Polytechnic University of the Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Industrial Engineering Depart ent

Sta. Mesa, Manila

Submitted by! Norieanne C" Garcia %$IE &'(

Submitted to: Professor #delio $ulit Date of Submission: Fe)ruary *+, -*&.

#" Corrugated %oards

Corrugated Board is made from papers made up from cellulose fibers, which are virgin or recycled. This ma es corrugated a renewable natural resource. Corrugated board is made from a combination of two sheets of paper called liners glued to a corrugated inner medium called the fluting. These three layers of paper are assembled in a way which gives the overall structure a better strength than that of each distinct layer. This construction forms a series of connected arches which are well nown for their ability to support strong weights. This structure gives corrugated board considerable rigidity and resistance. The air circulating in the flutes also serves as an insulator which provides e!cellent protection against temperature variations. There are many types of corrugated, each with different flute si"es and profiles which offer many combinations designed to create pac aging with different characteristics, strength and performances.
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a" Uses of Corrugated %oards

Corrugated %oard is a high perfor ance pac/aging aterial designed to pac/, protect and pro ote products" Corrugated Board is engineered for stac ability. &t withstands top and side pressure, is crush'resistant and passes burst' strength tests. Corrugated Board offers tear, tensile and burst strength to withstand shipping pressures. Corrugated Board resists impact, drop and vibration damage and offers uniform stac ing and weight distribution.
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 Art &f you love crafts or have children, there are a number of uses for cardboard. (ay it on your wor space to protect your floor or table when using particularly messy materials. &f you are spray painting, remove the top and one side of a bo!. Set the item you are spraying inside of it so the bo! will act as a shield to prevent splatter. )aint on large, flat strips of it. Cut it into big, fun shapes, decorate them and hang them on the wall. )ut it together to ma e sculptures, models and other decorations. Storage &f you have a lot of items to store and organi"e, corrugated cardboard bo!es are convenient and widely available. *se bo!es for drop'bo! organi"ing in your garage. (ine them up on shelves, write the items that are inside and fill them'' retrieving items will be a snap. Cut up smaller strips of cardboard and fit them snugly inside bo!es to create dividers or to hold things upright.

School Corrugated cardboard bo!es are perfect for dioramas or to create an ine!pensive display board for a pro+ect. Teachers will find these display boards ma e e!cellent visual aids in the classroom. ,hen you-re done with one display for the year, all you have to do is fold it up and slide it into a storage closet to use again the following year. ,hen it comes time for the school play, use corrugated cardboard to craft your props and scenery so you can eep within your budget. Furniture Believe it or not, corrugated cardboard is sturdy enough to ma e furniture. Many innovative, frugal people are turning their scrap cardboard into chairs, beds, tables and other furnishings for their home. )erfect for college students and idsrooms, cardboard furniture, when built right, is sturdier than you might e!pect. Gardening .ou can use corrugated cardboard in your garden for many different things. *se it as a mulch to discourage weeds. )lace a bo! over your tender seedlings to protect them the hot midday summer sun or to shield them from strong winds. /nd if you find you-ve stoc piled more than you can use, shred it and put it into your compost bin.
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)" 0inds of Corrugated %oards

Corrugated board consists of one or t1o outer plies, the flutes and, in multi'ply types of corrugated board, of one or more intermediate plies. Corrugated board is classified as follows according to the number of outer$intermediate plies and flutes:

&! $ingle face corrugated )oard consists of one ply of fluted paper, onto which paper or cardboard is glued.

-! $ingle 1all 2dou)le face3 corrugated )oard consists of one ply of fluted paper which is glued between two plies of paper or cardboard.

(! Dou)le 1all corrugated )oard consists of two plies of fluted paper which are

glued together by one ply of unfluted paper or cardboard and the e!posed outer surfaces of which are each covered with one ply of paper or cardboard.

.! 4ri'1all corrugated )oard consists of three plies of fluted paper which are glued together by two plies of paper or cardboard and the outer surfaces of which are li ewise each covered with one ply of paper or cardboard.
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%" Plastic
/ plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi'synthetic organic solids that are moldable. )lastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but many are partially natural.

a" General 0inds Of Plastic

&" 4her oset5 4her osetting
4her oset, or ther osetting, plastics are synthetic materials that strengthen during being heated, but cannot be successfully remolded or reheated after their initial heat'forming. This is in contrast to thermoplastics, which soften when heated and harden and strengthen after cooling. Thermoplastics can be heated, shaped and cooled as often as necessary without causing a chemical change, while thermosetting plastics will burn

when heated after the initial molding. /dditionally, thermoplastics tend to be easier to mold than thermosetting plastics, which also ta e a longer time to produce #due to the time it ta es to cure the heated material%.

-" 4her oplastic

/ ther oplastic 2so eti es 1ritten as ther o plastic3 is a type of plastic made from polymer resins that becomes a homogeni"ed li:uid when heated and hard when cooled. ,hen fro"en, however, a thermoplastic becomes glass'li e and sub+ect to fracture. These characteristics, which lend the material its name, are reversible. That is, it can be reheated, reshaped, and fro"en repeatedly. This :uality also ma es thermoplastics recyclable.

There are do"ens of inds of thermoplastics, with each type varying in crystalline organi"ation and density. Some types that are commonly produced today are polyurethane, polypropylene, polycarbonate, and acrylic. Celluloid, which is considered the first thermoplastic, made its appearance in the mid'2655s and reigned in the industry for appro!imately 255 years. During its pea production, it was used as a substitute for ivory. Today, it is used to ma e guitar pic s. Sometimes, thermoplastics are confused with thermosetting plastics. /lthough they may sound the same, they actually possess very different properties. ,hile thermoplastics can be melted to a li:uid and cooled to a solid, thermosetting plastics chemically deteriorate when sub+ected to heat. &ronically, however, thermosetting plastics tend to be more durable when allowed to cool than many thermoplastics.

b. Different Types of Plastics