen the Law Reviews LexisNexis US Figure Legal for a discussion oftheMASS MoCAcase is ArtLaw:Cases a division section. 2011LexisNexis, Elsevier Inc.All includes Copyright ofReed Reserved. LexisNexis andthe Burst areregistered andMaterials11 and Murray. TheMASS MoCA Rights Knowledge logo Burr, by Du Boff, trademarks Reed Elsevier Inc. and areused with the Properties permission case is partofthesection of theVisualArtists Act discussing Rights LexisNexis. of
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"Proceedto Case Law Cultural artlaw titles and casebooks are A number of1990.23 ofadditional Property" optionthenselecting & Statutes." at the end of this website listed on theresources paper. provided in twoways: Case information canbe found bothart conciseguidesfor The WestNutshell Seriesoffers law and legal sourcesin generalwithArtLaw in a Nutshell,24 in the site searchbox and 1. Entering searchterms in in a Nutshell25 and International thesearch to "Artlaw." Legal Research Legal Research limiting a Nutshell.26 All three titles aresmallvolumes updatedregularly 2. Selecting from theeight theappropriate category inneweditions information onboththebasics ofwell-organized IFAR.Each category will listrelevant by provided Whiletreatises and moresophisticated oflegalresearch. aspects and case summaries statutes cases) for (notentire in the West Nutshell Series and casebooks issues detail, explore and settlements. out-of-court decided, pending, broaderconcepts usefulforexplaining books are particularly is in the "Copyright, The MASS MoCA case information27 ortreaties. suchas different levelsofcourts, codes,regulations, and OtherIssues" section. UnlikeLexis,Google MoralRights, thefull and PLOL, theIFARsitedoes notprovide Art Website Initiative IFAR: Law &Cultural Scholar, (ALWI) Justia, Property are the"plain English" theadvantages textof cases. However, The International Foundation forArtResearch (IFAR)Art casesummaries a prcis, outlines offacts, court history, including Initiative Law & Cultural Website (ALWI)canbe a valuProperty and final outcome of works involved, 14). Also (Figure images foundin Lexis,Justia, able complement to thematerial Google of to scholarare thehyperlinks use to thenon-legal particular that clearand understandand other resources Scholar, provide is Further valuableassistance forlegal terminology. definitions to art. ableinformation on legalcasesand issuesspecific withlinksto associated statues orlegislation. provided Launchedin December 2008,theALWI sitehas a narrow artresearchers deci- Dictionaries butoneparticularly suited tohelping focus, cases.TheALWIis concerned pherthelegalissuesofart-related andunderstanding toreading One ofthemajor with the legal and ethicalissues involvingthe acquisition, impediments Severalresources and statutes is the cases art. The site and authenticity ofworks of legal terminology. attribution, ownership, inprint and electronic to assistin thisarea. form exist includes summaries oflegalcasesin these areas. and recognized Black's LawDictionary28 is a comprehensive on theMASS MoCA case can be foundon the Information and versions as well as available in both online "Art Law IFARwebsite the & authority print (http://www.ifar.org) byselecting is directed toward an abridged version. Thisdictionary "pocket" a legal audience and may presentchallengesforresearchers
Case Summary

withouta legal background.Nolo's Plain EnglishLaw Dictionary29

Massachusetts Buchel

Museum of Contemporary Art Foundation. Inc. v.

Prcis . ,-R L1S Court of ^peals forthe First Cirzuit held that .-R- applies to tcth ur^nist^d and fimshed .'crl s c! art -fterSAiss artist Christoph Euchel abandoned an art installation e-'hititpnorto ccmrJe-ticn tno Massachusetts Muse-um of Ccntc-mpcrar. -rt i I.I3S5 McC- Med suitfcr declaration tristthe musum could e-hitit the unfinished ..ori to the puCiic uchel ccunterciaimed that the museum /.elated h;s rights under coth -R- .'hizh prete :ts an artist s moral right, of integri?,arvj attributicn and the . right -et -Ithzugh the courtdismissed se. 1 of Euchel s claims his rightof integrit. :laim under . -R- and his rightof public displa. claim under the Cop. right-et .'.ero remanded Legai :errr-.sn.ce-iinf ed :: de':r,.:ions 1 Facts / I in :CO: Mass MoC- entered mt: discussions forthe creation of an Buzh^^nd installation^iibit entitled Training ground forDemccra:.. to De housed in Mass MoC- s umidi n.g f The parties ne. er e-ecuted agreement am! did net establish the pr^ct s financial although the parlies dici agree that Eu che l oui d retain sole . rightc.vnership m tne completed .-.ort During the ne-t ear Euchel c.ersa/. construction of the .'.erf attunes remotel, rela. mg instructions to the museum stari as to the procurement and placement of materials .Mthinthe e-hitition space Euchel Cezame became zlear that he /.culd net complete the installation On i.!a.. 22 20 j7 Mass M:C-

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but employs as Black's offers about one tenththe definitions is and understand. The that clear to is dictionary easy language butitis also onlinein a free and e-book availablein print forms, version (http://www.nolo.com/dictionary/).30 but also incorpoDrawingheavilyon Nolo's definitions is case law and code references illustrative rating hyperlinked of Cornell the Information Institute WEX, Legal (LII) University and encyclopedia law dictionary Law School'scommunity-built //topics.law.cornell.edu/ wex).31 (http:

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Formats LegalCitation
and codes do Legal documentssuch as cases, statutes, and publisher citation not followthe traditional title, author, rubric. Severalof themorepopularstylemanualssuch as The

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e-hibitent'tied Made at Mass f.loC- housed m EuHding 6 . isitcrs could onl. access tne h1 p 3 S 3 1^ itifO i COnt31t 3 tti^ unfiniS^'j inSijIijtljn ittD PA/, 1} U'jh E UlIOl'y"Z ) tnough the museum pl3cedthe installation under .elle.1, tarpaulins t: conceal itirem the puLlic The da before its cancellation announcement Mass MoC- filed suit 3jamst Euchel see mg a declaration under -R- tnat it entitled to present Buchel s unf.mshed installation to the putlic Buzhel ccunterzlaimed. alleging .dations of his and integrit., under . -R- and his putho displa, and den.ati.e ort right; of attribution and /.hile the litigation .'.as ongoing Mass rights underthe Cop. right-el Susseguenti, MoC- dismantled the e-hiCit Court History Granting summar. judgment m fa. or of Mass MoC- en all claims the U ; District Court forthe District of Massachusetts determined that nothing in -R- nor the Cop. right-ct gi.es an artistthe rightto dictate .'.hat happens to an acandoned project so len.g as the abandoned -/.crtis not labeled as the artist s .'.cit

is themost by theHarvardLaw ReviewAssociation, published formats. As mostartlibraries used guidefor widely legalcitation will not have copies of TheBluebook, Chicagowill be directly used the way a commonly referenced below to demonstrate In The Bluebook and addresses citation. manual follows legal style in discussed sections 14.281-14.317 documents are Chicago, legal 34 ofthesixteenth edition. Within the textof a research paper or articlefollowing in italics35: Massachusetts Bluebook names are set case style,
Bchel. Inc. v. Christoph Art Foundation Museum of Contemporary

A Uniform Manual ofStyle32 Chicago (Chicago) follow TheBluebook: The Citation33 for citation. Bluebook, (The Bluebook) System legal of

Art Law/Cultural Foundation Figure14: International forArtResearch Website. Initiative case Massachusetts summary information for Property ArtFoundation, Inc. v. Christoph Bchel Museum of Contemporary section and case.Ofnote: CaseDetails/Image Associated Statutes tab, appeal todefinitions oflegalterms. hyperlinks
Volume Art Documentation 2 201 1 30,Number

In thenotes, shouldbe citedwiththe thefullcase information case name set in romantype.Cases are usuallypublishedin with availableaccording tothelevel different reporters, reporters in United States decisions are ofcourt. Court published Supreme

86

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U.S.) and lower federal SupremeCourtReports(abbreviateci in either courtdecisions are published theFederalReporter (F.) or theFederalSupplement (F.Supp.).The case number, usually at thetopofa case,shouldprovide all thenecessary found infora complete mation to create citation. thenotescitaUsingtheMASS MoCA case as an example, tionfor the2010appeal wouldbe: ArtFoundation, Massachusetts Museum ofContemporary Inc.v.Christoph 593F.3d. 38(2010 U.S.App.) Bchel, This citation tellsreadersthecase can be foundin volume 593 oftheFederalreporter, thethird seriesofthereporter, and thecase starts on page 38. The court and yearofdecision follow in parentheses. The Bluebook forcitingcases is to the printed preference As mostartresearchers reporters.36 maynothave easy accessto these authoritative commercial databasessuchas Lexis volumes, orWestlaw arepreferred overmoregeneral onlinesources such as Google Scholar. When citing cases from Scholar or Google other less authoritative Bluebook online section 18.237can sources, provide guidance. withtheMASS MoCA case example, a citation Continuing fortheappeal case locatedthrough Lexiswould includeinformation from thetopsection oftheLexiscase including a docket number and Lexisnumber38: ofContemporary ArtFoundation, Massachusetts Museum Inc.v.Christoph No. 2010 U.S. Bchel, 08-2199, App.LEXIS 1842 Cir. Mass., 27, Jan. 2010) (1st also defers to The Bluebook forcitinglaws and Chicago the and and constiU.S. state treaties, statutes, codes, including If statutes tutions.39 such as theVisualArtists Acthave Rights been incorporated intocode,thecode shouldbe cited.For the if MASS MoCA case exampletheactwould be citedas follows Lexisis thesource: 17 U.S.C. 106A(LEXISthrough PL 112-14, approved 5/26/2011) in parentheses The finalportion is the onlinesourceand information as stated currency bythesource. Thereare many othertypes,forms, and sourcesof legal documents. Citation guidancenotcoveredin Chicagosections 14.281-14.317 Per Chicago, may be found in The Bluebook. and sources such as law secondary publications freestanding review and legaljournal and casebooks should articles, treatises, The Bluebook}0 be cited following rather than Chicago Many other to TheBluebook forlegal document style guidesalso defer butsomedo offer their It is best citation own variations. format, a styleguide forinstruction thanassume to consult first rather Bluebook treatment.

resources. With thegrowing expensive specialized subscription ofonlineresources, artresearchers arenow able to accessibility this field with ease and confidence. explore important increasing

Art Law Resources for Art Libraries

A smallcollection oftitles and a listofonlineresources can an art with solid tools to art research provide library support involving legal issues. The websitebelow lists all resources inthis mentioned inthefollowing resources paperandadditional categories: Onlineresources Journals /Magazines Books-including treatises and casebooks Dictionaries //nylibrary.sothebysinstitute.com/artlaw.html http:

Notes
1. Patrick Cariouv.Richard Prince, Inc., GagosianGallery, and Lawrence Rizzoli International Publications, Gagosian, Inc.,No. 08 Civ.11327 (DAB),U.S. Dist.LEXIS29070(S.D.N.Y. Mar.18,2011). 2. International ArtResearch, Foundation for "Art Law & Cultural Property/' http://www.if ar.org/ art_law.php. 3. Massachusetts MuseumofContemporary Art Inc. v. CA. No. Foundation, Bchel, 07-30089-MAP, Christoph 2008U.S. Dist.LEXIS59581(D. Mass. 2008). 4. Massachusetts Art MuseumofContemporary Inc.v.Christoph No. 08-2199, 2010U.S. Foundation, Bchel, Cir.Mass.,Jan. 27,2010). App. LEXIS1842(1st PL 112-14, 5. 17U.S.C. 106A(LEXISthrough approved 5/26/2011). 6. 17 U.S.C. 101-810 (2011). 7. MASS MoCA,2008U.S. Dist.LEXIS59581, at *13. 8. MASS MoCA,2010U.S. App. LEXIS1842, at *21-22. L. Cohenand KentC. Olson,Legal ina 9. Morris Research Nutshell 8. (St.Paul:West, 2010), v.Contemporary 10.Cincinnati Arts Nos. Ctr., & ,90CRB11700-A & B57,1990OhioMisc. 90CRB11699-A LEXIS12 (OhioMun.Ct.1990). 11.LexisNexis, "LexisNexis Academic LegalResearch/' / / academic.lexisnexis.com/online-services /academic/ http: academic-content-legal-research.aspx. 12.United States District Court for theDistrict of MuseumofContemporary Art "Massachusetts Massachusetts, v.Christoph Foundation, Inc.,Plaintiff Bchel, Defendant/' http://pacer.mad.uscourts.gov/dc/opinions/ponsor/pdf/ massmoca%20mo.pdf. 13.United CourtofAppealsfor theFirst States Circuit, ART "MASSACHUSETTS MUSEUMOF CONTEMPORARY v. CHRISTOPH FOUNDATION,INC., Plaintiff, Appellee, BCHEL,Defendant, Appellant," http^/www.cal.uscourts. gov/cgi-bin/getopn.pl?OPINION=08-2199P.01A. 14.United States "Public AccesstoCourt Electronic Courts, Records (PACER)," http://www.pacer.gov/. 15.Justia, & "US Law,Case Law,Codes,Statutes Law,"http://www.justia.com. Regulations Justia 16.ThePublicLibrary ofLaw,http://www.plol.org.

Conclusion
but Courtdecisions, canbe intimidating codes,and statutes authoritative sourcesfordiscussions of theyare also important as variedas copyright, andprotectopics censorship, ownership, tionofartworks and cultural Artlaw is evolving daily heritage. witheach new case and act of legislation. It can touchon and art production, influence sales, display,and collecting. Legal are sources no or primary longerhiddenwithin legal libraries

2 201 1 4r/ Volume Documentation 30,Number

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17.Official theLaws that Govern 28.Bryan A. Garner and Henry Black's Law Googleblog,"Finding CampbellBlack, 7th Us/'http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/ll/finding-lawsed. (St.Paul,MN: Thomson/West, Dictionary, 1999). .html. 29.GeraldN. Hill and Kathleen that-govern-us Hill,Nolo's Plain-English 18.LexisNexis, "LexisNexis Academic LawDictionary CA: Nolo,2009). (Berkeley LegalResearch/' //academic.lexisnexis.com/online-services/academic/ 30.Nolo,"Nolo's FreeDictionary ofLaw Terms and Legal http: Definitions/' /www.nolo.com/ academic-content-legal-research.aspx. http:/ dictionary. 19.JSTOR, "Arts & Sciences IV- JSTOR," 31.Cornell Law School,"WEX- LII/Legal /about, http:/ University Information Institute," jstor.org/content-collections/journals/arts-sciences-iv. httpV/topics.law.cornell.edu/wex. 20.Yeshiva N. CardozoSchoolof 32. TheChicago ManualofStyle, 16th ed. (Chicago: University, Benjamin University & Entertainment Law Journal/7 of Law,"CardozoArts Press, Chicago 2010). http:// . 33. TheBluebook: .com/ A Uniform www.cardozoaelj System ofCitation (Cambridge, 21.RalphE. Lerner andJudith ArtLaw(New York: MA: Harvard Law ReviewAssociation, Bresler, 2010). Law Institute, 34. TheChicago ManualofStyle, 769-83. 2005). Practising 22.Leonard D. DuBoff, Sherri MichaelD. Murray, Art 35.Ibid.,770. Burr, LawCasesandMaterials 36.Ibid. (New York: AspenPublishers, 2010). 23.Ibid.,219-35. 37. TheBluebook, 165-70. 24.Morris L. Cohenand KentC. Olson,Legal Research ina 38. TheChicago ManualofStyle, 772. Nutshell Pub.Co.,2010). 39.Ibid.,773-77. (St.Paul,MN: West 25.Leonard D. DuBoff and Christy O. King, Art Lawina 40.Ibid.,777. Nutshell Pub.Co.,2006). (St.Paul,MN: West 26.Marci. Hoffman and Robert C. Berring, International Research in a Nutshell Pub.Co, 2008). Erin (St.Paul,MN: West Legal Elliott, 27.International Foundation HeadLibrarian, for ArtResearch, "Case - Massachusetts Institute MuseumofContemporary Art Art, Sotheby's Summary of New New Inc.v.Biichel," York, York, Foundation, http://www.ifar.org/case_ e.elliott@sothebysinstitute.com summary.php?docid=1271878524.

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